英语[W]
(一)虚拟语气
先了解 1.虚拟语气与陈述语气、祈使语气、疑问语气和感叹语气共同构成英语的五种基本语气。 2.虚拟语气用于表达说话人的主观愿望、假设或难以实现的情况。 3.虚拟语气以其表达的委婉性和语用功能的丰富性，起到较好的修辞效果。
划重点 1.虚拟语气在if条件从句中的用法；2.虚拟条件句的其他用法；3.虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
重点1 虚拟语气在if条件从句中的用法
1．与现在事实相反：从句did/were，主句would/should/could/might＋do
If we took that train, we would arrive too late.
如果我们乘坐那列火车，我们就到得太晚了。
2．与过去事实相反：从句had done，主句would/should/could/might＋have done
If he had followed my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
如果他听了我的建议，他就不会丢掉工作了。
3．与将来事实相反：从句did/were或should do或were to do，主句would/should/could/might＋do
If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。
重点2 虚拟条件句的其他用法
错综虚拟条件句 从句与主句的动作表示的时间不一致
含蓄条件句 通过上下文语境或without, but for, otherwise, but等词或短语判断
倒装虚拟条件句 如果if条件中含有were, should或had，那么可以把if省去，而把were, should或had提到主语的前面
①If George had followed his father's advice, he would be a lawyer now.
如果乔治听了他父亲的建议，他现在就会是一名律师了。(错综虚拟条件句)
②We would have reached the top of the mountain but for this awful weather.
要不是天气恶劣，我们就到达山顶了。(含蓄条件句)
③I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
我当时太忙，否则，我会告诉他答案。(含蓄条件句)
④Had I taken the picture of the singer, I would show it to you right now.
要是我当时拍下了那位歌手的照片，我现在就会让你看一下。(倒装虚拟条件句)
⑤Should he have time tomorrow, he would come to help us.
要是他明天有空，他会来帮助我们。(倒装虚拟条件句)
重点3 虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
1．在wish后的宾语从句中(＝if only)，表示“要是……该多好啊；但愿……”。
(1)表示将来的主观愿望， 用would/could/might do
I wish we would go to the moon some day.
我希望将来有一天我们能去月球。
(2)表示与现在的事实相反，用过去时(be用were)
I wish the weather were better now.
我希望现在天气好一些。
(3)对过去的事情表示遗憾，用had done
How I wish I had chosen air mail instead!
要是我选择航空邮递多好啊！
2．在as if(＝as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句中。
(1)用did表示与现在的事实相反
Does it seem as if he pretended to be poor
他看起来像是在装穷吗？
(2)用had done表示与过去的事实相反
I've been working all day, but I feel as if I had achieved nothing.
我整天一直在工作，但我感觉好像一事无成。
(3)用would do表示与将来的事实相反
At one stage it looked as though they would win.
有一段时间，他们好像大有获胜的希望。
【特别提醒】 as if引导的从句中，如果表示真实的情况，则用陈述语气。
3．用在表示命令、请求、要求、建议的动词如recommend, order, suggest, advise, command, demand, request, require, insist, desire, propose等后的宾语从句及其相对应的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用(should) do。
①Teachers recommend (that) parents (should) not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
老师建议家长们为了安全起见，不要让12岁以下的孩子骑车上学。
②They demanded (that) Bob (should) go there at once.
他们要求鲍勃马上去那里。
③My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.
我开会的建议被其他人接受了。
4．用在“It is (high/about) time＋that从句”中，表示“正是做……的时候”，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should do, should不可省略。用在“Would you mind if＋从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词一般用过去时。
①It's time that we went/should go over the texts.
我们该复习课文了。
②Would you mind if I smoked in the office next door
你介意我在隔壁办公室抽烟吗？(比较：Do you mind if I smoke in the office next door？)
5．would rather后的从句中
(1)用did表示对现在或将来的假设
I'd rather he came back now.
我宁愿他现在回来。
(2)用had done表示对过去的假设
I'd rather you had come yesterday.
我宁愿你昨天来。
6．在“It is＋strange (important, natural, necessary, etc.)＋that”从句中，从句中的谓语动词用should do, should可省略。
①It is strange that he (should) say that.
很奇怪他居然说那样的话。
②It is important that we (should) learn Chinese well.
学好语文很重要。
(二)独立主格结构
先了解 1.“名词/代词＋分词/动词不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”构成独立主格结构。 2.独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，从语法上讲不是句子。 3.独立主格结构可起方式、时间、条件、原因或伴随等状语的作用。 4.独立主格结构通常要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开。
划重点 4.独立主格的六种结构；5.with的复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)
重点4 独立主格的六种结构
1．名词/代词＋分词(doing或done)
①The guests having left, he began to take a short rest.
客人离开之后，他开始做短暂休息。(时间)
②All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
综合考虑，她的论文比你的更有价值。(条件)
③Mr Li falling ill, I'll do it instead of him.
李先生病了，我代替他来做这件事。(原因)
2．名词/代词＋动词不定式
The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn't go to cinema tonight.
明天要考试，今天晚上我不能去看电影了。(原因)
【特别提醒】 动词不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”“约定”等，指的是按计划或安排要做的事。
3．名词/代词＋形容词/副词
①He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
他走进房间，鼻子冻得通红。(伴随)
②Music over, all the audience stood up with rounds of applause.
音乐一结束，所有观众都站了起来报以阵阵掌声。(时间)
【特别提醒】 形容词在独立主格结构中表示伴随或对细节起补充作用，名词或代词和形容词之间有逻辑上的主表关系。例句①中也可写成his nose being red with cold, being 是非谓语动词，常可省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。
4．名词/代词＋名词
He fought against the robber, a stick his only weapon.
他与抢劫犯斗争，一根木棍是他唯一的武器。(伴随)
【特别提醒】 逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主表关系，表示伴随或进一步补充说明。
5．名词/代词＋介词短语
The teacher was walking up and down the classroom, (with) the iron ruler under his arm.
老师在教室里走来走去，胳膊下夹着一把铁戒尺。(伴随)
【特别提醒】 (1)在“名词/代词＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，有his, her, my, their, a, an, the等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数，该结构前可用with。 (2)在“名词/代词＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，名词或代词和介词后面的名词没有任何冠词或所有格修饰时，该结构前不用with。
6．there表示存在时，也可构成独立主格结构
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.
没有公共汽车，他们步行去了影院。(原因)
重点5 with的复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)
1．with＋名词/代词＋形容词
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.
这个人抬起头来，眼里充满好奇和神秘。
2．with＋名词/代词＋副词
He put on his socks with the wrong side out.
他把袜子穿反了。
3．with＋名词/代词＋名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.
他去世的时候，他女儿还是一名学生。
4．with＋名词/代词＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her.
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
5．with＋名词/代词＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high，” Erik said.
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾瑞克说。
6．with＋名词/代词＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you'd better hurry.
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
7．with＋名词/代词＋介词短语
With Father's Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.
父亲节快到了，我从银行取出一些钱给父亲买礼物。
1．(2025·吉林省松原市第五高级中学高三第三次考试)On Friday night, photos and videos showed bikes filling up a multilane (多车道) road between the two cities, with cars ________ (squeeze) to the sides and the crowd stretching for miles.
答案：squeezed
解析：此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，cars与squeeze之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填squeezed。
2．(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三阶段练习)He was lying on the grass, his hands ________ (cross) under his head.
答案：crossed
解析：句意：他躺在草地上，双手交叉放在头下。句中已有谓语动词was lying，设空处应用非谓语。cross与其逻辑主语his hands之间为被动关系，应用过去分词crossed。故填crossed。
3．(2025·河南省商丘市夏邑县第一高级中学高三第一次月考)She felt a deep sense of loss, as if a part of her ________ (take) away.
答案：had been taken
解析：句意：她感到深深的失落感，仿佛她的一部分被带走了。此处为as if引导的从句，根据句意可知，此处表示与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时，且主语a part of her与take之间为被动关系。故填had been taken。
4．(2025·湖北省十一校联考)I recommend that students ________ (resist) employing them in the context of reading and writing if they wish to be transformed by their learning.
答案：(should) resist
解析：recommend意为“建议”，后跟that引导的宾语从句，从句中应用虚拟语气，谓语动词应用should do，should可以省略。故填(should) resist。
5．(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三阶段练习)________ I live out of town, I would take up gardening as a hobby.
答案：Should
解析：句意：要是我住在城外，我会把园艺当作一种爱好。根据句意可知，此处表示与将来的事实相反。此处省略if，将should提前。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Should。
6．(2025·江苏省海安高级中学高三月考)This suggests that we ________ (give) ourselves a bit more time to think through the questions we encounter in life.
答案：(should) give
解析：suggest表示“建议”，其后的宾语从句中，谓语动词应用(should) do。故填(should) give。
7．(2025·重庆市第四十九中学高三月考)Watching lovely Hank bark, chew, and play all day makes me wish that I also ________ (have) the energy of a puppy.
答案：had
解析：句意：看着可爱的Hank(汉克)整天叫着、咬着、玩着，我真希望自己也能有小狗那样的精力。此处表示与现在事实相反的愿望，wish后面宾语从句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时。故填had。
8．(2025·江苏省靖江高级中学高三月考)Weather ________ (permit), a winter hiker will be launched to get us close to nature.
答案：permitting
解析：此处考查独立主格结构，permit与其逻辑主语Weather之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填permitting。
9．(2025·辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三期中)It would be easier to gain people's support and respect if they ________ (be) to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work.
答案：were
解析：句意：如果人们把时间和精力花在平淡无奇但又必不可少的政治工作上，就更容易获得人们的支持和尊重。if虚拟条件句表示与将来事实相反。故填were。
10．(2025·福建省厦门双十中学高三第二次月考)The average size of such fish also declined, with one species ________ (show) a 57 percent decline in average size.
答案：showing
解析：句意：这类鱼的平均尺寸也下降了，其中一种鱼的平均尺寸下降了57%。此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”的复合结构。设空处与其逻辑主语one species构成主动关系。故填showing。
1(共30张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
第二编 高效语法
重点语法
第八讲 虚拟语气/独立主格结构(5个重点)
独立主格结构
目录
CONTENTS
2
虚拟语气
1
虚拟语气
先了解 1.虚拟语气与陈述语气、祈使语气、疑问语气和感叹语气共同构成英语的五种基本语气。
2.虚拟语气用于表达说话人的主观愿望、假设或难以实现的情况。
3.虚拟语气以其表达的委婉性和语用功能的丰富性，起到较好的修辞效果。
划重点 1.虚拟语气在if条件从句中的用法；2.虚拟条件句的其他用法；3.虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
重点1 虚拟语气在if条件从句中的用法
1．与现在事实相反：从句did/were，主句would/should/could/might＋do
If we took that train, we would arrive too late.
如果我们乘坐那列火车，我们就到得太晚了。
2．与过去事实相反：从句had done，主句would/should/could/might＋have done
If he had followed my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
如果他听了我的建议，他就不会丢掉工作了。
3．与将来事实相反：从句did/were或should do或were to do，主句would/should/could/might＋do
If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。
重点2 虚拟条件句的其他用法
①If George had followed his father's advice, he would be a lawyer now.
如果乔治听了他父亲的建议，他现在就会是一名律师了。(错综虚拟条件句)
②We would have reached the top of the mountain but for this awful weather.
要不是天气恶劣，我们就到达山顶了。(含蓄条件句)
错综虚拟条件句 从句与主句的动作表示的时间不一致
含蓄条件句 通过上下文语境或without, but for, otherwise, but等词或短语判断
倒装虚拟条件句 如果if条件中含有were, should或had，那么可以把if省去，而把were, should或had提到主语的前面
③I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
我当时太忙，否则，我会告诉他答案。(含蓄条件句)
④Had I taken the picture of the singer, I would show it to you right now.
要是我当时拍下了那位歌手的照片，我现在就会让你看一下。(倒装虚拟条件句)
⑤Should he have time tomorrow, he would come to help us.
要是他明天有空，他会来帮助我们。(倒装虚拟条件句)
重点3 虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法
1．在wish后的宾语从句中(＝if only)，表示“要是……该多好啊；但愿……”。
(1)表示将来的主观愿望， 用would/could/might do
I wish we would go to the moon some day.
我希望将来有一天我们能去月球。
(2)表示与现在的事实相反，用过去时(be用were)
I wish the weather were better now.
我希望现在天气好一些。
(3)对过去的事情表示遗憾，用had done
How I wish I had chosen air mail instead!
要是我选择航空邮递多好啊！
2．在as if(＝as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句中。
(1)用did表示与现在的事实相反
Does it seem as if he pretended to be poor
他看起来像是在装穷吗？
(2)用had done表示与过去的事实相反
I've been working all day, but I feel as if I had achieved nothing.
我整天一直在工作，但我感觉好像一事无成。
(3)用would do表示与将来的事实相反
At one stage it looked as though they would win.
有一段时间，他们好像大有获胜的希望。
【特别提醒】 as if引导的从句中，如果表示真实的情况，则用陈述语气。
3．用在表示命令、请求、要求、建议的动词如recommend, order, suggest, advise, command, demand, request, require, insist, desire, propose等后的宾语从句及其相对应的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用(should) do。
①Teachers recommend (that) parents (should) not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
老师建议家长们为了安全起见，不要让12岁以下的孩子骑车上学。
②They demanded (that) Bob (should) go there at once.
他们要求鲍勃马上去那里。
③My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.
我开会的建议被其他人接受了。
4．用在“It is (high/about) time＋that从句”中，表示“正是做……的时候”，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should do, should不可省略。用在“Would you mind if＋从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词一般用过去时。
①It's time that we went/should go over the texts.
我们该复习课文了。
②Would you mind if I smoked in the office next door
你介意我在隔壁办公室抽烟吗？(比较：Do you mind if I smoke in the office next door？)
5．would rather后的从句中
(1)用did表示对现在或将来的假设
I'd rather he came back now.
我宁愿他现在回来。
(2)用had done表示对过去的假设
I'd rather you had come yesterday.
我宁愿你昨天来。
6．在“It is＋strange (important, natural, necessary, etc.)＋that”从句中，从句中的谓语动词用should do, should可省略。
①It is strange that he (should) say that.
很奇怪他居然说那样的话。
②It is important that we (should) learn Chinese well.
学好语文很重要。
独立主格结构
先了解 1.“名词/代词＋分词/动词不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”构成独立主格结构。
2.独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，从语法上讲不是句子。
3.独立主格结构可起方式、时间、条件、原因或伴随等状语的作用。
4.独立主格结构通常要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开。
划重点 4.独立主格的六种结构；5.with的复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)
重点4 独立主格的六种结构
1．名词/代词＋分词(doing或done)
①The guests having left, he began to take a short rest.
客人离开之后，他开始做短暂休息。(时间)
②All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
综合考虑，她的论文比你的更有价值。(条件)
③Mr Li falling ill, I'll do it instead of him.
李先生病了，我代替他来做这件事。(原因)
2．名词/代词＋动词不定式
The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn't go to cinema tonight.
明天要考试，今天晚上我不能去看电影了。(原因)
【特别提醒】 动词不定式在独立主格结构中多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”“约定”等，指的是按计划或安排要做的事。
3．名词/代词＋形容词/副词
①He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
他走进房间，鼻子冻得通红。(伴随)
②Music over, all the audience stood up with rounds of applause.
音乐一结束，所有观众都站了起来报以阵阵掌声。(时间)
【特别提醒】 形容词在独立主格结构中表示伴随或对细节起补充作用，名词或代词和形容词之间有逻辑上的主表关系。例句①中也可写成his nose being red with cold, being 是非谓语动词，常可省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。
4．名词/代词＋名词
He fought against the robber, a stick his only weapon.
他与抢劫犯斗争，一根木棍是他唯一的武器。(伴随)
【特别提醒】逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主表关系，表示伴随或进一步补充说明。
5．名词/代词＋介词短语
The teacher was walking up and down the classroom, (with) the iron ruler under his arm.
老师在教室里走来走去，胳膊下夹着一把铁戒尺。(伴随)
【特别提醒】
(1)在“名词/代词＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，有his, her, my, their, a, an, the等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数，该结构前可用with。
(2)在“名词/代词＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，名词或代词和介词后面的名词没有任何冠词或所有格修饰时，该结构前不用with。
6．there表示存在时，也可构成独立主格结构
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.
没有公共汽车，他们步行去了影院。(原因)
重点5 with的复合结构(with＋宾语＋宾补)
1．with＋名词/代词＋形容词
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.
这个人抬起头来，眼里充满好奇和神秘。
2．with＋名词/代词＋副词
He put on his socks with the wrong side out.
他把袜子穿反了。
3．with＋名词/代词＋名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.
他去世的时候，他女儿还是一名学生。
4．with＋名词/代词＋现在分词
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her.
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
5．with＋名词/代词＋过去分词
“I think we can leave with our heads held high，” Erik said.
“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾瑞克说。
6．with＋名词/代词＋不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you'd better hurry.
还有十分钟，你最好快一点。
7．with＋名词/代词＋介词短语
With Father's Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.
父亲节快到了，我从银行取出一些钱给父亲买礼物。
1．(2025·吉林省松原市第五高级中学高三第三次考试)On Friday night, photos and videos showed bikes filling up a multilane (多车道) road between the two cities, with cars ____________ (squeeze) to the sides and the crowd stretching for miles.
2．(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三阶段练习)He was lying on the grass, his hands ________ (cross) under his head.
squeezed
解析：此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，cars与squeeze之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填squeezed。
解析：句意：他躺在草地上，双手交叉放在头下。句中已有谓语动词was lying，设空处应用非谓语。cross与其逻辑主语his hands之间为被动关系，应用过去分词crossed。故填crossed。
crossed
3．(2025·河南省商丘市夏邑县第一高级中学高三第一次月考)She felt a deep sense of loss, as if a part of her _______________ (take) away.
4．(2025·湖北省十一校联考)I recommend that students _____________ (resist) employing them in the context of reading and writing if they wish to be transformed by their learning.
had been taken
解析：句意：她感到深深的失落感，仿佛她的一部分被带走了。此处为as if引导的从句，根据句意可知，此处表示与过去事实相反，应用过去完成时，且主语a part of her与take之间为被动关系。故填had been taken。
解析： recommend意为“建议”，后跟that引导的宾语从句，从句中应用虚拟语气，谓语动词应用should do，should可以省略。故填(should) resist。
(should) resist
5．(2025·吉林省东北师范大学附属中学高三阶段练习)________ I live out of town, I would take up gardening as a hobby.
6．(2025·江苏省海安高级中学高三月考)This suggests that we ______________ (give) ourselves a bit more time to think through the questions we encounter in life.
Should
解析：句意：要是我住在城外，我会把园艺当作一种爱好。根据句意可知，此处表示与将来的事实相反。此处省略if，将should提前。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Should。
解析： suggest表示“建议”，其后的宾语从句中，谓语动词应用(should) do。故填(should) give。
(should) give
7．(2025·重庆市第四十九中学高三月考)Watching lovely Hank bark, chew, and play all day makes me wish that I also ________ (have) the energy of a puppy.
8．(2025·江苏省靖江高级中学高三月考)Weather __________ (permit), a winter hiker will be launched to get us close to nature.
had
解析：句意：看着可爱的Hank(汉克)整天叫着、咬着、玩着，我真希望自己也能有小狗那样的精力。此处表示与现在事实相反的愿望，wish后面宾语从句中的谓语动词应用一般过去时。故填had。
解析：此处考查独立主格结构，permit与其逻辑主语Weather之间为主动关系，应用现在分词。故填permitting。
permitting
9．(2025·辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三期中)It would be easier to gain people's support and respect if they ________ (be) to spend their time and energy on the unexciting but essential political work.
10．(2025·福建省厦门双十中学高三第二次月考)The average size of such fish also declined, with one species ________ (show) a 57 percent decline in average size.
were
解析：句意：如果人们把时间和精力花在平淡无奇但又必不可少的政治工作上，就更容易获得人们的支持和尊重。if虚拟条件句表示与将来事实相反。故填were。
解析：句意：这类鱼的平均尺寸也下降了，其中一种鱼的平均尺寸下降了57%。此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”的复合结构。设空处与其逻辑主语one species构成主动关系。故填showing。
showing
