英语[W]
重点语法
精通语法，不仅要对语法网络图了然于胸，还需明辨其中哪些是重点，哪些是考试的考点，并有策略地逐一攻克所有考点及其考查方式，对每个考点都要了如指掌。毕竟，全部斩获才是终极目标。
(一)谓语动词
先了解 1.谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，指出主语“干什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。 2.一个句子可以没有主语或宾语成分，但不能没有谓语动词，谓语动词是句子的“灵魂”。 3.动词有五种形态，分别是原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。
划重点 1.谓语动词常用的十一种时态；2.谓语动词常用的八种被动语态；3.主谓一致
重点1 谓语动词常用的十一种时态
1．一般现在时(do/does)
(1)表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有always, usually, often, sometimes, every day等。
My teacher sometimes lives in the village.
我的老师有时住在村里。
(2)位移动词come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop, depart等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
The flight takes off in twenty minutes—we will never make it.
飞机还有20分钟就要起飞了——我们赶不上了。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If it doesn't rain, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow.
如果不下雨，明天我们将去野餐。
(4)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(不受主句的时态限制)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
2．一般过去时(did)
(1)表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有：yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
The plan of protecting the environment came up at the meeting last year.
保护环境的计划是在去年的会议上提出的。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn't pass the exam, which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(4)有些动词如know, think, expect, want等，虽没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也用一般过去时。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you could play the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
3．一般将来时(will/shall＋do; be going to do; be about to do; be to do)
(1)“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
I believe this activity will promote better communication and understanding between us.
我相信这次活动会促进我们之间更好的沟通和理解。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事；或表示有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的事。
①The famous doctor is going to set out to perform the operation, so please keep calm.
这位著名的医生马上就要开始做手术了，所以请保持冷静。
②Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It seems as if it is going to rain.
看空中的乌云！看起来好像要下雨了。
(3)“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。一般不与具体的时间状语连用。
I was about to leave the house when the phone rang.
我正要离开房子的时候，电话响了。
(4)“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作。
It is hoped that China's economy is to grow at a medium speed in the coming year.
中国的经济有望在新的一年里保持中速增长。
4．现在进行时(am/is/are＋doing)
(1)表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Now I am planning our schedule for the trip.
现在我正在计划我们的旅行日程。
(2)表示位置移动的动词如go, come, leave, arrive, start, move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
有些树在没有足够的水时会发出咔嚓声，表示干旱即将来临。
(3)与always, often, constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。
The girl is always talking aloud in public, which makes her parents annoyed.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话，这使得她的父母很烦。
5．过去进行时(was/were＋doing)
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(过去的时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
She was watering flowers at that time.
那时，她正在浇花。
(2)表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
She arrived just as we were leaving.
她到的时候我们正要离开。
(3)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.
那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
6．现在完成时(have/has＋done)
(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years ... 等连用。
So far, I have finished half of the book.
到目前为止，我已经读完了这本书的一半。
(2)表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与lately, recently, so far, since等时间状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自从上个月出版以来获得了很多好评。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second ... time ＋that 从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用现在完成时。
For most students, I guess, it is the first time that they have been away from home.
我想，对大多数学生来说，这是他们第一次离开家。
【特别提醒】 在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
7．过去完成时(had＋done)
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即过去的过去完成的动作或存在的状态。
By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1，000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1，000多封信。
(2)在“hardly/scarcely ... when ...”“no sooner ... than ...”等句型结构中，主句常用过去完成时，且常用部分倒装，从句用一般过去时，意为“刚……就……”。
Hardly had I finished my homework when the telephone rang.
我刚做完作业，电话就响了。
(3)某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want 等。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本想在彼得结婚时送他一件礼物祝贺，但我没能做到。
(4)在“It/This was the first/second ... time＋that 从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had taken part in such a meaningful activity.
那是我第一次参加这样有意义的活动。
8．将来进行时(will/shall be＋doing)
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow, in the next two months等表示具体的时间点、时间段的时间状语连用。
He will be negotiating with the other company at this time next Tuesday.
下周二这个时候他将正与另一家公司谈判。
9．将来完成时(will/shall have＋done)
表示将来某时已完成的动作。标志性短语：by the end of＋表示将来的时间，by＋表示将来的时间，by the time＋从句(从句中用一般现在时)。
By the time he is 14 years old, he will have finished advanced maths.
到他14岁的时候，他就会学完高等数学。
10．现在完成进行时(have/has been＋doing)
(1)表示动作始于过去，一直延续到现在，这一动作可能刚完成，也可能继续进行下去。常与these days, recently, lately, in the past/last＋时间段；since＋时间点；for＋时间段等连用。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直给我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们常常见面。
11．过去将来时(would＋do, was/were (going/about) to do)
(1)would do表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他说他将在8点到达这里。
(2)was/were going to do可表示过去根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
I was told that he was going to return home.
他告诉我他打算回家。
(3)was/were to do 可表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计划是否被执行，也可表示过去注定要发生的事。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtze River.
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
(4)was/were about to do 表示过去说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements ________ (increase) Stratford's international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
答案：have increased
解析：此处表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时，主语Those cultural elements为复数，助动词应用have。故填have increased。
2．(2024·北京高考)My heart went out to him, and I ________ (jog) over to him.
答案：jogged
解析：句中and连接前后两个并列分句，设空处作后一个分句的谓语，根据前一个分句中的谓语went可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填jogged。
3．(2025·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三质量监测)In the past few decades, with the scientific development, we ________ (see) a significant improvement in the station's design and operation.
答案：have seen
解析：根据时间状语In the past few decades可知，句子应用现在完成时；主语为we，助动词应用have。故填have seen。
4．(2025·广东省梅州市梅雁中学高三月考)He scored 625 out of 750 points, and ________ (rank) 64 in the science track of gaokao in northwestern China's Qinghai Province.
答案：ranked
解析：句中and连接两个并列谓语，根据前面的scored可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填ranked。
5．(2025·天津市第一中学高三月考)—Will you take over at the next service area I want a short rest.
—Sure. You ________ (drive) for over four hours by then.
答案：will have been driving
解析：句意：——你能在下一个服务区接过去吗？我想休息一会儿。——当然。到那时你已经开了四个多小时的车了。根据句意及时间状语by then可知，此处表示从过去一直持续到说话人所提及的未来某个时间的动作，应用将来完成进行时。故填will have been driving。
6．(2025·山东省济南第一中学高三期中)According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2023, China's population aged 60 and above ________ (reach) nearly 297 million people, causing increasing discussions about improving public services to meet the needs of seniors.
答案：had reached
解析：根据时间状语by the end of 2023可知，应用过去完成时，表示在过去的时间(2023年末)之前完成的动作。故填had reached。
7．(2025·浙江省绍兴市高三一模)Their unique oval design ________ (mean) that each bell can produce two different tones depending on where it is struck.
答案：means
解析：句子陈述客观事实，且根据句中that和where引导的宾语从句中的谓语动词can produce和is可知，句子应用一般现在时，主语design为单数，谓语动词也应用第三人称单数。故填means。
8．(2025·黑龙江省大庆市让胡路区大庆中学高三期中)She nodded and said, “Our son ________ (return) home tomorrow morning and I will buy something nice for him to eat.”
答案：will return/is returning/is to return
解析：根据时间状语tomorrow morning可知，应用一般将来时或者用现在进行时表示将来概念，也可用be to do表示将来的计划或安排。故填will return/is returning/is to return。
9．(2025·天津市河东区第八中学高三月考)I ________ (think) about what you've said and I've decided to take your advice.
答案：have been thinking
解析：句意：我一直在考虑你所说的话，已经决定了采纳你的建议。根据句中的have said及have decided和句意可知，应用现在完成进行时表示动作由过去的某一刻开始一直在进行中，直到说话的时候刚好结束，或者可能仍然要继续下去。故填have been thinking。
10．(2025·内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市第一中学高三期中)Cammarota, who is an adventurous and culture－driven traveler, first ________ (study) The Travels of Marco Polo in 2000.
答案：studied
解析：根据时间状语in 2000可知，应用一般过去时，study与句子主语Cammarota之间为主动关系。故填studied。
11．(2025·辽宁省沈阳市郊联体高三月考)Although most of you will be going away to sunnier parts, there are others who ________ (stay) near their home.
答案：will be staying
解析：句意：虽然你们中的大多数人会去阳光明媚的地方，但也有一些人会留在他们家附近。根据句中的will be going away并结合句意可知，应用将来进行时。故填will be staying。
12．(2025·吉林省珲春市第二高级中学高三一模)Chang'e－5 was a landmark space mission for China, as it was the first time our country ________ (collect) samples from the Moon.
答案：had collected
解析：固定句式It was the first time＋that从句表示“那是……第一次做某事”，从句谓语应用过去完成时。故填had collected。
13．(2025·福建省福州恒一高级中学(烟台山校区)高三月考)The researchers from the University of Kent in the UK ________ (send) 194 participants to relax in the woodlands last year.
答案：sent
解析：根据时间状语last year可知，应用一般过去时。故填sent。
14．(2025·天津市第五十四中高三月考)By the time you graduate from college, great changes ________ (take) place in your hometown.
答案：will have taken
解析：此处为By the time引导的时间状语从句，主句应用将来完成时，表示“到将来……时为止，将已经……”。故填will have taken。
15．(2025·广西南宁市第二中学高三月考)It is not the first time in recent years that a TV play ________ (help) turn its location into a popular tourism destination.
答案：has helped
解析：固定句型It is the first/second/ ... time＋that从句表示“这是第一/二……次做某事”，从句中谓语动词应用现在完成时，从句主语a TV play为单数，助动词应用has。故填has helped。
重点2 谓语动词常用的八种被动语态
1．八种时态中被动语态的构成
(1)一般现在时的被动语态；am/is/are＋过去分词
(2)一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋过去分词
(3)一般将来时的被动语态：will/shall be＋过去分词
(4)现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are＋being＋过去分词
(5)过去进行时的被动语态：was/were＋being＋过去分词
(6)现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋过去分词
(7)过去完成时的被动语态：had＋been＋过去分词
(8)将来完成时的被动语态：will/shall＋have been＋过去分词
2．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者。
Attention, please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 am tomorrow.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【特别提醒】 (1)动词短语在含有被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 Bad habits have been done away with. 坏习惯已经改掉了。 (2)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如： have, cost, lack, own, belong to, date from/back to, take part in。 It is an old custom that dates back to 4，000 years ago. 这是一个可追溯到4，000年前的古老习俗。 (3)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如： happen/take place, occur, remain, last, break out, come out, come up, run out等。 An accident happened on the highway this morning. 今天早上高速公路上发生了一起事故。 (4)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动。 The patient got treated once a week. 这个病人每周接受一次治疗。
3．主动形式表示被动的常见情况
(1)系动词smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
(2)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如：read, write, sell, wash, clean等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days
你买了最近畅销的那本书了吗？
(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面通常加动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
①The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
②The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这个问题很难解决。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a six－meter－tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, ________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
答案：was built
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，主语是a six－meter－tall pavilion，为单数，与build之间是被动关系，此处描述过去的事，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was built。
2．(2024·全国甲卷)What should ________ (do) with such a beautiful place
答案：be done
解析：主语What与do之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；设空前的should是情态动词，其后用动词原形。故填be done。
3．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)Workshops and exhibitions ________ (hold) worldwide, allowing people to learn about this unique form of art and even try their hand at making their own Chinese knots.
答案：are held
解析：句意：研讨会和展览在世界各地举行，让人们了解这种独特的艺术形式，甚至尝试制作自己的中国结。设空处在句子中作谓语，与主语Workshops and exhibitions之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，因句子描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且因主语Workshops and exhibitions为复数。故填are held。
4．(2025· 天津市南开中学高三月考)Currently, thousands of works ________ (display) in the Forbidden City in Beijing, with more than 1.86 million works housed there, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
答案：are being displayed
解析：根据时间状语Currently可知，这里描述的是现在正在进行的动作，所以应用现在进行时；动词display与主语thousands of works之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为复数，助动词应用are。故填are being displayed。
5．(2025· 江苏省苏州市新草桥中学高三月考)According to CAAC, this model ________ (put) into commercial operation once it has met all the requirements.
答案：will be put
解析：句意：据中国民用航空局称，该机型在满足所有要求后将投入商业运营。根据句意和once引导的条件状语从句可知，句中描述的是将来的事情，主句应用一般将来时，主语this model和谓语put之间是被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be put。
6．(2025·河南省信阳市高三教学质量检测(一模))Up till now, some ________ (inspire) to read the original novel to understand the game's narrative better.
答案：have been inspired
解析：根据时间状语Up till now可知，句中应用现在完成时。主语some(指人)表示复数概念，和inspire之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，助动词应用have。故填have been inspired。
7．(2025· 黑龙江省绥化市第七中学高三月考)In 2009, this art form ________ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Beijing.
答案：was listed
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语In 2009可知， 句子应用一般过去时；主语this art form为单数，与list之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was listed。
8．(2025·贵州省贵阳市第一中学高三月考)The photograph was accompanied by a letter mentioning a painting that her grandmother had treasured above all others, but it ________ (lose) during a family trip years ago.
答案：had been lost
解析：主句中的谓语was accompanied使用了一般过去时，根据时间状语a family trip years ago可知，lose这一动作发生在was accompanied这一动作之前，即过去的过去，应用过去完成时；lose与主语it之间为被动关系。故填had been lost。
9．(2025·贵州省贵阳市第一中学高三月考)People dressed in Mamianqun ________ (spot) frequently at popular tourist attractions, restaurants, department stores, and temple fairs.
答案：are spotted
解析：设空处为句子的谓语动词，与主语People之间是被动关系，根据状语frequently可知，句子描述经常发生的事情，应用一般现在时，主语是People，助动词be应用are。故填are spotted。
10．(2025·四川省成都东辰外国语学校高三月考)By the end of November, 2022, videos recording or introducing this activity ________ (play) 1.14 billion times.
答案：had been played
解析：根据时间状语By the end of November, 2022可知，应用过去完成时，动词play与主语videos之间为被动关系。故填had been played。
11．(2025·江西省南昌市东湖区第三中学高三月考)The findings, made by researchers from the CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany of the CAS, ________ (publish) in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
答案：were published
解析：设空处为句子的谓语，与主语The findings之间为被动关系，此处表示过去被发表，应用一般过去时的被动语态；主语findings为复数，助动词也应用复数。故填were published。
12．(2025·安徽省皖南八校高三大联考)Lu ________ (admit) to the wood carving technical school in Dongyang when he was 13 years old.
答案：was admitted
解析：根据时间状语when he was 13 years old可知，句子应用一般过去时，主语Lu为单数，且与动词admit之间为被动关系。故填was admitted。
13．(2025·四川省绵阳市南山中学高三月考)In China, pastoral complex (田园情节) ________ (root) in our hearts over the past thousands of years.
答案：has been rooted
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语over the past thousands of years可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语pastoral complex为单数，与root构成被动关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been rooted。
14．(2025·广东省六校高三联考)Geologically, the Gobi preserves a rich and varied paleo－environment and ________ (consider) a hot spot for fossil discovery.
答案：is considered
解析：设空处为and连接的第二个谓语动词，根据第一个谓语动词preserves可知，应用一般现在时；动词consider与主语the Gobi之间是被动关系，且主语the Gobi为单数。故填is considered。
15．(2025·黑龙江省哈尔滨市第九中学高三期中)The Old City of Pingyao, originally named “Gu Tao”， ________ (construct) during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
答案：was constructed
解析：根据时间状语during the Western Zhou Dynasty可知，应用一般过去时，主语The Old City of Pingyao和谓语动词construct之间是被动关系，且主语为单数。故填was constructed。
重点3 主谓一致
1．语法一致原则
(1)单数名词、代词、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
(2)主语后跟with, together with, as well as，like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
(3)在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
他是我努力工作的朋友中的一个。
(4)在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
(5)many a和more than one加单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Many a boy has made the same mistake.
许多男孩犯了同样的错误。
2．意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有： family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
①My family is a large one.
我家是一个大家庭。
②The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of 后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
①About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
②The rest of the lecture is very wonderful.
讲座的其余部分非常精彩。
(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the missing have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
(4)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的复数名词在概念上是一个整体。
Ten dollars is enough for him.
十美元对他来说足够了。
3．就近一致原则
(1)由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ... 等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
①Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
②Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅是他，他全家人也都热衷于音乐会。
(2)在由there, here引起的倒装句中，主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
4．特别情况
(1)what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。(意义一致)
①What he'd like is a digital watch.
他想要的是一个数字手表。
②What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
(2)and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。(意义一致)
①Both rice and wheat are grown in our country.
我们国家种植水稻和小麦。
②The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(3)each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。(语法一致)
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Some of the things that Tang was writing about ________ (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
答案：were
解析：根据句中的was writing可知，此处描述过去的事，应用一般过去时，且主语Some of the things为复数。故填were。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Road Garden around the greenhouse ________ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road.
答案：walks
解析：设空处作谓语。描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语the Silk Road Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填walks。
3．(2024·北京高考)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ________ (name) the world's oldest living man.
答案：was named
解析：根据时间状语On April 5, 2024可知，此处应用一般过去时；动词name与主语John Tinniswood之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为单数，be动词应用was。故填was named。
4．(2024·T8联考)Dr Xiao, along with other Nanfan researchers, ________ (commit) wholeheartedly to improving grain production, ensuring that people's dinner tables are filled.
答案：is committed/commits
解析：along with连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与along with前的主语保持一致，在本句中，Dr Xiao为单数，谓语动词应用单数；根据句中的are可知，应用一般现在时；be committed to和commit to都意为“致力于……”。故填is committed/commits。
5．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)I feel it is you as well as your wife that ________ (be) to blame for your son's bad performance at school.
答案：are
解析：as well as连接两个并列主语，谓语动词要和as well as前的主语保持一致，在本句中，谓语动词应与主语you保持一致；根据句中的is可知，应用一般现在时。故填are。
6．(2025·广西壮族自治区高三月考)Their cuisine usually ________ (use) fresh, locally－sourced ingredients, like vegetables, grains and herbs.
答案：uses
解析：设空处是句子的谓语动词，根据设空前的usually可知，句子描述习惯性、经常性行为，应用一般现在时，主语Their cuisine是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填uses。
7．(2025·重庆市江津第二中学高三月考)So far this concept ________ (attract) the attention of many curious young individuals.
答案：has attracted
解析：根据时间状语So far可知，谓语动词应用现在完成时；主语 this concept是第三人称单数，助动词应用has。故填has attracted。
8．(2025·湖北省仙桃市田家炳实验高级中学高三月考)In recent years, more and more rattan furniture and rattan crafts ________ (enter) people's daily life, adding a lively touch to life and bringing people a relaxed visual experience.
答案：have entered
解析：设空处作谓语，根据时间状语In recent years可知，应用现在完成时，主语为more and more rattan furniture and rattan crafts，表示复数，助动词应用have。故填have entered。
9．(2025·黑龙江省哈尔滨市第九中学高三期中)In the northeast corner of the city ________ (be) the second treasure: Zhenguo Temple.
答案：is
解析：句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语the second treasure为单数，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。
10．(2025·四川省宜宾市叙州区高三一模)The current popularity of hanfu in the country is believed to indicate more than a fashion trend; it ________ (represent) a deeper connection to Chinese tradition and cultural identity.
答案：represents
解析：句子陈述事实，应用一般现在时，主语it为第三人称单数，谓语应用第三人称单数。故填represents。
11．(2025·辽宁省沈文新高考研究联盟高三月考)Since July 2019, China's online food－delivery platform Eleme ________ (carry) out a new service of picking up garbage from its users in Shanghai.
答案：has carried
解析：设空处为句子谓语动词，根据时间状语Since July 2019可知，本句时态应为现在完成时；主语China's online food－delivery platform Eleme为单数，助动词应用has。故填has carried。
12．(2025·广东省梅州市兴宁市第一中学高三月考)On show ________ (be) life－size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts, supervised by Sanxingdui Museum, such as 2.6－meter bronze statues, 3.8－meter－wide bronze masks and “the holy tree” standing nearly 4 meters.
答案：are
解析：设空处为完全倒装句的谓语，描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语life－size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts为复数，谓语也应用复数。故填are。
13．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)Lately, his story ________ (inspire) the video game Black Myth: Wukong, introducing new audiences to the beloved character.
答案：has inspired
解析：根据时间状语Lately可知，句子应用现在完成时，单数名词his story作主语，助动词应用has。故填has inspired。
14．(2025·云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州民族第一中学高三月考)Cultural reputation and rising sorghum costs ________ (cause) Moutai prices to rise sharply over the past few years.
答案：have caused
解析：设空处为句子的谓语，根据时间状语over the past few years可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语Cultural reputation and rising sorghum costs为复数，助动词应用have。故填have caused。
15．(2025·河北省邯郸市武安市第一中学高三期中)Each type of mushroom ________ (treat) differently to fully display its distinct and delicious flavor.
答案：is treated
解析：句子介绍蘑菇的处理方式，应用一般现在时；动词treat和主语Each type of mushroom之间是被动关系；each修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，be动词应用is。故填is treated。
(二)非谓语动词
先了解 1.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次它不能作谓语，综合这两点称其为非谓语动词。 2.非谓语动词的理解是个难点，学好非谓语动词有助于更准确地识别谓语动词；同时也可以极大地丰富写作的表达模式和层次。
划重点 4.动词不定式；5.动词－ing形式；6.动词的过去分词
重点4 动词不定式
1．作主语
(1)不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
(2)不定式作主语时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语置于后面。常用句型：It is＋形容词或名词＋(for/of sb) to do sth；表示人的品质的形容词后用of。
①It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old.
年轻人把座位让给老年人是有礼貌的。
②It is kind of you to have given us so much help.
你给了我们这么多帮助，真是太好了。
2．作表语
当主语部分有what, all, everything等不定代词和实义动词do(表示“做”)的某种形式时，可以用不带to的不定式作表语。
What we should do at the moment is (to) study hard.
目前我们应该做的就是努力学习。
3．作宾语
(1)常接不定式作宾语的动词：afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, aim, fail, long, happen, hesitate, struggle，attempt, volunteer, desire等。
He agreed to join us in singing.
他同意和我们一起唱歌。
(2)动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式，句子结构是 ... feel/find/make/think ... it＋adj./n.＋to do ...。
I find it difficult to remember everything.
我发现记住每件事是困难的。
(3)“动词＋疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语，常见的动词有：know, ask, show, think, guess, disscuss等。
I must think what to do next.
我必须考虑下一步做什么。
4．作宾语补足语
(1)常见的用“带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的动词(短语)有：allow, ask, beg, cause, command, elect, forbid, force, get, help, intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, tell, remind, train, want, warn, wish, advise, encourage, instruct, urge等。
Finally we persuaded them to stay with us.
最后我们说服他们和我们一起留下来。
(2)常见的用“不带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的动词(短语)有：feel, hear, have, help, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to。
We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano.
我们聆听了他用钢琴演奏的一首肖邦的曲子。
5．作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、程度等。不定式作目的状语置于句首时只用to do/in order to do, so as to do一般不置于句首。
①To realize our dream, we must work hard.
要实现梦想，我们必须努力。
②I am sorry to hear that.
听到这个消息，我很难过。
6．作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
He has nothing to do.
他无事可做。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last, the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
1．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
答案：to catch
解析：tend to do sth “往往会做某事”，为固定用法。故填to catch。
2．(2024· 浙江高考1月)However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra ________ (benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense.
答案：to benefit
解析：设空处指为了享受降价而多买一件，应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to benefit。
3．(2024·北京高考)Taking the time ________ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of self－awareness.
答案：to rest
解析：take (the) time to do sth为固定搭配，表示“花时间做某事”，设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to rest。
4．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)Scholars can't say for certain where the character of Sun Wukong originated from, but Journey to the West is likely ________ (come) from existing myths and legends.
答案：to come
解析：be likely to do sth “可能做某事”，为固定短语，设空处应用不定式形式。故填to come。
5．(2025·湖北省重点高中智学联盟高三联考)Zhao, who wears adapted hanfu on a daily basis, thinks the best way ________ (preserve) tradition is to adapt it to modern life.
答案：to preserve
解析：设空处应用不定式作后置定语，修饰名词way，表示“保存传统的最好方法”。故填to preserve。
6．(2025·四川省仁寿第二中学等三校高三联考)Just today, I hiked with Jack and when we said goodbye, he took a box of food out and he wanted me ________ (have) them.
答案：to have
解析：want sb to do sth为固定搭配，意为“想让某人做某事”，应用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to have。
7．(2025·广东省梅州市兴宁市第一中学高三月考)It highlights the important moments in the past century's continued archaeological efforts, to reveal the myths surrounding Sanxingdui and the secrets yet ________ (uncover)．
答案：to be uncovered
解析：设空处作定语修饰名词secrets，动词uncover与secrets之间是被动关系，意为“有待揭开的秘密”，表示将来的动作，应用不定式的被动语态。故填to be uncovered。
8．(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)Besides, shuttlecock kicking is convenient ________ (play).
答案：to play
解析：此处为固定搭配be＋adj.＋to do sth“做某事是……的”，应用动词不定式作状语。故填to play。
9．(2025·江苏省镇江市丹阳市丹阳高级中学高三一模)Also, several Chinese civilian teams set to join the international rescue effort ________ (assist) in the rescue.
答案：to assist
解析：句意：此外，几支中国民间队伍也将加入国际救援行动，协助救援工作。设空处应用不定式作目的状语。故填to assist。
10．(2025·江苏省南通市通州区高三质量监测)A group of scholars specializing in Confucianism from home and abroad gathered in the village and discussed how ________ (put) new power into traditional Chinese culture, especially in rural areas.
答案：to put
解析：设空处应用“疑问词＋to do”结构作discussed的宾语。故填to put。
11．(2025·重庆市江津第二中学高三月考)Its goal is ________ (fight) against food waste by offering surplus (剩余的) unsold food from nearby stores and restaurants at a reduced price.
答案：to fight
解析：句意：它的目标是通过以较低的价格提供附近商店和餐馆剩余的未售出的食物来对抗食物浪费。此处应用动词不定式作表语，说明goal的具体内容。故填to fight。
12．(2025·河南省安阳市林州市第一中学高三月考)Grandparents usually give a gold or silver gift ________ (show) their deep love for the baby.
答案：to show
解析：设空处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to show。
13．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)The tradition of April Fools' Day is said ________ (start) in the sixteenth century.
答案：to have started
解析：sb/sth is said to do sth意为“据说某人/某物做某事”，不定式作主语补足语。根据本句中的in the sixteenth century可知，start表示的动作发生在is said之前，所以应用不定式的完成时。故填to have started。
14．(2025·浙江省嘉兴市高三基础测试)Besides cultural context, personal experiences and preferences also shape communication, so it's important ________ (note) that every person, country, companies, and groups have a mix of both.
答案：to note
解析：此处是固定句型：it is＋形容词＋to do sth意为“做某事是……的”，it作形式主语，应用不定式作真正的主语。故填to note。
15．(2025·江苏省常熟市高三月考)The flow of ink determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with its excellent ability ________ (give) full play to ink.
答案：to give
解析：设空处应用不定式作名词ability的后置定语，表示“充分发挥墨水性能的能力”。故填to give。
重点5 动词－ing形式
1．作主语：谓语动词用单数
Seeing it once is better than being told 100 times.
百闻不如一见。
2．作宾语
(1)作介词或动词的宾语
①I'm sorry for having kept you waiting so long.
对不起让你久等了。
②Have you considered making contributions to your hometown after graduation
你考虑过毕业后为家乡做贡献吗？
(2)以下动词(短语)之后＋doing作宾语：
finish, forbid, practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate, advise, feel like, suggest, stand (容忍), risk, consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to, insist on, can't help (禁不住), get down to
She attempted to avoid making eye contact with anyone.
她试图避免与任何人进行眼神交流。
(3)以下动词之后＋doing/to do作宾语皆可：
continue, like, love, begin, start, learn
I could see some runners starting slowing/to slow down.
我可以看到一些跑步者开始放慢速度。
(4)以下动词之后＋doing/to do皆可，但含义或功能不同：
go on, remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop
①Emily remembered reading about the importance of staying calm when lost.
艾米丽记得她读过的关于迷路时保持冷静的重要性。
②Do remember to take the cake.
记得把蛋糕带走。
3．作表语：说明主语的内容或性质
①My job is teaching.
我的工作是教书。
②The news is exciting.
这条新闻很振奋人心。
4．作状语
(1)doing：表示主动的动作，可以表示原因、条件、伴随、顺理成章的结果等。
He ran too fast, falling to the ground.
他跑得太快了，结果摔倒在地上。
(2)having done：表示主动，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。
Not having received any reply, he decided to write again.
没有收到回复，他决定再写一封信。
(3)having been done：表示被动完成的动作，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
澳大利亚与其他大陆分离了数百万年，因此拥有世界上任何其他国家都没有的许多动植物。
5．作定语
(1)doing：表示主动且正在进行的动作，如果是动词－ing形式的短语，要置于所修饰的名词之后。
The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
植物园里的花朵散发着甜美的香味，吸引着游客前来欣赏大自然的美景。
(2)being done：作后置定语，表示被动、且正在进行的动作。
The question being discussed at the meeting now is very important.
现在正在会议上讨论的问题很重要。
6．作宾语补足语：表示主动或正在进行的动作。
I can see some kids playing on the playground.
我可以看到一些孩子在操场上玩耍。
1．(2024·北京高考)Just then, some kids ran at him, ________ (knock) his books out of his arms.
答案：knocking
解析：句中已有谓语ran，设空处应用非谓语，knock与其逻辑主语some kids之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填knocking。
2．(2024·T8联考)Jokingly ________ (refer) to himself as a “mudskipper”， he is often spotted with rolled－up trouser legs in the knee－deep muddy fields.
答案：referring
解析：句中已有谓语is spotted，设空处应用非谓语动词。refer与其逻辑主语he之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填referring。
3．(2025·安徽省合肥市第七中学高三月考)Following in the footsteps of Li, she is set to become another successful female player from China, with her convincing athletic records and personality ________ (draw) an increasing number of domestic and international brands as her sponsors.
答案：drawing
解析：此处为with的复合结构，draw与宾语her convincing athletic records and personality构成主动关系，应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填drawing。
4．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)In recent years, the art of Chinese knots has gained international recognition, with enthusiasts and collectors ________ (appreciate) its beauty and cultural value.
答案：appreciating
解析：此处为with的复合结构，设空处在句中作宾语补足语，appreciate与宾语enthusiasts and collectors之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填appreciating。
5．(2025·上海市宝山中学高三期中测评)They also believed that it could cure various eye diseases and even help them avoid ________ (fall) victim to the evil eye.
答案：falling
解析：设空处作avoid的宾语，应用动词－ing形式，avoid doing sth 意为“避免做某事”。故填falling。
6．(2025·广东省广州龙涛外国语学校高中部高三月考)Today, ________ (own) a Chinese Qipao seems like a must for every woman who loves fashion and culture.
答案：owning
解析：本句谓语为seems，设空处作主语，应用动词－ing形式表示普通的、一般的行为。故填owning。
7．(2025·福建省福州第三中学高三月考)This set of stamps, designed by Xing Wenwei, fully reproduces the artistic conception of the original painting, ________ (create) a unique visual effect.
答案：creating
解析：create与前面主句构成主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填creating。
8．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)________ (spend)a lot of time and energy on this project, Jenny was full of confidence that she would complete the task perfectly.
答案：Having spent
解析：句中已有谓语动词was，设空处应用非谓语动词，spend与其逻辑主语Jenny之间为主动关系，应用现在分词作原因状语；spend这一动作发生在谓语动词was之前，应用现在分词的完成时；位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Having spent。
9．(2025·上海市上海中学高三期中)You catch yourself ________ (wonder) what else this world has been hiding and what beauty it's capable of.
答案：wondering
解析：固定搭配catch sb doing sth 意为“发现某人正在做某事”，设空处应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填wondering。
10．(2025·河北省卓恒教育高三联考)China is a country with a rich cultural heritage ________ (date) back thousands of years.
答案：dating
解析：设空处作后置定语修饰名词heritage，date与heritage之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填dating。
11．(2025·湖北省武汉市第一中学高三月考)Despite the hot weather, more than a dozen international students could not hide their excitement after completing a three－hour bike ride along the central axis of Beijing, each ________ (rush) to high－five their team leader.
答案：rushing
解析：each ... team leader为独立主格结构，rush与其逻辑主语each之间为主动关系，应用现在分词rushing。故填rushing。
12．(2025·福建省福州第二中学高三期中)The picture, named “The Moment”， captured the movement of a fox ________ (bare) its teeth and the marmot (土拨鼠) looking panicked.
答案：baring
解析：bare its teeth作后置定语修饰fox，fox与bare之间是主动关系，应用现在分词表示“露出牙齿的狐狸”。故填baring。
13．(2025·河北省沧州市高三月考)Some experienced green thumbs even spend much money ________ (purchase) potted plants and present them to their friends.
答案：purchasing
解析：固定搭配spend＋时间/金钱等＋(in) doing sth意为“花费时间/金钱做某事”。故填purchasing。
14．(2025·山东省名校联盟高三期中)Despite not ________ (award) the “Lion Dance King”， Tran was satisfied with his team's performance.
答案：being awarded
解析：句中Despite为介词，设空处应用动词－ing形式作介词的宾语，award与其逻辑主语Tran 之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填being awarded。
15．(2025·山东省济宁市第一中学高三期中)A city walk is a form of urban tourism ________ (originate) in the UK, with a strong emphasis on digging deep into the city's history, culture and landscapes.
答案：originating
解析：句中已有谓语动词is，设空处应用非谓语动词。originate与名词短语a form of urban tourism之间为主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填originating。
重点6 动词的过去分词
1．作状语
(1)表示被动的动作，相当于状语从句，可以表示时间、原因、条件等，可以转换为状语从句。
Seen from the hill top, the city looks more beautiful.
从山顶看，这座城市显得格外美丽。
(2)状语从句改成过去分词作状语时，有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋动词－ed形式”结构作状语。
I won't go to the party unless invited.
除非受到邀请，否则我不会去参加聚会。
2．作定语
表示被动，相当于省略了“which/that＋be”的定语从句。如果单个的过去分词作定语，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
①The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
五千多人参加了会议，欢迎这位伟大的英雄。
②The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
3．作宾语补足语
(1)在表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)后作宾语补足语。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English.
我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
(2)在表示“致使”意义的动词后作宾语补足语。如： have, get, let, leave等。
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要去理发。
(3)make后面接反身代词，再接动词－ed形式作宾语补足语，表示“使自己被……”。
He had to speak aloud to make himself heard above the noise.
他不得不大声说话，使自己在喧闹声中被别人听到。
4．作表语
过去分词作表语常常用来修饰人，而用动词－ing形式修饰物。但是修饰人的表情常用过去分词。
The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.
这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。
1．(2024·浙江高考1月)Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs ________ (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份)．
答案：designed
解析：逻辑主语packs与动词design之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填designed。
2．(2024·北京高考)And when ________ (ask) about his new title, he shared the secret: moderation (适度).
答案：asked
解析：在状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be动词，则从句中的“主语＋be动词”可以省略。此处when引导的时间状语从句中，省略了主语he和be动词was，且本句中ask与he之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填asked。
3．(2025·福建省福州第三中学滨海校区高三适应性练习)San Francisco, Mar 2, 2024 (SFStandard)—Multiple night markets are set to take place across San Francisco this year, ________ (base) on the success of last year's events.
答案：based
解析：短语be based on表示“基于”，base与其逻辑主语markets之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填based。
4．(2025·广西壮族自治区高三月考)________ (wrap) in bamboo leaves, the rice－based food is often filled with ingredients mainly including green beans and pork.
答案：Wrapped
解析：句子已有谓语动词is filled，设空处应用非谓语动词作状语，动词wrap与其逻辑主语the rice－based food之间是被动关系，应用过去分词wrapped，且位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Wrapped。
5．(2025·宁夏回族自治区嘴山市第一中学高三月考)Often ________ (compose) at a banquet (宴会), ci would be written down by guests and then sung by musical performers as entertainment.
答案：composed
解析：设空处应用非谓语动词，compose与其逻辑主语ci之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填composed。
6．(2025·广东省六校高三联考)More than 80 species, or one－fifth of the over 400 ________ (know) dinosaur species are found in Mongolia's Gobi Desert.
答案：known
解析：设空处作定语修饰dinosaur species，know与dinosaur species之间为被动关系，应用过去分词known，意为“已知的”。故填known。
7．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)________ (arm) with remarkable abilities, Sun Wukong, comes from the 16th－century classic Journey to the West.
答案：Armed
解析：be armed with “装备有，具有……”，设空处在句中作状语，arm与其逻辑主语Sun Wukong之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Armed。
8．(2025·安徽省芜湖市第一中学高三教学质量诊断测试)Nowadays, this type of drum dance is commonly seen ________ (perform) during the last and first month of the lunar year in many local festive activities.
答案：performed
解析：设空处应用非谓语动词作主语补足语。主语this type of drum dance与perform之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填performed。
9．(2025·上海市进才中学高三月考)Wukong is not an open－world game: there's no mini map ________ (dot) with tasks.
答案：dotted
解析：mini map与dot之间是被动关系，应用过去分词dotted作后置定语，意为“标有任务的小地图”。故填dotted。
10．(2025·吉林省珲春市第二高级中学高三一模)________ (know) as “Big Sister” by colleagues as a mark of respect, the commander has become an Internet celebrity in China.
答案：Known
解析：the commander与know为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语，且句首单词首字母应大写。故填Known。
11．(2025·广西邕衡教育名校联盟高三适应性检测)During the trial period, delivery will be free, with fees ________ (expect) to be similar to regular services afterwards.
答案：expected
解析：此处为with的复合结构，设空处应用非谓语动词，expect和宾语fees之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填expected。
12．(2025·湖北省重点高中智学联盟高三联考)He is also a part of a growing movement among younger Chinese that has helped revive hanfu, the name ________ (give) to clothing once worn by ancient Chinese.
答案：given
解析：the name是hanfu的同位语，而give to clothing作定语，修饰the name，the name与give之间构成被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填given。
13．(2025·广西壮族自治区来宾市高三教学质量检测)Yungang Grottoes represent the pinnacle of Buddhist cave art from the 5th and 6th centuries, ________ (create) during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386－534).
答案：created
解析：句中已有谓语represent，设空处应用非谓语动词，create和其逻辑主语Yungang Grottoes之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填created。
14．(2025·河北省邯郸市部分学校高三联考)As visitors explore Yellow Crane Tower and stand on its heights, they are treated to the whole views of the Yangtze River and the city of Wuhan and they are also reminded of the lasting power of human creativity and the charm of the ________ (write) words.
答案：written
解析：设空处作定语修饰名词words，write与words之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填written。
15．(2025·河北省沧州市高三月考)The country has more than 5，000 large－scale flower companies, with about 5.3 million people ________ (involve) in the industry.
答案：involved
解析：此处为“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构，设空处应用非谓语动词，宾语people和involve之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填involved。
31(共115张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
第二编 高效语法
重点语法
第一讲 谓语动词/非谓语动词 (6个重点)
非谓语动词
目录
CONTENTS
2
谓语动词
1
谓语动词
先了解 1.谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，指出主语“干什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。
2.一个句子可以没有主语或宾语成分，但不能没有谓语动词，谓语动词是句子的“灵魂”。
3.动词有五种形态，分别是原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。
划重点 1.谓语动词常用的十一种时态；2.谓语动词常用的八种被动语态；3.主谓一致
重点1 谓语动词常用的十一种时态
1．一般现在时(do/does)
(1)表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有always, usually, often, sometimes, every day等。
My teacher sometimes lives in the village.
我的老师有时住在村里。
(2)位移动词come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop, depart等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
The flight takes off in twenty minutes—we will never make it.
飞机还有20分钟就要起飞了——我们赶不上了。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If it doesn't rain, we'll go for a picnic tomorrow.
如果不下雨，明天我们将去野餐。
(4)表示科学事实、客观真理或自然现象(不受主句的时态限制)。
The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
2．一般过去时(did)
(1)表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有：yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
The plan of protecting the environment came up at the meeting last year.
保护环境的计划是在去年的会议上提出的。
(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。
I didn't pass the exam, which made my parents very angry.
我没有通过考试，这让我父母很生气。
(3)时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(4)有些动词如know, think, expect, want等，虽没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也用一般过去时。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you could play the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
3．一般将来时(will/shall＋do; be going to do; be about to do; be to do)
(1)“will/shall＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话人临时作出的决定。
I believe this activity will promote better communication and understanding between us.
我相信这次活动会促进我们之间更好的沟通和理解。
(2)“be going to＋动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事；或表示有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的事。
①The famous doctor is going to set out to perform the operation, so please keep calm.
这位著名的医生马上就要开始做手术了，所以请保持冷静。
②Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It seems as if it is going to rain.
看空中的乌云！看起来好像要下雨了。
(3)“be about to＋动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。一般不与具体的时间状语连用。
I was about to leave the house when the phone rang.
我正要离开房子的时候，电话响了。
(4)“be to＋动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作。
It is hoped that China's economy is to grow at a medium speed in the coming year.
中国的经济有望在新的一年里保持中速增长。
4．现在进行时(am/is/are＋doing)
(1)表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Now I am planning our schedule for the trip.
现在我正在计划我们的旅行日程。
(2)表示位置移动的动词如go, come, leave, arrive, start, move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
有些树在没有足够的水时会发出咔嚓声，表示干旱即将来临。
(3)与always, often, constantly等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感彩。
The girl is always talking aloud in public, which makes her parents annoyed.
这个女孩总是在公共场合大声说话，这使得她的父母很烦。
5．过去进行时(was/were＋doing)
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(过去的时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
She was watering flowers at that time.
那时，她正在浇花。
(2)表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
She arrived just as we were leaving.
她到的时候我们正要离开。
(3)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
The teacher came in while the boy was reading a novel.
那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。
6．现在完成时(have/has＋done)
(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years ... 等连用。
So far, I have finished half of the book.
到目前为止，我已经读完了这本书的一半。
(2)表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与lately, recently, so far, since等时间状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自从上个月出版以来获得了很多好评。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second ... time ＋that 从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用现在完成时。
For most students, I guess, it is the first time that they have been away from home.
我想，对大多数学生来说，这是他们第一次离开家。
【特别提醒】 在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
7．过去完成时(had＋done)
(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即过去的过去完成的动作或存在的状态。
By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1，000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1，000多封信。
(2)在“hardly/scarcely ... when ...”“no sooner ... than ...”等句型结构中，主句常用过去完成时，且常用部分倒装，从句用一般过去时，意为“刚……就……”。
Hardly had I finished my homework when the telephone rang.
我刚做完作业，电话就响了。
(3)某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want 等。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本想在彼得结婚时送他一件礼物祝贺，但我没能做到。
(4)在“It/This was the first/second ... time＋that 从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had taken part in such a meaningful activity.
那是我第一次参加这样有意义的活动。
8．将来进行时(will/shall be＋doing)
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow, in the next two months等表示具体的时间点、时间段的时间状语连用。
He will be negotiating with the other company at this time next Tuesday.
下周二这个时候他将正与另一家公司谈判。
9．将来完成时(will/shall have＋done)
表示将来某时已完成的动作。标志性短语：by the end of＋表示将来的时间，by＋表示将来的时间，by the time＋从句(从句中用一般现在时)。
By the time he is 14 years old, he will have finished advanced maths.
到他14岁的时候，他就会学完高等数学。
10．现在完成进行时(have/has been＋doing)
(1)表示动作始于过去，一直延续到现在，这一动作可能刚完成，也可能继续进行下去。常与these days, recently, lately, in the past/last＋时间段；since＋时间点；for＋时间段等连用。
All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直给我们杂志投稿。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我们常常见面。
11．过去将来时(would＋do, was/were (going/about) to do)
(1)would do表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他说他将在8点到达这里。
(2)was/were going to do可表示过去根据计划或安排即将发生的事。
I was told that he was going to return home.
他告诉我他打算回家。
(3)was/were to do 可表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计划是否被执行，也可表示过去注定要发生的事。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtze River.
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
(4)was/were about to do 表示过去说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements __________________ (increase) Stratford's international visibility, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
have increased
解析：此处表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时，主语Those cultural elements为复数，助动词应用have。故填have increased。
2．(2024·北京高考)My heart went out to him, and I ________ (jog) over to him.
3．(2025·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三质量监测)In the past few decades, with the scientific development, we ___________ (see) a significant improvement in the station's design and operation.
解析：句中and连接前后两个并列分句，设空处作后一个分句的谓语，根据前一个分句中的谓语went可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填jogged。
解析：根据时间状语In the past few decades可知，句子应用现在完成时；主语为we，助动词应用have。故填have seen。
jogged
have seen
4．(2025·广东省梅州市梅雁中学高三月考)He scored 625 out of 750 points, and ________ (rank) 64 in the science track of gaokao in northwestern China's Qinghai Province.
ranked
解析：句中and连接两个并列谓语，根据前面的scored可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填ranked。
5．(2025·天津市第一中学高三月考)—Will you take over at the next service area I want a short rest.
—Sure. You _____________________ (drive) for over four hours by then.
will have been driving
解析：句意：——你能在下一个服务区接过去吗？我想休息一会儿。——当然。到那时你已经开了四个多小时的车了。根据句意及时间状语by then可知，此处表示从过去一直持续到说话人所提及的未来某个时间的动作，应用将来完成进行时。故填will have been driving。
6．(2025·山东省济南第一中学高三期中)According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, by the end of 2023, China's population aged 60 and above ___________ (reach) nearly 297 million people, causing increasing discussions about improving public services to meet the needs of seniors.
had reached
解析：根据时间状语by the end of 2023可知，应用过去完成时，表示在过去的时间(2023年末)之前完成的动作。故填had reached。
7．(2025·浙江省绍兴市高三一模)Their unique oval design ________ (mean) that each bell can produce two different tones depending on where it is struck.
means
解析：句子陈述客观事实，且根据句中that和where引导的宾语从句中的谓语动词can produce和is可知，句子应用一般现在时，主语design为单数，谓语动词也应用第三人称单数。故填means。
8．(2025·黑龙江省大庆市让胡路区大庆中学高三期中)She nodded and said, “Our son _______________________________ (return) home tomorrow morning and I will buy something nice for him to eat.”
will return/is returning/is to return
解析：根据时间状语tomorrow morning可知，应用一般将来时或者用现在进行时表示将来概念，也可用be to do表示将来的计划或安排。故填will return/is returning/is to return。=
9．(2025·天津市河东区第八中学高三月考)I ____________________ (think) about what you've said and I've decided to take your advice.
have been thinking
解析：句意：我一直在考虑你所说的话，已经决定了采纳你的建议。根据句中的have said及have decided和句意可知，应用现在完成进行时表示动作由过去的某一刻开始一直在进行中，直到说话的时候刚好结束，或者可能仍然要继续下去。故填have been thinking。
10．(2025·内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市第一中学高三期中)Cammarota, who is an adventurous and culture－driven traveler, first ________ (study) The Travels of Marco Polo in 2000.
11．(2025·辽宁省沈阳市郊联体高三月考)Although most of you will be going away to sunnier parts, there are others who ______________ (stay) near their home.
studied
解析：根据时间状语in 2000可知，应用一般过去时，study与句子主语Cammarota之间为主动关系。故填studied。
解析：句意：虽然你们中的大多数人会去阳光明媚的地方，但也有一些人会留在他们家附近。根据句中的will be going away并结合句意可知，应用将来进行时。故填will be staying。
will be staying
12．(2025·吉林省珲春市第二高级中学高三一模)Chang'e－5 was a landmark space mission for China, as it was the first time our country ____________ (collect) samples from the Moon.
13．(2025·福建省福州恒一高级中学(烟台山校区)高三月考)The researchers from the University of Kent in the UK ________ (send) 194 participants to relax in the woodlands last year.
had collected
解析：固定句式It was the first time＋that从句表示“那是……第一次做某事”，从句谓语应用过去完成时。故填had collected。
解析：根据时间状语last year可知，应用一般过去时。故填sent。
sent
14．(2025·天津市第五十四中高三月考)By the time you graduate from college, great changes _______________ (take) place in your hometown.
15．(2025·广西南宁市第二中学高三月考)It is not the first time in recent years that a TV play ___________ (help) turn its location into a popular tourism destination.
will have taken
解析：此处为By the time引导的时间状语从句，主句应用将来完成时，表示“到将来……时为止，将已经……”。故填will have taken。
解析：固定句型It is the first/second/ ... time＋that从句表示“这是第一/二……次做某事”，从句中谓语动词应用现在完成时，从句主语a TV play为单数，助动词应用has。故填has helped。
has helped
重点2 谓语动词常用的八种被动语态
1．八种时态中被动语态的构成
(1)一般现在时的被动语态；am/is/are＋过去分词
(2)一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋过去分词
(3)一般将来时的被动语态：will/shall be＋过去分词
(4)现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are＋being＋过去分词
(5)过去进行时的被动语态：was/were＋being＋过去分词
(6)现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋过去分词
(7)过去完成时的被动语态：had＋been＋过去分词
(8)将来完成时的被动语态：will/shall＋have been＋过去分词
2．被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者。
Attention, please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 am tomorrow.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
The woman was taken to hospital.
那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
【特别提醒】
(1)动词短语在含有被动语态的句子中作谓语时，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
(2)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如： have, cost, lack, own, belong to, date from/back to, take part in。
It is an old custom that dates back to 4，000 years ago.
这是一个可追溯到4，000年前的古老习俗。
(3)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态，如： happen/take place, occur, remain, last, break out, come out, come up, run out等。
An accident happened on the highway this morning.
今天早上高速公路上发生了一起事故。
(4)“get＋过去分词”也可以表示被动。
The patient got treated once a week.
这个病人每周接受一次治疗。
3．主动形式表示被动的常见情况
(1)系动词smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.
这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
(2)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如：read, write, sell, wash, clean等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days
你买了最近畅销的那本书了吗？
(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面通常加动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
①The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这所房子需要修理。
②The film is really worth seeing.
这部电影的确值得一看。
(4)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构中用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out前省略了for me)
这个问题很难解决。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a six－meter－tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, __________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace.
2．(2024·全国甲卷)What should ________ (do) with such a beautiful place
was built
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，主语是a six－meter－tall pavilion，为单数，与build之间是被动关系，此处描述过去的事，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was built。
解析：主语What与do之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；设空前的should是情态动词，其后用动词原形。故填be done。
be done
3．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)Workshops and exhibitions __________ (hold) worldwide, allowing people to learn about this unique form of art and even try their hand at making their own Chinese knots.
are held
解析：句意：研讨会和展览在世界各地举行，让人们了解这种独特的艺术形式，甚至尝试制作自己的中国结。设空处在句子中作谓语，与主语Workshops and exhibitions之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，因句子描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且因主语Workshops and exhibitions为复数。故填are held。
4．(2025· 天津市南开中学高三月考)Currently, thousands of works __________________ (display) in the Forbidden City in Beijing, with more than 1.86 million works housed there, and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
are being displayed
解析：根据时间状语Currently可知，这里描述的是现在正在进行的动作，所以应用现在进行时；动词display与主语thousands of works之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为复数，助动词应用are。故填are being displayed。
5．(2025· 江苏省苏州市新草桥中学高三月考)According to CAAC, this model ____________ (put) into commercial operation once it has met all the requirements.
will be put
解析：句意：据中国民用航空局称，该机型在满足所有要求后将投入商业运营。根据句意和once引导的条件状语从句可知，句中描述的是将来的事情，主句应用一般将来时，主语this model和谓语put之间是被动关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be put。
6．(2025·河南省信阳市高三教学质量检测(一模))Up till now, some _________________ (inspire) to read the original novel to understand the game's narrative better.
have been inspired
解析：根据时间状语Up till now可知，句中应用现在完成时。主语some(指人)表示复数概念，和inspire之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，助动词应用have。故填have been inspired。
7．(2025· 黑龙江省绥化市第七中学高三月考)In 2009, this art form _________ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Beijing.
was listed
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语In 2009可知， 句子应用一般过去时；主语this art form为单数，与list之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was listed。
8．(2025·贵州省贵阳市第一中学高三月考)The photograph was accompanied by a letter mentioning a painting that her grandmother had treasured above all others, but it _____________ (lose) during a family trip years ago.
had been lost
解析：主句中的谓语was accompanied使用了一般过去时，根据时间状语a family trip years ago可知，lose这一动作发生在was accompanied这一动作之前，即过去的过去，应用过去完成时；lose与主语it之间为被动关系。故填had been lost。
9．(2025·贵州省贵阳市第一中学高三月考)People dressed in Mamianqun ________ (spot) frequently at popular tourist attractions, restaurants, department stores, and temple fairs.
10．(2025·四川省成都东辰外国语学校高三月考)By the end of November, 2022, videos recording or introducing this activity _________________ (play) 1.14 billion times.
are spotted
解析：设空处为句子的谓语动词，与主语People之间是被动关系，根据状语frequently可知，句子描述经常发生的事情，应用一般现在时，主语是People，助动词be应用are。故填are spotted。
解析：根据时间状语By the end of November, 2022可知，应用过去完成时，动词play与主语videos之间为被动关系。故填had been played。
had been played
11．(2025·江西省南昌市东湖区第三中学高三月考)The findings, made by researchers from the CIB and Guangxi Institute of Botany of the CAS, ______________ (publish) in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
12．(2025·安徽省皖南八校高三大联考)Lu _____________ (admit) to the wood carving technical school in Dongyang when he was 13 years old.
were published
解析：设空处为句子的谓语，与主语The findings之间为被动关系，此处表示过去被发表，应用一般过去时的被动语态；主语findings为复数，助动词也应用复数。故填were published。
解析：根据时间状语when he was 13 years old可知，句子应用一般过去时，主语Lu为单数，且与动词admit之间为被动关系。故填was admitted。
was admitted
13．(2025·四川省绵阳市南山中学高三月考)In China, pastoral complex (田园情节) _______________ (root) in our hearts over the past thousands of years.
14．(2025·广东省六校高三联考)Geologically, the Gobi preserves a rich and varied paleo－environment and ____________ (consider) a hot spot for fossil discovery.
has been rooted
解析：设空处在句中作谓语，根据时间状语over the past thousands of years可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语pastoral complex为单数，与root构成被动关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been rooted。
解析：设空处为and连接的第二个谓语动词，根据第一个谓语动词preserves可知，应用一般现在时；动词consider与主语the Gobi之间是被动关系，且主语the Gobi为单数。故填is considered。
is considered
15．(2025·黑龙江省哈尔滨市第九中学高三期中)The Old City of Pingyao, originally named “Gu Tao”， ____________________ (construct) during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
was constructed
解析：根据时间状语during the Western Zhou Dynasty可知，应用一般过去时，主语The Old City of Pingyao和谓语动词construct之间是被动关系，且主语为单数。故填was constructed。
重点3 主谓一致
1．语法一致原则
(1)单数名词、代词、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
(2)主语后跟with, together with, as well as，like, but, except, along with, rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
(3)在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
他是我努力工作的朋友中的一个。
(4)在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
(5)many a和more than one加单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Many a boy has made the same mistake.
许多男孩犯了同样的错误。
2．意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有： family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
①My family is a large one.
我家是一个大家庭。
②The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of 后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
①About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
②The rest of the lecture is very wonderful.
讲座的其余部分非常精彩。
(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the missing have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
(4)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的复数名词在概念上是一个整体。
Ten dollars is enough for him.
十美元对他来说足够了。
3．就近一致原则
(1)由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ... 等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
①Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
②Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅是他，他全家人也都热衷于音乐会。
(2)在由there, here引起的倒装句中，主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
4．特别情况
(1)what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。(意义一致)
①What he'd like is a digital watch.
他想要的是一个数字手表。
②What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
(2)and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。(意义一致)
①Both rice and wheat are grown in our country.
我们国家种植水稻和小麦。
②The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(3)each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。(语法一致)
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Some of the things that Tang was writing about ________ (be) also Shakespeare's concerns.
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Road Garden around the greenhouse ________ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road.
were
解析：根据句中的was writing可知，此处描述过去的事，应用一般过去时，且主语Some of the things为复数。故填were。
解析：设空处作谓语。描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语the Silk Road Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填walks。
walks
3．(2024·北京高考)On April 5, 2024, John Tinniswood ___________ (name) the world's oldest living man.
was named
解析：根据时间状语On April 5, 2024可知，此处应用一般过去时；动词name与主语John Tinniswood之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为单数，be动词应用was。故填was named。
解析：along with连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与along with前的主语保持一致，在本句中，Dr Xiao为单数，谓语动词应用单数；根据句中的are可知，应用一般现在时；be committed to和commit to都意为“致力于……”。故填is committed/commits。
4．(2024·T8联考)Dr Xiao, along with other Nanfan researchers, _________________ (commit) wholeheartedly to improving grain production, ensuring that people's dinner tables are filled.
is committed/commits
5．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)I feel it is you as well as your wife that ________ (be) to blame for your son's bad performance at school.
6．(2025·广西壮族自治区高三月考)Their cuisine usually ________ (use) fresh, locally－sourced ingredients, like vegetables, grains and herbs.
are
解析：as well as连接两个并列主语，谓语动词要和as well as前的主语保持一致，在本句中，谓语动词应与主语you保持一致；根据句中的is可知，应用一般现在时。故填are。
解析：设空处是句子的谓语动词，根据设空前的usually可知，句子描述习惯性、经常性行为，应用一般现在时，主语Their cuisine是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填uses。
uses
7．(2025·重庆市江津第二中学高三月考)So far this concept ________________ (attract) the attention of many curious young individuals.
8．(2025·湖北省仙桃市田家炳实验高级中学高三月考)In recent years, more and more rattan furniture and rattan crafts ____________ (enter) people's daily life, adding a lively touch to life and bringing people a relaxed visual experience.
has attracted
解析：根据时间状语So far可知，谓语动词应用现在完成时；主语 this concept是第三人称单数，助动词应用has。故填has attracted。
解析：设空处作谓语，根据时间状语In recent years可知，应用现在完成时，主语为more and more rattan furniture and rattan crafts，表示复数，助动词应用have。故填have entered。
have entered
9．(2025·黑龙江省哈尔滨市第九中学高三期中)In the northeast corner of the city ________ (be) the second treasure: Zhenguo Temple.
10．(2025·四川省宜宾市叙州区高三一模)The current popularity of hanfu in the country is believed to indicate more than a fashion trend; it ___________ (represent) a deeper connection to Chinese tradition and cultural identity.
is
解析：句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语the second treasure为单数，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。
解析：句子陈述事实，应用一般现在时，主语it为第三人称单数，谓语应用第三人称单数。故填represents。
represents
11．(2025·辽宁省沈文新高考研究联盟高三月考)Since July 2019, China's online food－delivery platform Eleme ___________ (carry) out a new service of picking up garbage from its users in Shanghai.
has carried
解析：设空处为句子谓语动词，根据时间状语Since July 2019可知，本句时态应为现在完成时；主语China's online food－delivery platform Eleme为单数，助动词应用has。故填has carried。
12．(2025·广东省梅州市兴宁市第一中学高三月考)On show ________ (be) life－size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts, supervised by Sanxingdui Museum, such as 2.6－meter bronze statues, 3.8－meter－wide bronze masks and “the holy tree” standing nearly 4 meters.
are
解析：设空处为完全倒装句的谓语，描述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语life－size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts为复数，谓语也应用复数。故填are。
13．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)Lately, his story ___________ (inspire) the video game Black Myth: Wukong, introducing new audiences to the beloved character.
14．(2025·云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州民族第一中学高三月考)Cultural reputation and rising sorghum costs ____________ (cause) Moutai prices to rise sharply over the past few years.
has inspired
解析：根据时间状语Lately可知，句子应用现在完成时，单数名词his story作主语，助动词应用has。故填has inspired。
解析：设空处为句子的谓语，根据时间状语over the past few years可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语Cultural reputation and rising sorghum costs为复数，助动词应用have。故填have caused。
have caused
15．(2025·河北省邯郸市武安市第一中学高三期中)Each type of mushroom ___________ (treat) differently to fully display its distinct and delicious flavor.
is treated
解析：句子介绍蘑菇的处理方式，应用一般现在时；动词treat和主语Each type of mushroom之间是被动关系；each修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，be动词应用is。故填is treated。
非谓语动词
先了解 1.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次它不能作谓语，综合这两点称其为非谓语动词。
2.非谓语动词的理解是个难点，学好非谓语动词有助于更准确地识别谓语动词；同时也可以极大地丰富写作的表达模式和层次。
划重点 4.动词不定式；5.动词－ing形式；6.动词的过去分词
重点4 动词不定式
1．作主语
(1)不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
(2)不定式作主语时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语置于后面。常用句型：It is＋形容词或名词＋(for/of sb) to do sth；表示人的品质的形容词后用of。
①It is good manners for the young to give their seats to the old.
年轻人把座位让给老年人是有礼貌的。
②It is kind of you to have given us so much help.
你给了我们这么多帮助，真是太好了。
2．作表语
当主语部分有what, all, everything等不定代词和实义动词do(表示“做”)的某种形式时，可以用不带to的不定式作表语。
What we should do at the moment is (to) study hard.
目前我们应该做的就是努力学习。
3．作宾语
(1)常接不定式作宾语的动词：afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, aim, fail, long, happen, hesitate, struggle，attempt, volunteer, desire等。
He agreed to join us in singing.
他同意和我们一起唱歌。
(2)动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式，句子结构是 ... feel/find/make/think ... it＋adj./n.＋to do ...。
I find it difficult to remember everything.
我发现记住每件事是困难的。
(3)“动词＋疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语，常见的动词有：know, ask, show, think, guess, disscuss等。
I must think what to do next.
我必须考虑下一步做什么。
4．作宾语补足语
(1)常见的用“带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的动词(短语)有：allow, ask, beg, cause, command, elect, forbid, force, get, help, intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, tell, remind, train, want, warn, wish, advise, encourage, instruct, urge等。
Finally we persuaded them to stay with us.
最后我们说服他们和我们一起留下来。
(2)常见的用“不带to的不定式作宾语补足语”的动词(短语)有：feel, hear, have, help, let, make, notice, see, watch, listen to。
We listened to him play a piece by Chopin on the piano.
我们聆听了他用钢琴演奏的一首肖邦的曲子。
5．作状语
不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、程度等。不定式作目的状语置于句首时只用to do/in order to do, so as to do一般不置于句首。
①To realize our dream, we must work hard.
要实现梦想，我们必须努力。
②I am sorry to hear that.
听到这个消息，我很难过。
6．作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
He has nothing to do.
他无事可做。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He had no pen to write with so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他没有钢笔写字，不得不从邻居那儿借了一支。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级，the last, the only等或中心词被这类词修饰，且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，多用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
1．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ___________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
2．(2024· 浙江高考1月)However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra ___________ (benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense.
to catch
解析：tend to do sth “往往会做某事”，为固定用法。故填to catch。
解析：设空处指为了享受降价而多买一件，应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to benefit。
to benefit
3．(2024·北京高考)Taking the time ________ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of self－awareness.
4．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)Scholars can't say for certain where the character of Sun Wukong originated from, but Journey to the West is likely ________ (come) from existing myths and legends.
to rest
解析： take (the) time to do sth为固定搭配，表示“花时间做某事”，设空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to rest。
解析： be likely to do sth “可能做某事”，为固定短语，设空处应用不定式形式。故填to come。
to come
5．(2025·湖北省重点高中智学联盟高三联考)Zhao, who wears adapted hanfu on a daily basis, thinks the best way _____________ (preserve) tradition is to adapt it to modern life.
6．(2025·四川省仁寿第二中学等三校高三联考)Just today, I hiked with Jack and when we said goodbye, he took a box of food out and he wanted me ________ (have) them.
to preserve
解析：设空处应用不定式作后置定语，修饰名词way，表示“保存传统的最好方法”。故填to preserve。
解析： want sb to do sth为固定搭配，意为“想让某人做某事”，应用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to have。
to have
7．(2025·广东省梅州市兴宁市第一中学高三月考)It highlights the important moments in the past century's continued archaeological efforts, to reveal the myths surrounding Sanxingdui and the secrets yet ________________ (uncover)．
to be uncovered
解析：设空处作定语修饰名词secrets，动词uncover与secrets之间是被动关系，意为“有待揭开的秘密”，表示将来的动作，应用不定式的被动语态。故填to be uncovered。
8．(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)Besides, shuttlecock kicking is convenient ________ (play).
9．(2025·江苏省镇江市丹阳市丹阳高级中学高三一模)Also, several Chinese civilian teams set to join the international rescue effort ________ (assist) in the rescue.
to play
解析：此处为固定搭配be＋adj.＋to do sth“做某事是……的”，应用动词不定式作状语。故填to play。
解析：句意：此外，几支中国民间队伍也将加入国际救援行动，协助救援工作。设空处应用不定式作目的状语。故填to assist。
to assist
10．(2025·江苏省南通市通州区高三质量监测)A group of scholars specializing in Confucianism from home and abroad gathered in the village and discussed how ________ (put) new power into traditional Chinese culture, especially in rural areas.
11．(2025·重庆市江津第二中学高三月考)Its goal is ________ (fight) against food waste by offering surplus (剩余的) unsold food from nearby stores and restaurants at a reduced price.
to put
解析：设空处应用“疑问词＋to do”结构作discussed的宾语。故填to put。
解析：句意：它的目标是通过以较低的价格提供附近商店和餐馆剩余的未售出的食物来对抗食物浪费。此处应用动词不定式作表语，说明goal的具体内容。故填to fight。
to fight
12．(2025·河南省安阳市林州市第一中学高三月考)Grandparents usually give a gold or silver gift __________ (show) their deep love for the baby.
13．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)The tradition of April Fools' Day is said ______________ (start) in the sixteenth century.
to show
解析：设空处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to show。
解析： sb/sth is said to do sth意为“据说某人/某物做某事”，不定式作主语补足语。根据本句中的in the sixteenth century可知，start表示的动作发生在is said之前，所以应用不定式的完成时。故填to have started。
to have started
14．(2025·浙江省嘉兴市高三基础测试)Besides cultural context, personal experiences and preferences also shape communication, so it's important ________ (note) that every person, country, companies, and groups have a mix of both.
15．(2025·江苏省常熟市高三月考)The flow of ink determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with its excellent ability ________ (give) full play to ink.
to note
解析：此处是固定句型：it is＋形容词＋to do sth意为“做某事是……的”，it作形式主语，应用不定式作真正的主语。故填to note。
解析：设空处应用不定式作名词ability的后置定语，表示“充分发挥墨水性能的能力”。故填to give。
to give
重点5 动词－ing形式
1．作主语：谓语动词用单数
Seeing it once is better than being told 100 times.
百闻不如一见。
2．作宾语
(1)作介词或动词的宾语
①I'm sorry for having kept you waiting so long.
对不起让你久等了。
②Have you considered making contributions to your hometown after graduation
你考虑过毕业后为家乡做贡献吗？
(2)以下动词(短语)之后＋doing作宾语：
finish, forbid, practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate, advise, feel like, suggest, stand (容忍), risk, consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to, insist on, can't help (禁不住), get down to
She attempted to avoid making eye contact with anyone.
她试图避免与任何人进行眼神交流。
(3)以下动词之后＋doing/to do作宾语皆可：
continue, like, love, begin, start, learn
I could see some runners starting slowing/to slow down.
我可以看到一些跑步者开始放慢速度。
(4)以下动词之后＋doing/to do皆可，但含义或功能不同：
go on, remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop
①Emily remembered reading about the importance of staying calm when lost.
艾米丽记得她读过的关于迷路时保持冷静的重要性。
②Do remember to take the cake.
记得把蛋糕带走。
3．作表语：说明主语的内容或性质
①My job is teaching.
我的工作是教书。
②The news is exciting.
这条新闻很振奋人心。
4．作状语
(1)doing：表示主动的动作，可以表示原因、条件、伴随、顺理成章的结果等。
He ran too fast, falling to the ground.
他跑得太快了，结果摔倒在地上。
(2)having done：表示主动，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。
Not having received any reply, he decided to write again.
没有收到回复，他决定再写一封信。
(3)having been done：表示被动完成的动作，该动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
澳大利亚与其他大陆分离了数百万年，因此拥有世界上任何其他国家都没有的许多动植物。
5．作定语
(1)doing：表示主动且正在进行的动作，如果是动词－ing形式的短语，要置于所修饰的名词之后。
The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
植物园里的花朵散发着甜美的香味，吸引着游客前来欣赏大自然的美景。
(2)being done：作后置定语，表示被动、且正在进行的动作。
The question being discussed at the meeting now is very important.
现在正在会议上讨论的问题很重要。
6．作宾语补足语：表示主动或正在进行的动作。
I can see some kids playing on the playground.
我可以看到一些孩子在操场上玩耍。
1．(2024·北京高考)Just then, some kids ran at him, ____________ (knock) his books out of his arms.
2．(2024·T8联考)Jokingly __________ (refer) to himself as a “mudskipper”， he is often spotted with rolled－up trouser legs in the knee－deep muddy fields.
knocking
解析：句中已有谓语ran，设空处应用非谓语，knock与其逻辑主语some kids之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填knocking。
解析：句中已有谓语is spotted，设空处应用非谓语动词。refer与其逻辑主语he之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填referring。
referring
3．(2025·安徽省合肥市第七中学高三月考)Following in the footsteps of Li, she is set to become another successful female player from China, with her convincing athletic records and personality __________ (draw) an increasing number of domestic and international brands as her sponsors.
drawing
解析：此处为with的复合结构，draw与宾语her convincing athletic records and personality构成主动关系，应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填drawing。
4．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)In recent years, the art of Chinese knots has gained international recognition, with enthusiasts and collectors __________ (appreciate) its beauty and cultural value.
5．(2025·上海市宝山中学高三期中测评)They also believed that it could cure various eye diseases and even help them avoid ________ (fall) victim to the evil eye.
appreciating
解析：此处为with的复合结构，设空处在句中作宾语补足语，appreciate与宾语enthusiasts and collectors之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填appreciating。
解析：设空处作avoid的宾语，应用动词－ing形式，avoid doing sth 意为“避免做某事”。故填falling。
falling
6．(2025·广东省广州龙涛外国语学校高中部高三月考)Today, ________ (own) a Chinese Qipao seems like a must for every woman who loves fashion and culture.
7．(2025·福建省福州第三中学高三月考)This set of stamps, designed by Xing Wenwei, fully reproduces the artistic conception of the original painting, ________ (create) a unique visual effect.
owning
解析：本句谓语为seems，设空处作主语，应用动词－ing形式表示普通的、一般的行为。故填owning。
解析： create与前面主句构成主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，表示自然而然的结果。故填creating。
creating
8．(2025·天津市南开中学高三月考)____________ (spend)a lot of time and energy on this project, Jenny was full of confidence that she would complete the task perfectly.
Having spent
解析：句中已有谓语动词was，设空处应用非谓语动词，spend与其逻辑主语Jenny之间为主动关系，应用现在分词作原因状语；spend这一动作发生在谓语动词was之前，应用现在分词的完成时；位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Having spent。
9．(2025·上海市上海中学高三期中)You catch yourself ____________ (wonder) what else this world has been hiding and what beauty it's capable of.
10．(2025·河北省卓恒教育高三联考)China is a country with a rich cultural heritage ________ (date) back thousands of years.
wondering
解析：固定搭配catch sb doing sth 意为“发现某人正在做某事”，设空处应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填wondering。
解析：设空处作后置定语修饰名词heritage，date与heritage之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填dating。
dating
11．(2025·湖北省武汉市第一中学高三月考)Despite the hot weather, more than a dozen international students could not hide their excitement after completing a three－hour bike ride along the central axis of Beijing, each ________ (rush) to high－five their team leader.
rushing
解析： each ... team leader为独立主格结构，rush与其逻辑主语each之间为主动关系，应用现在分词rushing。故填rushing。
12．(2025·福建省福州第二中学高三期中)The picture, named “The Moment”， captured the movement of a fox ________ (bare) its teeth and the marmot (土拨鼠) looking panicked.
13．(2025·河北省沧州市高三月考)Some experienced green thumbs even spend much money ___________ (purchase) potted plants and present them to their friends.
baring
解析： bare its teeth作后置定语修饰fox，fox与bare之间是主动关系，应用现在分词表示“露出牙齿的狐狸”。故填baring。
解析：固定搭配spend＋时间/金钱等＋(in) doing sth意为“花费时间/金钱做某事”。故填purchasing。
purchasing
14．(2025·山东省名校联盟高三期中)Despite not ______________ (award) the “Lion Dance King”， Tran was satisfied with his team's performance.
15．(2025·山东省济宁市第一中学高三期中)A city walk is a form of urban tourism ____________ (originate) in the UK, with a strong emphasis on digging deep into the city's history, culture and landscapes.
being awarded
解析：句中Despite为介词，设空处应用动词－ing形式作介词的宾语，award与其逻辑主语Tran 之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。故填being awarded。
解析：句中已有谓语动词is，设空处应用非谓语动词。originate与名词短语a form of urban tourism之间为主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填originating。
originating
重点6 动词的过去分词
1．作状语
(1)表示被动的动作，相当于状语从句，可以表示时间、原因、条件等，可以转换为状语从句。
Seen from the hill top, the city looks more beautiful.
从山顶看，这座城市显得格外美丽。
(2)状语从句改成过去分词作状语时，有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋动词－ed形式”结构作状语。
I won't go to the party unless invited.
除非受到邀请，否则我不会去参加聚会。
2．作定语
表示被动，相当于省略了“which/that＋be”的定语从句。如果单个的过去分词作定语，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。
①The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
五千多人参加了会议，欢迎这位伟大的英雄。
②The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
3．作宾语补足语
(1)在表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)后作宾语补足语。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
I heard the song sung in English.
我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
(2)在表示“致使”意义的动词后作宾语补足语。如： have, get, let, leave等。
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要去理发。
(3)make后面接反身代词，再接动词－ed形式作宾语补足语，表示“使自己被……”。
He had to speak aloud to make himself heard above the noise.
他不得不大声说话，使自己在喧闹声中被别人听到。
4．作表语
过去分词作表语常常用来修饰人，而用动词－ing形式修饰物。但是修饰人的表情常用过去分词。
The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.
这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。
1．(2024·浙江高考1月)Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs ___________ (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份)．
designed
解析：逻辑主语packs与动词design之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填designed。
2．(2024·北京高考)And when ________ (ask) about his new title, he shared the secret: moderation (适度).
asked
解析：在状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be动词，则从句中的“主语＋be动词”可以省略。此处when引导的时间状语从句中，省略了主语he和be动词was，且本句中ask与he之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填asked。
3．(2025·福建省福州第三中学滨海校区高三适应性练习)San Francisco, Mar 2, 2024 (SFStandard)—Multiple night markets are set to take place across San Francisco this year, ________ (base) on the success of last year's events.
4．(2025·广西壮族自治区高三月考)___________ (wrap) in bamboo leaves, the rice－based food is often filled with ingredients mainly including green beans and pork.
based
解析：短语be based on表示“基于”，base与其逻辑主语markets之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填based。
解析：句子已有谓语动词is filled，设空处应用非谓语动词作状语，动词wrap与其逻辑主语the rice－based food之间是被动关系，应用过去分词wrapped，且位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Wrapped。
Wrapped
5．(2025·宁夏回族自治区嘴山市第一中学高三月考)Often ________ (compose) at a banquet (宴会), ci would be written down by guests and then sung by musical performers as entertainment.
6．(2025·广东省六校高三联考)More than 80 species, or one－fifth of the over 400 ________ (know) dinosaur species are found in Mongolia's Gobi Desert.
composed
解析：设空处应用非谓语动词，compose与其逻辑主语ci之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填composed。
解析：设空处作定语修饰dinosaur species，know与dinosaur species之间为被动关系，应用过去分词known，意为“已知的”。故填known。
known
7．(2025·贵州省遵义市高三一模)________ (arm) with remarkable abilities, Sun Wukong, comes from the 16th－century classic Journey to the West.
8．(2025·安徽省芜湖市第一中学高三教学质量诊断测试)Nowadays, this type of drum dance is commonly seen __________ (perform) during the last and first month of the lunar year in many local festive activities.
Armed
解析： be armed with “装备有，具有……”，设空处在句中作状语，arm与其逻辑主语Sun Wukong之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Armed。
解析：设空处应用非谓语动词作主语补足语。主语this type of drum dance与perform之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填performed。
performed
9．(2025·上海市进才中学高三月考)Wukong is not an open－world game: there's no mini map ________ (dot) with tasks.
10．(2025·吉林省珲春市第二高级中学高三一模)________ (know) as “Big Sister” by colleagues as a mark of respect, the commander has become an Internet celebrity in China.
dotted
解析： mini map与dot之间是被动关系，应用过去分词dotted作后置定语，意为“标有任务的小地图”。故填dotted。
解析： the commander与know为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语，且句首单词首字母应大写。故填Known。
Known
11．(2025·广西邕衡教育名校联盟高三适应性检测)During the trial period, delivery will be free, with fees ___________ (expect) to be similar to regular services afterwards.
12．(2025·湖北省重点高中智学联盟高三联考)He is also a part of a growing movement among younger Chinese that has helped revive hanfu, the name ________ (give) to clothing once worn by ancient Chinese.
expected
解析：此处为with的复合结构，设空处应用非谓语动词，expect和宾语fees之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填expected。
解析： the name是hanfu的同位语，而give to clothing作定语，修饰the name，the name与give之间构成被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填given。
given
13．(2025·广西壮族自治区来宾市高三教学质量检测)Yungang Grottoes represent the pinnacle of Buddhist cave art from the 5th and 6th centuries, ________ (create) during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386－534).
created
解析：句中已有谓语represent，设空处应用非谓语动词，create和其逻辑主语Yungang Grottoes之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。故填created。
14．(2025·河北省邯郸市部分学校高三联考)As visitors explore Yellow Crane Tower and stand on its heights, they are treated to the whole views of the Yangtze River and the city of Wuhan and they are also reminded of the lasting power of human creativity and the charm of the ________ (write) words.
15．(2025·河北省沧州市高三月考)The country has more than 5，000 large－scale flower companies, with about 5.3 million people ________ (involve) in the industry.
written
解析：设空处作定语修饰名词words，write与words之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填written。
解析：此处为“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构，设空处应用非谓语动词，宾语people和involve之间是被动关系，应用过去分词。故填involved。
involved
