(共14张PPT)
Unit 3 The world of science
单元归纳总结
2门世2有
3厚Unit 3 The world of science
单元目标解读 ·学科素养达成
[单元目标]
单元课程探究 单元内容分析
Starting out & Understanding ideas The New Age of Invention(发明的新时代) 通过对理查德的采访，讲述了发明带给社会的变革以及发明的驱动力 本单元涉及的话题是科技发展，并通过文本材料呈现以下内容：我们处在一个发明的新时代，发明推动了社会进步；本杰明·富兰克林的科学实验对我们的启示
Grammar Present perfect passive(现在完成时的被动语态)
Developing ideas FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT：How Much Is True？(富兰克林的实验：有多少是真的？) 通过讲述富兰克林的实验，让我们明白科学应是以事实为依据的
Writing an experiment report 写一个实验报告。该类作文以说明为主，说明实验的目的，描述实验的过程和写出实验的结果或结论
单元核心素养 增进学生进一步了解发明对社会推动的重要性以及富兰克林的实验让我们明白科学应是以事实为依据的
Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
原文 呈现
The New Age of Invention
1 Interviewer: Good evening, and welcome to Between the Pages. This evening, I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published 【1】. Welcome, Richard!
2 Richard: Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here.
3 Interviewer: I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. It suggests① that the present day is a new age for inventions 【2】， but many people might think that the great age of invention is over.
4 Richard: Well，that's an interesting point②. There have been golden ages of invention throughout history.【3】 Think of the four great inventions in Ancient China: gunpowder, papermaking③， printing and the compass④. These things changed the world forever. Then there were the great Western inventions: the steam engine, the telephone and the radio. And now, we find ourselves in the great new age of technology.
读文 清障
①suggest /s 'd est/ v．使想到；使认为；表明
②point(＝view)n.观点
anpoint
③papermaking 造纸术
④compass /'k mp s/ n．指南针，罗盘
【1】whose引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr Richard Fairhurst，且在从句中作定语。
【2】此处是that引导的宾语从句，suggest意为“表明”，故从句用的是陈述语气。
【3】there be句型的现在完成时。
发明的新时代
1 记者：晚上好，欢迎来到《字里行间》节目。今晚，我将与理查德·费尔赫斯特博士交谈，他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。欢迎，理查德！
2 理查德：谢谢。很高兴来到这里。
3 记者：我猜之前已经有人就书名向您提问了，它表明当今是发明的新时代，但许多人可能认为发明的伟大时代已经结束了。
4 理查德：嗯，这是一个有趣的观点。历史上曾有过发明的黄金时代。想想中国古代的四大发明：火药、造纸术、印刷术和指南针。这些发明给世界带来了永久性的改变。后来还有西方的伟大发明：蒸汽机、电话和收音机。现在，我们发现自己处于伟大的新科技时代。
原文 呈现
5 Interviewer: So are most of the new great inventions tech based⑤？
6 Richard: A lot, yes. For example, advances⑥ in virtual reality and wearable⑦ tech, as well as the flexible battery⑧， mean we should soon be seeing further⑨ developments. In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental⑩ science thanks to increasing computer power.
7 Interviewer: Can you give us some examples
8 Richard: Sure. New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. In terms of the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house. It is capable of using GPS technology to travel to different places, with computing technology controlling its “legs”【4】. What's more ， huge advances in solar technology mean it can be eco friendly, too.
9 Interviewer: Impressive stuff! I've also been told that you're an inventor yourself. Is that correct
10 Richard: Yes, I am, but I'm only one member of a big team—most inventors now work as part of big international teams.
读文 清障
⑤tech based adj.以技术为基础的
⑥advance / d'vɑ ns/ n．(尤指武装部队的)前进，行进；进步
⑦wearable /'we r bl/ adj.可穿戴的；穿戴舒适的；适于穿戴的
⑧battery /'b t( )ri/ n．电池
⑨further /'f (r)/ adj.更进一步的
⑩environmental /In vaIr n'mentl/ adj.自然环境的；生态环境的；有关环境的
thanks to幸亏
be used to do 被用来做
replacement /rI'pleIsm nt/ n．替换；更换；替代品；替换物；(尤指工作中的)接替者，替代者
in terms of 在……方面；就……来说
be capable of 有能力
technology /tek'n l d i/ n．科技；工艺；工程技术；技术学；工艺学；技术性机器(或设备)
what's more 此外，而且
impressive /Im'presIv/ adj.令人赞叹的；令人敬佩的
work as 担任
【4】此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，computing technology与control之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作宾补。
5 记者：那么大多数伟大的新发明都是以科技为基础的吗？
6 理查德：是的，很多都是。例如，虚拟现实、可穿戴技术以及柔性电池的进步，意味着我们应该很快会看到进一步的发展。此外，由于计算机功能的不断强大，医学和环境科学方面已经取得了重要进展。
7 记者：你能举几个例子吗？
8 理查德：当然。像3D打印机这样的新发明已经用于制造心脏和骨头的替代品。在环境方面，现在有可能创造一个智能的可移动房屋。它能够使用GPS技术移动到不同的地方，计算机技术控制它的“腿”。更重要的是，太阳能技术的巨大进步意味着它也可以具有环保性。
9 记者：真是令人印象深刻的发明！我也听说您自己就是发明家。是这样吗？
10 理查德：是的，我是，但我只是一个大团队的一员，大多数发明家现在都是大型国际团队的一员。
原文 呈现
11 Interviewer: I see. So what is it that inspires us to invent things？【5】
12 Richard: Most inventions start with recognising a problem that needs a solution.【6】 This was no doubt the reason behind the invention of the wheel in ancient times, which much later developed into the car 【7】. Now, reduced energy supplies and environmental pollution have led to more advances in the technology of new energy vehicles. But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create【8】， and that's the real spirit of invention.
13 Interviewer: One last question. This is the one everyone really wants to know 【9】： will anybody ever invent a time machine
14 Richard: I think you've been watching too many movies！【10】Nothing like this has been invented yet and I'd say we're a long way from an invention like that at the moment! But, as they say, “Never say never！”【11】
读文 清障
inspire /In'spaI (r)/ v．激励；鼓舞；赋予灵感；使产生(感觉或情感)
solution /s 'lu n/ n．解决办法
lead to导致，引起
vehicle /'vi kl/ n．交通工具；车辆
incredible /In'kred bl/ adj.不能相信的；难以置信的；极好的
【5】强调句的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋is/was it that...
【6】that引导定语从句，修饰a problem，且在从句中作主语。
【7】which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the wheel，且在从句中作主语。
【8】what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语。该主语从句中又包含that引导的表语从句，that无含义，不作成分但不能省略。
【9】定语从句修饰the one，省略的关系词that/which作know的宾语。
【10】此处是现在完成进行时，have/has been doing表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。
【11】as在此引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，就像”。
11 记者：我明白了。那么，是什么激励我们发明东西呢？
12 理查德：大多数发明都是从认识到一个需要解决的问题开始的。这无疑是古代发明车轮的原因，车轮后来发展成为汽车。现在，能源供应的减少和环境污染促进了新能源汽车技术的进一步发展。但是仍然重要的是，我们有一种强烈地想要思考和创造的渴望，这才是真正的发明精神。
13 记者：最后一个问题。这是每个人都想知道的：有人会发明出时光机器吗？
14 理查德：我想您是电影看多了！像这样的东西还没有被发明出来，我想说目前我们要发明出像时光机器这样的东西还有很长的路(要走)！但是，常言道：“别轻易说决不！”
基础 自测
Ⅰ.重点单词
基础词汇
1．press v．按
2．vanish v．突然消失
3．shoot v．射出(光、亮等)，放射
4．compass n．指南针，罗盘
5．virtual adj.虚拟的，模拟的
6．technology n．科技
7．flexible adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的
8．battery n．电池
9．capable adj.有能力的
10．stuff n．东西，物品
11．desire n．渴望，欲望
12．incredible adj.难以置信的；极大的
拓展词汇
13．invention n．发明→invent v．发明→inventor n．发明家
14．reality n．现实→real adj.真实的
15．disappear v．消失→appear (反义词)
16．pleasure n．快乐，愉快→please v．使满意；使愉快→pleasant adj.令人愉快的→pleased adj.愉快的，高兴的
17．advance n．进展，进步→advanced adj.高级的；先进的
18．environmental adj.环境的→environment n．环境
19．impressive adj.令人赞叹的；令人敬佩的→impress v．给……留下深刻的好印象→impression n．印象
20．inspire v．启发思考→inspiration n．灵感
21．recognise v．认识，辨别出→recognition n．认出，识别
22．solution n．解决方法→solve v．解决，解答
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．become a reality 成为现实
2．look down at 向下看；俯视
3．on the other side of 在……的另一边
4．be over 结束
5．think of 想象到；考虑
6．virtual reality 虚拟现实
7．wearable tech 可穿戴技术
8．in addition 除此之外，另外
9．thanks to 多亏，幸亏；由于，因为
10．in terms of 在……方面；就……来说
11．be capable of 有能力
12．part of 一部分
13．no doubt 无疑；确实地
14．develop into 发展为
15．lead to 导致
16．never say never 别轻易说决不
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．This evening, I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.
[句式分析]
This evening, I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst,
[尝试翻译] 今晚，我将与理查德·费尔赫斯特博士交谈，他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。
2．But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create, and that's the real spirit of invention.
[句式分析]
But is ，and that's the real spirit of invention.
[尝试翻译] 但是仍然重要的是，我们有一种强烈地想要思考和创造的渴望，这才是真正的发明精神。
3．This is the one everyone really wants to know：will anybody ever invent a time machine
[句式分析]
This is the one to know：will anybody ever invent a time machine
[尝试翻译] 这是每个人都想知道的：有人会发明出时光机器吗？
语篇 细研
第一遍：快读课文，把握段落大意
段落 关键词(句) 概括段意
Paragraphs 1～2 welcome to Between the Pages, new book, published
Paragraphs 3～4 over, golden ages, throughout history, Ancient China, Western inventions
Paragraphs 5～10 tech based, virtual reality, wearable tech, flexible battery, medicine, environmental science, 3D printers, intelligent, GPS, solar technology
Paragraphs 11～12 inspires, recognising, problem, solution, developed into, reduced energy supplies, environmental pollution, incredible desire, spirit
Paragraphs 13～14 a time machine, a long way, Never say never！
答案：Paragraphs 1～2 Richard was interviewed.
Paragraphs 3～14 Richard answered the host's questions about the invention.
第二遍：精读课文，完成下列题目
1．精读文章第1～2段，完成下面题目。
Who wrote the book The New Age of Invention
答案：Dr Richard Fairhurst
2．精读文章第3～4段，判断正(T)误(F)。
(1)The great age of invention is over.(F)
(2)The ancient inventions changed the world forever.(T)
3．精读文章第5～10段，完成下列题目。
(1)What leads to important advances in medicine and environmental science
答案：Increasing computer power.
(2)What invention has to do with the environment
答案：An intelligent walking house.
4．精读文章第11～12段，完成下列题目。
(1)Why do most inventions start with recognising a problem
答案：Because the problem needs a solution.
(2)What is the main factor that people want to invent
答案：The desire to think and create.
5．精读文章第13～14段，判断正(T)误(F)。
(1)The interviewer saw many movies. (F)
(2)Inventing a time machine will take a long time.(T)
词汇 精讲
1．subscriber n．订购者，订阅人，订户
[教材P33]Instead of being printed, the Earth Chronicle is every morning spoken to subscribers...《地球纪事报》不是印刷本，而是每天早上有人对订户讲述里面的内容……
归纳拓展
subscribe v．订阅，订购
subscribe to 订阅；同意；捐
佳句背诵
I have been a subscriber to Newsweek for many years.
我已是《新闻周刊》一名多年的订户。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①We applied for subscribing(subscribe) to some magazines useful for our work.
②I subscribe to the view that children benefit from being independent.
2．present n．现在，目前；礼物 vt.陈述；提出(观点、计划等)；赠送 adj.出席的，在场的；现在的，当前的
[教材P34]It suggests that present day is a new age for inventions...它表明当今是发明的新时代……
归纳拓展
(1)present sb. with sth.＝present sth.to sb. 把某物赠给某人
(2)be present at... 出席……
(3)at present 现在；目前
for the present 眼前；暂
佳句背诵
Did you get your mother a present
你给你母亲买礼物了吗？
巧学活用
写出下列句中present的词性及含义
①The company presented a medal to him on the day when he retired.v.赠予
②The present situation is taking a turn for the better.adj.当前的
③All the people present at the party were his supporters.adj.出席的
④I was extremely interested in the ideas he presented in class.vt.陈述；提出
⑤Whenever you buy a present，you should think about it from the receiver's point of view.n.礼物
3．advance vt.& vi.前进；促进；提前 n．前进；进步
[教材P35]For example, advances in virtual reality and wearable tech, as well as the flexible battery, mean we should soon be seeing further development.例如，虚拟现实和可穿戴技术的进步，以及柔性电池，意味着我们很快就会看到进一步的发展。
归纳拓展
(1)advance on/upon/towards朝……前进
(2)in advance＝ahead of time预先；提前(指事先)
in advance of 在……前面；超过
(3)advanced adj.高等的；先进的；高级
佳句背诵
We will advance you the money.
我们将把款子预付给你。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①This meeting room is a non smoking area. I would like to warn you in advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
②Thanks to the advanced(advance) technology，we live in an age of bettered communication.
4．in addition 除此之外，另外
[教材P35]In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science thanks to increasing computer power.此外，由于计算机功能的不断强大，医学和环境科学方面已经取得了重要进展。
归纳拓展
(1)in addition to 除……以外
(2)additional adj.额外的；附加
佳句背诵
There is, in addition, one further point to make.
此外，还有一点要说。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①He had to pay some additional(addition) charges.
完成句子
②There's also the cost of mailing and packing in addition to the repair charge.
除了修理费之外，还有邮寄和包装的费用。
5．capable adj.有能力的
[教材P35]It is capable of using GPS technology to travel to different places...它能够利用GPS技术去不同的地方旅行……
归纳拓展
(1)be capable of doing sth.有能力做某事
(2)capably adv.有能力地
(3)capability n．能力
have the capability to do sth.有能力做某
佳句背诵
She's a very capable teacher.
她是一位能力很强的教师。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Anne was intelligent and capable of passing(pass) her exams with ease.
②Does the company have the capability(capable) to change to meet the market needs
③It was all dealt with very capably(capable) by the police and security people.
6．desire n．渴望；欲望；渴求 vt.希望得到；想要
[教材P36]But what remains important is that we have an incredible desire to think and create...但重要的是，我们有一种难以置信的欲望去思考和创造……
归纳拓展
(1)have a strong desire to do sth. 迫切想要做某事
have a strong desire for sth. 急于想得到某物
(2)desire to do sth. 渴望做某事
desire sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
desire that...(should) do sth. 渴望……
(3)desirable adj.想要的；可取的；值得拥有
desire 不用于进行时态，意为“期望”时，后接宾语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。另外，含 desire 的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气
佳句背诵
We all desire health and happiness.
我们都渴望健康和幸福。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Everyone has a desire for success, but not everyone has the courage and determination to pursue it.
②They all desired that the matter (should) be discussed(discuss) further.
句式 突破
1.This evening, I'll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst, whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.[教材P34]
今晚，我将与理查德·费尔赫斯特博士交谈，他的新书《发明的新时代》刚刚出版。
句式分析
本句中“whose new book...published”为whose引导的定语从句，修饰Dr Richard Fairhurst；whose在从句中作定语。
归纳拓展
(1)whose引导定语从句，先行词既可以是人(whose相当于of whom)也可以是物(whose相当于of which)。
(2)whose在定语从句中作定语，意为“……的”
佳句背诵
Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn't been handed in.
刘老师要跟那些没交作业的学生谈话。
巧学活用
句型转换
This is the house whose window was broken last night.
＝This is the house of which the window was broken last night.
2．So what is it that inspires us to invent things？[教材P36]
那么，是什么激励我们发明东西呢？
句式分析
本句中的what is it that...为强调句的特殊疑问句型。其结构为：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who...
归纳拓展
(1)强调句的构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
(2)强调句的一般疑问句：Was/Is it... that...
(3)当被强调部分为主语时，句子的谓语动词与被强调的主语保持一致。
(4)含有“not... until...”句型的强调句为：It is/was not until... that...
佳句背诵
It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
他是昨天遇见李平的。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①It was in front of the Palace Museum that a lot of people were waiting to buy the tickets.
句型转换
②I met Mary on my way to school last night.
→It was Mary that/who I met on my way to school last night.(强调宾语)
→It was on my way to school that I met Mary last night.(强调地点状语)
→It was last night that I met Mary on my way to school.(强调时间状语)
→It was I who/that met Mary on my way to school last night.(强调主语)
3．But, as they say, “Never say never！”[教材P36]
但是，常言道：“别轻易说决不！”
句式分析
此处as they say为as引导的非限制性定语从句；as意为“正如”，指代整个主句的内容。
归纳拓展
关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，从句可放在主句前、主句中或主句后，常用逗号与主句隔开。as意为“正如”，其后的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, report等
佳句背诵
As is known to us, the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①He was late for class，as is often the case.
完成句子
②The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Fortunately we had a compass(指南针), without which we would have got lost.
2．Gunpowder(火药) is generally believed to have been invented in ancient China.
3．Used properly, the battery(电池) can last 72 hours.
4．We were ordered not to shoot(射击) until he gave the signal.
5．Even so, she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire to succeed.
6．List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.
7．—What does the stuff on your T shirt mean
—It's nothing. Just something off the top of my head.
8．Addicted to online communications, some students have a tendency to be buried in a virtual world.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Flames were shooting(shoot) up through the roof.
2．I am too tired to go there. In addition(add), it's getting dark.
3．The expert said that how to react to the negative situation would influence a person's future and facing up to them bravely would lead to achieving(achieve) the aims.
4．He came home after midnight, and what is more, he was drunk.
5．The report is based on figures from six different European cities.
6．Her motivation for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
7．It is important to remember(remember) that each person reacts differently.
8．There is no doubt that she has the makings of a successful journalist.
Ⅲ.选词填空
press; in addition to; thanks to; capable of; in terms of; flexible; what's more; lead to
1．It's thought that social networking is an important factor leading to business success.
2．In addition to many scientific publications, he has published four collections of poems and several books of essays.
3．Thanks to Mrs Smith, the father and the son eventually made up after ten years' cold relationship between them.
4．The lifestyle of today is vastly different from that of the earlier times especially in terms of its pace.
5．What's more, it is another effective way to appeal to the news media.
6．The larger firm was capable of providing some better services.
7．They are pressing us to reveal more information.
8．The volume and colour can be flexibly adjusted.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis.
一般情况下，所有形式的活动，当被按部就班地执行时，就会导致厌烦。
2．She cycled too fast round the corner, lost her balance and fell off. What's more, she ran into another cyclist.
在拐角处她骑得太快，失去了平衡摔倒了。而且，她撞上了另一个骑自行车的人。
3．Dale was believed to be pressed to leave the company in that situation.
在那种情况下，人们相信Dale是被迫离开了那家公司。
4．There is no doubt that children there are badly in need of care and help.
毫无疑问，那里的儿童非常需要关怀和帮助。
5．I desire that these letters be burnt after I leave.
我期望我走了以后把这些信件都烧掉。
课时作业(七) Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．When he came into the house, Drago pressed(按) a button and the door closed.
2．Suddenly, a white light shot(射出) towards my eyes, and I could see nothing.
3．You can go anywhere and still the compass(指南针) points north or south.
4．This device helps make virtual reality(现实) a more usable and accessible technology.
5．It asks you to act like water—to be flexible(柔韧的) as well as strong.
6．You can charge your phone with the extra battery(电池) wherever you are.
7．We all thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable(有能力的) young woman.
8．He has a desire(渴望) for success though he has failed many times.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Linda didn't get there on time because of the bad weather; in addition, her car was in poor condition.
2．It is known that codes are used to protect your account from being broken into.
3．As a matter of fact, we are capable of preventing the disease from spreading.
4．Thanks to his gift for learning a foreign language, Bill can communicate with people freely in this country now.
5．Because all the roads that lead to the mountain village had been blocked, the rescue workers were not able to reach it to help.
6．—Why did you quit your job
—It was good in terms of its working conditions, but the salary was too low.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．In addition to ________(give) a general introduction to computers, the course also provides practical experience.
解析：考查非谓语动词。in addition to是固定短语，表示“除……以外(还)”，其中to是介词，后接动词作宾语时要用其动名词形式。
答案：giving
2．Dogs seem to understand our needs and have a desire ________(help) us out.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：狗似乎可以理解我们的需求并渴望帮助我们摆脱困境。desire作名词，意为“渴望，愿望”时，后常跟to do sth.，意为“渴望做某事”。
答案：to help
3．________ ancient times, women were looked down upon and had no chance to receive an education.
解析：考查介词。句意：在古代，妇女受人轻视并且没有受教育的机会。in ancient times意为“在古代”。
答案：In
4．It is believed that it is his ability to work under ________(press) that led to his great success.
解析：考查名词。句意：人们认为是他能够在压力下工作才使他大获成功的。under pressure意为“在压力下”。
答案：pressure
5．Technological advances mean more information can be delivered online rapidly and ________(flexible)．
解析：考查副词。句意：技术进步意味着更多的信息可以被快速、灵活地在网上传递。根据rapidly和and可以判断，空处与rapidly并列作状语，故应用副词形式。
答案：flexibly
6．What inspires him ________(work) as a doctor is an unforgettable experience at that village.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：激励他当医生的是他在那个村子里的一次难忘的经历。inspire sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“激励某人做某事”。
答案：to work
7．Nowadays, there are more and more products and service using high technologies such as artificial intelligence, 5G and virtual ________(real) technology.
解析：考查词性转换。句意：如今，越来越多的产品和服务使用了人工智能、5G和虚拟现实技术等高科技。根据句意可知，此处应填名词。virtual reality technology“虚拟现实技术”。
答案：reality
Ⅳ.阅读理解
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time.
[篇章导读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了铁路无人机。铁路无人机可以用于铁路的安全检测，从而提升铁路安全、节约铁路检修成本，未来还有可能为火车提供预先警报服务。
1．What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的“Drones are already being used to examine high tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure”可知，无人机已被用于检查高压电线，它们恰好可以做相同的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。由此可知，无人机被用于检查高压电线，让其在铁路线路上的应用成为可能。故选A项。
答案：A
2．What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段的“spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance... to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”可知，花在maintenance上的费用主要用于检查和维修铁路基础设施。画线词和C项“检查和维修”含义接近。故选C项。
答案：C
3．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的“drones could also... detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems”和“they could signal any problem, so that fast moving trains would be able to react in time”可知，对铁路无人机功能的期待是能够提前发现问题，提供预先警报。故选A项。
答案：A
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了铁路无人机可以用于铁路的安全检测，从而提升铁路安全、节约铁路检修成本，未来还有可能为火车提供预先警报服务。D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来”最适合作本文的标题。故选D项。
答案：D
Ⅴ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Once upon a time, there was a village where lived a wealthy man named Rama. He was always ready to help the poor and needy. His act of kindness made him so popular that villagers thought of him as the head of the village. And he was overjoyed at villagers' love for him.
Rama was a well known businessman who dealt in the export of agricultural products. One year, there was no rain so the whole village was under drought conditions. There was a lack of food and water everywhere. Villagers were dying of hunger. Therefore, they reached out to Rama for help.
Rama, in spite of having a huge loss in business, chose to help the villagers out generously. He started giving out food for free. Every day he would give a part of his wealth and grains to the needy. Soon, Rama ran out of money and food as he gave all his wealth to the needy villagers. Rama tried hard to manage his business, but he failed. Finally, he was left with nothing.
Rama had to live in a rented house. He looked for a job but no one was ready to offer him one because they were in fear of losing their wealth because of his kind nature. After a few days, he left with no money, so he had to leave his rented house. Rama was now homeless. He and his wife decided to leave the village.
Rama and his wife set off for another village. After walking for a while, both were tired so they decided to take a rest under a tree, and after that, they would move further. They ate whatever they had with them and slept under the tree. They were so tired that they slept the whole day and when they woke up it was dark. They started seeking shelter. Soon they saw a luxury mansion(公馆) and went there for help.
注意：
1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。
They knocked and a man opened the door.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
When he heard his words of gratitude, Rama's eyes were filled with tears.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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[参考范文]
They knocked and a man opened the door. The moment he saw them, he greeted them with joy. He took them inside and offered them food to eat. Rama was surprised and asked why. The man said, “Years ago, I was dying of hunger when you helped me out. Not only did you give me food, but you also gave me money to restart my business. I can never thank you enough and I am so glad that I am able to repay your generosity today.”
When he heard his words of gratitude, Rama's eyes were filled with tears. He told that man even though he changed from a wealthy man to a homeless person, never did he regret what he had done. The man asked him not to worry and promised to help. With his generous aid, Rama was able to recreate his business. Slowly and steadily, he became rich again. In spite of so many ups and downs, Rama didn't forget his social responsibility and he started helping the needy again.
Section Ⅱ Using language
Ⅰ.重点单词
基础词汇
1．passive adj.被动的
2．beyond prep.无法……
3．instance n．例子，实例
4．significant adj.重要的，影响深远的
5．appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的
6．astronomer n．天文学家
7．accurate adj.精确的
8．minor adj.小的
9．species n．物种
10．stream n．小河，小溪
11．surrounding adj.周围的；附近的
12．extraordinary adj.非凡的，出色的
13．brilliant adj.聪颖的，才华横溢的
14．theory n．学说，理论
15．cure n．药剂；疗法
拓展词汇
16．injure v．使受伤，弄伤→injury n．伤害，损伤→injured adj.受伤的
17．chemist n．化学家→chemistry n．化学
18．biologist n．生物学家→biology n．生物学
19．origin n．起源，起因→original adj.原来的
20．mental adj.精神的；精神健康的→physical adj.身体的；肉体的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．beyond recognition 认不出来；无法辨认
2．for instance 例如
3．to date 迄今为止；到目前为止
4．break into 强行闯入
5．be named after 以……命名
6．due to 由于
7．natural selection 自然选择
8．the majority of 大多数
9．be recognised as... 被认为是……
10．cure for ……的治愈方法
Ⅲ.经典结构
1．British biologist Charles Darwin (1809—1882) is best known for his work On the Origin of Species, in which he explains changes in species due to natural selection.
英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文(1809—1882)最以他的著作《物种起源》而闻名，在这本书里，他解释了由于自然选择而引起的物种的变化。
2．It is recognised as the most common mental disease among older people, and the number of sufferers is growing.
它被认为是在老年人中最常见的精神疾病，并且患者的数量正在增加。
3．Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's, but scientists are researching ways to improve the quality of life for people living with the disease.
目前，还没有阿尔茨海默病的治愈方法，但是，科学家们正在寻找改善这种疾病患者的生活质量的方法。
Ⅳ.必备语法
Present perfect passive 现在完成时的被动语态
1．I guess you have been asked(ask) about the title of your book before.
2．New inventions like 3D printers have been used(use) to make replacement hearts and bone parts.
词汇 精讲
1．injured adj.受伤的；有伤的
[教材P38]．..in Brazil, people have given a new 3D printed shell to a turtle injured in a forest fire！……在巴西，人们已经为一只在森林火灾中受伤的海龟换上了一个新的3D打印的壳！
归纳拓展
(1)injure vt.使受伤，弄伤
(2)injury n．损伤；伤害
injury to sb./sth. 对某人/某物的伤害
do oneself an injury 使某人自己受
佳句背诵
Luckily, she isn't injured.
幸运的是，她没受伤。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Three people were killed and five injured(injure) in the crash.
②What you said was an injury to her fame.
2．surrounding adj.附近的；周围的
[教材P40]He did field research across China and studied more than a thousand rivers and streams, along with the landscape, history and culture of the surrounding areas.他在中国各地进行了野外研究，研究了1 000多条河流、小溪及其周边地区的景观、历史和文化。
归纳拓展
(1)surroundings n．环境；周围的事物
(2)surround vt.环绕；围住；包围
be surrounded by/with... 被……围着/包围
surround oneself with... 喜欢身边总有……；确保身边总有…
佳句背诵
The farm and surrounding area was flooded.
农场和周围地区遭洪水淹没。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①At first, my new surroundings(surrounding) were difficult to adapt to.
②She has always been surrounded by/with many fashionable friends.
3．recognise vt.认识；认出；承认
[教材P41]It is recognised as the most common mental disease among older people, and the number of sufferers is growing.它被认为是在老年人中最常见的精神疾病，并且患者的数量正在增加。
归纳拓展
(1)recognise... as/to be... 承认/认为……是……
be recognised as/to be... 被认作……；被认为是……
It is/was recognised that... 人们意识到……
(2)recognition n．认出；认识
beyond recognition 认不出来
佳句背诵
I'm sure you'll recognise the desk—that's still in the same place, as it has to be just inside the door.
我肯定你能认出那张桌子——它还在原来的地方，因为它必须就在门后面。
巧学活用
完成句子
①It was recognised that this solution could only be temporary.
人们意识到这只是个临时的解决方案。
②My hometown has changed beyond recognition since I was last here.
自从我上次来这里之后，我的家乡已经变得让人认不出来了。
现在完成时的被动语态
语法 讲习
一、结构
肯定式 主语＋have/has been done...
否定式 主语＋have/has not been done...
一般疑问式 Have/Has＋主语＋been done...？
特殊疑问式 疑问词＋have/has(＋主语)＋been done...？
Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.
今年美国已经报告了115例麻疹病例，而去年全年共189例。
The construction of the bridge has not been finished.
桥的建设还没有完成。
Has the date for the next meeting been decided
下次会议的日期已决定了吗？
How long has the battery not been changed
电池多久没有更换了？
[即时演练1]
变换句子
The children have already been told the good news.
①将上面的句子变为否定句。
答案：The children haven't been told the good news yet.
②将原句变为一般疑问句。
答案：Have the children been told the good news yet
③对原句中的the children进行提问。
答案：Who has been told the good news
完成句子
④I'm sorry, but the letters haven't been typed yet.
很抱歉，但是这些信件还没有被打印出来。
⑤The plan has been discussed for nearly two hours.
这项计划已被讨论了近两个小时了。
⑥She hasn't been heard from since then.
从那时候起，她就没来过信。
二、用法
1．现在完成时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样，强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，通常与already，yet，just，never，recently 等副词连用。
The machine has already been repaired.
机器已经修好了。
2．表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于“How long...？”句型中。
Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours.
公司的财务问题已被讨论了近两个小时了。
How long has this film been shown
这部电影已放映多长时间了？
3．用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作，即用现在完成时的被动语态代替将来完成时的被动语态。
You shouldn't leave school before your homework has been finished.
在你的作业没完成之前你不应该离开学校。
常与现在完成时连用的时间状语：
already已经 yet已经
recently/lately最近
since then从那时起
ever since自那以来
ever曾经 so far迄今为止
for a long time很长一段时间
by now到现在为止
in recent years在最近几年里
in/during/over the past/last years在过去的几年里
[即时演练2]
用现在完成时的被动语态改写句子
①Jack's boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.
→Jack has always been praised by his boss for his devotion to work.
②They have found a good place to build a temple in the village.
→A good place has been found to build a temple in the village.
③We haven't yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
→How to solve that difficult technological problem hasn't been decided yet.
完成句子
④I will go home when my homework has been finished.
当我的家庭作业完成时我就回家。
⑤Paper money has been used for over one thousand years.
纸币已被使用了1 000多年了。
三、注意事项
1．只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
His boss has already punished him.
→He has already been punished (by his boss)．
2．带有双宾语的动词，如give, send, bring, take, teach, show, tell, make, sing, write, read, sell, buy, pay, lend, pass, promise等，变为被动语态时，一般将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，若将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语前面要用相应的介词。
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company)．
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company)．
[即时演练3]
将下面句子变为被动语态
①I have asked her to help you.
→She has been asked to help you.
②We have planted many trees on the hill in the last 5 years.
→Many trees have been planted on the hill in the last 5 years.
③He has sent me an email.
→I have been sent an email.
→An email has been sent to me.
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The origin(起源) of the word remains obscure.
2．The situation is beyond(超出) our control. What we can do is just to wait.
3．What a brilliant idea!
4．People were working in the fields.
5．Will you be able to cure him, Doctor
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．More than 100 famous films have been shown(show) in the city since July.
2．Since your work has been finished(finish), you can have a rest now.
3．How many cars have been made(make) in the factory since 2000
4．This book has been translated(translate) into many languages since it came out.
5．It's the first time that the old computer has been checked(check) since I bought it.
6．Great changes have taken(take) place in my hometown and you can see that a lot of factories have been set(set) up.
7．—We want to sit at the table near the window.
—I'm sorry, but it has been taken(take) already.
8．Profits have increased significantly(significant) over the past few years.
9．A new star attracted the notice of that astronomer(astronomy)．
10．This biologist(biology) advanced a new theory of life.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．The boys have been told many times not to swim in that lake, but it doesn't make any difference.
男孩们已经被多次告知不要在那个湖里游泳，但这没什么区别。
2．The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness.
中心为遭受精神疾病的人们提供帮助。
3．With the help of high technology, more and more new substances have been discovered in the past years.
在高科技的帮助下，在过去几年里，越来越多的新物质已经被发现。
4．He taught us music theory.
他教授我们乐理。
5．Samsung, for instance, is South Korea's biggest employer and exporter.
比如三星，是韩国最大的雇主和出口商。
6．He played a passive role in the relationship.
他在他们的关系中处于被动地位。
7．There may be some minor changes to the schedule.
时间安排也许会有些小小的变动。
8．Four police officers sustained serious injuries in the explosion.
四名警官在爆炸中受了重伤。
课时作业(八) Section Ⅱ Using language
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The scenery of West Lake is beautiful beyond(无法) description.
2．The Gold Rush was one of the most significant(影响深远的) events in California's history.
3．Now his aim is to be a chemist(化学家) and make a breakthrough in the area of chemistry.
4．They were making efforts to provide accurate(精确的) weather forecasts during the Olympic Games.
5．The term “Union Jack” possibly dates from Queen Anne's time, but its origin(起源) is uncertain.
6．It is a place you have to visit and the extraordinary(出色的) view will make you unwilling to leave.
7．The Amazon rainforest is about a hundred million years old, and it has more species of animals and plants than any other place on the earth.
8．He was badly injured in the accident, but struggled to his feet.
9．Shakespeare is not only a great playwright but also a brilliant poet.
10．He worked in astronomy and put forward a theory about black holes.
Ⅱ.句型转换
1．They have built many houses in the village in the past few years.
Many houses have been built in the village in the past few years by them.
2．I have finished the three new projects and I am sure I can apply my experience to this job.
After the three new projects have been finished, I am sure I can apply my experience to this job.
3．They have found a good place to build a gym in the community.
A good place has been found by them to build a gym in the community.
4．They haven't yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
How to solve that difficult technological problem hasn't been decided by them yet.
5．He has made billions of dollars over the last 45 years.
Billions of dollars have been made by him over the last 45 years.
6．The bank has frozen the company's assets since the owner of the company was charged.
The company's assets have been frozen by the bank since the owner of the company was charged.
Ⅲ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．You know, the experiment ________(repeat) three times, with similar results each time.
解析：句意：你知道，这个试验已经被重复做了三次，每次都得出相似的结果。根据句意可知，此处表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，所以要用现在完成时；且experiment与repeat为被动关系，应用被动语态。
答案：has been repeated
2．It is the first time that he ________(praise) by his coach.
解析：句意：这是他第一次被教练表扬。“It is the＋序数词＋time＋that从句”是一个固定句型，从句中的谓语动词应用现在完成时，又因he与praise之间是被动关系，故填has been praised。
答案：has been praised
3．Recently the floor of the hall ________(mop) well but the window is still dirty.
解析：句意：最近大厅的地面被拖得很干净，但是窗户还是脏的。mop是及物动词，与主语the floor是被动关系，再依据Recently可知，此处用现在完成时的被动语态。
答案：has been mopped
4．So far, many parts of the Great Wall ________(repair)．
解析：句意：到目前为止，长城的许多部分已经得到修缮。由句中的时间状语So far可知，此处应用现在完成时，且主语与repair之间是被动关系，故填have been repaired。
答案：have been repaired
5．Paper money ________(use) for about a thousand years.
解析：句意：纸币已经被使用大约一千年了。由句中的“for about a thousand years”可知，要用现在完成时；且Paper money与use是被动关系，应用被动语态。
答案：has been used
6．Up to now more than five cities ________(strike) by the typhoon.
解析：句意：到目前为止，已经有超过五座城市受到了台风的袭击。up to now表示“到目前为止”，常与现在完成时连用；句子主语more than five cities与strike之间为被动关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态。
答案：have been struck
7．All the measures ________(take), so we can do nothing but wait.
解析：句意：我们已经采取了所有的措施，所以我们(现在)什么也不能做，只能等待。句子主语All the measures与take之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；此处表示发生在过去的动作对现在产生的影响，故应用现在完成时。因此，该空应用现在完成时的被动语态。
答案：have been taken
8．Much attention ________(pay) by Tom to his handwriting since the teacher warned him of it.
解析：句意：自从老师警告过Tom他的书写以后，Tom很关注此事。根据句意及“since the teacher warned him of it”可知，此处表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响，所以要用现在完成时；且attention与pay之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
答案：has been paid
Ⅳ.七选五
How to Succeed in Science
To succeed in science, you need a lot more than luck. In my view, you have to combine intelligence with a willingness not to follow conventions when they block your path forward. Thus, these have come to be my rules for success.
__1__
That might sound proud, but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than yourself. It's like playing any game. Even as a child, I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was. If you win, it gives you no pleasure. And in the game of science or life, the highest goal isn't simply to win; it's to win at something really difficult. __2__
Take risks.
To make a huge success, a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble. If you are going to make a huge jump in science, you will very likely be unqualified to succeed by definition. __3__ This can be more than personally upsetting.
Never do anything that bores you.
My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things, and then leave you alone. __4__
It's very hard to succeed if you don't want to be with other scientists—you have to go to key meetings where you spot key facts that would have escaped you. And you have to chat with your competitors, even if you find them objectionable.
So my final rule is：__5__
A．Meet challenges with great courage.
B．If you can't stand to be with your real peers, get out of science.
C．Put another way, it's to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top.
D．Be sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess.
E．Avoid foolish people.
F．I'm not good enough to do well in something I dislike.
G．Besides, you even have to be prepared to disbelieve your scientific heroes.
[篇章导读] 本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章向我们介绍了如何在科学中获得成功，就此作者给出了几点建议。
1．解析：设空处为段落标题句。根据下文第一句中的“...you must always turn to people who are brighter than yourself”可知，本段主要讲要向比自己聪明的人求助，且根据此句中的“That might sound proud”可推知，设空处的语气中含有优越感，故E项(避开愚蠢的人。)符合语境。
答案：E
2．解析：设空前的“...the highest goal isn't simply to win；it's to win at something really difficult(最高的目标不是获胜，而是战胜困难)”与C项中的“go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top(超越你本身的能力，做到出类拔萃)”相呼应，并且C项是对上一句的进一步说明。故选C项。
答案：C
3．解析：根据本段开头“...a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble”可知，G项中的“be prepared to”与本句中的“be prepared to”相呼应，设空处与第二句并列，说明需要做好准备的另一方面。故选G项。
答案：G
4．解析：根据本段主题“Never do anything that bores you.”可知本段主要讲不要做会让你厌烦的事。故F项符合语境。
答案：F
5．解析：根据设空前一段中“It's very hard to succeed if you don't want to be with other scientists...”可知，想在科学领域获得成功不可能不与其他科学家共处。B项与此意思相符，故为正确答案。
答案：B
Ⅴ.完形填空
It is 27 years since my last conversation with my mother, who didn't finish school. She often told me, “I never got my __1__ but one day you will.” Pointing to a tree or cow, she asked me to __2__ their English names after her. Feeling __3__， I asked, “Mama, why do I have to learn these foreign phrases？” She held her pen right before my eyes. “Hold it firmly，” she encouraged me, “for this pen and the new __4__ language will be your compass to sail around the world.” Sadly, my mother __5__ a serious disease when I was six.
Turning seven, I traveled 30 miles to live __6__ to my school. But “closer” is a relative term in Uganda. It means I still had to get up as the early __7__ rose and then ran 8.8 miles barefoot to school. Also, I needed to carry a stick to look out for snakes and dogs. During the rainy season, the path to school was __8__ daily and I would swim with one hand, using the other __9__ to hold the school bag on my head.
Research shows 70 percent of poor children don't __10__ primary school in Uganda. Reasons for this dropout rate include the long __11__ some children must cover among many other reasons. __12__， I've made it. Whenever seeing the sunrise, I am __13__ of the wisdom of my mother, who __14__ me to dream big and to use the power of the pen to make my __15__ come true.
[篇章导读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者在已逝妈妈曾经的激励下坚持完成学业，实现梦想的故事。
1. A．design B．degree
C．philosophy D．package
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：她经常对我说：“我没有拿到学位，但总有一天你会的。”A.design设计；B.degree学位；C.philosophy哲学；D.package包裹。根据前文“It is 27 years since my last conversation with my mother, who didn't finish school.”可知，妈妈没有完成学业，所以没有学位。故选B。
答案：B
2. A．puzzle B．surround
C．read D．guess
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：她指着一棵树或一头牛，让我跟她念它们的英文名字。A.puzzle使困惑；B.surround围绕；C.read读；D.guess猜。根据后文“I asked, ‘Mama, why do I have to learn these foreign phrases？’”可知，妈妈在教作者读英语名称。故选C。
答案：C
3. A．sorry B．ordinary
C．convenient D．bored
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我觉得很无聊，就问：“妈妈，为什么我一定要学这些外国短语？”A.sorry抱歉的；B.ordinary普通的；C.convenient方便的；D.bored无聊的。根据后文“I asked, ‘Mama, why do I have to learn these foreign phrases？’”可知，因为作者觉着读得无聊了才发问的。故选D。
答案：D
4. A．foreign B．embarrassing
C．alarming D．average
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“拿稳了，”她鼓励我说，“因为这支笔和这门新的外语将成为你周游世界的指南针。”A.foreign外国的；B.embarrassing令人尴尬的；C.alarming令人担忧的；D.average平均的。根据前文“I asked, ‘Mama, why do I have to learn these foreign phrases？’”可知，作者在学外语。故选A。
答案：A
5. A．died of B．adapted to
C．led to D．referred to
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意：不幸的是，我妈妈在我六岁时死于一场重病。A.died of死于；B.adapted to适应；C.led to导致；D.referred to参考。根据空后“a serious disease”可知，妈妈死于重病。故选A。
答案：A
6. A．farther B．closer
C．larger D．smarter
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：7岁时，为了住在离学校更近的地方，我长途跋涉走了30英里。A.farther更远的；B.closer更近的；C.larger更大的；D.smarter更聪明的。根据后文“But ‘closer’ is a relative term in Uganda.”可知，作者住在离学校更近的地方。故选B。
答案：B
7. A．air B．sky
C．moon D．sun
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着我还是得在太阳升起的时候起床，然后光着脚跑8.8英里去上学。A.air空气；B.sky天空；C.moon月亮；D.sun太阳。根据前文“But ‘closer’ is a relative term in Uganda. It means I still had to get up”可知，在乌干达“更近”只是相对的，作者不得不早起。说明太阳一出来就得起床。故选D。
答案：D
8. A．endangered B．repaired
C．balanced D．flooded
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：在雨季，上学的路每天都被水淹没，我总是一只手游泳，另一只手把书包顶在头上。A.endangered危及；B.repaired修理；C.balanced平衡；D.flooded淹没，泛滥。根据前文“During the rainy season”以及后文“I would swim”可知，雨季发洪水了，作者不得不游泳去学校。故选D。
答案：D
9. A．head B．hand
C．arm D．finger
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.head头；B.hand手；C.arm胳膊；D.finger手指。根据前文“I would swim with one hand”可知，一只手游泳，另一只手把书包顶在头上。故选B。
答案：B
10. A．cure B．press
C．complete D．preserve
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究显示，乌干达70%的贫困儿童无法完成小学学业。A.cure治愈；B.press按压；C.complete完成；D.preserve保护。根据后文“Reasons for this dropout rate”可知，辍学导致学业没完成。故选C。
答案：C
11. A．lists B．proposals
C．distances D．experiences
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：造成这种辍学率的原因包括一些孩子必须走很远的路，还有许多其他原因。A.lists清单；B.proposals提议；C.distances距离；D.experiences经历。根据前文“But ‘closer’ is a relative term in Uganda. It means I still had to get up as the early __7__ rose and then ran 8.8 miles barefoot to school.”可知，学生上学要走很远的路。故选C。
答案：C
12. A．Originally B．Suddenly
C．Immediately D．Luckily
解析：考查副词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，我做到了。A.Originally起初；B.Suddenly突然；C.Immediately立即；D.Luckily幸运的是。根据后文“I've made it”可知，作者做到了，这是幸运的事。故选D。
答案：D
13. A．told B．imagined
C．reminded D．established
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：每当看到日出，我就会想起妈妈的智慧，她激励我要有远大的梦想，用笔的力量让梦想成真。A.told告诉；B.imagined想象；C.reminded使想起；D.established建立。根据前文“‘Hold it firmly，’ she encouraged me, ‘for this pen and the new __4__ language will be your compass to sail around the world.’”可知，日出让作者想起了妈妈曾经对自己的劝告。故选C。
答案：C
14. A．inspired B．hunted
C．contributed D．trained
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.inspired激励；B.hunted打猎；C.contributed贡献；D.trained训练。根据前文“‘Hold it firmly，’ she encouraged me, ‘for this pen and the new __4__ language will be your compass to sail around the world.’”可知，日出让作者想起了妈妈曾经对自己的劝告，激励作者完成学业。故选A。
答案：A
15. A．guideline B．dream
C．symbol D．length
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意同13题。A.guideline准则；B.dream梦想；C.symbol象征；D.length长度。根据前文“‘Hold it firmly，’ she encouraged me, ‘for this pen and the new __4__ language will be your compass to sail around the world.’”可知，日出让作者想起了妈妈曾经对自己的劝告，激励作者完成学业，要有远大梦想。故选B。
答案：B
Section Ⅲ Developing ideas
原文 呈现
FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT：How Much Is True
1 Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment with lightning① has introduced generations② of children to science. However，new research suggests that the story may be fiction③ instead of fact.
2 The well known story is that the American Founding Father and scientist flew a kite during a storm in 1752【1】. At that time, there was much interest in electricity. People wanted to know if lightning was really produced by electricity④ or something else. Franklin was one of them. He raised the kite with a piece of string tied to it【2】. A metal key was attached to⑤ the string. A flash of lightning hit the kite, and electricity was conducted⑥ through the string to the key. Franklin then touched the key with his finger and got an electric shock⑦. This, he said, proved that lightning was a form of⑧ electricity.
读文 清障
①lightning /'laItnI / n．闪电
②generation / d en 'reI n/ n．(统称)一代人，同代人，同辈人；代，一代，一辈
③fiction /'fIk n/ n．虚构的事，想象的事
④electricity /I lek'trIs ti/ n．电；电能；强烈的感情；激动；兴奋
⑤attach / 't t / v．系，绑；贴
be attached to 被固定/附在……上
⑥conduct /k n'd kt/ v．传导(热、电)
⑦get an electric shock 遭到电击
⑧a form of... ……的一种形式
【1】that引导表语从句。
【2】此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，a piece of string与tie之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
富兰克林的实验：有多少是真的？
1 本杰明·富兰克林著名的闪电实验把一代又一代的孩子引入了科学领域。然而，新的研究表明，这个故事可能是虚构的，而不是事实。
2 众所周知的故事是，美国开国元勋兼科学家在1752年的一场暴风雨中放风筝。那时，人们对电力很感兴趣。人们想知道闪电是否真的是由电或其他东西产生的。富兰克林就是其中之一。他在风筝上绑了一根绳子，然后将其放高。绳子上系着一把金属钥匙。一道闪电击中了风筝，电通过绳子传到了钥匙上。富兰克林接着用手指碰了碰钥匙，结果触电了。他说，这证明了闪电是一种电。
原文 呈现
3 For many years, schools have taught the story of Franklin's lightning experiment. More than one generation of schoolchildren has 【3】 been amazed by his bravery⑨ and his scientific⑩ approach to looking for the truth. Franklin, along with many other scientists, has inspired us and taught us that scientific experiments are important in order to establish the truth and to contribute towards later scientific discoveries and inventions.
4 However, neither the story nor the details of the experiment are entirely true【4】. Although it has been proved that Franklin's experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned what really happened.【5】 The detail about the string and the key is true. But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would certainly have died from the electric shock.
读文 清障
⑨bravery /'breIv ri/ n．勇敢；勇气；无畏精神
brave adj.勇敢的
bravely adv.勇敢地
⑩scientific / saI n'tIfIk/ adj.科学(上)的
approach / 'pr t / n．方式，方法
approach to... ……的方法
establish /I'st blI / v．建立；创立；设立；使立足；使稳固；查实；确定；证实
contribute towards/to 有助于，捐助
detail /'di teIl/ n．细微之处；详情
in detail 详细地
question /'kwest n/ v．提问，怀疑 n．问题
touch /t t / v．触摸；碰；接触；触及
【3】此处属于“more than one＋可数名词单数”结构，意为“不止一个……”，其作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【4】“neither... nor...”意为“既不……，也不……”，连接并列主语时，谓语动词的人称和数遵循“就近一致”原则。
【5】此处Although引导让步状语从句；what really happened是what引导的从句作questioned的宾语，what在从句中作主语。
3 多年来，学校一直在教授富兰克林闪电实验的故事。一代又一代的学生对他的勇敢和寻找真理的科学方法感到惊叹。富兰克林和许多其他科学家一样，激励了我们，告诉我们为了验证事实，并为后期的科学发现和发明作出贡献，科学实验是很重要的。
4 然而，不管是故事本身还是实验细节都并非完全属实。尽管已经证明富兰克林进行了这一实验，但不止一位科学家质疑真实发生的事情。关于绳子和钥匙的细节是真的。但科学家们都同意，如果富兰克林真的碰了钥匙，他肯定会因触电而亡。
原文 呈现
5 Scientists often question accepted ideas because they want to establish the facts. Some have even questioned the story about the apple that fell on Newton's head and led him to come up with his theory of gravity 【6】. In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof that it hit him on the head 【7】．
6 Admittedly ， fiction is often more interesting than the truth. People have been more inspired by Franklin's spirit of scientific exploration than by the facts themselves. But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we should not always believe everything we read or hear【8】—even if it is a great story.
读文 清障
come up with 提出(及物动词短语)
come up被提出(不及物动词短语)
gravity /'ɡr vIti/ n．重力，引力
account / 'ka nt/ n．描述，记述
give an account of 描述
admittedly / d'mItIdli/ adv.(尤用于句首)诚然，无可否认
admit v．承认，容纳，允许进入
exploration / ekspl 'reI n/ n．探索；勘查；勘探；探究；研究；探测
even if＝even though 即使
【6】that引导定语从句，修饰the apple，且在从句中作主语。
【7】此处“that while... head”为that引导的宾语从句，该从句中又包含一个主从复合句。其中while引导让步状语从句；that it hit him on the head为同位语从句，解释说明proof的内容。
【8】“we read or hear”是修饰everything的定语从句，省略的关系代词that作“read or hear”的宾语。
5 科学家经常质疑已被人接受的观点，因为他们想查明真相。一些人甚至质疑过苹果砸中牛顿的头，从而使他提出了重力的概念这一说法。事实上，不止一种说法表明，虽然牛顿的灵感来自一个掉落的苹果，但没有证据表明它击中了他的头部。
6 不可否认，虚构往往比事实更有趣。富兰克林的科学探索精神比事实本身更能激励人们。但在科学上，事实应该通过实验和研究来证明，我们不应该总是相信我们读到或听到的一切，即使它是一个伟大的故事。
基础 自测
Ⅰ.重点单词
基础词汇
1．draft v．起草，草拟
2．declaration n．声明，宣告
3．experiment n．(科学)实验
4．lightning n．闪电
5．fiction n．虚构的事，想象的事
6．metal n．金属
7．attach v．系，绑；贴
8．flash n．闪光
9．conduct v．传导(热、电)
10．detail n．详情，全部细节
11．entirely adv.完全地，彻底地
12．gravity n．重力，引力
13．account n．记述，描述
拓展词汇
14．electricity n．电→electric adj.电的；用电的
15．bravery n．勇敢；勇气→brave adj.勇敢的
16．scientific adj.科学(上)的→science n．科学
17．proof n．证明，证据→prove v．证明
18．exploration n．探索；探究→explore v．探索；探究
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．apart from 除了……外(还)
2．focus on 集中；聚焦(于)
3．experiment with 以……做实验
4．be attached to 被固定/附在……上
5．a form of ……的一种形式
6．contribute towards/to 有助于；促成；贡献
7．take place 发生
8．die from 死于
9．come up with 提出；想出
10．make notes 做笔记；记录
11．be designed to 目的是……
12．draw a conclusion 得出结论
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．The well known story is that the American Founding Father and scientist flew a kite during a storm in 1752.
[句式分析]
Father and scientist flew a kite during a storm in 1752.
[尝试翻译] 众所周知的故事是，美国开国元勋兼科学家在1752年的一场暴风雨中放风筝。
2．Although it has been proved that Franklin's experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned what really happened.
[句式分析]
it has been proved more than one scientist has questioned
[尝试翻译] 尽管已经证明富兰克林进行了这一实验，但不止一位科学家质疑真实发生的事情。
3．But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we should not always believe everything we read or hear—even if it is a great story.
[句式分析]
But in science, facts should be proved by experiments and research, and we should not always believe everything —
[尝试翻译] 但在科学上，事实应该通过实验和研究来证明，我们不应该总是相信我们读到或听到的一切，即使它是一个伟大的故事。
词汇 精讲
1．draft v．起草，草拟 n．草稿，草案
[教材P42]Benjiamin Franklin(1706—1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and helped draft the Declaration of Independence.本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是美国开国元勋之一，帮助起草了《独立宣言》。
归纳拓展
(1)draft out 起草
draft out one's speech 起草演讲稿
draft 【熟词生义】征召，征召……入伍；挑选，选拔
(2)be/get drafted into the army 应征入
佳句背诵
I've made a rough draft of the letter.
我已经写好这封信的草稿。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①He drafted(draft) a standard letter to the editors yesterday.
②My dad was eighteen when he got drafted into the army.
③The government has drafted out its plan for future laws.
2．declaration n．声明，宣告
[教材P42]Benjiamin Franklin(1706—1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and helped draft the Declaration of Independence.本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是美国开国元勋之一，帮助起草了《独立宣言》。
归纳拓展
declare vt.宣布；宣告
declare war on 向……宣战
declare for/against 声明赞成/反对
declare sb.(to be)＋ adj.宣布某人……
declare...open 宣布……开幕
It is declared that...据宣布…
佳句背诵
It was meant to sound like an epoch making declaration.
有意让它听起来像是一个划时代的宣言。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Police have declared war on drug dealers in this area.
②The committee declared against the plan because it was impractical to carry out.
完成句子
③It is declared that the both sides agree to stop fighting.
双方宣布同意停战。
3．experiment n．实验 v．实验
[教材P42]Benjiamin Franklin's famous experiment with lightning has introduced generations of children to science.本杰明·富兰克林著名的闪电实验让一代代的孩子接触到了科学。
归纳拓展
(1)do/perform/carry out experiment 做实验
field experiment 现场实验
by experiment 通过实验
(2)experiment with/on用……做实
佳句背诵
I decided to conduct an experiment.
我决定做一项实验。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①The researchers are repeating the experiment on rats.
②Dalton determined to work it out by experiment.
4．attach vt.& vi.系，绑；贴；附加；连接
[教材P42]A metal key was attached to the string.绳子上系着一把金属钥匙。
归纳拓展
attach... to... 把……附/系在……上面
attach importance/value to... 认为……重要/有价值
be attached to 被固定/附在……上；附属
佳句背诵
Generally speaking, parents attach great importance to their children's education.
一般说来，父母很重视孩子的教育。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①Attach a recent photograph to your application form.
完成句子
②The hospital is attached to the medical college.
这家医院附属于这所医学院。
5．account vi.& vt.认为；解释；说明；总共有 n．记述，描述；说明；考虑；账目
[教材P44]In fact, more than one account suggests that while Newton was certainly inspired by a falling apple, there is no proof that it hit him on the head.事实上，不止一种说法表明，虽然牛顿的灵感来自一个掉落的苹果，但没有证据表明它击中了他的头部。
归纳拓展
(1)account sb. (to be)．..认为某人……
account to sb. for... 向某人说明……
account for 解释或说明……的原因；总共有(占)
(2)on account of 由于；因为
on no account 绝不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)
take... into account 把……考虑或计算在内；考虑…
佳句背诵
Tom accounts himself (to be) lucky.
汤姆认为自己运气好。
一言助记
When the teacher asked for the account why he was not present at school yesterday, he accounted for his absence then, but later he accounted to the teacher that on no account did he tell a lie.当老师问起他昨天没来上学的原因时，他当时就向老师做了解释，但是后来他向老师说明他绝没有撒谎。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
①He has to account to the chairman for all the money he spent.
②His illness accounts for his absence from the meeting.
完成句子
③On no account shou
