英语[W]
第三讲 应用文写作存在问题及应对策略
(一)存在问题
问题一 审题不到位
1．写作格式不正确
例如：题目要求写演讲稿，却写成书信等。
2．主题把握不准确
主题审不好，出现跑题现象，例如：写作主题是“携手行动，节约粮食”。却写成“environmental protection” “food conservation”或“food security”等。
3．内容不全或主次不分
表现1：要点不齐全。审题时遗漏一些重要的写作要点，甚至有些信息比较模糊，不够具体等。
表现2：分不清主次。题目要求可能包含几个要点，且有主次之分，审题时不把次要的内容当作主要内容来写，导致非必要或次要的东西写得过多，主要的内容没有充分表达。
问题二 语言表达不正确
1．表达不地道
写作时，有较多汉语式的表达，导致语言生硬，表达牵强，这直接影响了得分的档次。例如：
If you want to take part in the activity, you must pay attention to the activity's rules.(×)
When you finish your article, please give us quickly.(×)
2．语言错误多
错误的语言会影响信息的传递。例如：时态前后不一、语态错误、名词单复数、形容词与副词混淆，单词拼写错误等。这些错误都会拉低文章的档次，造成严重的失分。例如：
Hello, everyone! There exists a good news that our school will hold a composition competition about save the food. The purpose of the activity is to raise our intention to save the food and value that hard work of farmer. It's a meaningful game for us. As we all know, countless food was wasted every year. At the same time, there are many people suffering the hunger. So, it's necessary for us. If you want to join in it, please prepare for your composition up to 120 words and send it to school email.
文中出现较多的语言错误：1.Hello, everyone! 是口头交际用语，不应出现在书面通知中；2.news为不可数名词，应去掉冠词a；3.介词about后的save应改为saving；4.intention 应改为attention；5.farmer应改为farmers；6.作文大赛不是“游戏”，应把game改为 activity；7.countless之后接名词复数，不能修饰food，应把countless 改为a lot of/a large amount of；8.句中的时间状语为every year，本句应为一般现在时，应把was改为is；9.it's necessary for us 意思不完整，应加上动词不定式 to save food；10.应去掉prepare 后的介词for；11.最后一句应提供一个具体的投稿邮箱，方便大家提交稿件。只说send it to school email不能达到交际的目的。显而易见，由于这篇作文中出现的错误太多，只能属于较低的档次。
问题三 滥用(或无)逻辑衔接语
行文中写出的短文句子与句子之间没有逻辑关系，只是一个个句子的堆砌或乱用衔接语，致使文章不顺畅，逻辑性差。例如：
习作1 (滥用衔接词)话题：邀请外国朋友参加“学习中国文化活动”
First and foremost, with the development of culture, everyone needs to learn and understand it.
So we will hold an activity about understanding Chinese culture, and we want to invite you to attend this activity. But, it is necessary for us to watch a movie, and write a passage about culture before participating. Last but not least, the time is at six o'clock this Saturday afternoon, and the place is the sports hall.
习作2 （缺失衔接词）话题：建议外国朋友来中国工作
I suggest that you go to China to work. There is no doubt that China has many work opportunities to choose from. Your major is popular in China. It is important that you can experience different cultures. It goes without saying that China has many delicious foods.
添加衔接词：
I suggest that you go to China to work. Firstly, there is no doubt that China has many work opportunities to choose from. Moreover, your major is popular in China. Additionally, it is important that you can experience different cultures. Last but not least, it goes without saying that China has many delicious foods.
问题四 书写潦草，乱涂乱改
一篇作文如果书写过于潦草，以致影响阅读，无论该作文内容写得有多好，分数也会大打折扣。此外，过多的涂改也会影响评分。
(二)应对策略
(一) 正确审题
当下高考应用文写作在题目要求上呈现出多样化与具体化的趋势，因此，审题作为答题的第一步，应该引起我们的高度重视。以下三点值得注意：
1．抓题目体裁，定格式
所谓体裁，就是指文章的种类和样式。该种类与样式，在长期的生活实践中，具有某种稳定的特征。当下高考应用文写作的常见体裁有：书信类(邮件类)、报道类、通知类、演讲类、倡议类等。不同的体裁通常有不同的格式。因此拿到试题时，扫一眼题目后，就要进行一个正确的判断。审定文章的体裁与格式，这是写作的第一步。对于一些常见的体裁格式，务必熟稔于心。
2．抓交际对象，定语气
所谓语气，就是作者在写作中体现出的一种感彩，如尊重的语气、平等的语气、严肃的语气、幽默的语气等。恰当的语气，可以让交际更加有效，如何决定恰当的语气呢？这由写作要求中的交际对象决定。我们在从事应用文写作时，务必思考交际对象是谁，选择合适的语气，从而实现有效的交流。
3．抓写作情境，定要点
一般情况下，题目给出了写作要点。但这种“显性要点”有时还不够清晰与完备，需要我们进一步分析，挖掘出“最佳要点”和“隐性要点”。这种分析，需要我们基于写作情境，将自己代入其中，并作换位思考，切实“思交际对象之思”，从而让要点最适切，也最完备。
(二) 夯实语言表达
1．增加词汇量，能熟练地用高级词汇替换简单词汇。比如，同样是表达“好”，不只可以用good，根据语境的不同，还可以用beneficial, excellent, adept等高级词汇进行替换。
2．掌握各种特殊句式和复合句，如倒装句、感叹句、省略句、强调句等特殊句式和名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等复合句。
3．紧跟时代脉搏，关注社会热点话题。平时多阅读与热点话题相关的英文材料，识记与话题相关的词汇，摘抄背诵一些实用的句子。
(三) 增强逻辑
行文中根据意思和作用选取合适的衔接词，以达到句意文意顺畅，需熟背以下衔接词：
1．用于段落起始：generally speaking, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, as we know, as is known to all, as is shown in ... 等
2．用于总结：to sum up, in conclusion, in a word, in summary, all in all等
3．表达时间顺序：first, second, third, (soon) afterwards, meanwhile, finally, at first, in the beginning, subsequently, at last, in the end, eventually等
4．表达空间顺序：on one side ... on the other side ..., on the opposite side, in front of, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, at the back of, on/to the left/right, be close to, next to, nearby, beyond等
5．解释说明：in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, namely, to put it differently等
6．表示因果：considering that, owing to, due to, because, therefore, as a result, consequently, thereby, thus, so等
7．表示强调：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, to tell (you) the truth等
8．表示递进或补充： in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, what's more, besides, to make matters worse, worse still, more/most importantly, last but not least, additionally等
9．举例或列举：for example, for instance, such as, as follows等
10．表示让步或转折：but, however, while, although, though, yet 等
11．表示比较或对比：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, in contrast, whereas, instead, instead of, while等
12．用以表示观点的有：personally, from my perspective, in my opinion, I'm fully convinced that ... , as I see it, as far as I'm concerned等
(四) 重视书写
良好的书写就是隐形的分数。提高英语考试成绩从练字开始，书写是否规范、工整，直接影响考试分数。书写时需注意以下几点：
1．规范字母形状；
2．大小写要区分明显；
3．适当间距；
4．多加练习；
5．保持整洁；
6．自信心态。
最后请欣赏美观卷面：
1(共20张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
第三编 高效写作
应用文写作——既讲规矩又讲个性
第三讲 应用文写作存在问题及应对策略
(二)应对策略
目录
CONTENTS
2
(一)存在问题
1
(一)存在问题
问题一 审题不到位
1．写作格式不正确
例如：题目要求写演讲稿，却写成书信等。
2．主题把握不准确
主题审不好，出现跑题现象，例如：写作主题是“携手行动，节约粮食”。却写成“environmental protection” “food conservation”或“food security”等。
3．内容不全或主次不分
表现1：要点不齐全。审题时遗漏一些重要的写作要点，甚至有些信息比较模糊，不够具体等。
表现2：分不清主次。题目要求可能包含几个要点，且有主次之分，审题时不把次要的内容当作主要内容来写，导致非必要或次要的东西写得过多，主要的内容没有充分表达。
问题二 语言表达不正确
1．表达不地道
写作时，有较多汉语式的表达，导致语言生硬，表达牵强，这直接影响了得分的档次。例如：
If you want to take part in the activity, you must pay attention to the activity's rules.(×)
When you finish your article, please give us quickly.(×)
2．语言错误多
错误的语言会影响信息的传递。例如：时态前后不一、语态错误、名词单复数、形容词与副词混淆，单词拼写错误等。这些错误都会拉低文章的档次，造成严重的失分。例如：
Hello, everyone! There exists a good news that our school will hold a composition competition about save the food. The purpose of the activity is to raise our intention to save the food and value that hard work of farmer. It's a meaningful game for us. As we all know, countless food was wasted every year. At the same time, there are many people suffering the hunger. So, it's necessary for us. If you want to join in it, please prepare for your composition up to 120 words and send it to school email.
文中出现较多的语言错误：1.Hello, everyone! 是口头交际用语，不应出现在书面通知中；2.news为不可数名词，应去掉冠词a；3.介词about后的save应改为saving；4.intention 应改为attention；5.farmer应改为farmers；6.作文大赛不是“游戏”，应把game改为 activity；7.countless之后接名词复数，不能修饰food，应把countless 改为a lot of/a large amount of；8.句中的时间状语为every year，本句应为一般现在时，应把was改为is；9.it's necessary for us 意思不完整，应加上动词不定式 to save food；10.应去掉prepare 后的介词for；11.最后一句应提供一个具体的投稿邮箱，方便大家提交稿件。只说send it to school email不能达到交际的目的。显而易见，由于这篇作文中出现的错误太多，只能属于较低的档次。
问题三 滥用(或无)逻辑衔接语
行文中写出的短文句子与句子之间没有逻辑关系，只是一个个句子的堆砌或乱用衔接语，致使文章不顺畅，逻辑性差。例如：
习作1 (滥用衔接词)话题：邀请外国朋友参加“学习中国文化活动”
First and foremost, with the development of culture, everyone needs to learn and understand it.
So we will hold an activity about understanding Chinese culture, and we want to invite you to attend this activity. But, it is necessary for us to watch a movie, and write a passage about culture before participating. Last but not least, the time is at six o'clock this Saturday afternoon, and the place is the sports hall.
习作2 （缺失衔接词）话题：建议外国朋友来中国工作
I suggest that you go to China to work. There is no doubt that China has many work opportunities to choose from. Your major is popular in China. It is important that you can experience different cultures. It goes without saying that China has many delicious foods.
添加衔接词：
I suggest that you go to China to work. Firstly, there is no doubt that China has many work opportunities to choose from. Moreover, your major is popular in China. Additionally, it is important that you can experience different cultures. Last but not least, it goes without saying that China has many delicious foods.
问题四 书写潦草，乱涂乱改
一篇作文如果书写过于潦草，以致影响阅读，无论该作文内容写得有多好，分数也会大打折扣。此外，过多的涂改也会影响评分。
(二)应对策略
(一) 正确审题
当下高考应用文写作在题目要求上呈现出多样化与具体化的趋势，因此，审题作为答题的第一步，应该引起我们的高度重视。以下三点值得注意：
1．抓题目体裁，定格式
所谓体裁，就是指文章的种类和样式。该种类与样式，在长期的生活实践中，具有某种稳定的特征。当下高考应用文写作的常见体裁有：书信类(邮件类)、报道类、通知类、演讲类、倡议类等。不同的体裁通常有不同的格式。因此拿到试题时，扫一眼题目后，就要进行一个正确的判断。审定文章的体裁与格式，这是写作的第一步。对于一些常见的体裁格式，务必熟稔于心。
2．抓交际对象，定语气
所谓语气，就是作者在写作中体现出的一种感彩，如尊重的语气、平等的语气、严肃的语气、幽默的语气等。恰当的语气，可以让交际更加有效，如何决定恰当的语气呢？这由写作要求中的交际对象决定。我们在从事应用文写作时，务必思考交际对象是谁，选择合适的语气，从而实现有效的交流。
3．抓写作情境，定要点
一般情况下，题目给出了写作要点。但这种“显性要点”有时还不够清晰与完备，需要我们进一步分析，挖掘出“最佳要点”和“隐性要点”。这种分析，需要我们基于写作情境，将自己代入其中，并作换位思考，切实“思交际对象之思”，从而让要点最适切，也最完备。
(二) 夯实语言表达
1．增加词汇量，能熟练地用高级词汇替换简单词汇。比如，同样是表达“好”，不只可以用good，根据语境的不同，还可以用beneficial, excellent, adept等高级词汇进行替换。
2．掌握各种特殊句式和复合句，如倒装句、感叹句、省略句、强调句等特殊句式和名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等复合句。
3．紧跟时代脉搏，关注社会热点话题。平时多阅读与热点话题相关的英文材料，识记与话题相关的词汇，摘抄背诵一些实用的句子。
(三) 增强逻辑
行文中根据意思和作用选取合适的衔接词，以达到句意文意顺畅，需熟背以下衔接词：
1．用于段落起始：generally speaking, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, as we know, as is known to all, as is shown in ... 等
2．用于总结：to sum up, in conclusion, in a word, in summary, all in all等
3．表达时间顺序：first, second, third, (soon) afterwards, meanwhile, finally, at first, in the beginning, subsequently, at last, in the end, eventually等
4．表达空间顺序：on one side ... on the other side ..., on the opposite side, in front of, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, at the back of, on/to the left/right, be close to, next to, nearby, beyond等
5．解释说明：in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, namely, to put it differently等
6．表示因果：considering that, owing to, due to, because, therefore, as a result, consequently, thereby, thus, so等
7．表示强调：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, to tell (you) the truth等
8．表示递进或补充： in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, what's more, besides, to make matters worse, worse still, more/most importantly, last but not least, additionally等
9．举例或列举：for example, for instance, such as, as follows等
10．表示让步或转折：but, however, while, although, though, yet 等
11．表示比较或对比：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, in contrast, whereas, instead, instead of, while等
12．用以表示观点的有：personally, from my perspective, in my opinion, I'm fully convinced that ... , as I see it, as far as I'm concerned等
(四) 重视书写
良好的书写就是隐形的分数。提高英语考试成绩从练字开始，书写是否规范、工整，直接影响考试分数。书写时需注意以下几点：
1．规范字母形状；
2．大小写要区分明显；
3．适当间距；
4．多加练习；
5．保持整洁；
6．自信心态。
最后请欣赏美观卷面：
