第1讲 谓语动词
考点精讲一 动词的时态
At first，Jack wasn’t fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack’s performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为would＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。
1．一般现在时
(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo，I almost always get a questioning look.(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
每当我告诉别人我在柏林动物园教英语时，我总是得到怀疑的目光。
(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，come，take off 等动词(短语)。
The flight takes off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8：30 起飞。
(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ago，the other day等时间状语连用。
There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.(2023·全国甲)
从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都与周围的环境和平共处。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
As a little girl，I wished to be a zookeeper when I grew up.(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
作为一个小女孩，我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3．一般将来时
(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
—What time is it？——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.
——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
“I’m going to inspire so many people，” she said.“I’m ready to shine.”(2023·全国乙)
“我要激励很多人，”她说，“我已经准备好发光了。”
Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
对点练习1 1．The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell(tell) you the story. 2．While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming. 3．We hired(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job.(2021·全国甲)
4．现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Now，I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
现在，我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作，间接地实现了那个梦想。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，often，constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。感彩可褒可贬。
The girl is always talking aloud in public，which makes her parents annoyed.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话，这使得她的父母很烦。
5．过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。
(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6．将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
对点练习2 1．She was playing(play) with the cellphone when her boss walked into the office. 2．Next Friday I will go to another concert.They will be playing(play) something by Mozart at that time. 3．—Hi，let’s go skating. —Sorry，I’m busy right now.I am filling(fill) in an application form for a new job.
7．现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。
As a photographer，I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered.(2023·全国乙)
作为一名摄影师，我花了最近两年的时间记录我所发现的一切。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until now，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，so far等。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end of＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/before/since＋过去时间点或从句。
She lived with a family she had never met and everything was new to her.(2023·全国乙)
她和一个素未谋面的家庭住在一起，一切对她来说都是新鲜的。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
对点练习3 1．Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned/learnt(learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he had said(say) to me altogether. 2．For thousands of years，people have told(tell) fables(寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on wisdom.(2023·全国甲) 3．I had expected(expect) to get first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.
9．过去将来时
(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形。
was/were going to＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。
He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。
was/were about to＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do...when...
We were about to leave when a big noise came from the next room.
我们正要离开，隔壁房间突然发出了巨大的响声。
10．现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。
对点练习4 1．—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere. —He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since. 2．Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he would be(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change(change) the world.
注意 除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
1．The twins were stewing(stew) the chicken porridge when their father marched into the kitchen.
2．It’s high time that we took/should take(take) urgent measures to protect water resources.
3．The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors and this is the first time that I have been(be) there.
4．Give up in winter，and you will miss(miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your life.
考点精讲二 动词的语态
Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken①.I couldn’t get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
[规则感悟] ①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cost花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belong to 属于；suffer from 遭受；date from/back to 追溯到；consist of 由……组成；take part in参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop，which cost 15 yuan.
我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.
她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；run out用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.
昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.
上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2．主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3)open，close，lock，move，keep等动词常与won’t，can’t，wouldn’t 连用。
No matter what he did to the door，it wouldn’t open.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink
你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
这个错误应该归咎于谁？
对点练习 1．The city has been recognized(recognize) as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century，home to the likes of Mozart and Beethoven. 2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 3．Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 4．We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that is to blame(blame) for their son’s bad performance at school.
1．After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP is designed(design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems...”(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
2．It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth reading(read)．
3．The medical team which consists(consist) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.
4．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past two years.
考点精讲三 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle object to④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.Many a person thinks⑦ it not wise to leave the city I am living in.
[规则感悟] 该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。
③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
⑦“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．意义一致原则
I have been on a diet for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people around me support③ me.The old consider④ it unwise to go on a diet，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesn’t harm my health.
[规则感悟] ①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3．就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
[规则感悟] ①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
②or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1．用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3．“no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4．all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。
5．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6．people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.
警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。
7．一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of people rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.
当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8．单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。
Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.
为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。
Many deer are dying out in our country so we must take effective measures to preserve them.
在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9．what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10．a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11．在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
12．就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。
Is either Tom or you to be sent to work there
是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
对点练习 1．The teacher and poet often gives(give) lectures around the city. 2．I think Tom，rather than you，is(be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent. 3．As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.(be) 4．The poor were(be) looked down upon in the old days. 5．Listening to loud music and rock concerts has caused(cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far. 6．There is(be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorway.
1．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were(be) previously unprotected...(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
2．Going to Mount Huangshan reminds(remind) me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”．
3．Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection is(be) on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
考点精讲四 虚拟语气
1．wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river！If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
[规则感悟] as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might/should＋动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。
2．条件句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
[规则感悟]
·①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋would/could/should/might do...
·⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would/could/might have done...
·③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下：
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3．名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he (should) not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he (should) take out the cellphone and commanded that he (should) phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher (should) not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (should) give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (should) not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike (should) study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
[规则感悟]
·某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/advise/recommend/propose)。
·上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如②。
·上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion，advice等，其后的表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如③。
·It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth也是常见的虚拟语气形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (should) do...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (should) do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessa-ry that you (should) learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (should) learn English well.
[规则感悟] 在It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
if条件句中有were，had或should时，可以省略if，并把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。
If I were in your position，I would do the same.
→Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。
If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2．错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3．当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
对点练习 1．The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I had been(be) there before! 2．Our only request is that this (should) be settled(settle) as soon as possible. 3．I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he would have arrived(arrive) on time. 4．If you had taken(take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam. 5．How I wish every student had(have)a scientific and systematic study method!
1．If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I wouldn’t be(not，be) where I am.
2．I wish my mother would stop(stop) interfering and let me make my own decisions.
3．My father suggests that I (should) get (get) enough sleep before the final examination.
4．My husband is always talking about the economy，but I’d rather he focused(focus) more on our children’s education.
层级一 基础达标练
1．Jack was working(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
2．Jenny should have kept(keep) her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
3．This led to the reappearance of the city that had sunk(sink) decades before without any prior investigations.
4．In the past decades，efforts have been made(make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture.
5．During that period，the art form was brought(bring) to Yazhou Town in today’s Pingtang County，Guizhou Province from Jiangxi Province.
6．Today，the time-honored folk art of the Jingxi Taiping Drum is being taken(take) up by the young people and is presenting its lively artistic charm on a global stage.
7．The money will be distributed(distribute) over a four-year period and is aimed at helping approximately 1,000 homeless people in the county of Arvada.
8．In addition，Xuan paper is designed(design) to be able to last for more than 1,000 years and still keep the freshness of the ink and color on it.
9．The action of pouring hot water over fine powdered tea is called dian，hence the name dian cha，which was listed(list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou District，Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province，in 2019.
10．The shock victories have thrilled success-starved Chinese fans who named humorously the overachieving teams “the light of Asian soccer”，while topics related to the wins have become(become) top trending news on Chinese social media ever since.
层级二 高考真题练
1．Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks(walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road...(2024·新课标Ⅰ)
2．A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017.Two years later，a six-meter-tall pavilion，inspired by The Peony Pavilion，was built(build) at the Firs Garden，just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.(2024·新课标Ⅱ)
3．Consumers prefer money off individual items.However，though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages，it would help even more if they could sometimes be offered(offer) in smaller packs.Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day.(2024·浙江1月)
4．Over the last two years，some supermarkets have started(start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions(份)．(2024·浙江1月)
5．On a cool，starry night in mid-September 1870，four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in what is now northwestern Wyoming.They were(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.(2024·全国甲)
6．The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world，means(mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.(2023·全国乙)
7．Henry was fixing(fix) his car when he heard the screams.(2022·新课标Ⅱ)
8．Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he had been offered(offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies.(2021·天津)
9．Good evening，everybody.Professor King will deliver/will be delivering(deliver) his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.(2021·天津)
10．Currently，about 35,000 works are being displayed(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre，and it would take a lifetime to see everything.(2021·天津)
层级三 语篇提能练
The first zoo 1.was established(establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2.built(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos 3.consisted(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.were replaced(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.(were) kept(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6.understood(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7.have tried/have been trying(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8.to save(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.(are) watched(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.are playing(play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
1．时态的交叉使用
典例 (2024·北京)我坚信，这些报告将全面介绍中国的发展历程及其在世界舞台上的影响。
I am firmly convinced that these reports will provide a comprehensive view of China’s journey of development and its impact on the world stage.
运用 (2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。
Though I felt a little sorry that you left China last year，I am pleased to know you are leading a happy life in your hometown.
2．利用“主将从现”的规律
典例 (2024·浙江1月)如果你每天做伸展运动，它会提高你的注意力和集中力，使你更容易在课堂上保持专注。
If you do stretching exercises every day，it will improve your focus and concentration，making it easier to stay engaged in class.
运用 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果学生和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的人在一起，他们会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
Students will feel uncomfortable or less motivated if they are paired with someone they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
3．被动语态的适当运用
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)上周五我们在公园里上了一堂美术课。整个班级充满了欢乐。
Last Friday witnessed an art class we had in a park.The whole class was filled with joy.
运用 (2023·北京)为了强调绿色出行的重要性，我们将组织一次一起骑共享单车的活动。
To highlight the importance of green travel，an event of riding shared bikes together will be organized.
4．虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
典例 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果我没有充分利用这次机会为写作比赛做准备，我就不会获得一等奖。
If I hadn’t made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I wouldn’t have gained first prize.
运用 (2021·新课标Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Youth，I wouldn’t have made such great progress in English.
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟
典例 (2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
运用 总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
In a word，it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection.
(3)should的适当运用
典例 (2024·天津3月)我强烈建议你去中国，亲身体验这些进步。
I highly recommend that you (should) visit China and experience these advancements first-hand.
运用 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)好心的Gunter建议我问问周围有没有人能帮忙取钱。
Gunter，with his kind heart，suggested I (should) ask around if anyone could help with a cash withdrawal.
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句
典例 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果没有我老师的鼓励，我是不可能获奖的。
Without my teacher’s encouragement，I couldn’t have won the prize.
运用 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)这是我们学校第一次在风景优美的公园里组织美术课。
This was the first time our school had organised an art class in the park with breathtaking scenery.
运用 (2024·上海6月)得知这是你第一次做饭，我写信是想和你分享一些建议。
Learning this is the first time you have cooked，I’m writing to share some advice with you.
假设你是李华，你应该在本周五提交Mr Anderson布置的读书报告，但因个人原因，现在无法按时提交。请你给Mr Anderson发一封电子邮件，内容要求如下： 1.表达歉意； 2.说明原因； 3.提出补救办法。 Dear Mr Anderson， I am excessively sorry to say that I won’t be able to finish the reading report 1.you assigned to us(你给我们布置的) on time this Friday.Now,2.I am writing to extend my sincere apology(我写信来表达我诚挚的歉意) and ask for permission of later submission. I know I am supposed to finish my homework before the deadline，but unfortunately，I 3.was caught in a heavy rain(赶上了一场大雨) and had a high fever the day before yesterday and I am still feeling dizzy right now.Therefore，I 4.haven’t finished the reading part(还没有完成阅读部分) yet，let alone the report. 5.I would appreciate it if you could allow me to hand in my work next Monday(如果您能允许我下周一交作业，我将不胜感激)．Sorry again for the inconvenience I’m about to cause and thanks for your understanding. Yours， Li Hua(共105张PPT)
第1讲 谓语动词
语法专题 专题一
内容索引
考点精讲一 动词的时态
考点精讲二 动词的语态
考点精讲三 主谓一致
考点精讲四 虚拟语气
考点分层演练
语法链接写作
动词的时态
考点精讲一
情景导入
At first，Jack wasn’t fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack’s performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
规则感悟
①是一般过去时，结构为谓语动词用过去式形式。②是过去进行时，结构为was/were＋现在分词。③是过去完成时，结构为had＋过去分词。④是过去将来时，结构为would＋动词原形。⑤是现在完成时，结构为have/has＋过去分词。⑥是一般现在时，结构为谓语动词用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式。⑦是现在完成进行时，结构为have/has been＋现在分词。⑧是现在进行时，结构为am/is/are＋现在分词。⑨是一般将来时，结构为will＋动词原形。⑩是将来进行时，结构为will＋be＋现在分词。
1.一般现在时
(1)表示现在经常性的、习惯性的、反复的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo，I almost always get a questioning look. (2023·新课标Ⅱ)
每当我告诉别人我在柏林动物园教英语时，我总是得到怀疑的目光。
(2)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(3)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(在过去的语境中也用一般现在时)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
(4)表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等将要发生的动作，只限于go，arrive，leave，start，return，begin，come，take off 等动词(短语)。
The flight takes off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.这个航班每周三和周五8：30 起飞。
(5)用于图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，three years ago，the other day等时间状语连用。
There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings. (2023·全国甲)
从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都与周围的环境和平共处。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
As a little girl，I wished to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
作为一个小女孩，我希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
3.一般将来时
(1)“shall/will＋动词原形”表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
It is said that he will retire next month.
据说他将于下个月退休。
—What time is it？——几点了？
—I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.
——我不知道。请稍等，我帮您查一下。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
“I’m going to inspire so many people，” she said.“I’m ready to shine.”
(2023·全国乙)
“我要激励很多人，”她说，“我已经准备好发光了。”
Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.
看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3)“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to meet Mr Brown at eleven o’clock this morning.今天上午11点我要去见布朗先生。
(4)“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
对点练习1
1.The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue (tell) you the story.
2.While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it ____(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
3.We (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.My bike was old and shaky but did the job. (2021·全国甲)
will tell
is
hired
4.现在进行时
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Now，I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English. (2023·新课标Ⅱ)
现在，我通过帮助熊猫饲养员用英语工作，间接地实现了那个梦想。
(2)某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
John as well as his sister is setting off for Tokyo tomorrow morning.
约翰和他的姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。
(3)与always，often，constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。感彩可褒可贬。
The girl is always talking aloud in public，which makes her parents annoyed.这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话，这使得她的父母很烦。
5.过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this morning.今天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。
(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
(3)一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
6.将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
对点练习2
1.She (play) with the cellphone when her boss walked into the office.
2.Next Friday I will go to another concert.They (play) something by Mozart at that time.
3.—Hi，let’s go skating.
—Sorry，I’m busy right now.I (fill) in an application form for a new job.
was playing
will be playing
am filling
7.现在完成时
(1)表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。常用的状语有already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。
As a photographer，I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered. (2023·全国乙)
作为一名摄影师，我花了最近两年的时间记录我所发现的一切。
(2)表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在。常与之连用的时间状语有lately，recently，until now，ever since，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，so far等。
In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
This/That/It is the first/second/...time that＋现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
这是我第一次做演讲。
It is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
8.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常见的时间状语有by＋过去时间点，by the end of＋过去时间点，by the time＋从句，until/ before/since＋过去时间点或从句。
She lived with a family she had never met and everything was new to her.
(2023·全国乙)
她和一个素未谋面的家庭住在一起，一切对她来说都是新鲜的。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用过去完成时。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
No sooner had they rushed out of the house than it burnt down.他们刚从房子里冲出来房子就烧塌了。
(3)动词hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to go home from work ahead of time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
对点练习3
1.Before getting into the car，I thought I (learn) the instructor’s orders，but once I started the car，my mind went blank.I forgot what he (say) to me altogether.
2.For thousands of years，people (tell) fables(寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on wisdom. (2023·全国甲)
3.I (expect) to get first prize in the contest but the result made me disappointed.
had learned/learnt
had said
have told
had expected
9.过去将来时
(1)表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
She said she would retire the next year.
她说她明年就退休了。
I wondered what my son would say the next moment.我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。
(2)三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：was/were going to＋动词原形；was/were to＋动词原形；was/were about to＋动词原形。
was/were going to＋动词原形表示过去打算或计划将要做某事。
He told me he was going to get married the next week.他告诉我他打算下周结婚。
was/were about to＋动词原形表示过去即将要发生的动作。常构成句型was/were about to do...when...
We were about to leave when a big noise came from the next room.
我们正要离开，隔壁房间突然发出了巨大的响声。
10.现在完成进行时
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.最近我们常常见面。
对点练习4
1.—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever since.
2.Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he ________(be) a famous scientist whose theories (change) the world.
has been writing
would be
would change
解题技法
解题技法
【注意】 除了前面讲解中提到的一些句型外，还要熟记以下固定句型中的时态：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用过去进行时，when后面的句子常用一般过去时。
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb...，that后面的句子要用一般过去时或should＋动词原形。
1.The twins (stew) the chicken porridge when their father marched into the kitchen.
2.It’s high time that we (take) urgent measures to protect water resources.
3.The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors and this is the first time that I (be) there.
4.Give up in winter，and you (miss) the hope of spring，the beauty of summer，and the harvest of autumn in your life.
返 回
解题技法
were stewing
took/should take
have been
will miss
动词的语态
考点精讲二
情景导入
Xiao Ming’s Cellphone
Xiao Ming’s cellphone was broken①.I couldn’t get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming’s cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
规则感悟
①是一般过去时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋过去分词。②是过去进行时的被动语态，结构为was/were＋being＋过去分词。③是过去完成时的被动语态，结构为had been＋过去分词。④是一般现在时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋过去分词。⑤是现在进行时的被动语态，结构为is/am/are＋being＋过去分词。⑥是现在完成时的被动语态，结构为have/has been＋过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态，结构为情态动词＋be＋过去分词。⑧是一般将来时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋过去分词。⑨是将来完成时的被动语态，结构为will＋have been＋过去分词。⑩是将来进行时的被动语态，结构为will＋be＋being＋过去分词。
1.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)某些及物动词和动词短语无被动语态： have有；cost花费；lack 缺少；suit 适合；belong to 属于；suffer from 遭受；date from/back to 追溯到；consist of 由……组成；take part in参加。
I bought a book from Xinhua bookshop，which cost 15 yuan.
我从新华书店买了一本书，花了15元。
She is experimenting with different typewriters to see which one suits her best.
她正在试验不同的打印机，看哪一种最适合她。
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
狮子和老虎属于猫科。
(4)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；run out用完。
An accident happened on the road last night and five people were killed.
昨晚这条路上发生了一起意外事故，五个人遇难。
A big fire broke out in the area last week.
上周那个地区发生了一场大火。
(5)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
2.主动形式表示被动意义的结构
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
The sign reads as follows.告示如下。
The shirt doesn’t wash well.
这件衬衫不好洗。
Her new book is very interesting and sells well.她的新书很有趣并且卖得很好。
(2)系动词如smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
Your idea sounds wonderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。
(3)open，close，lock，move，keep等动词常与won’t，can’t，wouldn’t 连用。
No matter what he did to the door，it wouldn’t open.不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。
(4)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(5)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。常见的形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这道题很难计算。
Do you think the water is safe to drink
你认为这水喝着安全吗？
(6)be to blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
这个错误应该归咎于谁？
对点练习
1.The city (recognize) as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century，home to the likes of Mozart and Beethoven.
2.My washing machine (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
3.Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，____________
(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
4.We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that is (blame) for their son’s bad performance at school.
has been recognized
is being repaired
is regarded
to blame
解题技法
解题技法
1.After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems...”
(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
2.It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth (read).
is designed
reading
返 回
3.The medical team which (consist) of three doctors and five nurses has set off for Shanghai.
4.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had _____________(carry) out in the past two years.
解题技法
consists
been carried
主谓一致
考点精讲三
情景导入
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1.语法一致原则
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each other for a long time.To see her every day is② my dream.What I want to do is③ give up my present job and work in her city.However，all my relatives except my uncle object to④ my idea.Someone tells⑤ me that it is not worthwhile to give up my job，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every month.Many a person thinks⑦ it not wise to leave the city I am living in.
规则感悟
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式：
①根据主语的人称和数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
②主语是动词不定式或动名词短语，谓语动词用单数。
③主语是从句，谓语动词一般用单数。
④主语后面跟有with，together with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等时，谓语动词的数与这些词前面的主语一致。
⑤主语为someone，anyone，everyone等不定代词时，谓语动词往往用单数。
⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
⑦“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.意义一致原则
I have been on a diet for four months.Four months is① not a short time.Though a large number of people don’t② understand me，the majority of people around me support③ me.The old consider④ it unwise to go on a diet，but the young admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ worried about me，but now they think I can choose to do this as long as it doesn’t harm my health.
规则感悟
①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式，但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
②“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
③the majority of，the rest of，分数/百分数＋of＋名词，要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。
④“the＋adj.”往往表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
⑤family，group，team，class，government等集体名词，当表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。
3.就近一致原则
There are① many girls having a taste for sweet food，but neither my sister nor I am② interested in candies.
规则感悟
①在there be，here be结构中，若有几个并列成分作主语，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
②or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常遵循“就近一致”原则，即谓语动词的单复数要与离它最近的主语保持一致。
1.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物、同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.
锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两个物体)
注意：用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：bread and butter(黄油抹面包)，knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.“形复意单”名词如：news；以-ics 结尾的学科名称如：physics，mathematics，economics；国名如：the United States；报纸名如：the New Times；书名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜谭》)；以及the United Nations(联合国)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
3.“no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
4.all，the remaining，the part等加主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的第一部分很生动，但其余部分非常枯燥。
5.“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。
6.people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.
警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。
7.一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A number of people rushed into the supermarket when the goods were sold at a discount.
当商品打折时，很多人涌进了超市。
8.单复数同形的名词，如means，deer，sheep等作主语时，谓语动词单复数要视情况而定。
Every means has been tried to complete the project ahead of time.
为了提前完成这个项目所有的方法都尝试了。
Many deer are dying out in our country so we must take effective measures to preserve them.
在我国很多鹿快灭绝了，因此我们必须采取有效的措施来保护它们。
9.what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果从句表示复数含义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he said is far from the truth.
他的话与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的教师。
10.a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。
With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
11.在倒装句中谓语动词常与后面最接近的主语一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
12.就近原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。
Is either Tom or you to be sent to work there
是你还是汤姆要被派去那里工作？
对点练习
1.The teacher and poet often (give) lectures around the city.
2.I think Tom，rather than you， (be) to blame for the incident；that is to say，you are innocent.
3.As far as I know，his family not very large but the family all music lovers.(be)
4.The poor (be) looked down upon in the old days.
5.Listening to loud music and rock concerts (cause) hearing loss in some teenagers so far.
6.There (be) an old man and two boys waiting for you in the doorway.
gives
is
is
are
were
has caused
is
解题技法
解题技法
1.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _____(be) previously unprotected... (2022·新课标Ⅰ)
2.Going to Mount Huangshan (remind) me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”.
3.Often，only a small part of a museum’s collection (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
were
reminds
is
返 回
虚拟语气
考点精讲四
情景导入
1.wish/would rather/as if/if only从句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cold winter.)
Z：I wish I had① something hot to drink.
W：I would rather I hadn’t invited② you to go out.
Z：How big a fish! If only I had caught② it.
W：If only you hadn’t fallen② into the river！If only we had① dry clothes now! Now I wish your wife wouldn’t blame③ this on me.
规则感悟
as if好像，wish希望，would rather宁可，if only要是……就好了，这四个词汇后的从句往往用虚拟语气。
①对现在的虚拟，从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟，从句谓语用had＋过去分词。③对将来的虚拟，从句谓语用would/could/might/should＋动词原形，would rather从句中用一般过去时。
2.条件句中的虚拟语气
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hospital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were not ill，I would go fishing.①
W：If you hadn’t gone fishing yesterday，you wouldn’t have caught a cold.②
Z：I would have stayed at home，but Mr Wang invited me to go.③ He told me to hurry，otherwise I wouldn’t have forgotten to wear warm coats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault But for/Without Mr Wang，you would have been drowned.⑤
Z：Had it not been for the big fish，I wouldn’t have fallen into the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I should recover tomorrow.⑦
规则感悟
·①②⑦为if条件句中的虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
对现在的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/were...，主语＋would/could/
should/might do...
对过去的虚拟：If＋主语＋had done...，主语＋would/could/
should/might have done...
对将来的虚拟：If＋主语＋did/should/were to do...，主语＋
would/could/should/might do...
规则感悟
·⑥为if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装结构：
Had＋主语＋done，主语＋would/could/might have done...
·③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气，用法如下：
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某
些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种虚拟语气称为含蓄虚
拟条件句。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for
要不是，otherwise/or否则，but但是等。句子结构同上面if条
件句中的虚拟语气的结构。
3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphone and that he (should) not be punished.①The teacher ordered that he (should) take out the cellphone and commanded that he (should) phone his parents right now.①Mike requested that the teacher (should) not call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (should) give him another chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (should) not take cellphones to school.② Her suggestion/advice was that Mike (should) study hard instead of cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/should prepare for the college entrance examination.④
规则感悟
·某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)
动词原形。如①，这类动词包括“一坚持”(insist)，“二命令”(order/
command)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建议”(suggest/
advise/recommend/propose)。
·上述动词用于“It is/was＋过去分词＋that从句”时，从句使用虚拟语
气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原形，如②。
·上述动词的名词形式如requirement，suggestion，advice等，其后的
表语从句或同位语从句也用虚拟语气，即谓语用(should＋)动词原
形，如③。
·It is (high/about) time that sb did/should do sth也是常见的虚拟语气
形式，如④。
4.It is/was＋adj.＋that sb (should) do...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb (should) do...
English teacher：It is important/essential/necessa-ry that you (should) learn English well.Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I (should) learn English well.
规则感悟
在It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句和It is/was＋名词(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”。
1.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
if条件句中有were，had或should时，可以省略if，并把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装结构。
If I were in your position，I would do the same.
→Were I in your position，I would do the same.假如我处在你的位置，我也会这样做的。
If you had come earlier，you would have caught the bus.
→Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus.如果你来得早些，你就会赶上公共汽车了。
If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去爬山了。
2.错综时间虚拟条件句
当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had listened to the teacher yesterday，you wouldn’t suffer so much now.
如果你昨天听老师的，你现在就不会受这么多苦。
3.当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病，坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
对点练习
1.The Antarctica is so mysteriously described by some people.If only I __________(be) there before!
2.Our only request is that this (settle) as soon as possible.
3.I believe he must have had an accident；otherwise he _________________
(arrive) on time.
4.If you (take) my advice，you would not have failed in the exam.
5.How I wish every student (have)a scientific and systematic study method!
had been
(should) be settled
would have arrived
had taken
had
解题技法
解题技法
1.If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers，I (not，be) where I am.
2.I wish my mother (stop) interfering and let me make my own decisions.
3.My father suggests that I (get) enough sleep before the final examination.
4.My husband is always talking about the economy，but I’d rather he _______(focus) more on our children’s education.
返 回
wouldn’t be
would stop
(should) get
focused
考点分层演练
Part Five
1.Jack (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
2.Jenny should (keep) her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
3.This led to the reappearance of the city that (sink) decades before without any prior investigations.
4.In the past decades，efforts (make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture.
层级一
基础达标练
was working
have kept
had sunk
have been made
5.During that period，the art form (bring) to Yazhou Town in today’s Pingtang County，Guizhou Province from Jiangxi Province.
6.Today，the time-honored folk art of the Jingxi Taiping Drum ________
______(take) up by the young people and is presenting its lively artistic charm on a global stage.
7.The money (distribute) over a four-year period and is aimed at helping approximately 1,000 homeless people in the county of Arvada.
was brought
is being
taken
will be distributed
8.In addition，Xuan paper (design) to be able to last for more than 1,000 years and still keep the freshness of the ink and color on it.
9.The action of pouring hot water over fine powdered tea is called dian，hence the name dian cha，which (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou District，Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province，in 2019.
10.The shock victories have thrilled success-starved Chinese fans who named humorously the overachieving teams “the light of Asian soccer”，while topics related to the wins (become) top trending news on Chinese social media ever since.
is designed
was listed
have become
1.Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road...
(2024·新课标Ⅰ)
2.A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017.Two years later，a six-meter-tall pavilion，inspired by The Peony Pavilion， (build) at the Firs Garden，just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
(2024·新课标Ⅱ)
层级二
高考真题练
walks
was built
3.Consumers prefer money off individual items.However，though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages，it would help even more if they could sometimes (offer) in smaller packs.Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day. (2024·浙江1月)
4.Over the last two years，some supermarkets (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions(份). (2024·浙江1月)
be offered
have started
5.On a cool，starry night in mid-September 1870，four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in what is now northwestern Wyoming.They (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
(2024·全国甲)
6.The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world， (mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. (2023·全国乙)
were
means
7.Henry (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
(2022·新课标Ⅱ)
8.Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated，he (offer) jobs by a dozen computer companies. (2021·天津)
9.Good evening，everybody.Professor King _________________________
(deliver) his lecture in a moment，but let me introduce him first.
(2021·天津)
10.Currently，about 35,000 works (display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre，and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
(2021·天津)
was fixing
had been offered
will deliver/will be delivering
are being displayed
The first zoo 1. (establish) around 3,500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2. (build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals.
层级三
语篇提能练
was established
built
Some of the early European zoos 3. (consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6.__________
(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7. (try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8. (save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat.
consisted
were replaced
(were) kept
understood
have tried/have been trying
to save
Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10. (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now.
返 回
(are) watched
are playing
语法链接写作
Part Six
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
写作增分亮句
1.时态的交叉使用
运用 (2022·浙江1月)虽然我对你去年离开中国感到有点遗憾，但我很高兴知道你在家乡过着幸福的生活。
典例 (2024·北京)我坚信，这些报告将全面介绍中国的发展历程及其在世界舞台上的影响。
I am firmly convinced that these reports will provide a comprehensive view of China’s journey of development and its impact on the world stage.
Though I felt a little sorry that you left China last year，I am pleased to know you are leading a happy life in your hometown.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.利用“主将从现”的规律
运用 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果学生和一个相处不好或沟通有困难的人在一起，他们会感到不舒服或缺乏动力。
典例 (2024·浙江1月)如果你每天做伸展运动，它会提高你的注意力和集中力，使你更容易在课堂上保持专注。
If you do stretching exercises every day，it will improve your focus and concentration，making it easier to stay engaged in class.
Students will feel uncomfortable or less motivated if they are paired with someone they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.被动语态的适当运用
运用 (2023·北京)为了强调绿色出行的重要性，我们将组织一次一起骑共享单车的活动。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)上周五我们在公园里上了一堂美术课。整个班级充满了欢乐。
Last Friday witnessed an art class we had in a park.The whole class was filled with joy.
To highlight the importance of green travel，an event of riding shared bikes together will be organized.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.虚拟语气巧利用
(1)if条件句的虚拟
运用 (2021·新课标Ⅰ)如果我没读英文报Youth，我在英语方面就不会有这么大的进步。
典例 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果我没有充分利用这次机会为写作比赛做准备，我就不会获得一等奖。
If I hadn’t made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I wouldn’t have gained first prize.
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Youth，I wouldn’t have made such great progress in English.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)利用“It’s high time that...”表虚拟
运用 总之，现在是我们提高环境保护意识的时候了。
典例 (2022·全国甲)总之，是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。
All in all，it is high time that we should devote/devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
In a word，it is high time that we should raise/raised our awareness of environmental protection.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3)should的适当运用
运用 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)好心的Gunter建议我问问周围有没有人能帮忙取钱。
典例 (2024·天津3月)我强烈建议你去中国，亲身体验这些进步。
I highly recommend that you (should) visit China and experience these advancements first-hand.
Gunter，with his kind heart，suggested I (should) ask around if anyone could help with a cash withdrawal.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4)利用含蓄虚拟条件句
运用 (2020·全国Ⅰ)若没有她的帮助和专业的指导，我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
典例 (2023·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)如果没有我老师的鼓励，我是不可能获奖的。
Without my teacher’s encouragement，I couldn’t have won the prize.
But for/Without her help and professional instruction，I couldn’t have made such great progress in English study.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.利用句型，“亮”化句子
运用 (2024·上海6月)得知这是你第一次做饭，我写信是想和你分享一些建议。
典例 (2024·新课标Ⅰ、Ⅱ)这是我们学校第一次在风景优美的公园里组织美术课。
This was the first time our school had organised an art class in the park with breathtaking scenery.
Learning this is the first time you have cooked，I’m writing to share some advice with you.
语篇写作运用
假设你是李华，你应该在本周五提交Mr Anderson布置的读书报告，但因个人原因，现在无法按时提交。请你给Mr Anderson发一封电子邮件，内容要求如下：
1.表达歉意；
2.说明原因；
3.提出补救办法。
Dear Mr Anderson，
I am excessively sorry to say that I won’t be able to finish the reading report 1. (你给我们布置的) on time this Friday.Now, 2. (我写信来表达我诚挚的歉意) and ask for permission of later submission.
I know I am supposed to finish my homework before the deadline，but unfortunately，I 3. (赶上了一场大雨) and had a high fever the day before yesterday and I am still feeling dizzy right now.Therefore，I 4. (还没有完成阅读部分) yet，let alone the report.
you assigned to us
I am writing to extend my sincere apology
was caught in a heavy rain
haven’t finished the reading part
5._____________________________________________________________________(如果您能允许我下周一交作业，我将不胜感激).Sorry again for the inconvenience I’m about to cause and thanks for your understanding.
Yours，
Li Hua
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I would appreciate it if you could allow me to hand in my work next Monday
