第2讲 代词和冠词
第一节 代词
人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本形式
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
第一人称 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
2．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本用法
类别 语法规则 例句/词
人称代词 主格多作主语，宾格多作宾语和表语 You, he and I are in different classes． Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him．
物主代词 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语 my name her book
名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，常作主语、表语和宾语，也可用“of＋名词性物主代词”结构作后置定语 She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
反身代词 作动词的宾语(动作的施动者和受动者是同一人) Tom taught himself Chinese．
作介词的宾语 You can't leave the baby by himself．
作表语 I'm not quite myself today．
作同位语，用于加强语气，强调“亲自，本人，亲身” She herself heard him say so yesterday．
it的用法
语法规则 例句
指代提到过的或正在谈论的动物或事物，以及已知或正在发生的事实或情况等 Some of my friends who had been there before said it was a wonderful holiday destination．
主要用于指时间、距离、价值、自然现象(天气、气候及温度等) It is early spring, but it is already very hot． (第一个it指时间， 第二个it 指天气)
指人，主要用于指代性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份 Her new baby is tiny．It only weighs 2 kilos．
it用作形式主语 Hence，it would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely． It's no use crying over spilt milk． It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth．
it用作形式宾语 She made it clear that she objected． I find it quite necessary to tell her beforehand． I consider it worthwhile watching this movie．
指示代词和不定代词
1．指示代词
代词 语法规则 例句
one 代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个(it指原物)，a/an＋可数名词单数＝one A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood．
ones ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词，也表泛指，可数名词复数＝ones Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood．
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语，the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one，the＋不可数名词＝that The bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood． The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai．
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones，the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/those The bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood．
2．不定代词both，either，neither，all
代词 语法规则 例句
both ①“两者都” ②作主语时谓语动词用复数 ③与not连用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences． Not both of the substances are dissolved in water．
either ①“两者中任何一个”(表示三者及三者以上任何一个用any) ②作主语时谓语动词用单数 There are two types of qualification, and either is acceptable．
neither ①表示 “两者都不” ②单独作主语，谓语动词用单数 ③后接of短语作主语且of后为名词或代词复数时，谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数 Neither of them has/have a car．
all ①三者及三者以上的全部 ②作主语，指人时，谓语通常用复数；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语通常用单数 ③与not连用，无论not在前还是在后，都表示部分否定，全部否定用none All were invited． All of the food has gone． Not all of them speak English．＝All of them don't speak English．
3．不定代词each，every
代词 语法规则 例句
each ①强调个体，可作代词和形容词，指两者或两者以上的每一个 ②可与of短语连用，可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语用单数，作主语的同位语时，谓语的数和主语保持一致 Each of the students has a dictionary． They each have a dictionary．
every ①强调整体中三者及三者以上的每一个，只能作定语 ②与not连用构成部分否定 ③可用来表示 “每隔” ④不可与of短语连用 Every boy in the class has read the book． (every two days＝every second day＝every other day)
4．the other, another，others，the others
代词 语法规则 例句
the other 特指两者中的另一个，常用在“one...the other...”结构中 I have two daughters． One is a doctor, and the other is a teacher．
another 指三者或三者以上中的“另一，再一” I got another of those calls yesterday．
others 相当于“other＋可数名词复数”，泛指别的人或物，常用在“some... others...”结构中 Some students are cleaning the floor; others are cleaning the windows．
the others 相当于“the other＋可数名词复数”，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在“some...the others...”结构中 Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will go to the museum．
第二节 冠词
不定冠词a/an
语法规则 例句
表示“一”，但不强调数量概念，或数量概念没有one强烈 Rome was not built in a day．
用于指首次提到的对方不知道的人或物 Occupied in carrying out an experiment，he can't spare time to look after his son．
“a/an＋可数名词单数”泛指一类人或事物，或指同类人或事物中的“一个” In America，if a friend has invited you to drop in at any time, it is best to call before visiting．
“a/an＋序数词”表示“又一，再一” In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language．
用于表示价格、速度、比率等，表示“每一” She can type about 50 words a minute．
不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain A Mr． Green called just now．
“of a/an＋名词”表示相同尺寸、年龄等，相当于 “of the same＋名词” These sweaters are of a size．＝These sweaters are of the same size．
用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的有：success，failure, danger, surprise，pleasure, beauty, comfort, honour等 I don't think the experiment is a failure． At least we have gained experience for future success．
定冠词the
语法规则 例句/示例
表示双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物 Six of the thirty-eight people were U．S． citizens．
用于表特指的由短语或从句修饰的名词前 I really enjoy the book I've just finished reading．
表示一类人或事物(用于形容词或分词前) He knows he is waiting for the impossible．
用于指世界上独一无二的事物 Paris is a beautiful city, where you can see the famous Eiffel Tower．
用于演奏乐器时的乐器名称前 As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football．
the＋表示姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人或夫妇二人 The Jacksons are coming to visit us on Saturday．
用于序数词、最高级以及only，very，same等词之前 It was the first time that Helen had understood such a complex word．
用于表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词以及逢十的复数数词前 The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture in the 1980s．
用于表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等 I got paid by time． To be exact，I got paid by the hour．
用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, pat, take等)＋sb．＋介词＋the＋身体部位” hit sb． on the head pat sb． on the shoulder take sb． by the arm/hand
零冠词
语法规则 例句
不可数名词和可数名词复数表示泛指时 Water is necessary to life． Books are my best friend．
名词前已有this, my, some, each, no, any等限定词时 We are doing this all without any support from the hospital．
学科、语言、球类、棋类、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季节、节假日和以人名或地名命名的大学等名词前 They can choose other subjects like Art, Computer Science or languages such as Spanish and German．
与by连用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名词前 I will contact you by letter．
表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词(如captain，manager，monitor，president等)在句中作表语、同位语或补语时 Mr． Smith, president of the new company, will be in charge of research and marketing operations．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Since people can't always eat out or cook for ____________(they), they get takeout or order delivery．
2．As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory． It sure does in ____________ (I)．
3．Ecotourism has ____________(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
4．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟) and imagine ____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
5．Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of ____________ (we) Further Resources section featured in each volume．
6．____________ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two storeys in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family．
7．Covering an area about three times ____________ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
8．It took us about 3 hours to go all ____________ way around the Xi'an City Wall．
9．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is ____________ must to visit!
10．Due to ____________ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism．
Ⅱ．语法链接写作——小小的it, 大大的气场
1．__________________________________，reading widely is of great importance．
谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
2．__________________________ diet has a significant impact on our health．
人们普遍认为饮食对我们的健康有重大影响。
3．________________________________________________ I began to appreciate their beauty．
就是在我重读他的诗歌的时候，我才开始领会它们的美。
4．____________________________________________________________ after he left the office．
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是粗心。
5．__________________________________ to protect the environment of our campus．
到了我们采取措施保护校园环境的时候了。
Ⅲ．语法填空
Samantha Cristoforetti, 1．____________ first Italian female astronaut in space, posted a group of photos and several Chinese sentences on her social media account during her mission at the International Space Station．
Attached to the photos 2．____________ (be) several lines from Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion, 3．____________ ancient Chinese calligraphy masterpiece 4．____________ famous Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi from the Eastern Jin Dynasty．
Cristoforetti even gave an accurate translation of the lines, saying, “Looking up, I see the immensity of 5．____________ cosmos; bowing my head, I look at the multitude of the world． The gaze flies, the heart expands, the joy of the senses can reach 6．____________ (it) peak, and indeed, this is true happiness．”
“Her quotation (引语) of the lines shows that she carefully observed the universe with the vision of Chinese civilization while observing China from space． Such a quotation is very special, which shows her ambition and 7．____________ sense of pride，” said Professor Wang Hui from Tsinghua University．
Her quotation also sparked a 8．____________ (heat) discussion among foreign Internet users on social media． Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity, Cristoforetti also had the ability 9．____________ (work) at the Chinese space station, while 10．____________(other) hoped that there would be less conflict and more cooperation in the world．
第2讲 代词和冠词
Ⅰ．1．themselves 2．mine 3．its 4．themselves 5．our 6．The
7．the 8．the 9．a 10．the
Ⅱ．1．When it comes to learning English 2．It is widely accepted that 3．It was only when I reread his poems that 4．It was careless of him to leave the door open 5．It's (high) time that we took/should take measures
Ⅲ．1．the 2．were 3．an 4．by 5．the 6．its 7．a 8．heated
9．to work 10．others
1 / 9(共38张PPT)
第二部分
语法考点突破
词法篇
专题四 介词(短语)、代词和冠词
第2讲 代词和冠词
语法精讲
第一节 代词
考点一 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本形式
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性物 主代词 名词性物 主代词
第一 人称 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词 名词性物 主代词
第二 人称 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
2．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的基本用法
类别 语法规则 例句/词
人称 代词 主格多作主语，宾格多作宾语和表语 You，he and I are in different classes．
Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him．
类别 语法规则 例句/词
物主 代词 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语 my name
her book
名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，常作主语、表语和宾语，也可用“of＋名词性物主代词”结构作后置定语 She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
类别 语法规则 例句/词
反身 代词 作动词的宾语(动作的施动者和受动者是同一人) Tom taught himself Chinese．
作介词的宾语 You can't leave the baby by himself．
作表语 I'm not quite myself today．
作同位语，用于加强语气，强调“亲自，本人，亲身” She herself heard him say so yesterday．
考点二 it的用法
语法规则 例句
指代提到过的或正在谈论的动物或事物，以及已知或正在发生的事实或情况等 Some of my friends who had been there before said it was a wonderful holiday destination．
主要用于指时间、距离、价值、自然现象(天气、气候及温度等) It is early spring，but it is already very hot．
(第一个it指时间，第二个it 指天气)
语法规则 例句
指人，主要用于指代性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份 Her new baby is tiny．It only weighs 2 kilos．
it用作形式主语 Hence，it would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely．
It's no use crying over spilt milk．
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth．
语法规则 例句
it用作形式宾语 She made it clear that she objected．
I find it quite necessary to tell her beforehand．
I consider it worthwhile watching this movie．
考点三 指示代词和不定代词
1．指示代词
代词 语法规则 例句
one 代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个(it指原物)，a/an＋可数名词单数＝one A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood．
ones ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词，也表泛指，可数名词复数＝ones Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood．
代词 语法规则 例句
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语，the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one，the＋不可数名词＝that The bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood．
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai．
代词 语法规则 例句
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones，the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/those The bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood．
2．不定代词both，either，neither，all
代词 语法规则 例句
both ①“两者都” ②作主语时谓语动词用复数 ③与not连用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences．
Not both of the substances are dissolved in water．
either ①“两者中任何一个”(表示三者及三者以上任何一个用any) ②作主语时谓语动词用单数 There are two types of qualification，and either is acceptable．
代词 语法规则 例句
neither ①表示 “两者都不” ②单独作主语，谓语动词用单数 ③后接of短语作主语且of后为名词或代词复数时，谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数 Neither of them has/have a car．
代词 语法规则 例句
all ①三者及三者以上的全部 ②作主语，指人时，谓语通常用复数；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语通常用单数 ③与not连用，无论not在前还是在后，都表示部分否定，全部否定用none All were invited．
All of the food has gone．
Not all of them speak English．＝All of them don't speak English．
3．不定代词each，every
代词 语法规则 例句
each ①强调个体，可作代词和形容词，指两者或两者以上的每一个 ②可与of短语连用，可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语用单数，作主语的同位语时，谓语的数和主语保持一致 Each of the students has a dictionary．
They each have a dictionary．
代词 语法规则 例句
every ①强调整体中三者及三者以上的每一个，只能作定语 ②与not连用构成部分否定 ③可用来表示 “每隔” ④不可与of短语连用 Every boy in the class has read the book．
(every two days＝every second day＝every other day)
4．the other，another，others，the others
代词 语法规则 例句
the other 特指两者中的另一个，常用在“one...the other...”结构中 I have two daughters．One is a doctor，and the other is a teacher．
another 指三者或三者以上中的“另一，再一” I got another of those calls yesterday．
代词 语法规则 例句
others 相当于“other＋可数名词复数”，泛指别的人或物，常用在“some...others...”结构中 Some students are cleaning the floor；others are cleaning the windows．
the others 相当于“the other＋可数名词复数”，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在“some...the others...”结构中 Two boys will go to the zoo，and the others will go to the museum．
第二节 冠词
考点一 不定冠词a/an
语法规则 例句
表示“一”，但不强调数量概念，或数量概念没有one强烈 Rome was not built in a day．
用于指首次提到的对方不知道的人或物 Occupied in carrying out an experiment，he can't spare time to look after his son．
“a/an＋可数名词单数”泛指一类人或事物，或指同类人或事物中的“一个” In America，if a friend has invited you to drop in at any time，it is best to call before visiting．
语法规则 例句
“a/an＋序数词”表示“又一，再一” In order to find a better job，he decided to study a second foreign language．
用于表示价格、速度、比率等，表示“每一” She can type about 50 words a minute．
不定冠词a/an表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain A Mr．Green called just now．
语法规则 例句
“of a/an＋名词”表示相同尺寸、年龄等，相当于 “of the same＋名词” These sweaters are of a size．＝These sweaters are of the same size．
用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的有：success，failure，danger，surprise，pleasure，beauty，comfort，honour等 I don't think the experiment is a failure．At least we have gained experience for future success．
考点二 定冠词the
语法规则 例句/示例
表示双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物 Six of the thirty-eight people were U．S．citizens．
用于表特指的由短语或从句修饰的名词前 I really enjoy the book I've just finished reading．
表示一类人或事物(用于形容词或分词前) He knows he is waiting for the impossible．
语法规则 例句/示例
用于指世界上独一无二的事物 Paris is a beautiful city，where you can see the famous Eiffel Tower．
用于演奏乐器时的乐器名称前 As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football．
the＋表示姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人或夫妇二人 The Jacksons are coming to visit us on Saturday．
语法规则 例句/示例
用于序数词、最高级以及only，very，same等词之前 It was the first time that Helen had understood such a complex word．
用于表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词以及逢十的复数数词前 The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture in the 1980s．
语法规则 例句/示例
用于表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等 I got paid by time．To be exact，I got paid by the hour．
用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，pat，take等)＋sb．＋介词＋the＋身体部位” hit sb．on the head
pat sb．on the shoulder
take sb．by the arm/hand
考点三 零冠词
语法规则 例句
不可数名词和可数名词复数表示泛指时 Water is necessary to life．
Books are my best friend．
名词前已有this，my，some，each，no，any等限定词时 We are doing this all without any support from the hospital．
学科、语言、球类、棋类、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季节、节假日和以人名或地名命名的大学等名词前 They can choose other subjects like Art，Computer Science or languages such as Spanish and German．
语法规则 例句
与by连用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名词前 I will contact you by letter．
表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词(如captain，manager，monitor，president等)在句中作表语、同位语或补语时 Mr．Smith，president of the new company，will be in charge of research and marketing operations．
达标演练
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．Since people can't always eat out or cook for ___________(they)，they get takeout or order delivery．
2．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in _____ (I)．
3．Ecotourism has ___(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
themselves
mine
its
4．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟) and imagine ___________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
5．Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of ___ (we) Further Resources section featured in each volume．
6．____ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two storeys in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family．
themselves
our
The
7．Covering an area about three times ___ size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
8．It took us about 3 hours to go all ___ way around the Xi'an City Wall．
9．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is _ must to visit!
10．Due to ___ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism．
the
the
a
the
Ⅱ．语法链接写作——小小的it，大大的气场
1．_______________________________，reading widely is of great importance．
谈到学习英语，广泛阅读很重要。
2．________________________ diet has a significant impact on our health．
人们普遍认为饮食对我们的健康有重大影响。
When it comes to learning English
It is widely accepted that
3．_____________________________________ I began to appreciate their beauty．
就是在我重读他的诗歌的时候，我才开始领会它们的美。
4．_______________________________________ after he left the office．
他离开办公室之后没关门，真是粗心。
5．__________________________________________ to protect the environment of our campus．
到了我们采取措施保护校园环境的时候了。
It was only when I reread his poems that
It was careless of him to leave the door open
It's (high) time that we took/should take measures
Ⅲ．语法填空
Samantha Cristoforetti，1．___ first Italian female astronaut in space，posted a group of photos and several Chinese sentences on her social media account during her mission at the International Space Station．
Attached to the photos 2．_____ (be) several lines from Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion，3．__ ancient Chinese calligraphy masterpiece 4．__ famous Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi from the Eastern Jin Dynasty．
the
were
an
by
Cristoforetti even gave an accurate translation of the lines，saying，“Looking up，I see the immensity of 5．___ cosmos；bowing my head，I look at the multitude of the world．The gaze flies，the heart expands，the joy of the senses can reach 6．___ (it) peak，and indeed，this is true happiness．”
the
its
“Her quotation (引语) of the lines shows that she carefully observed the universe with the vision of Chinese civilization while observing China from space．Such a quotation is very special，which shows her ambition and 7．__ sense of pride，” said Professor Wang Hui from Tsinghua University．
a
Her quotation also sparked a 8．______ (heat) discussion among foreign Internet users on social media．Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity，Cristoforetti also had the ability 9．_____________ (work) at the Chinese space station，while 10．______(other) hoped that there would be less conflict and more cooperation in the world．
heated
to work
others
谢 谢！
