UNIT 3 The world of science
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2025·开封三模）Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena， he did use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole.
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images， distinguishing them from refractors （折射望远镜） that rely on lenses.Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical knowledge and our comprehension of the universe.
As light passes through glass， various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles， leading to chromatic aberration （色差） and consequently， distorted images when viewed through a lens.In the time of Newton， the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very primitive， and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had not been adequately addressed.Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large.As the size of a lens increases significantly， it becomes extremely heavy， causing its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality.
Newton’s telescope solved these problems.A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass.It simply bounces all the light off the surface.This means there’s no chromatic aberration.Plus， because we only need to bounce light off the surface， we can support the entire mirror on a base， reducing its weight.This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion.
While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit， what Newton did do was tie in mathematics， astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory.
The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and maintained by the Royal Society of London.It is showcased in London and occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions.
1.What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope？（ ）
A.It has a complex structure.
B.It relies on mirrors instead of lenses.
C.It can make the image smaller than a refractor.
D.It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena.
2.What does the underlined word “distorted” in Paragraph 3 mean？（ ）
A.Confused. B.Twisted. C.Evident. D.Vivid.
3.What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve？（ ）
A.Issues with image quality. B.Restrictions on the size.
C.Challenges of lens making. D.Limits of light passing angles.
4.What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley？（ ）
A.To state a fact. B.To raise a point.
C.To explain a concept. D.To make a comparison.
B
（2025·湖北八市一模）Chinese scientists have created a breakthrough fibre that can be woven into warm， lightweight clothing using aerogel， a thermal insulation （热绝缘） material mainly used in the aerospace industry.
Aerogel， notable for their performance and durability， could have various applications.As the world’s lightest solid material， it has long been valued for its thermal insulation properties.Traditional aerogel， made by replacing the liquid in aerogel with air， is extraordinarily light， resembling a solid cloud of smoke.Its high porosity （多孔性） gives it exceptional heat resistance， but this also makes it fragile and challenging to process， limiting its use in civilian applications.
But now， researchers at Zhejiang University have overcome aerogel’s fragility and designed an encapsulated aerogel fibre （EAF） with similar thermal insulation mechanisms — after being inspired by the structure of polar bear hair.
The China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation as well as Nasa have used EAF in Mars rovers， which endure extreme temperatures ranging from thousands of degrees during the Martian landing to －130 degrees Celsius （－202 degrees Fahrenheit） on the planet’s surface.
In an experiment， a volunteer wore textiles （纺织品） made of EAF， down， wool， and cotton in a-20 degree Celsius environment.The surface temperatures of these materials were 3.5 degrees， 3.8 degrees， 7.2 degrees， and 10.8 degrees respectively， indicating the superior insulation of EAF.They showed the practicality of EAF by weaving a jumper and comparing its thermal insulation to common textile materials.
As well as being strong and stretchable， EAF can also be washed and dyed， improving its use in practical applications.Traditional silica aerogel will absorb water and collapse on itself.As a result， it quickly loses its thermal insulation qualities in wet or humid environments.However， EAF maintains its performance even after machine washing.
Professor Zhang Xuetong of the Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences， highlighted the potential of the aerogel fibres in advanced thermal textiles.As well as its potential for civilian use， EAF fibre also holds promise for industries that are already familiar with aerogels.“EAF textiles feature excellent thermal insulation and multifunction and have great potential in areas such as military uniforms and spacesuits in extremely cold environments，” professor Zhang noted in a paper.However， he also noted the gap between existing technology and capacity for mass production.Challenges exist regarding how to develop fast spinning technology and resolve the continuous fabrication that is necessary for mass production.
5.What is the characteristic of traditional aerogel？（ ）
A.It can be easily processed. B.It is resistant to high temperatures.
C.It is a solid cloud of smoke. D.It can effectively insulate electricity.
6.What is EAF’s advantage in enduring extreme temperature based on？（ ）
A.Research statistics. B.Public comments. C.Scientific prediction. D.Commercial reports.
7.Professor Zhang Xuetong’s study found that mass production could be possible if .（ ）
A.advancement is made in thermal textiles B.there exists need for continuous fabrication
C.barriers in fast spinning technology are overcome D.aerogel’s strengths and weaknesses get balanced
8.What is the text mainly about？（ ）
A.The development of aerogel fibre. B.The potential use of biomimetic fibre.
C.Great breakthrough in aerospace industry. D.China’s newly-woven clothing made from aerogel.
Ⅱ.应用文写作
（2025·岳阳二模）你校学生会计划面向国际交流生招募山区小学英语支教志愿者。请你写一则招募启事，内容包括：
（1）介绍招募目的；（2）说明工作内容和要求。
注意：（1）写作词数应为80个左右；（2）请按如下格式作答。
Volunteers Wanted
UNIT 3 The world of science
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线，避免了由于色差导致的图像失真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理解发生了转变。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images， distinguishing them from refractors （折射望远镜） that rely on lenses.可知，牛顿的反射望远镜依靠镜子而不是透镜来工作。
2.B 词义猜测题。根据画线词的上下文可知，色差会让图像通过透镜观看时扭曲失真，画线词意思应该是“扭曲的”，与twisted意思相近。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，牛顿的望远镜成功解决了图像因色差以及重量问题而质量不佳的问题。
4.D 推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，与伽利略、哈雷相比，牛顿虽然没有发现新的天文学现象，但是却做到了将数学、天文学和人们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈雷的目的是作比较。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是中国科学家取得的重大突破——用气凝胶织出冬季毛衣，该衣服具有轻薄耐穿，可水洗可染色，伸缩性强，保暖性好等优点。
5.B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，传统气凝胶的特点是耐高温。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第四、五段内容可知，EAF在耐受极端温度方面的优势是基于研究统计数据的。
7.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段的Challenges exist regarding how to develop fast spinning technology and resolve the continuous fabrication that is necessary for mass production.可知，Zhang Xuetong的研究发现，如果克服了快速纺丝技术的障碍，大规模生产是可能的。
8.D 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，本文主要讲述中国科学家用气凝胶织出冬季衣服的重大突破。
Ⅱ.
Volunteers Wanted
To ease the burden of the teacher shortage in remote areas， volunteers are needed to teach English there.
As a volunteer， you will be responsible for giving English classes and caring for the kids， especially the left-behind ones.The programme will last for one year.There is no doubt that these activities will leave you with unforgettable memories for the rest of your life.
You need to be over 18 and able to communicate well both in spoken and written Chinese and English.Similar experience is not a must， but you should be friendly and outgoing.If interested， please contact 123456@.
1 / 3Part Ⅰ 一维重点突破
Nowadays， many capable people desire （invent） stuff that can make people’s lives easier， which is significant.Some fail many times they never say never.For instance， more than one brilliant housewife （make） a lot of extraordinary minor inventions， which is a proof that everyone can make a difference to our lives beyond our own （expect） . 微技能热身 1.①处应填 。 2.②处前后内容构成转折关系，应用连词 。 3.③处根据主谓一致的原则应填 。 4.④处作介词beyond的宾语，应填 。
desire n.渴望，欲望；渴求 vt.& vi.渴望；期望；想要
【练通】 单句语法填空
①The boy has a strong desire knowledge and wants to go to college very much.
【写美】 微写作
②如果你渴望无障碍地与外国人交流，我呼吁你立即加入我们的英语口语俱乐部。
If ， I appeal to you to join our Spoken English Club right away.（desire to do）
【归纳】
（1）have a desire to do sth 迫切想做某事
have a desire for sth 急于得到某物
a desire to do sth 做某事的愿望
（2）desire sth/to do sth 渴望某物/做某事
desire sb/sth to do sth 渴望某人/某物做某事
desire for sth 想要得到某物
desire that ... 渴望……
【点津】 desire作动词或名词，后接名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”。
句型公式：“more than one＋单数可数名词”作主语
【教材原句】 More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.
数代学生都叹服于他（富兰克林）的勇气与追求真理时采用的科学手段。
【写美】 微写作
①许多学生通过了考试，这使他们的老师非常高兴。
Many a student ， which made their teacher more than delighted.
②不仅学生而且老师都想去爬山。
Not only the students but also the teacher .
③每个学生都努力学习，因为他们知道知识的重要性。
Each of the students because they know the importance of knowledge.
【归纳】
（1）“more than one/many a＋单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
（2）either， neither， each， every或no＋单数名词和复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数形式。
（3）用or， either ...or ...， neither ...nor ...， not only ...but also ...等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致”原则。
【佳句】 More than one expert was invited to deliver a speech about the field where they have made achievements.不止一个专家被邀请就他们取得了成绩的领域发表演讲。
In terms of the attitude to work， as a brilliant chemist， Mr Brown devoted himself （entire） to his scientific research.He was always conducting each experiment so carefully.After finishing the experiment， he would write accurate account of it.In addition， he had been desiring to be a positive person.Once he （injure） in a car accident while returning home.He never lost heart when he was in hospital and he often encouraged other patients to be more strong-minded.After he left the hospital， he began to attach great （important） to the homeless children’s mental and physical health， （try） to help to cure them of some bad habits.Such is Mr Brown， who set a good example to us all. 微技能热身 1.①处应填 。 2.②处应填 。 3.③处he与injure之间为被动关系，应填 。 4.④处被形容词great修饰，应填 。 5.⑤处作状语， he与try之间为主谓关系，应填 。
in terms of ... 就……来说；从……角度
【练通】 单句语法填空
①What they have done is good for the environment the long term.
②It’s not easy for her to come to terms the fact that he is unemployed.
【写美】 微写作
③从长远来看，与我们周围的人处好关系很重要，所以我们应该学会与别人和解。
， it is important to ， so we should learn to .
【归纳】
（1）be on good/bad terms with sb 与某人关系好/不好
come to terms with sb 与某人达成协议/和解
come to terms with sth 接受（令人不愉快的事）
（2）in the long term/run 从长远来看
in the short term/run 从短期来看
【佳句】 Sanya is one of the most livable cities in the world in terms of climate， not to mention its beautiful seaside scenery. （建议信）
就气候而言，三亚是世界上最适合居住的城市之一，更不要说它还有美丽的海滨风光。
account n.记述，描述；说明；账户；账目 vi.& vt.认为，视为
【练通】 单句语法填空
①On account the unexpected heavy rain， we had more difficulty finding our way home.
②（译林选必四）Only when you give serious consideration to their points of view will you be able to see what accounts their emotions and empathize with them.
【写美】 微写作
③每当遇到陷入困境的人，一个活雷锋决不会袖手旁观。
Whenever meeting anyone who is trapped in difficulties， .（倒装句）
【归纳】
（1）on account of 因为，由于
on no account 决不
give a full account of 对……作详细的描述
take sth into account＝take account of sth对某事加以考虑
（2）account for 解释，说明；占……（比例）
【佳句】 The Story of My Life， written by Helen Keller， gives an account of her hard struggle to become an outstanding writer.
海伦·凯勒创作的《我生活的故事》描述了她为了成为一名杰出的作家而进行的艰苦斗争。
【点津】 on no account放在句首时常引起句子的部分倒装，有类似用法的还有by no means， in no way， in no case， on no condition， under no circumstances， at no time。
attach vt.系，绑；贴；附
【练通】 单句语法填空
①She found a box lying on the table with a card attached it， saying “Happy birthday”.
②I would be grateful if you could spare some time to review the draft script （attach） to this email and make necessary changes. （求助信）
③The scientist’s （attach） to his homeland drove him to return from abroad.
【写美】 微写作
④在学习语言的过程中，你再怎么重视阅读的重要性也不为过。 （建议信）
You can never .
【归纳】
（1）attach sth to ... 把某物连接到/附在……上
attach oneself to 依附……；缠着……
attach importance/significance/value to ... 重视；认为……重要/有意义/有价值
（2）attached adj. 喜爱的；依恋的；附属于
be attached to 被连接到……；爱慕；附属于
（3）attachment n. 附件，附属物；依恋，爱慕
【佳句】 He took out the hammock， attached it to the trees and lay in it comfortably， listening to his favourite music.（动作描写）
他拿出吊床，把它固定在树上，舒服地躺在里面，听着他最喜爱的音乐。
Part Ⅱ 二维微点练全
维度一 阅读词汇清障——一词多义/熟词生义
1.conduct
A.v.引导，带领 B.v.指挥（军队、乐队等）
C.v.实施，进行 D.v.传导（热、电）
（1）（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
（2）The warm-hearted guide conducted us around the West Lake and we enjoyed the breathtaking scenery.
（3）He was more than honoured to be invited to conduct a concert in America.
（4）There are some materials that conduct heat well.
2.词义猜测
（1）The whole problem was quite beyond me and I didn’t know how to solve it.
（2）The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see streams of people moving inside and outside the City Wall.
（3）A good idea flashed into my mind and I smiled with extreme excitement.
维度二 写作词汇夯实——词形转换/动词形式变化/固定搭配
1.（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Some are classic short stories， and some are new （origin） works.
2.（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）Once there， Lenoue was assessed and later taken to a hospital， where she learned that she had serious （injure） in one of her knees.
3.（2023·1月浙江卷）Perhaps your household won’t （entire） make the switch， but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
4. （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）If， for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， the （accurate） of the estimate will go down.
5.（2023·北京卷）This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism， such as （declare） of the field’s doubtful scientific value.
Part Ⅲ 三维写作提能
短文投稿——科技
假定你是李华，你校英语报正面向广大师生征稿，主题为“科技与现代生活”。请你给该报写一篇文章，举例说明科技在现代生活中起到的作用。
第一步 练单句——词句优美，吸引眼球
1.毫无疑问，科技已经取得了巨大进步，它与我们的日常生活息息相关。（no doubt）
2.例如，世界各地的化学家和生物学家已经进行了一系列的科学实验，试图找到癌症的治疗方法。（instance， chemist， biologist， conduct， scientific， experiment， cure）
3.这个问题解决之后，人类的生活质量将大大提高。（with复合结构）
4.除此之外，中国的天文学家已经建造了世界上最大的天文望远镜，这对于探索宇宙的起源有重要意义。（in addition， astronomer， origin）
5.多亏了科技的快速发展，我们的未来会更美好。（thanks to）
第二步 组语篇——文从字顺，赏心悦目
厚积薄发，下笔有神
亮词 人物描写：flexible， capable， desire， never say never， extraordinary， brilliant， mental
动作描写：press， shoot， injure， draft
环境描写：compass， species， stream， lightning， flash， gravity
美句 More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth. （情感描写）
动作描写之“眼部”动作（二）
词汇 美句
单词 动词：narrow， shut， squeeze ①She tried to sit up， her eyes fixed on Jean’s face. 她试着坐起来，眼睛盯着琼的脸。 ②My father looked me straight in the eye and held fast to my hands. 父亲直视着我的眼睛，紧紧抓住我的双手。 ③She squeezed her eyes shut when the bright light shone in her face.当强光照在她脸上时，她紧紧地闭上了眼睛。
短语 ①keep an eye on 注视 ②narrow one’s eyes 眯起眼睛 ③turn one’s eyes to 把目光转向 ④shut one’s eyes 闭上眼睛 ⑤squeeze one’s eyes shut 紧闭双眼
情境导语 安妮打电话时哭了，但没说什么事，只是说回家后就告诉她父亲。安妮的父亲很纳闷，思忖着发生了什么事。
第一步 完成句子
1.安妮的父亲眯起眼睛，思忖着发生了什么事。
Anne’s father ， wondering what had happened.
2.听到把手转动的声音，他向门那边看去。
when he heard the handle turning.
3.看到安妮进来，他困惑地上下打量着她。
， he ， confused.（分词作状语＋eye用作动词）
4.尽管安妮蓝色的眼睛里噙满泪水，她却留意着她父亲的神情。
， she kept an eye on her father’s expression.（让步状语从句）
5.安妮直视父亲的眼睛，告诉了他真相。
Anne and told him the truth.
6.他得知真相后紧闭双眼，咬了咬嘴唇，泪水滑下脸颊。
When he learned the truth， he .（with复合结构）
第二步 连句成文
（2022·全国乙卷）Can a small group of drones （无人机） guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and， at the same time， help railway operators save billions of euros each year？ That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected， the more railway safety， reliability and on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient （高效） across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance， including sending maintenance staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies， drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways， detecting faults in the rail or switches， before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks， drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept： the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train， and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead， they could signal any problem， so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible？（ ）
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to？（ ）
A.Personnel safety.
B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.
D.Construction of infrastructure.
30.What function is expected of the rail drones？（ ）
A.To provide early warning.
B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews.
D.To accelerate transportation.
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text？（ ）
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
（一）由文本积阅读词汇
1.guarantee v. 确保，保证；担保
2.inspect v. 检查，审视；检阅，视察
3.calculate v. 计算，估计
4.detect v. 查明，察觉；测出，检测，识别
（二）由文本积派生（合成）词汇
1.infrastructure n.基础设施（infra-＋structure）
2.protection n.保护（protect＋-ion）
3.safety n.安全（safe＋-ty）
4.autonomously adv.自动地（autonomous＋-ly）
（三）由文本积主题词块
1.railway operator 铁路运营商
2.rail tracks 轨道；铁路线路
3.high-tension electrical lines 高压电线
4.switching points 切换点
5.personnel safety 人员安全
6.higher-value services 更高价值的服务
（四）由文本知变式运用
1.近义替换（用文章中的词汇替换）
（1）carry out these tasks＝ （最后一段）
（2）without delay＝ （最后一段）
2.熟词生义（文章中生义）
（1）programme （最后一段第四句）
（2）co-pilot （最后一段倒数第二句）
（五）由文本学靓丽表达
1.That is the very likely future of applying today’s （“空中之眼”技术） to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.（暗喻/拟人的修辞手法）
2. （对它们的检查越定期）， the more railway safety， reliability and on-time performance will be improved.（比较级）
3.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it （像副驾驶）.（明喻的修辞手法）
（六）由文本学长难句分析
It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance， including sending maintenance staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.
分析：本句为主从复合句。It 为 ， that 引导的从句为真正的主语；动词不定式短语 to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure 作 。
翻译：
UNIT 3 The world of science
【考点·多维突破】
Part Ⅰ
考点新语境（一）
[微技能热身] 1.to invent 2.but 3.makes 4.expectations
1.①for ②you desire to communicate with foreigners freely
2.①has passed the exam ②wants to go climbing
③studies hard
考点新语境（二）
[微技能热身] 1.entirely 2.an 3.was injured
4.importance 5.trying
3.①in ②with
③In the long term/run； be on good terms with people around us； come to terms with others
4.①of ②for ③on no account will a living Lei Feng stand by
5.①to ②attached ③attachment
④attach too much importance to reading during the course of learning language
Part Ⅱ
维度一
1.（1）C （2）A （3）B （4）D
2.（1）prep.超出……之外，非……所能及 （2）n.（人/车）流 （3）v.闪现，突然想到
维度二
1.original 2.injuries 3.entirely 4.accuracy 5.declarations
Part Ⅲ
应用文写作增分练
第一步
1.There is no doubt that technology has made great advances and it is closely related to our daily lives.
2.For instance， chemists and biologists all over the world have conducted a series of scientific experiments， trying to find a cure for cancer.
3.With this problem solved， the quality of human life will be greatly improved.
4.In addition， Chinese astronomers have built the world’s largest astronomical telescope， which is of great significance to exploring the origin of the universe.
5.Thanks to the rapid development of technology， our future will be better.
第二步
There is no doubt that technology has made great advances and it is closely related to our daily lives.For instance， chemists and biologists all over the world have conducted a series of scientific experiments， trying to find a cure for cancer.With this problem solved， the quality of human life will be greatly improved.In addition， Chinese astronomers have built the world’s largest astronomical telescope， which is of great significance to exploring the origin of the universe.In short， thanks to the rapid development of technology， our future will be better.
读后续写微技能
第一步
1.narrowed his eyes
2.He turned his eyes to the door
3.Eyeing Anne come in； eyed her up and down
4.Though Anne’s blue eyes were full of tears
5.looked her father straight in the eye
6.shut his eyes tightly and bit his lip， with tears running down his cheeks
第二步
Anne’s father narrowed his eyes， wondering what had happened.Then， he turned his eyes to the door when he heard the handle turning.Eyeing Anne come in， he eyed her up and down， confused.Though Anne’s blue eyes were full of tears， she kept an eye on her father’s expression.Anne looked her father straight in the eye and told him the truth.When he learned the truth， he shut his eyes tightly and bit his lip， with tears running down his cheeks.
【素养·培育落实】
一、做真题
28.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电线，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。
29.C 词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句可知，据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜间派遣维修人员去检查和修复铁路基础设施。由此可知，铁路“maintenance”包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。
30.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应。由此可推知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。
31.D 标题归纳题。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲述无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲述无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知，本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项最适合作文章标题。
三、再利用
（四）1.（1）perform these tasks （2）in time
2.（1）v.调好，设置（机器使之按某种方式运作） （2）n.副驾驶
（五）1.“eyes in the sky” technology
2.The more regularly they can be inspected
3.like a co-pilot
（六）形式主语 目的状语
据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就花费约 200 亿欧元在维护上，包括经常在夜间派遣维护人员去检查和维修铁路基础设施。(共121张PPT)
UNIT 3 The world of science
高中总复习·英语 (外研版)
01
晨背
积累沉淀
02
基础
夯实过关
03
考点
多维突破
Part Ⅰ 一维重点突破
Part Ⅱ 二维微点练全
Part Ⅲ 三维写作提能
04
素养
培育落实
05
技能
锤炼提升
1
晨背·积累沉淀
高效用时，积少成多
写作词汇运用
词块记忆
1. passive ways of killing their time
打发他们时间的消极方式
2. a number of instances of injustice
一些不公正的实例
3. a truly extraordinary woman
一位非常杰出的女性
4. scientific theory 科学理论
5. a cure for cancer 癌症的治疗方法
6. draft designs for their new home
为他们的新家草拟设计图
7. carry out experiment 做实验
8. follow normal procedure 遵循正常的步骤
9. go beyond oneself 超越自我
10. brilliant Chinese culture 辉煌的中国文化
11. entirely different 完全不同
12. proof of the existence of life on other planets
其他星球上存在生命的证据
13. ①press the button 按按钮
②the local press 地方报刊
14. ①shoot a thread of light 放射出一丝光线
②shoot a gun 开枪
③shoot a scene 拍摄一个场景
语境记忆
15. desire n.渴望，欲望
I have a strong desire to be devoted to the construction of our country.
我非常渴望致力于我们国家的建设。
阅读词汇明义
快速一览
1. gunpowder n.火药
2. compass n.指南针，罗盘
3. battery n.电池
4. compute v.计算
5. astronomer n.天文学家
6. stream n.小河，小溪
7. radium n.镭（一种化学元素）
8. lightning n.闪电
9. fiction n.虚构的事，想象的事
10. gravity n.重力，引力
教材例句
11. （人教必修二）The antelope population has recovered and in June
2015， the Tibetan antelope was removed from the endangered species
list. n.物种
12. （人教必修二）Virtual choir members record themselves while they
perform alone on video. adj.虚拟的
派生词汇识记
1. significant adj.重要的，影响深远的→significance n.重要性，意义
2. injure v.使受伤，弄伤→injury n.伤；损害→injured adj.受伤的
3. chemist n.化学家；药剂师；药房→chemistry n.化学→chemical
adj.化学的
4. biologist n.生物学家→biology n.生理；生物学→biological adj.生
物学的
5. minor adj.小的→minority n.少数
6. declaration n.声明，宣告→declare v.宣布
7. conduct v.传导（热、电）；指挥→conductor n.指挥，售票员
1.后缀“-ist”名词一览 ①chemistry→chemist
化学家 ②biology→biologist
生物学家 ③science→scientist 科学家 ④social→socialist 社
会主义者 ⑤cycle→cyclist 骑自
行车的人 ⑥motor→motorist 开
汽车的人，驾车者 2.“金融”术语 ①account n.账目；账户 ②budget n.预算 ③capital n.资金；资本 ④withdraw vt.提，取 ⑤cheque n.支票 ⑥interest n.利息 3.“in＋名词＋of”
短语
①in terms of 就……而言
②in search of 寻找
③in view of 鉴于；由于
④in favour of 赞成；支持
⑤in honour of 为了纪念
⑥in support of 支持，赞同
第一组
1. in addition 除此之外，另外
2. thanks to 幸亏，由于
3. in terms of 从……方面来讲，就……而言
4. be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事
5. start with 以……开始
6. no doubt 无疑，很可能
7. at the moment 此刻，目前
8. lead to 导致
9. along with 与……一起
第二组
10. apart from 除……之外
11. die from 死于
12. a new age for inventions 一个发明的新时代
13. virtual reality 虚拟现实
14. wearable tech 可穿戴技术
15. never say never 别轻易说决不
16. natural selection 自然选择
17. field research 实地研究，实地调研
18. get an electric shock 触电，电击
1. 句式：“more than one＋单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单
数形式
原句：More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed
by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.
数代学生都叹服于他（富兰克林）的勇气与追寻真理时采用的科
学手段。
2. 句式：find＋oneself＋宾语补足语
原句：And now， we find ourselves in the great new age of
technology.
而现在，我们发现自己正处于伟大的科技新时代。
3. 句式：that引导同位语从句，修饰抽象名词proof
原句：In fact， more than one account suggests that while Newton was
certainly inspired by a falling apple， there is no proof that it hit him on
the head.
事实上，不止一处资料显示，虽然牛顿的灵感确实来源于掉落的苹
果，但没有证据表明这个苹果恰巧砸在了他的脑袋上。
Science and technology is a significant part of our everyday
lives.Chemists， astronomers， biologists and other scientists in other
fields use scientific methods and accurate techniques for different
purposes.They desire to know how science and technology work and
observe numbers of stuff happening around us.Not everyone thinks that
scientific research is interesting， but for an extraordinary and brilliant
woman physics professor， Zhou Shuyun is just that， who enjoys
discovering new things.
Scientific research is not like writing fiction， full of imaginative
accounts.It requires dozens of hours of mental concentration； the
experimental procedure may take years of preservation and finally need
solid proofs and instances for their conclusions.
2
基础·夯实过关
默写查验，巧学活用
（一）分类识记单词——用时少·功效快
阅读单词知意
请在没有记牢的单词前的方框内画“√”，以便下次着重记忆。
□1.gunpowder n.火药
□2.compass n.指南针，罗盘
□3.virtual adj.虚拟的，模拟的
□4.battery n.电池
□5.compute v.计算
□6.stuff n.东西，物品
□7.astronomer n.天文学家
□8.species n.物种
□9.stream n.小河，小溪
□10.radium n.镭（一种化学元素）
□11.lightning n.闪电
□12.fiction n.虚构的事，想象的事
□13.metal n.金属
□14.flash n.闪光
□15.gravity n.重力，引力
核心单词练通
1. v.射出（光线等），放射
2. adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的
3. prep.无法……
4. adj.被动的
5. adj.非凡的，出色的
6. adj.聪颖的，才华横溢的
7. n.学说，理论
8. adj.精神的；精神健康的
9. v.起草，草拟
shoot
flexible
beyond
passive
extraordinary
brilliant
theory
mental
draft
10. n.（科学）实验
11. n.证明，证据
12. n.程序，步骤，手续
13. Your （描述） of the events does not correspond with
what we have heard.
14. Researchers often find （疗法） for certain diseases by
experimenting on animals.
experiment
proof
procedure
account
cures
15. Dozens of types of Chinese drums exist today.For （例
子）， “Taiping Drum” is used to express hope for peace and
prosperity.
16. An investigation shows that many people have a strong
（渴望） to continue studying in university or college.
instance
desire
拓展单词用活
1. v.使受伤，弄伤→ n.伤害；损害→
adj.受伤的
2. n.化学家；药剂师→ n.化学
→ adj.化学的
3. n.生物学家→ n.生理；生物学
→ adj.生物学的
4. adj.小的→ n.少数
injure
injury
injured
chemist
chemistry
chemical
biologist
biology
biological
minor
minority
5. n.起源，起因；出身→ adj.原先的；最初的
→ adv.最初
6. n.声明，宣告→ vt.宣布；声明；表
明；宣称
7. v.系，绑；贴→ adj.依恋；附属于
→ n.附件；依恋；连接物
8. While calculating the maths problem， you should pay more attention
to the of the numbers， or you can’t figure it
out .（accurate）
origin
original
originally
declaration
declare
attach
attached
attachment
accuracy
accurately
9. If you want to attend the concert by the
famous ， you should book a ticket in advance.（conduct）
10. “I am under no at all.I just feel at home，” said the
47-year-old former Olympic champion at a conference on
Tuesday.（press）
conducted
conductor
pressure
press
（二）集中识记短语——不枯燥·求实效
先 写 对
第 一 组 1. 除此之外，另外
2. 幸亏，由于
3. 在……方面，就……而言
4. 有能力做某事
5. 别轻易说决不
6. 无疑，很可能
in addition
thanks to
in terms of
be capable of doing sth
never say never
no doubt
再 用 准
1.We mainly focus on their differences spelling， pronunciation and vocabulary.
2. ， it’s a good idea to communicate with friends online in Chinese.
3.You will succeed in your scientific research by making great efforts.
in terms of
In addition
no doubt
先 写 对 再 用 准
第 二 组 1.
此刻，目前 2. 导致 3.
与……一起 4.
除……之外 5. 死于 6. 发
生；举行 1.Restaurants can offer a choice of
music the various food
choices on the menu.
2.He had seen the lack of medical
services and the great suffering of many
of the wounded， who simply
lack of care.
3.The event on Friday on
the playground， which all the students
and teachers will take part in.
at the moment
lead to
along with
apart from
die from
take place
along with
died
from
takes place
（三）仿写活用句式——造佳句·表达高
句型公式 句式仿写
1.句型公式：find＋oneself
＋宾语补足语 教材原句：And now， we
find ourselves in the great
new age of technology. 1.由于社会的迅速变化，他们发现自
己处于进退两难的境地。
They
as a consequence of rapid
changes in society.
found themselves in a
dilemma
句型公式 句式仿写
2.句型公式：“more than
one＋单数可数名词”作主语 教材原句：More than one
generation of schoolchildren
has been amazed by his
bravery and his scientific
approach to looking for the
truth. 2.据我所知，不止一个学生想要毕业
后去参军。
As far as I know，
.
more than one
student wants to join the army after
graduation
3
考点·多维突破
精讲精练，突破重难
Part Ⅰ 一维重点突破
Nowadays， many capable people desire （invent）
stuff that can make people’s lives easier， which is significant.Some fail
many times they never say never.For instance， more than
one brilliant housewife （make） a lot of extraordinary
minor inventions， which is a proof that everyone can make a difference to
our lives beyond our own （expect） .
微技能热身
1. ①处应填 。
2. ②处前后内容构成转折关系，应用连词 。
3. ③处根据主谓一致的原则应填 。
4. ④处作介词beyond的宾语，应填 。
to invent
but
makes
expectations
desire n.渴望，欲望；渴求 vt.& vi.渴望；期望；想要
【练通】 单句语法填空
①The boy has a strong desire knowledge and wants to go to
college very much.
for
【写美】 微写作
②如果你渴望无障碍地与外国人交流，我呼吁你立即加入我们的英语
口语俱乐部。
If ， I appeal to you
to join our Spoken English Club right away.（desire to do）
you desire to communicate with foreigners freely
【归纳】
（1）have a desire to do sth 迫切想做某事
have a desire for sth 急于得到某物
a desire to do sth 做某事的愿望
（2）desire sth/to do sth 渴望某物/做某事
desire sb/sth to do sth 渴望某人/某物做某事
desire for sth 想要得到某物
desire that ... 渴望……
【点津】 desire作动词或名词，后接名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动
词用“（should＋）动词原形”。
句型公式：“more than one＋单数可数名词”作主语
【教材原句】 More than one generation of schoolchildren has been
amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth.
数代学生都叹服于他（富兰克林）的勇气与追求真理时采用的科
学手段。
【写美】 微写作
①许多学生通过了考试，这使他们的老师非常高兴。
Many a student ， which made their teacher more
than delighted.
②不仅学生而且老师都想去爬山。
Not only the students but also the teacher .
③每个学生都努力学习，因为他们知道知识的重要性。
Each of the students because they know the importance
of knowledge.
has passed the exam
wants to go climbing
studies hard
【归纳】
（1）“more than one/many a＋单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词
用单数形式。
（2）either， neither， each， every或no＋单数名词和复合不定代词
作主语时，谓语动词都用单数形式。
（3）用or， either ...or ...， neither ...nor ...， not only ...but
also ...等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致”
原则。
【佳句】 More than one expert was invited to deliver a speech about the
field where they have made achievements.不止一个专家被邀请就他们取
得了成绩的领域发表演讲。
In terms of the attitude to work， as a brilliant chemist， Mr Brown devoted himself （entire） to his scientific research.He was always conducting each experiment so carefully.After finishing the
experiment， he would write accurate account of it.In
addition， he had been desiring to be a positive person.Once he
（injure） in a car accident while returning home.
He never lost heart when he was in hospital and he often encouraged other
patients to be more strong-minded.After he left the hospital， he began to
attach great （important） to the homeless children’s
mental and physical health， （try） to help to cure them of
some bad habits.Such is Mr Brown， who set a good example to us all.
微技能热身
1. ①处应填 。
2. ②处应填 。
3. ③处he与injure之间为被动关系，应填 。
4. ④处被形容词great修饰，应填 。
5. ⑤处作状语， he与try之间为主谓关系，应填 。
entirely
an
was injured
importance
trying
in terms of ... 就……来说；从……角度
【练通】 单句语法填空
①What they have done is good for the environment the long term.
②It’s not easy for her to come to terms the fact that he is
unemployed.
in
with
【写美】 微写作
③从长远来看，与我们周围的人处好关系很重要，所以我们应该学会
与别人和解。
， it is important to
， so we should learn to .
In the long term/run
be on good terms with
people around us
come to terms with others
【归纳】
（1）be on good/bad terms with sb 与某人关系好/不好
come to terms with sb 与某人达成协议/和解
come to terms with sth 接受（令人不愉快的事）
（2）in the long term/run 从长远来看
in the short term/run 从短期来看
【佳句】 Sanya is one of the most livable cities in the world in terms of
climate， not to mention its beautiful seaside scenery. （建议信）
就气候而言，三亚是世界上最适合居住的城市之一，更不要说它还有
美丽的海滨风光。
account n.记述，描述；说明；账户；账目 vi.& vt.认为，视为
【练通】 单句语法填空
①On account the unexpected heavy rain， we had more difficulty
finding our way home.
②（译林选必四）Only when you give serious consideration to their
points of view will you be able to see what accounts their
emotions and empathize with them.
of
for
【写美】 微写作
③每当遇到陷入困境的人，一个活雷锋决不会袖手旁观。
Whenever meeting anyone who is trapped in difficulties，
.（倒装句）
on no
account will a living Lei Feng stand by
【归纳】
（1）on account of 因为，由于
on no account 决不
give a full account of 对……作详细的描述
take sth into account＝take account of sth 对某事加以考虑
（2）account for 解释，说明；占……（比例）
【佳句】 The Story of My Life， written by Helen Keller， gives an
account of her hard struggle to become an outstanding writer.
海伦·凯勒创作的《我生活的故事》描述了她为了成为一名杰出的作
家而进行的艰苦斗争。
【点津】 on no account放在句首时常引起句子的部分倒装，有类似用
法的还有by no means， in no way， in no case， on no condition，
under no circumstances， at no time。
attach vt.系，绑；贴；附
【练通】 单句语法填空
①She found a box lying on the table with a card attached it，
saying “Happy birthday”.
②I would be grateful if you could spare some time to review the draft
script （attach） to this email and make necessary changes.
（求助信）
③The scientist’s （attach） to his homeland drove him
to return from abroad.
to
attached
attachment
【写美】 微写作
④在学习语言的过程中，你再怎么重视阅读的重要性也不为过。
（建议信）
You can never
.
attach too much importance to reading during the course
of learning language
【归纳】
（1）attach sth to ... 把某物连接到/附在……上
attach oneself to 依附……；缠着……
attach importance/significance/value to ...
重视；认为……重要/有意义/有价值
（2）attached adj. 喜爱的；依恋的；附属于
be attached to 被连接到……；爱慕；附属于
（3）attachment n. 附件，附属物；依恋，爱慕
【佳句】 He took out the hammock， attached it to the trees and lay in
it comfortably， listening to his favourite music. （动作描写）
他拿出吊床，把它固定在树上，舒服地躺在里面，听着他最喜爱
的音乐。
Part Ⅱ 二维微点练全
维度一 阅读词汇清障——一词多义/熟词生义
1. conduct
A. v.引导，带领 B. v.指挥（军队、乐队等）
C. v.实施，进行 D. v.传导（热、电）
（1）（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）The experiment of estimation he conducted
showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent
estimates could be quite accurate.
（2）The warm-hearted guide conducted us around the West Lake and we
enjoyed the breathtaking scenery.
C
A
（3）He was more than honoured to be invited to conduct a concert in
America.
（4）There are some materials that conduct heat well.
B
D
2. 词义猜测
（1）The whole problem was quite beyond me and I didn’t know how to
solve it.
（2）The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see streams of
people moving inside and outside the City Wall.
（3）A good idea flashed into my mind and I smiled with extreme
excitement.
prep.超出……之外，非……所能及
n.（人/车）流
v.闪现，突然想到
维度二 写作词汇夯实——词形转换/动词形式变化/固定搭配
1. （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷）Some are classic short stories， and some are
new （origin） works.
2. （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）Once there， Lenoue was assessed and later
taken to a hospital， where she learned that she had serious
（injure） in one of her knees.
original
injuries
3. （2023·1月浙江卷）Perhaps your household won’t
（entire） make the switch， but you may have some control over your
own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
4. （2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）If， for whatever reasons， people’s errors
become correlated or dependent， the （accurate） of the
estimate will go down.
5. （2023·北京卷）This track record makes ALife a ripe target for
criticism， such as （declare） of the field’s doubtful
scientific value.
entirely
accuracy
declarations
Part Ⅲ 三维写作提能
短文投稿——科技
假定你是李华，你校英语报正面向广大师生征稿，主题为“科技
与现代生活”。请你给该报写一篇文章，举例说明科技在现代生活中
起到的作用。
第一步 练单句——词句优美，吸引眼球
1. 毫无疑问，科技已经取得了巨大进步，它与我们的日常生活息息相
关。（no doubt）
There is no doubt that technology has made great advances and it is closely
related to our daily lives.
2. 例如，世界各地的化学家和生物学家已经进行了一系列的科学实
验，试图找到癌症的治疗方法。（instance， chemist， biologist，
conduct， scientific， experiment， cure）
3. 这个问题解决之后，人类的生活质量将大大提高。（with复合
结构）
For instance， chemists and biologists all over the world have conducted a
series of scientific experiments， trying to find a cure for cancer.
With this problem solved， the quality of human life will be greatly
improved.
4. 除此之外，中国的天文学家已经建造了世界上最大的天文望远镜，
这对于探索宇宙的起源有重要意义。（in addition， astronomer，
origin）
5. 多亏了科技的快速发展，我们的未来会更美好。（thanks to）
In addition， Chinese astronomers have built the world’s largest
astronomical telescope， which is of great significance to exploring the
origin of the universe.
Thanks to the rapid development of technology， our future will be better.
第二步 组语篇——文从字顺，赏心悦目
There is no doubt that technology has made great advances and it is
closely related to our daily lives.For instance， chemists and biologists all
over the world have conducted a series of scientific experiments， trying
to find a cure for cancer.With this problem solved， the quality of human
life will be greatly improved.In addition， Chinese astronomers have built
the world’s largest astronomical telescope， which is of great
significance to exploring the origin of the universe.In short， thanks to the
rapid development of technology， our future will be better.
厚积薄发，下笔有神
亮 词 人物描写：flexible， capable， desire， never say never，
extraordinary， brilliant， mental
动作描写：press， shoot， injure， draft
环境描写：compass， species， stream， lightning， flash， gravity
美 句 More than one generation of schoolchildren has been amazed by his bravery and his scientific approach to looking for the truth. （情感描写）
动作描写之“眼部”动作（二）
词汇
单词 动词：narrow， shut， squeeze
短
语 ①keep an eye on 注视
②narrow one’s eyes 眯起眼睛
③turn one’s eyes to 把目光转向
④shut one’s eyes 闭上眼睛
⑤squeeze one’s eyes shut 紧闭双眼
美句
①She tried to sit up， her eyes fixed on Jean’s face.
她试着坐起来，眼睛盯着琼的脸。
②My father looked me straight in the eye and held fast to my hands.
父亲直视着我的眼睛，紧紧抓住我的双手。
③She squeezed her eyes shut when the bright light shone in her face.当强光照在她脸上时，她紧紧地闭上了眼睛。
情境导语 安妮打电话时哭了，但没说什么事，只是说回家后就告诉
她父亲。安妮的父亲很纳闷，思忖着发生了什么事。
第一步 完成句子
1. 安妮的父亲眯起眼睛，思忖着发生了什么事。
Anne’s father ， wondering what had happened.
2. 听到把手转动的声音，他向门那边看去。
when he heard the handle turning.
narrowed his eyes
He turned his eyes to the door
3. 看到安妮进来，他困惑地上下打量着她。
， he ， confused.
（分词作状语＋eye用作动词）
4. 尽管安妮蓝色的眼睛里噙满泪水，她却留意着她父亲的神情。
， she kept an eye on her
father’s expression.（让步状语从句）
5. 安妮直视父亲的眼睛，告诉了他真相。
Anne and told him the truth.
Eyeing Anne come in
eyed her up and down
Though Anne’s blue eyes were full of tears
looked her father straight in the eye
6. 他得知真相后紧闭双眼，咬了咬嘴唇，泪水滑下脸颊。
When he learned the truth， he
.（with复合结构）
shut his eyes tightly and bit his lip，
with tears running down his cheeks
第二步 连句成文
Anne’s father narrowed his eyes， wondering what had
happened.Then， he turned his eyes to the door when he heard the handle
turning.Eyeing Anne come in， he eyed her up and down，
confused.Though Anne’s blue eyes were full of tears， she kept an eye
on her father’s expression.Anne looked her father straight in the eye and
told him the truth.When he learned the truth， he shut his eyes tightly and
bit his lip， with tears running down his cheeks.
4
素养·培育落实
真题剖析，深度探究
（2022·全国乙卷）Can a small group of drones （无人机）
guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and， at the same time，
help railway operators save billions of euros each year？ That is the very
likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to
making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure
（基础设施） worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical
lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and
other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of
railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be
inspected， the more railway safety， reliability and on-time performance
will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more
efficient （高效） across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection
of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone
spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance， including
sending maintenance staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with
drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies， drones could also start providing
higher-value services for railways， detecting faults in the rail or
switches， before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these
tasks， drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead.Engineers are
now working on a new concept： the rail drones of the future.They will be
moving on the track ahead of the train， and programmed to run
autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and
travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability
to see ahead， they could signal any problem， so that fast-moving trains
would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible？（ ）
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
√
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Drones are already being used
to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same
thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure可
知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电线，它们可以做同样的事情来检
查铁路线以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to？
（ ）
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
√
解析： 词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句可知，据计算，单是欧洲
铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜间派
遣维修人员去检查和修复铁路基础设施。由此可知，铁路
“maintenance”包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。
30. What function is expected of the rail drones？（ ）
A. To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，因为能提前看
到，无人机可以感知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作
出反应。由此可推知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，
并给列车发出警告。
√
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text？（ ）
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
√
解析： 标题归纳题。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面
的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作
用；第三段主要讲述无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身
安全方面的作用；第四段讲述无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此
可知，本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项最
适合作文章标题。
（一）由文本积阅读词汇
1. guarantee v. 确保，保证；担保
2. inspect v. 检查，审视；检阅，视察
3. calculate v. 计算，估计
4. detect v. 查明，察觉；测出，检测，识别
（二）由文本积派生（合成）词汇
1. infrastructure n.基础设施（infra-＋structure）
2. protection n.保护（protect＋-ion）
3. safety n.安全（safe＋-ty）
4. autonomously adv.自动地（autonomous＋-ly）
（三）由文本积主题词块
1. railway operator 铁路运营商
2. rail tracks 轨道；铁路线路
3. high-tension electrical lines 高压电线
4. switching points 切换点
5. personnel safety 人员安全
6. higher-value services 更高价值的服务
（四）由文本知变式运用
1. 近义替换（用文章中的词汇替换）
（1）carry out these tasks＝ （最后一段）
（2）without delay＝ （最后一段）
2. 熟词生义（文章中生义）
（1）programme
（最后一段第四句）
（2）co-pilot （最后一段倒数第二句）
perform these tasks
in time
v.调好，设置（机器使之按某种方式运作）
n.副驾驶
（五）由文本学靓丽表达
1. That is the very likely future of applying today’s
（“空中之眼”技术） to making sure that the
millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设施）
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.（暗喻/拟人的修辞手法）
2. （对它们的检查越定
期）， the more railway safety， reliability and on-time performance will
be improved.（比较级）
3. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of
the train could guide it （像副驾驶）.（明喻的修辞
手法）
“eyes in the
sky” technology
The more regularly they can be inspected
like a co-pilot
（六）由文本学长难句分析
It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20
billion euros a year on maintenance， including sending maintenance
staff， often at night， to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.
分析：本句为主从复合句。It 为 ， that 引导的从句为真
正的主语；动词不定式短语 to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure
作 。
翻译：
形式主语
目的状语
据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就花费约 200 亿欧元在维护上，包
括经常在夜间派遣维护人员去检查和维修铁路基础设施。
5
技能·锤炼提升
统筹组合，全面训练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
（2025·开封三模）Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his
reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena， he did
use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the
universe as a whole.
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images，
distinguishing them from refractors （折射望远镜） that rely on
lenses.Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater
sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical
knowledge and our comprehension of the universe.
As light passes through glass， various colors or bands are refracted
at varying angles， leading to chromatic aberration （色差） and
consequently， distorted images when viewed through a lens.In the time
of Newton， the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very
primitive， and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had
not been adequately addressed.Today we can make lenses that have almost
no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large.As the size
of a lens increases significantly， it becomes extremely heavy， causing
its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality.
Newton’s telescope solved these problems.A mirror doesn’t allow
light to pass.It simply bounces all the light off the surface.This means
there’s no chromatic aberration.Plus， because we only need to bounce
light off the surface， we can support the entire mirror on a base，
reducing its weight.This allows us to build much larger mirrors without
any distortion.
While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter
and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit， what Newton did do was
tie in mathematics， astronomy and our comprehension of the universe
through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory.
The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and
maintained by the Royal Society of London.It is showcased in London and
occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望
远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线，避免了由于色差导致的图像失
真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理
解发生了转变。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望
远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线，避免了由于色差导致的图像失
真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理
解发生了转变。
1. What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope？（ ）
A. It has a complex structure.
B. It relies on mirrors instead of lenses.
C. It can make the image smaller than a refractor.
D. It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的Reflecting telescopes use
mirrors to bend light and enlarge images， distinguishing them from
refractors （折射望远镜） that rely on lenses.可知，牛顿的反射望远镜
依靠镜子而不是透镜来工作。
√
2. What does the underlined word “distorted” in Paragraph 3 mean？
（ ）
A. Confused. B. Twisted.
C. Evident. D. Vivid.
解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词的上下文可知，色差会让图像通
过透镜观看时扭曲失真，画线词意思应该是“扭曲的”，与twisted意
思相近。
√
3. What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve？（ ）
A. Issues with image quality.
B. Restrictions on the size.
C. Challenges of lens making.
D. Limits of light passing angles.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，牛顿的望远镜成功解
决了图像因色差以及重量问题而质量不佳的问题。
√
4. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley？
（ ）
A. To state a fact.
B. To raise a point.
C. To explain a concept.
D. To make a comparison.
√
解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，与伽利略、哈雷相
比，牛顿虽然没有发现新的天文学现象，但是却做到了将数学、天文
学和人们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈
雷的目的是作比较。
B
（2025·湖北八市一模）Chinese scientists have created a
breakthrough fibre that can be woven into warm， lightweight clothing
using aerogel， a thermal insulation （热绝缘） material mainly used in
the aerospace industry.
Aerogel， notable for their performance and durability， could have
various applications.As the world’s lightest solid material， it has long
been valued for its thermal insulation properties.Traditional aerogel，
made by replacing the liquid in aerogel with air， is extraordinarily light，
resembling a solid cloud of smoke.Its high porosity （多孔性） gives it
exceptional heat resistance， but this also makes it fragile and challenging
to process， limiting its use in civilian applications.
But now， researchers at Zhejiang University have overcome
aerogel’s fragility and designed an encapsulated aerogel fibre （EAF）
with similar thermal insulation mechanisms — after being inspired by the
structure of polar bear hair.
The China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation as well as
Nasa have used EAF in Mars rovers， which endure extreme temperatures
ranging from thousands of degrees during the Martian landing to －130
degrees Celsius （－202 degrees Fahrenheit） on the planet’s surface.
In an experiment， a volunteer wore textiles （纺织品） made of
EAF， down， wool， and cotton in a-20 degree Celsius
environment.The surface temperatures of these materials were 3.5
degrees， 3.8 degrees， 7.2 degrees， and 10.8 degrees respectively，
indicating the superior insulation of EAF. They showed the practicality of
EAF by weaving a jumper and comparing its thermal insulation to common
textile materials.
As well as being strong and stretchable， EAF can also be washed
and dyed， improving its use in practical applications.Traditional silica
aerogel will absorb water and collapse on itself.As a result， it quickly
loses its thermal insulation qualities in wet or humid
environments.However， EAF maintains its performance even after
machine washing.
Professor Zhang Xuetong of the Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and
Nano-bionics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences， highlighted the
potential of the aerogel fibres in advanced thermal textiles.As well as its
potential for civilian use， EAF fibre also holds promise for industries that
are already familiar with aerogels.“EAF textiles feature excellent thermal
insulation and multifunction and have great potential in areas such as
military uniforms and spacesuits in extremely cold environments，”
professor Zhang noted in a paper.However， he also noted the gap
between existing technology and capacity for mass production.Challenges
exist regarding how to develop fast spinning technology and resolve the
continuous fabrication that is necessary for mass production.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是中国科学家取得的
重大突破——用气凝胶织出冬季毛衣，该衣服具有轻薄耐穿，可水
洗可染色，伸缩性强，保暖性好等优点。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是中国科学家取得的
重大突破——用气凝胶织出冬季毛衣，该衣服具有轻薄耐穿，可水
洗可染色，伸缩性强，保暖性好等优点。
5. What is the characteristic of traditional aerogel？（ ）
A. It can be easily processed.
B. It is resistant to high temperatures.
C. It is a solid cloud of smoke.
D. It can effectively insulate electricity.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，传统气凝胶的特
点是耐高温。
√
6. What is EAF’s advantage in enduring extreme temperature based on？
（ ）
A. Research statistics.
B. Public comments.
C. Scientific prediction.
D. Commercial reports.
解析： 推理判断题。根据第四、五段内容可知，EAF在耐受极端
温度方面的优势是基于研究统计数据的。
√
7. Professor Zhang Xuetong’s study found that mass production could be
possible if .（ ）
A. advancement is made in thermal textiles
B. there exists need for continuous fabrication
C. barriers in fast spinning technology are overcome
D. aerogel’s strengths and weaknesses get balanced
√
解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段的Challenges exist regarding
how to develop fast spinning technology and resolve the continuous
fabrication that is necessary for mass production.可知，Zhang Xuetong的
研究发现，如果克服了快速纺丝技术的障碍，大规模生产是可能的。
8. What is the text mainly about？（ ）
A. The development of aerogel fibre.
B. The potential use of biomimetic fibre.
C. Great breakthrough in aerospace industry.
D. China’s newly-woven clothing made from aerogel.
解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，本文主要讲述
中国科学家用气凝胶织出冬季衣服的重大突破。
√
Ⅱ.应用文写作
（2025·岳阳二模）你校学生会计划面向国际交流生招募山区小
学英语支教志愿者。请你写一则招募启事，内容包括：
（1）介绍招募目的；
（2）说明工作内容和要求。
注意：（1）写作词数应为80个左右；
（2）请按如下格式作答。
Volunteers Wanted
参考范文：
Volunteers Wanted
To ease the burden of the teacher shortage in remote areas，
volunteers are needed to teach English there.
As a volunteer， you will be responsible for giving English classes
and caring for the kids， especially the left-behind ones.The programme
will last for one year.There is no doubt that these activities will leave you
with unforgettable memories for the rest of your life.
You need to be over 18 and able to communicate well both in spoken
and written Chinese and English.Similar experience is not a must， but
you should be friendly and outgoing.If interested， please contact
123456@.
演示完毕 感谢观看 !
