英语[W]
(一)限制性定语从句
先了解 1.定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当，充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。 2.定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。 3.定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。 4.定语从句可以大大丰富英语语言的表达。
划重点 1.关系代词引导的限制性定语从句；2.关系副词引导的限制性定语从句；3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句；4.限制性定语从句中的主谓一致；5.way和time后接限制性定语从句的情况
重点1 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
1．常用的关系代词
(1)that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可省略)
①The man that stole my wallet was caught by the police.
那个偷我钱包的人被警察抓住了。
②There are some films (that) I'd like to see.
有一些我想看的电影。
(2)which指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
①The car which is red belongs to my brother.
那辆红色的车是我哥哥的。
②The pencil (which) I need is on the desk.
我需要的那支铅笔在桌子上。
(3)who指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可省略)
①A friend is someone who makes me happy.
朋友是让我感到快乐的人。
②The man (who) you spoke to just now is my father.
刚才和你说话的那个人是我的爸爸。
(4)whom指人，在从句中作宾语(可省略)
The teacher (whom) we all respect is going to retire next year.
那位我们都尊敬的老师明年要退休了。
(5)whose指人或物，在从句中作定语
The girl whose bag is red is my sister.
书包是红色的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
【特别提醒】 指物时，whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of which或 of which＋the＋名词。
(6)as指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
①Such books as you lent me are very interesting.
你借给我的那些书很有趣。
②This is the same watch as I lost.
这和我丢的那块手表一样。
2．只用that不用which的情况
(1)先行词为all, much, everything, nothing, something, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
There is nothing that can stop us now.
现在没有什么可以阻止我们了。
(2)先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very, right等修饰时
This is the very book that I am looking for.
这正是我在找的书。
(3)当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时
She is the most talented musician that I have ever heard.
她是我曾听过的最有才华的音乐家。
(4)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时
It is the first step that is troublesome.
万事开头难。
(5)当先行词既指人又指物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
(6)如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that
The house which has a beautiful garden that we can relax in is perfect for us.
那所房子有一个美丽的花园，我们可以在里面放松，这对我们来说是完美的。
(7)主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词
There is little food that remains in the fridge.
冰箱里几乎没有剩下的食物了。
(8)当被修饰成分为表语，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时
He is the man that everyone respects.
他是每个人都尊敬的人。
(9)当主句是以what或which开头的特殊疑问句时
Which is the book that belongs to her
哪本书是她的？
3．as的用法
常用于下列结构：such ... as; so ... as; the same ... as; as ... as。
①He is not such a fool as he looks.
他并不像看上去那么傻。
②I have the same book as you do.
我有和你一样的书。
③She is as beautiful a girl as you have ever seen.
她是你见过的最美丽的女孩之一。
【特别提醒】 the same ... as 表示同一类，但并不是同一个；the same ... that 表示同一个。
4．只用which不用that的情况
(1)当介词放在关系代词之前时
The city about which I heard so much is really beautiful.
我听说过很多的那个城市真的很美。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中
She has a cat, which is very playful.
她有一只猫，它非常顽皮。
5．只用who不用that的情况
(1)当先行词是指人的不定代词one, ones, anyone或those时
One who studies hard will succeed.
努力学习的人会成功。
(2)there be 结构中，先行词指人时
There is a man who wants to speak to you.
有个人想跟你说话。
(3)当先行词是人，后面的定语从句较长时
They who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts will succeed.
那些能经受常年耐心操劳和不断努力的人会成功。
(4)为了避免重复或引起歧义时
The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，他刚从上海过来。
(5)当先行词是I, you, he, they等时(常用于谚语中)
He who hesitates is lost.
犹豫不决者必败。
(6)先行词是指成员的集体名词时
The family who lives next door is very friendly.
住在隔壁的那家人很友好。
(7)引导非限制性定语从句时
John, who loves to read, has a large collection of books.
约翰喜欢读书，他收藏了大量的书。
(8)先行词是拟人化的名词时
Time, who is fair to all, will tell the truth.
时间对所有人都是公平的，它会说出真相。
(9)先行词指特定的人时用who，不指特定的人时用that
She is the woman who helped me find my lost keys.
她就是那个帮我找到丢失钥匙的女人。
重点2 关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
常用的关系副词
(1)when (时间状语)
There was a time when (＝at which) I enjoyed reading very much.
我有一段时间特别喜欢读书。
【特别提醒】 It/This/That＋be＋the first/second/last time that ... 句型中只能用that，that可以省略，从句用相应的完成时。
(2)where (地点状语)
I enjoy my English classes where (＝in which) I can voice my opinions freely.
我喜欢英语课，在课上我可以自由发表看法。
【特别提醒】 当先行词为抽象的地点时，如point, situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词且在句中作状语时用where。
(3)why (原因状语，先行词为reason)
The reason why (＝for which) he didn't come back on time was that he went to pay a visit to his friends.
他没有按时回来的原因是他去拜访了他的朋友。
重点3 “介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句
1．介词如何确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
He is the teacher from whom I learned the most.
他是我从他那里学到最多的老师。
(2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定
I'll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to us.
我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。
(3)根据句意来确定
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体叫氧气，没有它我们无法生存。
(4)根据定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定
English is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.
英语是我们学校每个学生都感兴趣的学科。
2．关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词的位置
(1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
①The man whom I spoke to yesterday is my uncle.
＝The man to whom I spoke yesterday is my uncle.
昨天和我说话的那个人是我的叔叔。
②The house which she lives in is very beautiful.
＝The house in which she lives is very beautiful.
她住的房子很漂亮。
(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy.
护士们正在照料的婴儿很健康。
(3)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词的宾语。
The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.
金先生工作所在的部门领导已经听说了这一事故。
重点4 限制性定语从句中的主谓一致
1．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。
①Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7：30 pm.
那些想去参加英语晚会的人必须在晚上7：30之前到学校门口。
②He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
2．“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词通常用复数，但当one前有the, the only, the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
①One of the apples that are red is mine.
其中一个红苹果是我的。
②The only one of the students who passes the exam is my friend.
唯一一个通过考试的学生是我的朋友。
重点5 way和time后接限制性定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是way，意为“方式，方法”，且在从句中作状语时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：that, in which或不填。
This is the way (in which/that) we've always done it.
我们一直是这样干的。
2．当先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲，且在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。
①This is the third time (that) I have visited this city.
这是我第三次游览这个城市。
②I will never forget the time when I stayed in Paris.
我永远也不会忘记我在巴黎的时光。
(二)非限制性定语从句
先了解 1.非限制性定语从句是指对主句提供额外信息的从句。 2.非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开，与先行词关系相对松散，如果删除，不影响主句的基本意义和结构。 3.其主要作用是对前面的名词或整个句子进行补充说明。
划重点 6.使用非限制性定语从句的情况；7.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别；8.as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
重点6 使用非限制性定语从句的情况
1．关系代词指代整个主句时
You've done well at school, which satisfied me very much.
你在学校表现很好，这令我十分满意。
2．当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名等专有名词时
China, which is my motherland, is developing fast.
中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。
3．当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son, daughter等)时
He has a daughter, who is studying in London.
他有一个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)
重点7 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1．形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
①Have you seen the teacher whom I met yesterday
你见过我昨天遇见的那位老师了吗？
②The city, which lies at the foot of the mountain, is very beautiful.
这座城市位于山脚下，它非常美丽。
2．功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
①This is the only key I can find.
这是我能找到的唯一一把钥匙。(“我能找到的”是限制性定语，指定了是哪一把)
②I have a friend, who likes singing.
我有一个朋友，他喜欢唱歌。(“他喜欢唱歌”是非限制性定语，对朋友进行额外描述)
3．翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
①I like the book that is red.
我喜欢那本红色的书。
②The movie, which I have watched three times, is very moving.
这部电影，我已经看过三次了，非常感人。
4．含义不同
①I have a sister who is a doctor.
我有一个当医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
②I have a sister, who is a doctor.
我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5．关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；在限制性定语从句中，关系词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
①This is the reason why he was late.
这就是他迟到的原因。
②Edison, who was a great inventor, held many patents.
爱迪生，一位伟大的发明家，拥有许多专利。
重点8 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1．as可放在主句前，主句后或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。
①As is known to all, the sun rises in the east.
众所周知，太阳从东方升起。
②Ted came for the weekend wearing only a pair of shorts and a T－shirt, which is a stupid thing in such weather.
特德来过周末时只穿着一条短裤和一件T恤，这种天气穿成这样有点傻。
2．as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，或指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”；which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事”。
①As the saying goes, “Practice makes perfect.”
正如谚语所说，“熟能生巧。”
②She loves reading, which (＝and this) is evident from her large collection of books.
她喜欢阅读，这一点从她大量的藏书中可以看出来。
3．在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
①Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使他的老师很生气。
②As is said, he is very hardworking.
据说，他非常勤奋。
【特别提醒】 as常用于下列结构：as we know/as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford－upon－Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown.
答案：who
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Tang Xianzu，从句中缺少主语，应用who引导。故填who。
2．(2024·浙江高考1月)Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way ________ will make them the most money.
答案：that/which
解析：设空处引导定语从句，先行词为way，指物，在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
3．(2024·北京高考)Tinniswood, ________ doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.
答案：who
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
4．(2025·黑龙江省大庆外国语学校高三教学质量检测)________ the old saying goes, in times of success, friends will be plenty; in times of suffering, not one in twenty.
答案：As
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且缺少“正如”的含义，应用as引导。as the old saying goes为固定表达，意为“俗话说”。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填As。
5．(2025·江苏省常熟市高三月考)The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty scholar Zhang Yanyuan, ________ he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting.
答案：where
解析：设空处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为On Famous Paintings through the Ages，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
6．(2025·福建省福州屏东中学高三适应性练习)During this period, social productive forces made great progress, ________ which shipbuilding technology and navigation technology were developed by leaps and bounds compared with before.
答案：among
解析：句意：在这一时期，社会生产力有了很大的进步，其中造船技术和航海技术比以前有了跳跃式的发展。此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，且表示“在……当中”，应用among。故填among。
7．(2025·河南省安阳市林州市第一中学高三月考)According to traditions, on the morning of the day ________ the baby turns one month old, sacrifices are offered to the ancestors so that they will protect the baby in the future.
答案：when
解析：句意：根据传统，在婴儿满月的那天早上，人们会向祖先献祭，以求祖先将来能够保佑婴儿。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为the morning of the day，在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
8．(2025·天津市第五十四中学高三月考)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
答案：whose
解析：句意：这本书透过生活受到地震影响的人们的视角讲述地震的故事。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是those，表示人，从句的主语是lives，与先行词构成所属关系，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
9．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)Originating in ancient China, the Chinese knot is a decorative art form, ________ involves tying silk strings into various patterns.
答案：which
解析：句意：中国结起源于中国古代，是一种装饰艺术形式，包括将丝线打结成各种图案。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为a decorative art form，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
10．(2025·广东省广州龙涛外国语学校高中部高三月考)The modern style emerged in the 1980s and onward, ________ the Qipao was reinvented by designers and artists who adopted new materials, patterns and cuts.
答案：when
解析：句意：现代风格出现在20世纪80年代及以后，当时设计师和艺术家采用了新的材料、图案和剪裁，对旗袍进行了重新设计。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the 1980s and onward，在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
11．(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)Through the coin hole you can stick some feathers, ________ function is to delay the rising and falling of the shuttlecock.
答案：whose
解析：句意：通过硬币孔可以插入一些羽毛，其作用是延缓毽子的起落。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词some feathers与function是从属关系。故填whose。
12．(2025·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三质量监测)It is equipped with the most advanced facilities ________ enable both Chinese and international astronauts to do experiments.
答案：that
解析：句意：它配备了最先进的设施，使中国和国际宇航员能够进行实验。此处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为facilities，在从句中作主语；先行词前有形容词的最高级修饰，应用关系代词that引导。故填that。
13．(2025·宁夏石嘴山市第三中学高三月考)Customarily, hanging on the door to keep the dangerous spirits away are door gods (门神) while on the screen wall facing the door is a character “Fu” ________ indicates good fortune.
答案：which/that
解析：设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为Fu，作从句的主语，表示物，应用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
14．(2025·湖南省永州市高三一模)The lock is produced through a complex technique ________ countless small wooden pieces are crafted to interlock without the use of nails.
答案：where
解析：句意：这把锁是通过一种复杂的技术生产的，其中无数的小木块被制作成互锁，而不需要使用钉子。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为technique，在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
15．(2025·内蒙古呼和浩特市第二中学高三月考)The museum houses an extensive collection of ancient artifacts (文物), paintings, and calligraphy ________ reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.
答案：which/that
解析：句意：博物馆收藏了大量古代文物、绘画和书法，反映了该地区丰富的文化遗产。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为ancient artifacts (文物), paintings, and calligraphy，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
1(共49张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
第二编 高效语法
重点语法
第六讲 定语从句(8个重点)
非限制性定语从句
目录
CONTENTS
2
限制性定语从句
1
限制性定语从句
先了解 1.定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当，充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
2.定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
3.定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。
4.定语从句可以大大丰富英语语言的表达。
划重点 1.关系代词引导的限制性定语从句；2.关系副词引导的限制性定语从句；3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句；4.限制性定语从句中的主谓一致；5.way和time后接限制性定语从句的情况
重点1 关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
1．常用的关系代词
(1)that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可省略)
①The man that stole my wallet was caught by the police.
那个偷我钱包的人被警察抓住了。
②There are some films (that) I'd like to see.
有一些我想看的电影。
(2)which指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
①The car which is red belongs to my brother.
那辆红色的车是我哥哥的。
②The pencil (which) I need is on the desk.
我需要的那支铅笔在桌子上。
(3)who指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时可省略)
①A friend is someone who makes me happy.
朋友是让我感到快乐的人。
②The man (who) you spoke to just now is my father.
刚才和你说话的那个人是我的爸爸。
(4)whom指人，在从句中作宾语(可省略)
The teacher (whom) we all respect is going to retire next year.
那位我们都尊敬的老师明年要退休了。
(5)whose指人或物，在从句中作定语
The girl whose bag is red is my sister.
书包是红色的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
【特别提醒】 指物时，whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of which或 of which＋the＋名词。
(6)as指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
①Such books as you lent me are very interesting.
你借给我的那些书很有趣。
②This is the same watch as I lost.
这和我丢的那块手表一样。
2．只用that不用which的情况
(1)先行词为all, much, everything, nothing, something, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
There is nothing that can stop us now.
现在没有什么可以阻止我们了。
(2)先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very, right等修饰时
This is the very book that I am looking for.
这正是我在找的书。
(3)当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时
She is the most talented musician that I have ever heard.
她是我曾听过的最有才华的音乐家。
(4)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时
It is the first step that is troublesome.
万事开头难。
(5)当先行词既指人又指物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
(6)如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that
The house which has a beautiful garden that we can relax in is perfect for us.
那所房子有一个美丽的花园，我们可以在里面放松，这对我们来说是完美的。
(7)主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词
There is little food that remains in the fridge.
冰箱里几乎没有剩下的食物了。
(8)当被修饰成分为表语，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时
He is the man that everyone respects.
他是每个人都尊敬的人。
(9)当主句是以what或which开头的特殊疑问句时
Which is the book that belongs to her
哪本书是她的？
3．as的用法
常用于下列结构：such ... as; so ... as; the same ... as; as ... as。
①He is not such a fool as he looks.
他并不像看上去那么傻。
②I have the same book as you do.
我有和你一样的书。
③She is as beautiful a girl as you have ever seen.
她是你见过的最美丽的女孩之一。
【特别提醒】 the same ... as 表示同一类，但并不是同一个；the same ... that 表示同一个。
4．只用which不用that的情况
(1)当介词放在关系代词之前时
The city about which I heard so much is really beautiful.
我听说过很多的那个城市真的很美。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中
She has a cat, which is very playful.
她有一只猫，它非常顽皮。
5．只用who不用that的情况
(1)当先行词是指人的不定代词one, ones, anyone或those时
One who studies hard will succeed.
努力学习的人会成功。
(2)there be 结构中，先行词指人时
There is a man who wants to speak to you.
有个人想跟你说话。
(3)当先行词是人，后面的定语从句较长时
They who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts will succeed.
那些能经受常年耐心操劳和不断努力的人会成功。
(4)为了避免重复或引起歧义时
The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
那个在会上讲话的人是我们的新校长，他刚从上海过来。
(5)当先行词是I, you, he, they等时(常用于谚语中)
He who hesitates is lost.
犹豫不决者必败。
(6)先行词是指成员的集体名词时
The family who lives next door is very friendly.
住在隔壁的那家人很友好。
(7)引导非限制性定语从句时
John, who loves to read, has a large collection of books.
约翰喜欢读书，他收藏了大量的书。
(8)先行词是拟人化的名词时
Time, who is fair to all, will tell the truth.
时间对所有人都是公平的，它会说出真相。
(9)先行词指特定的人时用who，不指特定的人时用that
She is the woman who helped me find my lost keys.
她就是那个帮我找到丢失钥匙的女人。
重点2 关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
常用的关系副词
(1)when (时间状语)
There was a time when (＝at which) I enjoyed reading very much.
我有一段时间特别喜欢读书。
【特别提醒】 It/This/That＋be＋the first/second/last time that ... 句型中只能用that，that可以省略，从句用相应的完成时。
(2)where (地点状语)
I enjoy my English classes where (＝in which) I can voice my opinions freely.
我喜欢英语课，在课上我可以自由发表看法。
(3)why (原因状语，先行词为reason)
The reason why (＝for which) he didn't come back on time was that he went to pay a visit to his friends.
他没有按时回来的原因是他去拜访了他的朋友。
【特别提醒】 当先行词为抽象的地点时，如point, situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词且在句中作状语时用where。
重点3 “介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句
1．介词如何确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
He is the teacher from whom I learned the most.
他是我从他那里学到最多的老师。
(2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定
I'll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to us.
我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。
(3)根据句意来确定
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体叫氧气，没有它我们无法生存。
(4)根据定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定
English is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.
英语是我们学校每个学生都感兴趣的学科。
2．关系代词作介词的宾语时，介词的位置
(1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
①The man whom I spoke to yesterday is my uncle.
＝The man to whom I spoke yesterday is my uncle.
昨天和我说话的那个人是我的叔叔。
②The house which she lives in is very beautiful.
＝The house in which she lives is very beautiful.
她住的房子很漂亮。
(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are healthy.
护士们正在照料的婴儿很健康。
(3)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词的宾语。
The boss in whose department Mr King worked had heard about the accident.
金先生工作所在的部门领导已经听说了这一事故。
重点4 限制性定语从句中的主谓一致
1．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。
①Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7：30 pm.
那些想去参加英语晚会的人必须在晚上7：30之前到学校门口。
②He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
2．“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词通常用复数，但当one前有the, the only, the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
①One of the apples that are red is mine.
其中一个红苹果是我的。
②The only one of the students who passes the exam is my friend.
唯一一个通过考试的学生是我的朋友。
重点5 way和time后接限制性定语从句的情况
1．当先行词是way，意为“方式，方法”，且在从句中作状语时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：that, in which或不填。
This is the way (in which/that) we've always done it.
我们一直是这样干的。
2．当先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲，且在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。
①This is the third time (that) I have visited this city.
这是我第三次游览这个城市。
②I will never forget the time when I stayed in Paris.
我永远也不会忘记我在巴黎的时光。
非限制性定语从句
先了解 1.非限制性定语从句是指对主句提供额外信息的从句。
2.非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开，与先行词关系相对松散，如果删除，不影响主句的基本意义和结构。
3.其主要作用是对前面的名词或整个句子进行补充说明。
划重点 6.使用非限制性定语从句的情况；7.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别；8.as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
重点6 使用非限制性定语从句的情况
1．关系代词指代整个主句时
You've done well at school, which satisfied me very much.
你在学校表现很好，这令我十分满意。
2．当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名等专有名词时
China, which is my motherland, is developing fast.
中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。
3．当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son, daughter等)时
He has a daughter, who is studying in London.
他有一个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)
重点7 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1．形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
①Have you seen the teacher whom I met yesterday
你见过我昨天遇见的那位老师了吗？
②The city, which lies at the foot of the mountain, is very beautiful.
这座城市位于山脚下，它非常美丽。
2．功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
①This is the only key I can find.
这是我能找到的唯一一把钥匙。(“我能找到的”是限制性定语，指定了是哪一把)
②I have a friend, who likes singing.
我有一个朋友，他喜欢唱歌。(“他喜欢唱歌”是非限制性定语，对朋友进行额外描述)
3．翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
①I like the book that is red.
我喜欢那本红色的书。
②The movie, which I have watched three times, is very moving.
这部电影，我已经看过三次了，非常感人。
4．含义不同
①I have a sister who is a doctor.
我有一个当医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
②I have a sister, who is a doctor.
我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5．关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；在限制性定语从句中，关系词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
①This is the reason why he was late.
这就是他迟到的原因。
②Edison, who was a great inventor, held many patents.
爱迪生，一位伟大的发明家，拥有许多专利。
重点8 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1．as可放在主句前，主句后或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。
①As is known to all, the sun rises in the east.
众所周知，太阳从东方升起。
②Ted came for the weekend wearing only a pair of shorts and a T－shirt, which is a stupid thing in such weather.
特德来过周末时只穿着一条短裤和一件T恤，这种天气穿成这样有点傻。
2．as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，或指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”；which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事”。
①As the saying goes, “Practice makes perfect.”
正如谚语所说，“熟能生巧。”
②She loves reading, which (＝and this) is evident from her large collection of books.
她喜欢阅读，这一点从她大量的藏书中可以看出来。
3．在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
①Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使他的老师很生气。
②As is said, he is very hardworking.
据说，他非常勤奋。
【特别提醒】 as常用于下列结构：as we know/as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case。
1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford－upon－Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown.
2．(2024·浙江高考1月)Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way ___________ will make them the most money.
who
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Tang Xianzu，从句中缺少主语，应用who引导。故填who。
解析：设空处引导定语从句，先行词为way，指物，在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
that/which
3．(2024·北京高考)Tinniswood, ________ doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.
4．(2025·黑龙江省大庆外国语学校高三教学质量检测)________ the old saying goes, in times of success, friends will be plenty; in times of suffering, not one in twenty.
who
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
解析：设空处引导非限制性定语从句，且缺少“正如”的含义，应用as引导。as the old saying goes为固定表达，意为“俗话说”。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填As。
As
5．(2025·江苏省常熟市高三月考)The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty scholar Zhang Yanyuan, ________ he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy and painting.
where
解析：设空处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为On Famous Paintings through the Ages，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
6．(2025·福建省福州屏东中学高三适应性练习)During this period, social productive forces made great progress, ________ which shipbuilding technology and navigation technology were developed by leaps and bounds compared with before.
among
解析：句意：在这一时期，社会生产力有了很大的进步，其中造船技术和航海技术比以前有了跳跃式的发展。此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，且表示“在……当中”，应用among。故填among。
7．(2025·河南省安阳市林州市第一中学高三月考)According to traditions, on the morning of the day ________ the baby turns one month old, sacrifices are offered to the ancestors so that they will protect the baby in the future.
8．(2025·天津市第五十四中学高三月考)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
when
解析：句意：根据传统，在婴儿满月的那天早上，人们会向祖先献祭，以求祖先将来能够保佑婴儿。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为the morning of the day，在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
解析：句意：这本书透过生活受到地震影响的人们的视角讲述地震的故事。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是those，表示人，从句的主语是lives，与先行词构成所属关系，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
whose
9．(2025·宁夏西吉中学高三月考)Originating in ancient China, the Chinese knot is a decorative art form, ________ involves tying silk strings into various patterns.
which
解析：句意：中国结起源于中国古代，是一种装饰艺术形式，包括将丝线打结成各种图案。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为a decorative art form，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
10．(2025·广东省广州龙涛外国语学校高中部高三月考)The modern style emerged in the 1980s and onward, ________ the Qipao was reinvented by designers and artists who adopted new materials, patterns and cuts.
when
解析：句意：现代风格出现在20世纪80年代及以后，当时设计师和艺术家采用了新的材料、图案和剪裁，对旗袍进行了重新设计。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the 1980s and onward，在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
11．(2025·黑龙江省实验中学高三月考)Through the coin hole you can stick some feathers, ________ function is to delay the rising and falling of the shuttlecock.
whose
解析：句意：通过硬币孔可以插入一些羽毛，其作用是延缓毽子的起落。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词some feathers与function是从属关系。故填whose。
12．(2025·辽宁省鞍山市普通高中高三质量监测)It is equipped with the most advanced facilities ________ enable both Chinese and international astronauts to do experiments.
that
解析：句意：它配备了最先进的设施，使中国和国际宇航员能够进行实验。此处为定语从句的关系词，先行词为facilities，在从句中作主语；先行词前有形容词的最高级修饰，应用关系代词that引导。故填that。
13．(2025·宁夏石嘴山市第三中学高三月考)Customarily, hanging on the door to keep the dangerous spirits away are door gods (门神) while on the screen wall facing the door is a character “Fu” ____________ indicates good fortune.
which/that
解析：设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为Fu，作从句的主语，表示物，应用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
14．(2025·湖南省永州市高三一模)The lock is produced through a complex technique ________ countless small wooden pieces are crafted to interlock without the use of nails.
where
解析：句意：这把锁是通过一种复杂的技术生产的，其中无数的小木块被制作成互锁，而不需要使用钉子。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为technique，在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
15．(2025·内蒙古呼和浩特市第二中学高三月考)The museum houses an extensive collection of ancient artifacts (文物), paintings, and calligraphy ____________ reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.
which/that
解析：句意：博物馆收藏了大量古代文物、绘画和书法，反映了该地区丰富的文化遗产。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为ancient artifacts (文物), paintings, and calligraphy，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
