(共13张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
单元归纳总结
2门世2有
3厚Unit 5 Revealing nature
单元目标解读 ·学科素养达成
[单元目标]
单元课程探究 单元内容分析
Starting out & Understanding ideas 本板块有两个活动，活动1为科学杂志的一页，介绍了三种稀有动物，引入单元主题——自然。活动2呈现了一段与单元话题自然相关的视频，帮助学生初步了解自然界中种子的传播途径。该板块旨在激活学生已有的关于自然界动植物的背景知识和语言知识。 本单元主题语境是“人与自然”，涉及的主题语境内容是认识与探索自然。使学生通过学习初步了解自然，认识自然， 积极探索并努力揭示自然规律，发现自然奥秘。单元通过对生物物种、生物进化、生物的多样性、自然界植物语言奥秘等多维度的介绍，使学生初步了解物种起源、植物发展规律，引发对自然的思考，激发对自然的探索、对规律的敬畏，进而帮助学生理解人与自然和谐相处的重要意义。
Grammar 过去完成时
Developing ideas 本板块以植物界语言的奥秘为题，具体介绍了自然界中不同植物之间不同的交流方式，从而使学生通过了解神奇的自然，不仅增长了自然界知识，而且还激发了其对自然的好奇心。
Writing an observational journal 如何写观察日志
单元核心素养 单元通过讲述达尔文完成著作《物种起源》的故事，引导学生体会探索的艰辛，学习科学家的不畏艰难、大胆质疑、勇敢探究的科学精神和创新精神。
Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
原文 呈现
A Journey of Discovery
The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant① countries yet little known”. The person [1]who answered the call② was not the captain's first choice. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree. What's more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace③ to yourself and all your family”. Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
读文 清障
①distant /'d st nt/ adj. 遥远的
②answer the call 响应号召
③disgrace /d s'ɡre s/ n. 丢脸，耻辱
[1]who引导的定语从句，修饰person。
发现之旅
贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一批船员，这批船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。然而前来应聘的人并不是船长心中的理想人选。这个年轻人从医学院肄业，并且他刚收到父亲的来信，信中预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。尽管如此，他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的科学发现之一
原文 呈现
The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist④ and naturalist, [2]fascinated_by_rocks,_plants_and_
animals. He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples⑤ of the plants and animals [3]he_had_collected. As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist？
读文 清障
④geologist /d i' l d st/ n. 地质学家
⑤sample /'sɑ mp( )l/ n. 样本
[2]过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰man。
[3]省略关系词which/that的定语从句，修饰samples。
我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯·达尔文，他对岩石和动植物有着浓厚的兴趣。1831年，他搭乘贝格尔号从英格兰启程。这次旅程给了他研究自然环境中各种生物的契机。在南美洲度过一段时间后，他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。当他研究这些样本时，他产生了疑问：这些不同的物种是如何产生的？
原文 呈现
At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed [4]that_some_species_of_animals_were_very_similar_to_each_other. Maybe animals evolved⑥ as they adapted to their changing environments It was just an idea, but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence.
读文 清障
⑥evolve / 'v lv/ v. 进化
[4]that引导的宾语从句，作noticed的宾语。
当时，人们认为所有的物种都是同时出现在地球上的，并从此再无变化。但达尔文开始有了不同的想法。他注意到，有些不同物种的动物彼此间很相似。也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化？虽然这只是一个设想，但足够激励达尔文去寻求更多证据。
原文 呈现
When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches⑦ on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks⑧ had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
读文 清障
⑦finch /f nt / n. 雀科鸣禽
⑧beak /bi k/ n. 鸟嘴，喙
1835年，当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛时，达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。达尔文注意到，在群岛中的每一个小岛上，雀鸟之间有所不同。它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可觅得的食物进化而来的。
原文 呈现
Darwin suspected⑨ that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor⑩， which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors.
读文 清障
⑨suspect /s 'spekt/ v. 猜想，怀疑，觉得
⑩ancestor /' ns st / n. (动物的)原种，祖先
达尔文猜想这些雀鸟是由共同的祖先进化而来的。很久以前，雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛，随着时间的推移，慢慢进化成许多新的种类。于是，关于动植物的新种类是如何产生的这个问题就有了答案：它们是从早期的祖先进化而来的。
原文 呈现
It was a completely new idea—a theory of evolution . Darwin explained this theory in his book, On the Origin of Species. It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm. Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. They were shocked. But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing [5]that_more_and_more_people_started_to_believe_his_theory.
读文 清障
evolution / i v 'lu ( )n/ n. 进化(论)
[5]that引导的结果状语从句。
这是一个全新的观点——进化论。达尔文在他的《物种起源》一书中解释了这一理论。这本书直到1859年才出版，出版后立即引起轰动。很多人拒绝相信包括人类在内的所有生命都是从更低级的生命形式进化而来的。他们对此感到震惊。然而达尔文的科学研究很有说服力，越来越多的人开始接受他的理论。
原文 呈现
Today, On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written. It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever. And it all began with the journey on the Beagle.
读文 清障
be regarded as... 被认为是……
如今，《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。它彻底地改变了人类对于地球上生命的认识。而这一切都开始于贝格尔号的探索之旅。
基础 自测
Ⅰ.重点单词
基础词汇
1．seed n. 种子，籽
2．geologist n. 地质学家
3．sample n. 样本
4．finch n. 雀科鸣禽
5．beak n. 鸟嘴，喙
6．suspect v. 猜想，怀疑，觉得
7．ancestor n. (动物的)原种，祖先
8．generate v. 产生，创造
拓展词汇
1．distant adj. 遥远的→distance n. 距离
2．disgrace n. 丢脸，耻辱→disgraceful adj. 可耻的，丢脸的；不光彩的
3．evolve v. 进化→evolution n. 进化(论)
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．what's_more 而且
2．be_a_disgrace 是耻辱，是丢脸的事
3．of_all_time 一直以来
4．in_question 正被讨论的
5．be_crowded_with... 挤满了……
6．at_the_same_time 同时
7．adapt_to 适应
8．answer the call 响应号召
9．come to exist 存在，形成
10．be regarded as... 被看作是……
Ⅲ.重点句型
... Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it_was the birds that interested him the most.
……达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
语篇 细研
Ⅰ.根据课文内容选择最佳选项
1．Why didn't the captain of the Beagle think Darwin was the best choice
A．Because Darwin wasn't admitted to a university.
B．Because Darwin left school without completing his degree.
C．Because Darwin brought shame to himself and his family.
D．Because Darwin had not enough interest in visiting distant countries.
答案：B
2．What did people think about the species at that time
A．All species evolved from the same species.
B．All species came into being in the meantime.
C．Some species appeared earlier than the others.
D．Some species had improved a lot since its appearance.
答案：B
3．What was Darwin's new theory then
A．Environment played an important role.
B．Species evolved with the changing environment.
C．Different species lived in different environment.
D．The more complicated the species were, the more time it took.
答案：B
4．How did people feel about Darwin's theory
A．Astonished. B．Convinced.
C．Satisfied. D．Interested.
答案：A
5．What's the main idea of the last paragraph
A．The meaning of the journey.
B．The popularity of Darwin's book.
C．The book is as important as the journey.
D．The significance and contributions of Darwin.
答案：D
Ⅱ.课文语法填空
The captain of the ship named the Beagle wanted someone to profit by 1.visiting(visit) distant countries. Luckily, Darwin got the opportunity, 2.although/though he was not the captain's first choice. Darwin was a geologist and naturalist, 3.fascinated(fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals. The journey gave him the chance 4.to_study(study) various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin 5.had_spent(spend) some time in South America, his room was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. He began to consider the question how different species came to exist. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar 6.to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their 7.changing(change) environments Darwin decided to find out the truth. In 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species，but it was the birds 8.that interested him the most. After much research, he came to the 9.conclusion(conclude) that new species evolved from earlier ancestors. Darwin explained this theory in his book, On the Origin of Species, which 10.is_regarded(regard) as one of the most important works ever written. It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever, and it all began with the journey on the Beagle.
词汇 精讲
1．distant adj. 遥远的；久远的；远亲的，远房的；冷淡的
[教材P66]The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”．贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一批船员，这批船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
A lighthouse was flashing in the distance.
灯塔在远处正闪着光。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very distant to/towards her.
(2)Medicines should be put in the places which are distant from children.
(3)What's the distance(distant) from the earth to the moon
2．evolve v. 进化；发展
[教材P67]Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments？也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化？
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
He has evolved a new theory after many years of research.
经过多年的研究，他逐渐总结出一个新的理论。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Maize evolved from a wild grass in Mexico.
(2)In the course of evolution(evolve), some birds have lost the power of flight.
3．adapt to... 适应……
[教材P67]Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments？也许动物为了适应不断变化的环境会逐渐进化？
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.
世界会变得不同，我们必须做好准备以适应其变化。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)After graduation from college, I gradually adapted myself to living(live) on my own.
(2)The play was adapted from a novel written by a famous writer.
(3)Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.
(4)The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
(5)How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments
(6)The car has_been_adapted(adapt) to take unleaded gas(无铅汽油) so far.
4．suspect v. 猜想，怀疑，觉得 n. 嫌疑犯，可疑对象
[教材P68]Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before.达尔文猜想这些雀鸟是由共同的祖先进化而来的。很久以前，雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
I suspect that girl is taking my book.
我怀疑那个女孩拿走了我的书。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The police suspected him of holding out on information important to the case.
(2)Judging from his nervous expression, I suspected him to_be(be) a thief.
5．be regarded as... 被认为是……
[教材P68]Today, On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written.如今，《物种起源》被认为是迄今为止最重要的著作之一。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
This can be regarded as a great achievement!
这可以看作是一项伟大的成就！
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)We will carry out the plan regardless(regard) of the weather.
(2)She is regarded as the best clerk in my company.
(3)Please give my best regards(regard) to your parents when you get home.
(4)All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex, religion or nationality.
(5)We'll get in touch with you as soon as a decision is made regarding(regard) your application.
句型 精析
强调句
... Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most.[教材P67]
……达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种，但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。
句法分析
本句中的“it was... the most”为强调句，强调主语the birds。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
It is not only he but also his parents who/that have been to Beijing.
不仅是他，还有他的父母都去过北京。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)It was his best friend that/who he met at the party.
(2)It was not until she took off her sunglasses that I recognized her.
句型转换
(3)It was at the station that I lost my wallet.
→Was_it_at_the_station_that_you_lost_your_wallet
(改为一般疑问句)
→Where_was_it_that_you_lost_your_wallet
(改为特殊疑问句)
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．You are expected to answer the call with immediate actions.
2．His name will live in history as one of the greatest bowlers of all time.
3．The robbery occurred in broad daylight, in a crowded(crowd) street.
4．He will not give up until he finds convincing evidence(evident)．
5．Romances and friendships begin with small talk.
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．The history of self knowledge dates_back_to over 2,000 years ago.
2．This World Cup has crowned one of the best teams of_all_time.
3．The player in_question is Mark Williams.
4．Your heart may be_crowded_with good things, work or sports or hobbies, but they were never designed to take first place in your heart.
5．The tree can adapt_to a variety of soils.
6．Certain forms of knowledge come_to_exist in certain places.
7．But Daniel thinks it is unfair that his parents refuse_to give him a chance to explain, so they don't deserve to know the truth.
8．UN English Language Day: April 23rd. The date is_regarded_as the death of William Shakespeare.
课时作业(十三) Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It is impossible to predict(预言) what will happen in the future.
2．Please mail us a sample(样本) of your product as soon as possible.
3．Not every judge has the ability to explain(解释) the law in simple term.
4．The scientists are working hard to reveal(揭示) the causes of the disease.
5．It is said that my ancestors(祖先) were from Hongdong County, Shanxi Province.
6．If you suspect(怀疑) a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
7．The company burns coal to generate(产生) power, which is harmful to the environment.
8．She published(出版) her first book last year, and her second book will come out next week.
9．For years, the soldiers have been defending our safety by guarding the distant(遥远的) borders of our country.
10．Accurate weather forecasts can allow farmers to sow seeds(种子) without fear that they will be washed or blown away.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．It was not until her son came back that she went to bed.
2．If I had written the letter, I might have worded it differently(different)．
3．The discovery(discover) of a new species has shocked the whole world.
4．They changed their minds at the last moment and refused to_go(go).
5．This is a natural(nature) phenomenon that happens about once a century.
6．This is the most convincing(convince) evidence that I can find to prove my point.
7．He had_studied(study) in Shanghai University for four years before he went to Beijing.
8．The students will have the chance to_ask(ask) questions at the end of the speech.
9．In modern society, many women are forced to make a choice(choose) between family and career.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．To be scolded in public is_a_disgrace.
当众受到责骂是丢人的事。
2．The car is so_expensive_that I can't afford it.
这辆车太贵了，我负担不起。
3．He had_finished_his_homework before his parents arrived home.
父母到家之前他已经完成了作业。
4．The traditional friendship between our two peoples dates_back_to ancient days.
我们两国人民之间的传统友谊可追溯到古代。
5．To_answer_the_call_of_motherland,_a lot of graduates volunteer to work in the West.
为响应祖国的号召，很多大学毕业生志愿去西部工作。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. James Barry (c.1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
续表
Tan Yunxian (1461—1556) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四位女性从医人员的生平与事迹。
1．What did Jacqueline and James have in common
A．Doing teaching jobs.
B．Being hired as physicians.
C．Performing surgery.
D．Being banned from medicine.
解析：细节理解题。根据表格第一行第一列的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.”和第一行第二列的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同点是都有资格进行外科手术。故选C项。
答案：C
2．How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners
A．She wrote a book.
B．She went through trials.
C．She worked as a dentist.
D．She had formal education.
解析：推理判断题。通读全文并根据表格第二行第一列的“Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician.”可知，Tan与其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。故选A项。
答案：A
3．Who was the first African American with a medical degree
A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania.
B．Tan Yunxian.
C．James Barry.
D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
解析：细节理解题。根据表格第二行第二列的“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D项。
答案：D
Ⅴ.读后续写
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Scout could clearly remember the night she had to leave her home in Poland. It was the beginning of World War Ⅱ and her family had to escape as soon as possible. She quickly packed a suitcase with a few pieces of clothing, her diary, and her most prized treasure, a silk scarf. Scout and her best friend, Betty, had persuaded their parents to buy them matching scarves, which they took as a symbol of their friendship. Scout didn't know she was going to America and would not be returning.
Scout kept that special silk scarf for many years. One day she decided to give it to her granddaughter, Eliza, to wear to her first job interview for good luck. Scout was afraid that Eliza would lose the scarf, but the granddaughter promised, “Don't worry, Grandma; nothing's going to happen to your scarf. You'll see that it's going to bring both of us luck.” And with that, Eliza kissed her grandmother and left for the interview.
Leaving the interview, Eliza felt confident that she had got the job so she decided to celebrate by going to a restaurant. Sitting at her table, Eliza felt an elderly woman staring at her for a long time.
“I'm sorry. Do I know you？” Eliza asked.
“I'm sorry, dear, but you remind me of my best friend，” the old woman replied. “She looked like you and used to wear a scarf just like yours.” Eliza listened carefully, with her eyes and mouth wide open. She had heard stories of her grandmother's best friend and knew the meaning of the scarf. Could this woman be Betty, her grandmother's childhood friend
注意：
1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。
Then the old woman introduced herself, “My name is ____________________________________________________
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The old woman agreed. ________________________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
Then the old woman introduced herself, “My name is Betty. I'm originally from Poland, but left there when I was thirteen. And I have been living here in Washington DC in America ever since.” Eliza could not believe it, stories of her grandmother's best friend floating in her mind. She assumed that the old woman must be her grandmother's best friend. She said, “Betty, would you mind coming with me right now I need to show you somebody.”
The old woman agreed. Soon they left the restaurant after dinner. Arriving at Scout's home, the old woman eagerly rang the door bell. The moment Scout opened the door, she was amazed to see her childhood friend standing in front of her. How magical! The scarf indeed brought them good luck. Excited and moved, both of them were in tears. They hadn't seen each other for many years and had many things to share.
Section Ⅱ Using language
Ⅰ.核心单词
1．characteristic n. 特征，特性
2．decline v. 减少
3．blame v. 责怪，指责；把……归咎于
4．goat n. 山羊
5．primitive adj. 原始的，低等的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．be native to... 源于……的，原产于……
2．in the end 最后
3．be home to... 是……的栖息地
4．up to 多达
Ⅲ.经典结构
1．Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had_evolved from lower forms of life.
许多人拒绝相信包括人类在内的生物是从低等生物进化而来的。
2．Earth is_home_to millions of different species.
地球是数百万不同物种的家园。
Ⅳ.必备语法
过去完成时
1．It was the second time that Mr Brown had_visited(visit) Tian'anmen Square.
2．By the end of last month, we had_learned(learn) 3,000 English words.
3．By the time I got to the airport, my friend's plane had_taken(take) off.
4．He said he had_worked(work) in that factory since 1949.
词汇 精讲
1．characteristic n. 特征，特性
[教材P70]Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.乔治·孟德尔选择研究豌豆植物是因为它们的特性易于控制。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
Some animals possess the characteristic of man.
有些动物具有人类的特征。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)She spoke with characteristic (character)enthusiasm.
(2)He does have the characteristically(character) broad chin and big nose.
2．blame v. 责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n. 责任；责备；指责
[教材P71]The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
It is requested that the reporter referred to be to blame for the wrong report.
要求那位涉事记者应对错误报道承担责任。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)But no one can throw any blame on them.
(2)Neither side is blameless/to_blame(blame)．
3．decline v. 减少；衰落，衰败；婉言谢绝，拒绝 n. 减少；下降；衰落
[教材P71]After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.特别是山羊被带到岛上之后，平塔岛龟的数量下降了。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
As one grows older, his memory declines.
人的记忆力随着年龄的增长而衰退。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)He declined to_answer(answer)my questions.
(2)The fact is, their economy did not fall into decline overnight.
(3)These numbers have been on the decline for decades.
4．survive vi.& vt. 幸存下来；存活；艰难度过
[教材P72]This tiny organism can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing －272 ℃. 这种微小的生物可以在150 ℃到零下272 ℃的温度下生存。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
The urge to survive drove them on.
求生的欲望驱使他们继续努力。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)They survived on leaves when they were lost.
(2)She survived(survive) her husband by 15 years.
过去完成时
知识 精讲
一、过去完成时的基本用法
过去完成时的构成为“had＋过去分词”。主要用法如下：
1．表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last week, they had finished the work.
到上周末为止，他们已经完成了工作。
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
当杰克到时，他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。
过去完成时常常用在宾语从句中，从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作(过去时)之前。
She said that she had finished her homework.
她说她已完成家庭作业了
2．某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope、expect、suppose、think、want、wish等。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们本来想要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到这里。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.
我本来想送他一张圣诞节贺卡，但把这事给忘了。
二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1．在 no sooner... than、hardly... when句型中，主句用过去完成时，意为“一……就；刚……就”。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.
我一踏入教室的门，铃就响了。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
他刚冲出去，房子就塌了。
2．在It was the first time that...句型中，that从句常用过去完成时。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tone.
这是他第一次用这样的语调跟我讲话。
三、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实；而过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，一定有一个表示过去的参照点。
I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
当公交车最终来的时候，我已在车站等了三十分钟。
He once worked as a teacher for 5 years, but now he is a successful manager.
他曾经做过5年教师，但现在他是一位成功的经理。
达标 练案
单句语法填空
1．I had_finished(finish) reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
2．They had_planted(plant) six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
3．The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he had_met(meet) some European business partners.
4．We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had_broken(break) into the office during the night.
5．Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had_received(receive) from China.
6．Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
7．The two girls got on very well with each other, even though it was the first time they had_met(meet).
8．I found the lecture hard to follow because it had_started(start) when I arrived.
9．We had_hoped(hope) that you would come to see us, but you didn't.
10．I had no sooner reached the bus stop than the bus started.
课时作业(十四) Section Ⅱ Using language
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．It is Tom who is to blame(责备) for breaking Ms Kelley's window.
2．The living conditions of some areas in Africa are still pretty primitive(原始的)．
3．It is reported that the number of tourists to the resort declined(减少) by 10% last year.
4．A goat(山羊) is an animal with horns and a coat of hair, which lives wild in mountain areas or is kept on farms for its milk or meat.
5．The first unique human characteristic(特征) is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．When I got to school I found that my classmate had_left(leave)．
2．I had_intended(intend) to call on you, but I had an unexpected visitor.
3．I had_been(be) at his office for 30 minutes when he finally came.
4．—I finally got first prize in the competition last week.
—You deserved it. You had_worked(work) so hard for several weeks.
5．—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house
—Not really. She had_given(give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
6．A few months after he had_arrived(arrive) in China, Mr Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
7．I had_hoped(hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
8．Mabry said he hadn't planned to do much for his milestone birthday, so he was happy the students had_prepared(prepare) the surprise celebration.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．By the end of yesterday, they had_finished all the work.
到昨天为止，他们已经完成了所有的工作。
2．No sooner had_he_got_off the train than his daughter ran towards him.
他刚一下火车，女儿就跑了过来。
3．I had_hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train.
我本希望昨晚回来的，但没赶上火车。
4．She found the key that she had_lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．It was the third time that she had_come to see the children.
这是她第三次来看望这些孩子了。
Ⅳ.七选五
We all know what harmful drinks can cause: obesity, heart problems, stomach pain, skin diseases, calories...This list sounds so scary, so I don't want to continue it. But what if...what if we completely replace all drinks with water __1__
You lose weight faster.
Yeah, you do! No special diet is required. You replace all drinks with water for 9 days, and you'll lose the equal amount of calories as when jogging for 8 kilometers a day. __2__ I'm going to try it out. Are you
Your brain works better.
Do you know that your brain is 75% to 85% water—nothing else just water So by drinking, you fuel it, which helps you concentrate. Drink water to work more efficiently. Cope with all daily tasks quickly. __3__ Doesn't this sound like a dream
Your heart works better.
Yes, it's a true fact. Five glasses of water a day lowers the risk of a heart attack by 41%! __4__ So what are you waiting for Have a glass of water to stay healthy.
__5__
Water reduces appetite, which helps you lose weight. Also sometimes, we confuse hunger with thirst. If you suddenly want to eat something high calorie, maybe all you need is just a glass of water. Try it out next time you feel hungry. It really works.
A．You eat less.
B．You never feel thirsty.
C．How can we change our life
D．This number is really impressive.
E．What would happen with our bodies then
F．And you will stay energized even late in the evening.
G．This seems to be a great way to stay slim without much effort.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了喝水的好处：有助于更快减肥，让大脑更好地运转，对心脏有益，减少食欲从而减肥。
1．解析：根据上文“We all know what harmful drinks can cause: obesity, heart problems, stomach pain, skin diseases, calories...This list sounds so scary, so I don't want to continue it. But what if...what if we completely replace all drinks with water (我们都知道有害饮料会导致什么：肥胖、心脏问题、胃痛、皮肤病、卡路里……这个清单听起来很吓人，所以我不想继续下去了。但如果……如果我们把所有的饮料都换成水呢？)”和下文陈述的几个身体变化可知，空处提问：我们的身体会发生什么，E项“What would happen with our bodies then (那么我们的身体会发生什么？)”符合语境，承上启下。故选E。
答案：E
2．解析：根据上文“You replace all drinks with water for 9 days, and you'll lose the equal amount of calories as when jogging for 8 kilometers a day. (你用水代替所有的饮料9天，你会损失与每天慢跑8公里相同的热量。)”可知，连续9天用水代替饮料的效果相当于每天慢跑8公里消耗的热量。由此可知，用水代替饮料是一个减肥的好方法。G项“This seems to be a great way to stay slim without much effort. (这似乎是一个不费吹灰之力就能保持苗条身材的好方法。)”符合题意。故选G。
答案：G
3．解析：根据上文“So by drinking, you fuel it, which helps you concentrate. Drink water to work more efficiently. Cope with all daily tasks quickly. (因此，通过喝水，你可以为其提供燃料，这有助于你集中注意力。喝水可以提高工作效率。快速处理所有日常任务。)”可知，喝水可以提高工作效率，快速处理日常事物。由此推知，空处依然陈述喝水在给大脑注入精力方面的好处。F项“And you will stay energized even late in the evening. (即使到了晚上，你也会精力充沛。)”符合题意。故选F。
答案：F
4．解析：根据上文“Yes, it's a true fact. Five glasses of water a day lowers the risk of a heart attack by 41%! (是的，这是一个真实的事实。每天喝五杯水可以将心脏病发作的风险降低41%！)”可知，每天喝五杯水可以大大降低心脏病发作的风险，41%是一个令人震惊的数字。D项“This number is really impressive. (这个数字真是令人印象深刻。)”符合题意，this number指上文的41%。故选D。
答案：D
5．解析：空处为本段小标题。根据下文“Water reduces appetite, which helps you lose weight. Also sometimes, we confuse hunger with thirst. If you suddenly want to eat something high calorie, maybe all you need is just a glass of water. Try it out next time you feel hungry. It really works. (水可以减少食欲，帮助你减肥。有时，我们把饥饿和口渴混为一谈。如果你突然想吃高热量的东西，也许你只需要一杯水。下次你饿的时候试试。它真的很管用。)”可知，减少食欲也是喝水的好处。A项“You eat less. (你吃得更少。)”可以作为本段小标题。故选A。
答案：A
Ⅴ.完形填空
In April last year, I saw a post on the PNP(Pilots N Paws) website from a family in Topeka. They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight __1__. They could not afford to pay for __2__ for their dog, Tiffy, and __3__ wanted to take her with them.
It just __4__ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who __5__ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia. What I was to do was fly to Topeka to __6__ Tiffy.
When I met Tiffy's owners, they seemed very __7__. George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him, having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__.
After some goodbyes, I asked George and his wife to help me __11__ Tiffy into the plane. I promised to take care of Tiffy and __12__ them as soon as we got to Kansas City.
The flight was __13__ and Tiffy was a great passenger. The next day, she __14__ with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days. He was so __15__ and sent me a nice e mail with pictures. It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过Pilots N Paws网站帮助一家搬家的人将他们的狗接到另一个城市的故事。
1．A.turn B．budget
C．schedule D．connection
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们不得不搬到弗吉尼亚，但他们的预算非常紧张。A.turn转弯处；B.budget预算；C.schedule时间表；D.connection联系。根据下文“They could not afford to pay for __2__ for their dog, Tiffy”可知，这家人的预算非常紧张。故选B项。
答案：B
2．A.food B．shelter
C．medicine D．transportation
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们付不起他们的狗——蒂菲的交通费，又非常想带她一起走。A.food食物；B.shelter庇护所；C.medicine药；D.transportation交通。根据上文“They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight __1__.”和下文可知，这家人要搬去弗吉尼亚，他们想带着狗一起走，但因为预算非常紧张，所以付不起狗的交通费。故选D项。
答案：D
3．A.desperately B．temporarily
C．secretly D．originally
解析：考查副词词义辨析。句意同上题。 A．desperately非常，拼命地；B.temporarily暂时地；C.secretly秘密地；D.originally起初。根据下文“wanted to take her with them”和语境可知，这家人非常想把狗一起带走。故选A项。
答案：A
4．A.appeared B．proved
C．happened D．showed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：碰巧我和另一名飞行员卡伦正在计划另一次PNP飞行，他主动提出要把蒂菲从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。A.appeared出现；B.proved证明；C.happened碰巧；D.showed展示。根据下文“I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen”可知，碰巧的是作者和另一名飞行员正在计划另一次PNP飞行。故选C项。
答案：C
5．A.waited B．offered
C．hurried D．failed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.waited等待；B.offered主动提出；C.hurried匆忙；D.failed失败。根据下文“to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia”并结合下文他们帮忙运送蒂菲可知，卡伦主动提出要帮忙把狗从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。故选B项。
答案：B
6．A.see off B．look for
C．hand over D．pick up
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意：我要做的就是飞到托皮卡去接蒂菲。A.see off为……送行；B.look for寻找；C.hand over移交；D.pick up接人。根据上文作者和卡伦要把蒂菲从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚，而蒂菲在托皮卡可知，作者需要飞到托皮卡去接蒂菲。故选D项。
答案：D
7．A.confused B．nervous
C．annoyed D．curious
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我见到蒂菲的主人时，他们看起来很紧张。A.confused困惑的；B.nervous紧张的；C.annoyed恼怒的；D.curious好奇的。根据下文“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him, having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__.”可知，这家人看起来有点紧张和不安。故选B项。
答案：B
8．A.hard B．fine
C．common D．lucky
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：丈夫乔治试着冷静下来，但我看得出来，这对他来说很难，他不得不把狗留给一个陌生人，并相信一切都会解决。A.hard困难的；B.fine好的；C.common常见的；D.lucky幸运的。根据上文“was trying to be calm”和下文“having to leave his dog to a __9__ and trust that everything would __10__”可知，对乔治来说把狗留给一个陌生人很难。故选A项。
答案：A
9．A.coworker B．passenger
C．stranger D．neighbor
解析：考查名词词义辨析。句意同上题。A.coworker合作者；B.passenger乘客；C.stranger陌生人；D.neighbor邻居。根据上文语境可知，作者是从网络上看到这家人发布的信息，作者与这家人素未谋面，双方是陌生人。故选C项。
答案：C
10．A.speed up B．work out
C．come back D．take off
解析：考查动词短语辨析。句意同8题。A.speed up加速；B.work out解决；C.come back回来；D.take off起飞。根据上文“George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was __8__ for him”可知，让狗的主人乔治相信一个陌生人会把一切解决好，对他来说很难。故选B项。
答案：B
11．A.feed B．follow
C．change D．load
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：道别之后，我让乔治和他的妻子帮我把蒂菲送上飞机。A.feed喂养；B.follow跟随；C.change改变；D.load装载。根据下文“Tiffy into the plane”可知，作者让乔治和他的妻子帮忙把蒂菲装入飞机。load into意为“装入”，是固定搭配。故选D项。
答案：D
12．A.call B．join
C．leave D．serve
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：我承诺会照顾好蒂菲，并且一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。A.call打电话；B.join加入；C.leave离开；D.serve服务。根据下文“as soon as we got to Kansas City”可知，作者承诺一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话。故选A项。
答案：A
13．A.unnecessary B．unexpected
C．unavoidable D．uneventful
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这次飞行平安无事，蒂菲是个很棒的乘客。A.unnecessary没有必要的；B.unexpected意想不到的；C.unavoidable不可避免的；D.uneventful太平无事的。根据下文“Tiffy was a great passenger. The next day, she __14__ with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days”可知，这次飞行一切都平安无事，蒂菲到达了弗吉尼亚。故选D项。
答案：D
14．A.returned B．fought
C．flew D．agreed
解析：考查动词词义辨析。句意：第二天，她和卡伦一起坐飞机，几天后就回到了身处弗吉尼亚的乔治身边。 A．returned返回；B.fought打仗；C.flew飞；D.agreed同意。根据上文“It just __4__ that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen, who __5__ to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知，卡伦带着蒂菲一起飞往弗吉尼亚。故选C项。
答案：C
15．A.thankful B．generous
C．proud D．sympathetic
解析：考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他非常感激，给我发了一封很漂亮的电子邮件，并附上了照片。A.thankful感激的；B.generous慷慨的；C.proud骄傲的；D.sympathetic同情的。通读全文并根据下文“and sent me a nice e mail with pictures”可知，乔治非常感激作者的帮助。故选A项。
答案：A
Section Ⅲ Developing ideas
原文 呈现
The Secret Language of Plants
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths① and legends②. Many cultures have stories of talking trees [1]that_give_advice_as_well_as_warnings_to_people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.,
读文 清障
①myth /m θ/ n. (古代的)神话
②legend /'led ( )nd/ n. 传说，传奇(故事)
[1]that引导的定语从句，修饰trees。
植物密语
会说话的植物一直是神话传说中的一大元素。在许多文化中的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过这样一棵会说话的树。在一些现代故事，例如电影《阿凡达》中，树可以与人类和动物沟通交流
原文 呈现
With us long believing [2]that_talking_plants_are_fantasy,_new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.,
读文 清障
[2]that引导的宾语从句，作believing的宾语。
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
原文 呈现
[3]It_has_been_known_for_some_time_that_plants_use_chemicals_to_communicate_with_each_other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help：“I'm being attacked！” [4]When another bean plant detects③ the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps④！ The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, [5]so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides⑤.,
读文 清障
③detect /d 'tekt/ v. 发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物)
④wasp /w sp/ n. 黄蜂
⑤pesticide /'pest sa d/ n. 杀虫剂，农药
[3]It作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。
[4]when引导的时间状语从句。
[5]so that引导目的状语从句。
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质相互交流。当一株植物，比如豆科植物，被昆虫袭击时，就会发生这种情况。植物从正遭受啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质，这像是警示，抑或求救：“我被攻击了！” 当另一株豆类植物检测到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质，其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于种植不用使用农药的农作物。
原文 呈现
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can't hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots⑥. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli⑦ plant can tell [6]if_a_neighbouring_plant_is_helpful,_or_unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.,
读文 清障
⑥root /ru t/ n. 根
⑦chilli /'t li/ n. 辣椒
[6]if引导的宾语从句，作tell的宾语。
更不可思议的是，植物还能用声音进行交流。虽然人类听不到，但植物确实正在发出声音。有些植物通过根部发出声响，比如玉米和辣椒。它们还能“听见”其他植物发出的声响。辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
原文 呈现
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked⑧ underground by fungi⑨. This fungal⑩ network links the roots of different plants to each other. [7]Using_the_wood_wide_web,_plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime ”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn [8]how_to_create_a_“firewall”_to_help_prevent_these_attacks_within_the_wood_wide_web.,
读文 清障
⑧link /l k/ v. 把……联系起来；连接
⑨fungus /'f ɡ s/ n. 真菌(复数fungi)
⑩fungal /'f ɡ( )l/ adj. 真菌的
cybercrime /'sa b kra m/
n. 网络犯罪
[7]现在分词短语作方式状语。
[8]“how to create...”是“疑问词＋不定式”结构，相当于宾语从句，作learn的宾语，其中“to help...”为不定式短语作目的状语。
最令人惊讶的是，植物有一个惊人的通讯系统，几乎可以连接森林中的每一种植物。科学家们称这个系统为“树联网”。它在某些方面与我们使用的互联网相似。互联网是一个由电缆和卫星连接的世界性计算机网络，而树联网则由地下真菌连接。这种真菌网络把不同植物的根互相连接起来。利用树联网，植物可以互相分享信息甚至食物。例如，一些松树可以给较小的松树送食物来帮助它们生长。但就像我们自己的互联网一样，树联网也有自己版本的“网络犯罪”。植物可以互相偷取食物，或者传播毒素攻击其他植物。也许有一天，科学家们将学习如何创建一个“防火墙”，以帮助防止在树联网中发生这些攻击。
原文 呈现
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.,
读文 清障
be able to do sth. 有能力做某事
科学家们每天都在学习更多关于植物相互交流的秘密方式。谁知道呢？也许有一天，我们会对植物的交流有足够的了解，能够自己和它们“交谈”。
基础 自测
Ⅰ.重点单词
基础词汇
1．myth n. (古代的)神话
2．legend n. 传说，传奇(故事)
3．pesticide n. 杀虫剂，农药
4．root n. 根
5．chilli n. 辣椒
6．link v. 把……联系起来；连接
7．cybercrime n. 网络犯罪
8．centimetre n. 厘米
拓展词汇
detect v. 发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物)→detection n. 侦查；探测；察觉；发现→detective n. 侦探；警探
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．after_all 毕竟，终究
2．communicate_with... 与……交流
3．drive..._away 赶走……
4．in_some_ways 在某些方面
5．do research on... 做关于……的研究
Ⅲ.重点句型
Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were_said_to_have_visited such a tree in India.据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过这样一棵会说话的树。
语篇 细研
Ⅰ.根据课文内容选择最佳选项
1．What do trees often do in stories in many cultures
A．Giving warnings. B．Telling jokes.
C．Dancing. D．Singing.
答案：A
2．How does a bean plant act first when attacked by insects
A．To run away.
B．To release chemicals.
C．To call for help.
D．To drive insects away.
答案：B
3．What's the function of the roots of plants
A．To communicate.
B．To listen to other plants.
C．To indicate drought.
D．All of the above.
答案：D
4．What's the most surprising thing for plants
A．They can use the Internet.
B．They have their own satellite.
C．They can walk near to their friends.
D．They can link nearly every plant in a forest.
答案：D
5．What does the last paragraph mean
A．The plants can own their world in the future.
B．The plants will do harm to human.
C．The plants might be talked with one day.
D．The plants may show us the secret of talking.
答案：C
Ⅱ.课文语法填空
Talking plants can be seen in the stories in many cultures, 1.where trees can give us advice as well as warnings. But new research 2.has_revealed(reveal) something amazing. They can communicate 3.in many ways, a bean plant 4.releasing(release) tiny chemicals, corn and chilli plants making sounds. Most 5.surprisingly(surprise) of all, nearly every plant in a forest can be linked by the “wood wide web”. The fungal network 6.links(link) the roots of different 7.plants(plant) to each other and even spread poisons 8.to_attack(attack) other plants. 9.It is believed that one day we are able 10.to_talk(talk) with them ourselves.
词汇 精讲
1．communicate with... 与……交流
[教材P74]And in some modern stories，such as the film Avatar，trees can communicate with animals and people.在一些现代故事，例如电影《阿凡达》中，树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
Group members have to communicate with each other through role play.
小组成员必须通过角色扮演互相交流。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)In our daily life, communication plays an important part, so it's important to develop the ability to communicate with others.(communicate)
(2)Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of better communication(communicate)．
(3)Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their teenage children.
(4)We communicated mostly by e mail.
2．amount n. 数量；金额 v. 共计
[教材P74]The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten.植物从正遭受啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
Quite an amount of rain has fallen during the night.
晚间下了很大的雨。
(1)提问“数量是多少”时， 用疑问词what。
(2)a large/small amount of和large/small amounts of后一般接不可数名词。作主语时，谓语动词的数由amount的单复数形式决定
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Large amounts(amount) of time were wasted on this useless subject.
(2)The amount of money lost in the fire was 3 million dollars.
(3)There is/was(be) a fair amount of traffic on the roads.
(4)Small amounts of land are/were(be) used for keeping animals.
3．root n. 根；根源，起因 v. (使)生根；翻寻
[教材P75]Some plants make noises with their roots.有些植物通过根部发出声响。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
It seems to be rooted in confidence rather than insecurity.
它似乎根植于信心而非不安全感。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)Shaanxi paper cut art is deeply rooted in the Loess Plateau.
(2)It is impossible to root out all the problems at a time. You should deal with them one by one.
(3)He rooted around in the drawer and found the letter at last.
(4)Whatever happens, I will be the one who root for you forever.
4．link v. 把……联系起来；连接 n. 联系；连接；关系，纽带；链接
[教材P76]This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.这种真菌网络把不同植物的根互相连接起来。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
The new standards will also be linked to movement development.
新的标准还要和“运动发展”相衔接。
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)A subway line will link the airport to/with the city center.
(2)The hearts of the people of all the nationalities are linked to each other.
5．signal v. 示意；发信号 n. 信号；标志；预示
[教材P77]Bees “dance” to signal to other bees that they have found food.蜜蜂“跳舞”是为了向其他蜜蜂示意它们找到了食物。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
Hunger is the body's signal that levels of blood sugar are too low.
饥饿是血糖过低时身体发出的信号。
易混辨析
signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号
mark 指在其他事物上留下的清晰可见的印痕(也可指为便于辨认而有意做的标记)或先天固有的标记
sign 指人们公认的事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆
symbol 象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)The police signaled/signalled(signal) to the driver to stop his car by raising his hand.
(2)He stood up, signaling/signalling(signal) to the police officer that he had finished talking with his client.
(3)A red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five year old child.
选词填空(signal/mark/sign/symbol)
(4)The wet glass left a mark on the surface of the table.
(5)In China, dragon is a symbol of power.
(6)All I get is a busy signal whenever I dial his number.
(7)Look at the dark clouds. It is a sign of storm.
句型 精析
sb. be said to do... 据说某人被……
Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.[教材P74]
据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过这样一棵会说话的树。
句法分析
本句为“sb. be said to do...”句型，其中不定式短语作主语Alexander the Great and Marco Polo的主语补足语。该句型相当于“It is said that sb....”。
归纳拓展
佳句背诵
His company is said to be in trouble.
据说，他的公司陷入了困境。
※联想总结
It is thought that... 据认为……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is claimed that... 据称……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is estimated that... 据估计……
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It is generally considered that... 大家普遍认为……
巧学活用
单句语法填空
(1)It is/was_said(say) that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
(2)He is said to_be(be) the richest man in the world now.
(3)She is said to_have_finished(finish) the work, so she is relaxed now.
达标 练案
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．How can Foley's wristwatch detect signs of an irregular heartbeat
2．You would have to surgically remove a phone from a teenager because their whole life is rooted in this device.
3．Diseases and blood pressure are closely linked.
4．This ruler have one scale in centimetre and another in inch.
5．There are many wonderful legends about this famous hero.
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories as_well_as crying for your tragedies.
2．What's more, the disabled can correspond and communicate_with others with the help of the Internet.
3．After_all,_when someone wants to get better at something, they should surround themselves with more of that activity, not less, right
4．I just saw the car drive_away. I didn't see Larkin.
5．And most of all we must share_with them our hope for the future.
写一篇观察日志
技法 指导
本单元的写作目标是“写一篇观察日志”。可以通过以下三个部分来进行写作：
第一部分：这种植物是怎样种植的；
第二部分：这种植物适合在何种环境中生长；
第三部分：这种植物长成了什么样子。
增分 佳句
1．Do you have an experience of planting a kind of plants
你有过种植植物的经历吗？
2．Let me share with you the process about my experience of growing watermelon
让我分享我种植西瓜的经历给你。
3．I once lived in the countryside and planted some garlic in the garden.
我曾经在乡村住过，在菜园里种过大蒜。
4．Check to see if there are any local requirements about digging.
检查当地是否有关于挖掘的要求。
5．Take a suitable shovel and dig a hole that is 4 or 5 times the width of the root ball, more than enough so it will fit.
用一把合适的铲子挖一个比根球宽4倍或5倍的坑，足够大以放置上根球。
6．Use the garden cultivator to loosen the dirt all around the hole to make it easier for the roots to spread.
用园艺耕耘机把坑周围的泥土松散，使根部更容易扩散。
7．Seeing the flowers，I was too excited to express my feelings.
看到这些花，我太兴奋了以至于不能表达我的感受。
8．I can't wait to show my grandparents the fruit trees I have planted.
我迫不及待地给祖父母看我种的果树。
9．No pains, no gains.
不劳无获。
写作 实例
请根据下面的提示及图片，写一篇观察西红柿生长过程的日志。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：(叶)羽状深裂的pinnatipartite
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一、词汇训练
1．seed n. 种子
2．soil n. 土壤
3．water v. 浇水
4．sprout v. 发芽，长出
5．centimetre n. 厘米
6．come_out 开花
二、句型训练
1．我把一粒西红柿种子放进土里，加了足够的水，希望它能很快发芽。
I put a tomato seed into the soil and enough water has been added, hoping_it_will_sprout_soon.
2．从土里长出两片叶子，形状是羽状深裂的。
Two leaves came out of the soil, the_shape_of_which is pinnatipartite.
3．在曾经长有花的地方出现了西红柿果实。
Tomato fruits have appeared in the place where_there_were_flowers.
三、篇章训练
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【参考范文】
June 1st
I put a tomato seed into the soil and enough water has been added, hoping it will sprout soon.
June 8th
Out of the soil came two leaves, the shape of which is pinnatipartite.
June 20th
The plant has grown to more than 50 centimetres, with more leaves.
July 15th
The plant has grown to more than 1 metre tall. Some yellow flowers have begun to come out.
July 30th
Tomato fruits have appeared in the place where there were flowers. The fruits are yellow at first and become red gradually.
课时作业(十五) Section Ⅲ Developing ideas
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is very important for us to learn to communicate with others.
2．Surprisingly(surprising), she didn't feel nervous, or regretful about her actions.
3．Here are some helpful(help) tips to make your journey much easier.
4．The going was slow on the project because of a shortage(short) of skilled workers.
5．With prices going(go) up so fast, we can't afford to buy a house.
6．An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction(extinct)．
7．She waited in her hotel to welcome her children on their arrival(arrive) from London.
8．I am looking forward to hearing about your amazing(amaze) trip to Beijing.
9．It is necessary for office workers to exercise regularly(regular)．
10．I got a new kite shaped(shape) like a dragon with a long tail.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．He is easy_to_get_along_with.
他这个人极易相处。
2．Mary felt a little shy with_many_students_looking_at_her.
有很多学生看她，玛丽感到有点害羞。
3．The children should learn how_to_overcome_difficulties by themselves.
孩子们应该学习如何自己克服困难。
4．Tom studies very hard so_that_he_can_catch_up_with other students.
汤姆学习非常努力以便能够赶上其他同学。
5．He is said to_have_solved the problem.
据说他已经解决了这个问题。
Ⅲ.阅读理解
Lately, the concerns about bees being endangered have become widely noted among people all over the world, but how to take action about it has become scarce in this age. That's why World Bee Day exists to educate people about the importance of bees and how they can help preserve them for the sake of the future. If you want to help save these fuzzy insects from extinction, then read down below to learn more about what World Bee Day is about!
World Bee Day corresponds(相一致) with an important influencer in the pioneering of beekeeping. Anton Jansa, who in the 18th century pioneered modern beekeeping techniques in his native Slovenia, was one of the first people to help bring about the importance of bees in the world environment. Since then, beekeeping has become a vital necessity in the world's ecosystems and economic systems. However, not many people realize the importance of bees or know how to help save the bees, which led to the announcement of World Bee Day through the United Nations.
The United Nations set World Bee Day to raise awareness of the importance of bees. Because bees are under a continuous threat from human activity including the introduction of invasive insects, pesticides and land use change, which has continuously been destroying bee colonies(蜂群) over time. World Bee Day helps educate people about the importance of bees and what they do for the environment, which includes how they help grow 90% of the world's wildflower plants, 35% of the world's crops, and help build ecosystems all over the world. With these statistics, the United Nations has created various programs all over the world to increase awareness of protecting bees and what you can do to help this cause.
If you're looking for a way to help raise awareness of bee endangerment, then share and spread the news about World Bee Day through social media. If you're wanting to do more, find a charity that goes towards bee conservation and donates through there. Start a garden and place in a wide arrangement of fruits, vegetables, and flowers that you know bees would like.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蜜蜂对于生态系统的重要性很大，但是许多人却没有意识到。为了提高公众对于蜜蜂重要性的意识，联合国设立了世界蜜蜂日。
1．What's the purpose of setting up World Bee Day
A．To prove that bees are now endangered.
B．To teach people ways of protecting bees.
C．To show the meaning of the scarce bees.
D．To warn people of the danger of bees.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的“That's why World Bee Day exists to educate people about the importance of bees and how they can help preserve them for the sake of the future.”可知，世界蜜蜂日的存在是为了教育人们蜜蜂的重要性并保护蜜蜂。故选B项。
答案：B
2．What can we know about Anton Jansa
A．He was the first to keep bees in his motherland Slovenia.
B．He used a brand new technique to keep bees in the 19th century.
C．He made people know the importance of bees in the environment.
D．He helped people know the ways to help to save the bees exactly.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的“Anton Jansa, who in the 18th century pioneered modern beekeeping techniques in his native Slovenia, was one of the first people to help bring about the importance of bees in the world environment.”可知，Anton Jansa让人们知道蜜蜂在环境中的重要性。故选C项。
答案：C
3．Why are the statistics mentioned in the third paragraph
A．To show the number of the world's wildflower plants is big.
B．To prove that bees are important to build ecosystems.
C．To help people understand the necessity of World Bee Day.
D．To have readers know what to do to protect the bees.
解析：推理判断题。第三段的“World Bee Day helps educate people about the importance of bees and what they do for the environment, which includes how they help grow 90% of the world's wildflower plants, 35% of the world's crops, and help build ecosystems all over the world.”中的数字体现了蜜蜂对全世界生态和农作物种植的重要意义。故选B项。
答案：B
Ⅳ.语法填空
The cheetah(猎豹), an expert hunter, sits 1.________(silent) atop a hill and scans the herds of feeding animals looking for the perfect prey(猎物). Finding a target, it moves quietly through the grass until it is close enough 2.________(know) it can get its reward.
The cheetah is perfectly built for the kill. Its coloring helps it to disappear into the landscape to avoid 3.________(see). And its speed over a short distance, the fastest in the animal world, 4.________(allow) it to chase(追逐) its target. Once the prey is killed, the cheetah pulls the carcass(尸体) to a safe place, even 5.________(pull) it up into a tree to stop other predators(食肉动物) from stealing 6.________.
However, the cheetah is also a highly 7.________(endanger) animal. Once found throughout Asia and Africa, cheetahs today are racing toward 8.________(extinct). Loss of habitat and declining numbers of their prey threaten the future of these cats. To change the fall in cheetah numbers, animal lovers are working to protect them. 9.________ addition, conservation groups are encouraging local farmers to protect cheetahs 10.________ come on their land. It will be a sad day if this beautiful animal disappears from our planet.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上短距离跑得最快的动物——猎豹，包括它的捕食方式等，同时告诉我们猎豹面临灭绝的危险。
1．解析：考查副词。句意：猎豹，一位专业的猎手，静静地坐在山顶上，扫视着一群觅食的动物，寻找完美的猎物。设空处修饰动词sits，故应用副词silently。
答案：silently
2．解析：考查不定式。句意：一找到目标，它会静静地在草丛中移动，直到它离目标足够近，知道自己能得到回报(猎物)。enough to do sth.意为“足够做某事”，设空处应用不定式作结果状语，故填to know。
答案：to know
3．解析：考查动名词。句意：它的颜色有助于它和周围环境融为一体，以避免被看到。avoid后应用动名词作宾语，根据句意可知，设空处应用动名词的被动结构，故填being seen。
答案：being seen
4．解析：考查时态及主谓一致。句意：它在短距离内的速度是动物世界中最快的，这使得它可以追逐自己的目标。根据上下文可知，本句应用一般现在时；本句主语为its speed，设空处应用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式，故填allows。
答案：allows
5．解析：考查现在分词。句意：一旦猎物被杀死，猎豹就会把尸体拖到安全的地方，甚至会把尸体拖到树上，以防止其他捕食者偷走它。本句主语the cheetah和动词pull之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，设空处应用现在分词作状语，故填pulling。
答案：pulling
6．解析：考查代词。根据句意可知，设空处应用代词it代指前面提到的the carcass，故填it。
答案：it
7．解析：考查形容词。句意：然而，猎豹也是一种非常濒危的动物。设空处修饰名词animal，故应用形容词endangered。
答案：endangered
8．解析：考查名词。句意：猎豹曾经遍布亚洲和非洲，如今正濒临灭绝。设空处在句中作宾语，故应用名词extinction。
答案：extinction
9．解析：考查介词。句意：此外，保护组织鼓励当地农民保护进入他们土地的猎豹。in addition意为“另外，此外”，故设空处应用介词In。
答案：In
10．解析：考查定语从句。参见上题句意。设空处引导定语从句，修饰名词cheetahs，并在从句中作主语，故设空处应用关系代词that/which。
答案：that/which
Ⅴ.应用文写作
请根据下面所给图片，用英语写一篇观察日志，描述花生(peanut)的生长过程。要点包括：
l．播种及发芽阶段(播种时间： 4月初， 图①和图②)；
2．生长及发育阶段(5～6月，图③和图④)；
3．成熟及结果阶段(7～8月，图⑤)。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
② ③
④ ⑤
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【参考范文】
It is the right time to
