(共21张PPT)
Pre-writing
Vocabulary
communicate with
【归纳拓展】
（1）communicate by通过 方式交流
communicate sth.to sb.把某事传达给某人
（2）communication n.交流，沟通
be in communication with sb.与某人保持联络
练习：Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate _____ their teenage children.
with
detect
detect sb. doing sth.发现某人在做某事
【单词积累】
detectable adj.可察觉的，可发现的
detection n.察觉，发现；侦查
练习：The teacher detected him ________ (cheat) in the exam.
cheating
drive…away
【归纳拓展】
drive...off 赶走……
dive…out 使 离开；使……消失
drive down（迅速）压低，降低（价格、成本等）
drive up 抬高，迫使（价格、成本等）快速上升
drive sb.to do sth.迫使/促使某人做某事
drive sb.to/into...迫使某人进入某状态
练习：He was cruel because he wanted to drive me _______.
away/off
link
link…to/with.... 把……与……联系/连接起来
link sb./sth. together把……联系/连接在一起
be linked to/with与……有关
a/the link between.....间的联系
have strong links with...系牢固
练习：The study further strengthens the evidence ______ (link) smoking with early death.
linking
signal
signal to sb. 向某人示意
signal for sth. 示意要某物
signal (to) sb.to do sth. 示意某人去做某事
a/the signal (for sb.) to do sth. 要（某人）做某事的信号/示意
send/give a signal 发出信号，示意
receive/pick up a signal 接收信号
练习：When she got up from the table, it was obviously the signal _____ us to leave.
for
Read the observational journal and answer the questions.
Activity 5
1 How were the daffodil bulbs planted
2 In what environment did the leaves grow
3 What do the flowers look like
1 They were planted side by side in soil, with the pointed ends facing up.
2 The leaves grew in a sunny, but cool place.
3 The flowers are yellow and white, and shaped like trumpets.
While-writing
主题写作
植物生长过程的观察日志
Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and talk about how the sunflower grows.
写作指导
本单元写作项目是描写植物生长过程的观察日志。观察日志多是亲身经历和耳闻目睹的事情，所以要用第一人称来写；日志多是记述发生过的事情，因此常使用一般过去时，但使用时必须灵活掌握。日志应条理清楚，写出真实感。此外，应注意日志的格式，包括日期、星期和天气的书写位置。文章开头要表明写作目的，文章主体部分着重记录植物的成长过程，文章结尾记录作者的感受。
常用语句
（1）开头
Do you have an experience of planting a kind of plants 你有种植一种植物的经历吗？
Let me share my experience of growing watermelon with you.让我跟你分享一下我种西瓜的经历吧。
I once lived in the countryside and planted some garlic in the garden.我曾经住在乡下,在花园里种了一些大蒜。
（2）正文
Check to see if there are any local requirements about digging.看看当地对挖掘是否有要求。
Take a suitable shovel and dig a hole that is 4-5 times the width of the root ball.拿一把合适的铲子，挖一个4-5倍于根球宽度的洞。
Use the garden cultivator to loosen the dirt all around the hole to make it easier for the roots to spread.用花园里的松土除草机把洞周围的泥土弄松，让根系更容易伸展。
（3）结尾
Seeing the flowers, I was too excited to express my feelings.看到这些花，我激动得无法表达我的感觉。
I can't wait to show my grandparents the fruit trees I have planted.我迫不及待地要给爷爷奶奶看我种的果树。
No pain, no gain.不劳无获。
完成写作任务吧！
Checking the writing
5 4 3 2 1
Complete content
Enough words
Good expressions
Correct grammar
Nice handwriting
展示你的作品吧！！！
范文赏析
An observational journal about the sunflower
1 June
Covered with 1-2 cm of moist soil, the sunflower seed takes a few days to come up after being planted. Water has been added regularly and the hard seed coat softens in the damp soil to allow the first root to pierce downwards and the first leaves to push to the soil surface.
范文赏析
6 July
The root continues to grow downwards. The single stem grows hollow and smooth, revealing large spade-shaped leaves from the growing tip. Gradually, the plant's growing tip reveals the first hints of development of the flower bud. The plant stem becomes more woody.
范文赏析
26 July
About three weeks after the flower bud first becomes visible at the tip of the sunflower stem, it enlarges and begins to reveal a flattened disc. Over the course of one week, the yellow ray florets, the disc florets bloom across the core of the sunflower blossom. It is yellow, looking beautiful.(共25张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
Developing ideas
attack move
breathe speak
eat steal
sleep think
1. Look at the pictures and tick what plants can do.
Developing ideas
Before reading
How aware are plants This is the central question behind a fascinating new book, What a Plant Knows by Daniel Chamovitz, director of the Manna Center for Plant Biosciences at Tel Aviv University (特拉维夫大学). A plant, he argues, can see, smell and feel. It can mount a defense when under siege, and warn its neighbors of trouble on the way. A plant can even be said to have a memory. But does this mean that plants think — or that one can speak of a “neuroscience” of the flower Chamovitz answered questions from Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook.
Do plants think
Developing ideas
Before reading
The average strawberry has 200 seeds. It’s the only fruit that bears its seeds on the outside.
草莓平均有200粒种子。它是唯一在外面结种子的水果。
Peaches, pears, apricots, quinces, strawberries, and apples are members of the rose family.
桃子、梨、杏子、木瓜、草莓和苹果都是蔷薇科的成员。
The difference between nectarines and peaches is that nectarines don’t have fuzzy skins. You can graft peach branches onto a nectarine tree or nectarine branches onto a peach tree so you have both types of fruits.
油桃和桃子的区别是油桃没有绒毛皮。你可以把桃枝嫁接
到油桃树上，或者把油桃枝嫁接到桃树上，这样你就可以
同时获得两种水果。
Trees are the longest-living organisms on earth.
树木是地球上寿命最长的生物。
Some interesting facts about plants
Developing ideas
Before reading
Around 2,000 different types of plants are used by humans to make food.
There are over 200,000 identified plant species and the list is growing all the time.
Bamboo is the fastest-growing woody plant in the world; it can grow 35 inches in a single day.
Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that grapes were grown to make wine about 8,000 years ago in Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq), although the ancient Egyptians were the first to record the process of making wine about 5,000 years ago.
Some interesting facts about plants
Developing ideas
Before reading
2. Read the passage and find out the ways in which plants communicate.
Plants can communicate with each other by using chemicals, sound and “wood wide web”.
Developing ideas
While reading
An expository essay (说明文) is a structured academic paper that investigates an idea, provides argumentation, and presents everything in simple language to make the concept clear for everyone.
Read for the structure and main idea
The word “expository” is a derivative of the word “exposition”. As you can already understand from the name, the core task behind an expository essay is to expose information. Simply put, to expose something means to lay something uncover, or discover information in a way to make it understandable for a reader.
What is an expository essay
Developing ideas
While reading
Para 1
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
Main idea
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 1 is used to introduce the main topic of the passage.
While reading
Para 2
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
Main idea
New research has revealed that plants can communicate.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 2 is used to clearly illustrate the thesis statement.
While reading
Para 3
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I”m being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
Main idea
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 3 is Point 1: Using chemicals.
While reading
Main idea
Plants also use sound
to communicate.
Para 4
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 4 is Point 2: Using sound.
While reading
Main idea
Plants have a
communication system called “wood wide web” in a forest.
Para 5
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 5 is Point 3: Using the “wood wide web” .
While reading
Main idea
Scientists are learning more about the secret language of plants.
Para 6
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 6 is used as a conclusion and a restatement.
While reading
Part 1: Introduction and thesis statement
Para.1-2: Plants can communicate.
Part 2: Body
Para. 3-5: Plants have various ways to communicate.
Part 3: Conclusion
Para. 6: Scientists are learning more about the
language of plants.
Developing ideas
Organization
of the passage
While reading
Using chemicals
* The plant releases chemicals ____________ that are being eaten.
* When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to ______________
____________________.
from the leaves
release its own, different chemicals
Using sound
* Some plants make noises _____________________.
* A chilli plant can __________
__________________________
__________________________.
* Some trees make ___________
__________________________.
with their roots
tell if a
neighbouring plant is
helpful, or unfriendly
clicking noises
to indicate drought’s coming
Using the “wood wide web”
* This fungal network links _____ ____________________________.
* Plants can __________________
_____________ with each other.
* Plants can __________________
_____________________ to attack other plants.
the roots
of different plants to each other
share information
steal food from each other
Developing ideas
Modern research is showing that plants can __________________________.
Maybe one day we will be able to “talk” with plants.
communicate with each other
3. Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
and even food
or spread poisons
While reading
Developing ideas
What figure of speech is being used when the plants are described as calling for help What is its function
What does “wood wide web” mean
What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication
What discoveries are described in the two reading passages in this unit and what do their meanings have in common
Think share
Personification. It can make descriptions more vivid.
“Wood wide web” means an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is linked underground by fungi and this fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other.
Passage 1 reveals the discovery of evolution and Passage 2 reveals the discovery of communication between plants. They all reflect that there are numerous secrets in nature that remain to be explored.
Learning to learn
Personification means giving human characteristics to something that is not human. By using human characteristics to describe an object, animal or even a place, personification can make descriptions more vivid.
While reading
Passage 1 reveals the discovery of evolution and Passage 2 reveals the discovery of communication between plants. They all reflect that there are numerous secrets in nature that remain to be explored.
1. Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Talking plants即“会说话的树”，talking 为现在分词作定语，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可以替换成一个定语从句，即Plants that talk。
【拓展】单个分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。
现在分词作前置定语，通常表示正在进行的主动动作，也可以表示主动但不是正在进行的动作。
过去分词作前置定语，通常表示被动，且有时有已完成的含义。
Developing ideas
After reading — key words and expressions
【例句】
A falling body is accelerated by the attraction of the earth.（单个分词，前置）
The cinema standing across the street was set up last year.（分词短语，后置）
The injured man was rushed to the hospital.（单个分词，前置）
Most of the young men invited to the party were Jack’s classmates.（分词短语，后置）
a sleeping child, a falling star（主动，正在进行）
a promising child, a walking dictionary（主动，但不是正在进行）
fried eggs, boiled water（被动完成）
Developing ideas
1. Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
After reading — key words and expressions
2. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
【例句】
据说 Darwin是《物种起源》一书的作者。
Darwin is said to be the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
=It is said that Darwin is the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
=People say (that) Darwin is the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
sb be said to do sth结构的含义和用法：
sb be said to do sth = It is said that sb do sth = people say (that) sb do sth“据说某人做了某事”。
Developing ideas
After reading — key words and expressions
3. With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy复合结构在句中作状语，说明背景。现在分词believing和前面的代词是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动。
【拓展】在“with+名词/代词+非谓语动词”复合结构中，非谓语动词可以是不定式（多指动作尚未发生）、动词-ing形式（多指动作正在进行）、动词-ed形式（与前面的名词构成被动关系）。
Developing ideas
【例句】
With Tim guiding us, we had no difficulty in finding the destination. 由于Tim的引导，我们毫不费力地找到了目的地。
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 没有人可以倾诉，约翰感到很难受。
With the problem settled, he felt relieved. 问题解决了，他如释重负。
After reading — key words and expressions
4. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects.
Developing ideas
say在这里意为“认为；假定，比方说”。
【拓展】常用的表达还有：let’s say (that) 和just say (that)。
【例句】
If we put out, say, twenty chairs, would that be enough 如果我们搬出去，比方说二十把椅子，够不够？
Let’s say your plan fails, then what 假设说你的计划失败，那怎么办？
Just say you won the lottery — what would you do 假定你中了彩票——你打算做什么？
After reading — key words and expressions
5. When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals.
Developing ideas
detect v. 发现，察觉（尤指不易察觉到的事物）
detection n. 察觉，发现；侦查
detectable adj. 可觉察的；可发现的；可查出的
【例句】
The tests are designed to detect the disease early. 这些检查旨在早期查出疾病。
Many problems, however, escape detection. 然而许多问题却未被察觉。
The noise is barely detectable by the human ear. 这种噪音人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到的。
After reading — key words and expressions
6. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi.
Developing ideas
wood wide web 源于互联网词汇 world wide web。
注意作者的造词手法：作者运用wood wide web，在形式和功能上将两者巧妙地联系起来，从而帮助学生进一步了解这种神奇的植物信息网络。语言生动，比喻恰当，贴近生活。
After reading — key words and expressions
7. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi.This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.
Developing ideas
fungus n. 真菌（注意其复数形式为：fungi ）
fungal adj. 真菌的
【例句】
A fungus is a plant that has no flowers, leaves, or green colouring, such as a mushroom or a toadstool. 真菌是一种没有花、叶子或绿色的植物，比如蘑菇或毒蕈。
Fungal diversity did not correspond with bacterial diversity.
真菌的多样性与细菌的多样性并不一致。
After reading — key words and expressions
Thank you!(共30张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
Starting Out&Understanding Ideas
Activity 1
Look at the page from a science magazine and answer the questions.
1. What do you know about these animals
What makes them special
2. What other similar animals do you know about Share your knowledge with the class.
They are all species that survived for thousands of years on earth; They are old and rare (unusual).
Jellyfish（水母）Jellyfish are soft-bodied，free-swimming aquatic（水生的）animals with an umbrella-shaped bell.They are found in every ocean.
Starting out
Komodo dragon（科莫多巨蜥）:
Komodo dragons were first encountered by Western researchers in 1910. The researchers said the ancestor of the Komodo dragon most likely evolved in Australia and spread westward, reaching the Indonesian island of Flores 900,000 years ago.
The Komodo dragon is the largest lizard in the world. It can grow to three metres in length and can weigh about 135 kilograms. Despite its size and weight, it can run for short distances at up to 20 kilometres per hour.
Duck-billed platypus（鸭嘴兽）:
The first scientists to examine a preserved platypus body judged it a fake in the late 18th century. The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago.
The duck-billed platypus is a small egg-laying mammal (up to 60 cm in length) found only in Eastern Australia including Tasmania. As its name suggests, it has a mouth that looks like a duck’s bill, while its thick fur and flat tail are similar to those of a beaver（海狸）.
Nautilus（鹦鹉螺）:
As one of the oldest sea animal in the world, the nautilus has hardly changed in about 500 million years, and that is why it is often given the name “living fossil”.
1. How can seeds travel How can this benefit plants
2. Can you think of another example of seeds travelling Share it with the class.
Watch the video and answer the questions.
Activity 2
How seeds travel
How can seeds travel
Seeds cane travel great distances by being carried by the _________ , upon the ____________, __________ or __________.
wind
water
animals
people
2. How can this benefit plants
Seeds have a __________(better/worse) chance at life when they are ________(closer/further) away from their parent plant. Growing too _________(far/close)to the parent plant means seeds might not get enough_______, ________and nutrients from the _______. A species is ________(more/less) likely to _________ if its members are more ________(closely/widely) spread.
better
further
close
sun
water
soil
more
survive
widely
The structure
1
2--5
The text is organized in order of______ .
Para___
Para___
Para 6-7
time
Before
the journey
During
the journey
England
In 1831
In 1835
Fast reading
Can you find out what kind of narrative order(叙述顺序)
Choose the main idea of the passage and give your reasons.
1 Darwin’s interest in various living things made him a great naturalist.
2 Darwin’s journey on the Beagle inspired his Theory of Evolution.
3 Darwin went on a journey to confirm his theory that humans had evolved over time.
Para1: Labels on a young man
He was ______
____________.
He was a young man
_____________________________________________________________________ .
He was _______
________________
________________
________________
in captain’s
eyes
in common
people’s eyes
in his families’
eyes
not the
first choice
who had left medical
school without
completing his degree
a
disgrace to
himself and
all his family
Before the journey
Careful reading
1.The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”. The person who answered the call was not the captain’s first choice. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree. What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”. Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
He was not the captain’s first choice.
He was a disgrace to himself and all his family.
He was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.
2.The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated by rocks, plants and animals. He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist
Charles Darwin was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated by rocks, plants and animals.
How did different species come to exist
Samples of the plants and animals
All species had appeared on Earth at the same time, and had not changed since.
Animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments.
To look for more evidence.
3.At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments It was just an idea, but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence.
Darwin noticed finches’ beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
New species of plants and animals evolved from earlier ancestors.
4.When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
5.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors.
Evidence
South America, asked himself questions (generated ideas)
1835,answered the question(developed an idea)
1859,published the book (proposed a theory)
1831, the Beagle,started his journey
1831
the Beagle
started his journey
South America,
asked himself questions
(generated ideas)
1859
published the book
(proposed a theory)
Darwin spent _____ years on his discovery
But spent _____years publishing his Theory of Evolution in 1859
4
24
A ________ Journey of ___________Discovery by______________________Darwin
tough
important
brave and perseverant
Summary
(developed an idea)
answered the question
1835
Can you speak out some famous Chinese Scientists
patriotism 爱国精神
innovation 创新精神
truth-seeking求实精神
dedication 奉献精神
teamwork 协同精神
The spirit of Chinese scientists
Post reading
What have you learnt about the spirit of scientific exploration How can this spirit help you in your life and studies
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
an official order from a ruler or a government that becomes the law 法令；政令
to issue/sign a decree
颁布 / 签署法令
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
sovereign | s vr n | (of a country or state 国家) free to govern itself; completely independent 有主权的；完全独立的
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
a person who fights against the government of their country
反政府的人；叛乱者；造反者
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
= recently 最近地
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
a group of countries that work closely together because they have similar political interests （政治利益一致的）国家集团
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday signed two decrees recognizing the "Luhansk People's Republic (LPR)" and the "Donetsk People's Republic (DPR)" as independent and sovereign states. The U.S. has announced financial sanctions against the rebel territories in eastern Ukraine freshly recognized by Russia. The EU said the bloc will also react with sanctions.
周一，俄罗斯总统普京签署两份法令，承认顿涅茨克人民共和国和卢甘斯克人民共和国为独立主权国家。
对于刚刚获得俄罗斯承认的乌东反政府地区，美国宣布对其实施经济制裁。欧盟称他们也将进行经济制裁。
Expressions
……的耻辱
有史以来最重要的科学发现之一
所说的这个年轻人
给……机会……
研究各种各样的生物
产生（exist短语）
进化成很多新物种
引起强烈反响
从更低的生命形式进化而来
a disgrace to…
one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time
the young man in question
give… the chance to do…
study various living things
come to exist / come into existence
evolve into many different species
cause a storm
evolve from lower forms of life
What kind of person was Darwin according to the passage
What have you learnt about the spirit of scientific exploration
Darwin was a determined man. He had strong curiosity and interests in science and was good at thinking and making discoveries.
Think and Share
3. Number the pieces in order. Organise information from the passage and complete them.
1 On his journey
various living things in their natural environments and samples of the plants and animals he had collected
very similar to each other
2 Generate ideas
come to exist
Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
3 Look for more evidence
that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands
had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island
4 Develop ideas
had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before
slowly evolved into many new species
5 Propose a theory
had evolved from lower forms of life(共25张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
Using language
1. In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or “evolved from a
common ancestor”
2. In sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to believe” or “evolved from
lower forms of life”
3. What does the structure had done indicate
Activity 1. Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, ...
b Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved
from lower forms of life.
In sentence (a), “evolved from a common ancestor” happened first.
In sentence (b), “evolved from lower forms of life” happened first.
It indicates the action happened before a certain past action.
Using language
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, ...
b Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved
from lower forms of life.
In each sentence, both the two actions happened in the past, Action B happened first, Action A happened later. In this situation, past perfect is used to describe Action B and simple past is used to describe Action A.
Summary
Action A
Action B
Using language
Activity 1. Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
Now look for more sentences with the past perfect tense in the reading passage, and summarise its use in your own words.
After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed since.
It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
...
The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place once or many times before another action / point in the past.
Using language
Activity 1. Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
The past perfect is formed using had + past participle. Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and had. Negatives are made with had not.
Statement: You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Question: Had you studied English before you moved to New York
Negative: You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
What is past perfect tense
Definition
The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place once or many times before another action / point in the past.
Past Perfect Forms
Using language
The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
past perfect
simple past
Past Perfect Uses
Use 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
Using language
Examples:
1. I ____________ (not see) such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
2. I did not have any money because I ________ (lose) my wallet.
3. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he ___________ (visit) the city several times.
4. ______ Susan _______ (study) Thai before she moved to Thailand
5. She only understood the movie because she _________ (read) the book.
6. Kristine _____________ (never be) to an opera before last night.
7. We were not able to get a hotel room because we ______________ (not book) in advance.
8. A: _______ you ever _______ (visit) the U.S. before your trip in 2006
B: Yes, I ____________ to the U.S. once before.
hadn’t seen
had lost
had visited
studied
Had
had read
had never been
hadn’t booked
Had
visited
had been
Using language
With non-continuous verbs (simple past), we use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action (non-continuous verbs) in the past.
simple past
(non-continuous)
past perfect duration
Past Perfect Uses
Use 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Using language
Examples:
1. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
2. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
3. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
non-continuous verb
past perfect duration
non-continuous verb
past perfect duration
past perfect duration
non-continuous verb
The words “live”, “work”, “teach”, and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.
Using language
Adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still and just are usually placed between had and past participle.
Examples:
You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York
Adverb Placement in Past Perfect
Using language
Active voice: had + past participle
Passive voice: had + been + past participle
Examples:
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic’s license. (Active)
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic’s license. (Passive)
Active/ Passive Voice in Past Perfect
Using language
1. a. Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.
b. Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.
c. Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.
Yuan Longping _____________ to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters ______________ food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he ____________ a better type of rice.
began
had led to
developed
Activity 2. Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you decide the use of tenses.
Using language
Yuan Longping
Yuan Longping was born in Beijing in 1930. After he graduated from university in the early 1950s, he dedicated himself to the research of agriculture.Yuan had the idea to create a new breed of rice in the 1960s. Since then, he has worked tirelessly to research and develop a better rice breed. In 1973 he and his collaborators managed to cultivate a hybrid rice species that was superior to many others. This species produced 20 per cent more rice per plant than the commonly grown varieties. For his achievements and contributions, Yuan is known as the “father of hybrid rice” and was awarded the Medal of the Republic in 2019.
Activity 2. Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you decide the use of tenses.
Using language
Background information
2. a. Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics
were easy to control.
b. Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.
c. Gregor Mendel died in 1884.
Gregor Mendel ___________ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he ________ important discoveries about genetics.
chose to
had made
Using language
Activity 2. Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you decide the use of tenses.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an influential botanist. Mendel worked out the basic principles of heredity by experimenting with plants. In 1866, he published his findings, showing how invisible “factors” (now known as genes) are responsible for predictable visible traits. As a result of his work, he became known as the “father of modern genetics”.
Activity 2. Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. They can help you decide the use of tenses.
Using language
Background information
compete decline eat
live introduce arrive
Lonesome George
Lonesome George was the last Pinta Island tortoise. He died in 2012. After George’s death, the Pinta Island tortoise was declared extinct.
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans. Before humans __________ on the island, the species ___________in isolation and ___________ the plants that naturally grew there. George was discovered many years after their arrival, and by then humans ______________ new species that _________ for the food the tortoises ate. After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population ____________. Eventually, only George remained.
arrived
had lived
had eaten
had introduced
competed
declined
Activity 3. Complete the online encyclopedia entry with the correct form of the words in the box.
Using language
Using language
Biodiversity
Listen to the podcast and choose the statements that are made.
1. Biodiversity is important.
2. Bacteria are always harmful to humans.
3. Some species of bacteria are used in food production.
4. Many species of bacteria recycle dead organic matter.
5. Our immune systems are able to fight off all germs.
Using language
Biodiversity
Listen again and complete the fact sheet.
Cells
Every living thing is 1. ________________.
They are like 2. ___________________________________.
In the human body there are about 3. ________________________ human cells and around 4. ____________________bacteria cells.
Bacteria
Most bacteria in the human body can 5. ___________________.
In the food production process, bacteria can 6. _______________ dead organic matter.
made up of cells
bricks that are used to build houses
thirty trillion
thirty-nine trillion
help with digestion
break down
Using language
听力原文
Using language
听力原文
Using language
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the podcast.
Do you know about... Have you heard of...
By the way, ... In fact, ...
Actually, ... Speaking of which, ...
Checking background knowledge
Adding information
Do you know about...
Have you heard of...
By the way, ... Actually, ... In fact, ... Speaking of which, ...
Using language
Read the passage on Page 54 and answer the questions.
1. What species are mentioned and what is special about them
2. What other unusual life forms do you know of
Two species are mentioned: the blue whale and the water bear. The blue whale is the largest animal species on Earth, which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos. The water bear is probably the toughest species, which can survive temperatures from 150℃ to a below freezing -272℃.
Using language
Complete the paragraphs with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
The Galápagos Islands are renowned worldwide for their unique biodiversity. The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz 1. ________ several species of giant tortoise that 2. __________ the Galápagos
Islands. The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where 3. __________ studies are carried out.
is home to
are native to
scientific
Mangroves are one of the coastal plants that grow on Isabela. They serve as the 4. _____________ for various birds and fish, and are very important to the 5. _______________.
habitats
ecosystem
Iguanas can be found on San Cristóbal. They have a very special
6. _________, with comb-like spines on their back. There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more 7. _________
ones and share a common 8. __________.
appearance
primitive
ancestor
Work in pairs. Act out a role-play using the information in Activity 3. One of you will play the keeper of Lonesome George, and the other will play the reporter asking about George. Use the past perfect tense where appropriate.
Homework
Thank you!
