专题二 名词、数词、形容词与副词
一、名词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Groups of five or more require special (arrangement) and must be confirmed in advance.
【答案】 arrangements
【解析】 考查名词复数。形容词special后接名词形式,arrangement作“安排”讲时为可数名词。故填arrangements。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global (cover).
【答案】 coverage
【解析】 考查名词。形容词global后接名词形式,cover的名词形式是coverage,表示“覆盖范围”,是不可数名词。故填coverage。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
【答案】 favourites
【解析】 考查名词复数。根据句意可知,favourite作可数名词时,意为“特别喜爱的事物”,符合句意及用法。故填favourites。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste (reduce) by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
【答案】 reduction
【解析】 考查名词。根据句意并分析句子可知,空处与recycling并列作encourage 的宾语,应用名词形式。故填reduction。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial (intelligent), or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
【答案】 intelligence
【解析】 考查名词。形容词artificial后接名词形式,intelligent的名词形式为intelligence,为不可数名词。故填intelligence。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)“People started queuing to make an (appoint) early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who...
【答案】 appointment
【解析】 考查名词。根据句中不定冠词an可知,应用可数名词单数形式。故填appointment。
7.(2024·全国甲卷)From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of (nature) most delicate and beautiful designs.
【答案】 nature’s
【解析】 考查名词所有格。根据句意可知,designs和提示词nature之间是所属关系,应使用名词所有格。故填nature’s。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
【答案】 arrival
【解析】 考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空前是介词和冠词,所以空处应填名词作介词before的宾语,arrive的名词形式是arrival,表示“到来”,为不可数名词。故填arrival。
9.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give (interview) in English with international journalists.
【答案】 interviews
【解析】 考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知,空前是动词,所以空处应填名词作宾语,interview意为“采访”时为可数名词,不止一段采访,应用复数形式。故填interviews。
10.(2023·全国甲卷)The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carson’s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
【答案】 warning
【解析】 考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知,应用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
考点一 名词的复数形式
1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
构成方法 例词
一般在词尾加-s map→maps, sea→seas, girl→girls, human→humans
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾 的词后加-es class→classes, box→boxes, watch→watches, dish→dishes (但stomach的复数是stomachs)
以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f或-fe为v,再加-es leaf→leaves, knife→knives, wife→wives, wolf→wolves
加-s (口诀:屋顶上的首领有证据和信仰) belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs, proof→proofs, roof→roofs
以-y结 尾的词 词尾是辅音字母+-y时,变y为i再加-es enemy→enemies,hobby→hobbies,difficulty→difficulties
词尾是元音字母+-y时,直接加-s guy→guys,key→keys,boy→boys
以-o结尾 的词 无生命的,一般在词尾直接加-s piano→pianos,photo→photos,radio→radios,zoo→zoos
有生命的(包含植物),一般在词尾加-es tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes,hero→heroes(但bamboo的复数是bamboos)
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
增加字母 child→children,ox→oxen
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man→men,woman→women, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, tooth→teeth
单复数同形 sheep, deer, series, means, fish, species
表示“某国 人”的名词 加-s American→Americans,German→Germans, Greek→Greeks
单复数同形 Portuguese, Chinese,Japanese
以man或woman结尾的,将man和woman分别改为men和women Englishman→Englishmen
3.合成名词变复数
变 化 规 则 有中心名词的合成词的复数,是将中心名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers
无中心名词的合成词的复数,通常将最后一个词变为复数 grown-ups, breakfasts, housewives
名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数 women singers,men writers
4.不可数名词的数
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词:
表物质的不可数 名词 baggage/luggage (行李),cash (现金),meat (肉),paper (纸张)等。
表抽象概念的不可数名词 work (工作),knowledge (知识),luck (运气),scenery (风景),traffic (交通)等。
永远不可数的重点名词 advice (建议),equipment (设备),fun (乐趣),furniture (家具),progress (进步),news/word (消息)等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考的有:
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
beauty 美;美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰;慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情
The activity turned out to be a huge success, fueling students’ passion for literature.
这项活动取得了巨大的成功,激发了学生们对文学的热情。
②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
③物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料;coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡;chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔;hair 头发→a hair 一根头发;glass玻璃→a glass一只玻璃杯
考点二 名词所有格
1.-’s所有格
在英语中,-’s所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。其用法如下:
(1)表示两者或两者以上共同所有,在最后一个词的后面加-’s;表示各自拥有时,每个名词后都要加-’s。如:
Li and Ma’s room 李和马共有的房间;
Li’s and Ma’s rooms 李和马各自的房间
(2)表示某人的家或店铺时,名词所有格之后的house,home,shop等常省去。如:
at the doctor’s (office) 在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop) 在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house) 在格林先生家
(3)以-s结尾的名词后,只加’。如:
Teachers’ Day 教师节
2.“of+名词”所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的名词也常用of所有格。如:
the roof of the house 屋顶;
the cover of the book书的封面;
the name of the girl这个女孩的名字;
a picture of my father我爸爸的一张照片
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成:“名词+of+名词-’s”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前面可用a, any, some, a few, two, this, that, these, those等修饰,但不能用the。
a friend of my brother’s (=one of my brother’s friends) 我哥哥的一个朋友
a picture of my father’s (=one of my father’s pictures) 一张我父亲的照片
TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) refers to the study of human physiology, pathology, disease diagnosis and the 1. (prevent) and control of diseases. For thousands of years, the Chinese people have been piling rich experience in fighting against diseases, thus forming their own unique medical theory. In terms of the research 2. (approach), TCM regards each individual as a whole entity with the focus on zangfu (the organs inside a human body) and jingluo (the primary 3. (channel) that crisscross the body). It has its own basic principles of diagnosis and 4. (treat), which build the 5. (found) of a systematic theory.
TCM is often interpreted to be the medical science developed mainly by the Han Chinese. There are many other 6. (branch) of medicine in China.
Currently, acupuncture(针灸) has aroused the interest of the international medical science circle. What the WHO has proved is that it can help ease post-surgery pains, 7. (comfort) caused by pregnancy, chemotherapy and toothache. Meanwhile, the 8. (effective) of acupuncture and herbs is also well proved by scientific 9. (evident). On May 2,2002, the WHO issued a document that called on more than 180 countries to adopt TCM as an alternative in their medical 10. (policy).
【答案】 1.prevention 2.approaches 3.channels
4.treatment 5.foundation 6.branches
7.discomfort 8.effectiveness 9.evidence 10.policies
二、数词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected (billion) of records.
【答案】 billions
【解析】 考查基数词。空处后面有of,前面无具体数字。故填billions。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the (one) time.
【答案】 first
【解析】 考查序数词。表示“第一次”的数词需要用序数词。故填first。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered (hundred) of miles before reaching the table.
【答案】 hundreds
【解析】 考查基数词。空处后面有of,前面无具体数字。故填hundreds。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a (two) thought.
【答案】 second
【解析】 考查序数词。此处表示“毫不犹豫”,数词需要用序数词。故填second。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two- (third) of the way through her race when a runner in front of her began crying in pain.
【答案】 thirds
【解析】 考查分数。分母应用序数词,且当分子大于1时,分母用复数。故填thirds。
考点一 基数词
1.hundred,thousand,million,billion前有具体数词时,要用单数,也不与of连用。
We printed two hundred and fifty invitations.
我们印了250份请柬。
2.当ten, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion与of 连用时用复数,其前不可以有具体数字,但可以用many, several, a few修饰。
Thousands of people crowded the streets to celebrate the grand festival.
成千上万的人挤在街上庆祝这个盛大的节日。
3.逢十的基数词的复数形式可表示年代,用在“in/during the+基数词的复数形式或所有格”结构中。
in the 1870s在十九世纪七十年代 in the 1930’s在二十世纪三十年代
4.表年龄。“In one’s + 整十的复数”,表示在某人几十岁时。
He became a professor in his thirties.
他在三十多岁时成了教授。
考点二 序数词
1.基数词变为序数词的记忆规则
规则 例词
一二三要单独记 one→first, two→second, three→third
-th要从四加起 four→fourth, six→sixth
eight少个t eight→eighth
nine去掉e nine→ninth
-ve用-f来代替 five→fifth, twelve→twelfth
-ty变成-tie twenty→twentieth
2.序数词的使用
用法 例句
序数词在句中主要作定语,一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。 He is the second person to arrive. 他是第二个到的人。
序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一,再一”,相当于another。 Would you like a second cup of tea 你还想再来一杯茶吗
有时序数词作状语,不加冠词。 He came out first in the contest. 他在比赛中获得第一名。
考点三 分数表达法
规则 例词
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母用复数。 1/3: one third; 2/3: two thirds
分数表达也可以用in/out of(前后都用基数词) 1/3: one in three或 one out of three
考点四 倍数表达法
1.A+is+倍数+比较级+than+B
My room is three times bigger than yours.
我的房间比你的大两倍。
2.A+is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
This line is three times as long as that one.
这根线是那根线的三倍长。
3.A+is+倍数+ the +名词(size/length/height等)+of+B
This street is three times the length of that one.
这条街是那条街的三倍长。
4.The+名词(size/length/height等)+of+A+is+倍数+that of+B
The length of this street is three times that of that one.
这条街是那条街的三倍长。
5.A+is+倍数+ what引导的名词性从句
The population now in this village is three times what it was ten years ago.
这个村庄的人口是十年前的三倍。
The school’s English Speech Contest, held at the school auditorium on the 1. (twelve) of May 2024, was a 2. (remark) event that showcased the students’ oratory skills. A total of 30 students from various grades participated in the competition, each delivering a captivating speech on diverse topics ranging from social 3. (issue) to personal experiences.
After a tough 4. (compete), the winners were announced. John Smith secured the 5. (one) prize with his persuasive speech, followed by Emily Brown in second place and Sarah Johnson in 6. (three). Furthermore, special recognition was given to the top five 7. (contest) for their exceptional performances.
The event worked out 8. (wonderful), which not only celebrated the art of public speaking but also highlighted the 9. (student) eloquence and confidence. Congratulations to all participants for their impressive display of talent and 10. (dedicate)!
【答案】 1.twelfth 2.remarkable 3.issues 4.competition 5.first 6.third 7.contestants 8.wonderfully 9.students’ 10.dedication
三、形容词与副词
1. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective (function) structure that is also beautiful.
【答案】 functional
【解析】 考查形容词。空处修饰名词structure,应用形容词作定语。故填functional。
2. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) These sepals open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays (close) to protect the plants.
【答案】 closed
【解析】 考查形容词。空处用于stays之后作表语,应用形容词closed,表示“紧闭的”。故填closed。
3. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) They have good reasons for driving their kids to school, (most) to do with safety and convenience.
【答案】 mostly
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处应用副词修饰空后的介词短语to do with,mostly意为“多半;主要地”。故填mostly。
4. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors (access) to all.
【答案】 accessible
【解析】 考查形容词。此处是make复合结构,应用形容词accessible作宾语补足语。故填accessible。
5. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) Those who are dressed (inappropriate) will be refused permission to participate.
【答案】 inappropriately
【解析】 考查副词。空前为形容词dressed,空处应用副词作状语,修饰形容词dressed。故填inappropriately。
6. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) ...AI is already super-smart and will become (capable), moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.
【答案】 more capable
【解析】 考查形容词比较级。根据句意可知,AI已经十分智能,并将会更加强大,此处应填形容词capable的比较级。故填more capable。
7. (2024·全国甲卷) That’s why most pet cats are able to tell (immediate) if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like.
【答案】 immediately
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处应该填副词修饰动词tell。故填immediately。
8.(2024·全国甲卷) Many of us also turn to food to deal with (pleasant) emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.
【答案】 unpleasant
【解析】 考查形容词。分析可知,空处后的情绪:悲伤、孤独、无聊均为负面情绪,空处应填pleasant的反义词。故填unpleasant。
9.(2024·全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】 largest
【解析】 考查形容词最高级。根据定冠词the和句意可知,黄石公园原先是美国最大的国家公园,所以应用形容词最高级。故填largest。
10. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Xiao long bao (soup dumplings),those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese street food.
【答案】 tasty
【解析】 考查形容词。形容词修饰后面的名词soup,因此空处需用tasty“美味的”作定语。故填tasty。
11. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) No matter where I buy them, one steamer is (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
【答案】 rarely
【解析】 考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词作状语。故填rarely。
12.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) So, what are they learning (basic), how to describe a panda’s life.
【答案】 Basically
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空后整个句子,应该用副词形式,basic的副词形式是basically,位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Basically。
13. (2023·全国甲卷) (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
【答案】 Different
【解析】 考查形容词。be different from意为“与……不同”,应用形容词作状语。位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Different。
14. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) They talk to the flood of international tourists and to (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
【答案】 visiting
【解析】 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,空后是名词,所以空处应用形容词作定语;visit的形容词为visiting意为“来访的”。故填visiting。
考点一 形容词和副词的词性转化
1.常见的以-ly结尾的形容词
含义 例词
表示时间 daily每天的; weekly每周的; monthly每月的; yearly每年的; timely 及时的,适时的
表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等 lovely可爱的; friendly友好的; ugly难看的; lively活泼的; manly有男子气概的; lonely孤独的; elderly年长的
表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态等 likely可能的; orderly整齐的; deadly致命的; chilly寒冷的
2.常用的连接性副词
连接性副词 含义
though 意为“然而,可是”,表示转折
meanwhile 意为“在此期间”,表示两个动作同时发生
therefore/thus/consequently 意为“因此,所以”,表示结果
moreover/furthermore/additionally 意为“此外”,表示承接关系
besides 意为“而且,另外,还有”,表示并列或递进关系
however 意为“然而”,表示让步和转折,常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开
instead 意为“相反,反而”,表示相反的情况
anyway/anyhow 意为“无论如何,不管怎样”,表示让步
He didn’t reply.Instead,he turned on his heel and left the room.
他没有回答,反而转身离开了房间。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides,I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
这个房子太贵、太大了。而且,我已经越来越喜欢我们租的那间小屋了。
3.意义不同的同根副词
close adv.不远地;接近 closely adv.密切地
free adv.免费地 freely adv.自由地
hard adv.努力地 hardly adv.几乎不
most adv.非常;几乎,差不多 mostly adv.主要地
late adv.晚,迟 lately adv.近来,最近
wide adv.尽可能远地;宽地;充分地 widely adv.广泛地
high adv.高地 highly adv.高度地
deep adv.深地;在深处 deeply adv.深刻地,深深地
Deep in thought,he didn’t notice me.
他陷入沉思中,没注意到我。
He was deeply moved by the moving story.
他被这个感人的故事深深地打动了。
考点二 形容词和副词的比较等级
1. 等级用法的固定句型
(1) 同级比较
句式为:as+形容词/副词的原级+as;
否定形式:not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+ as。
He speaks English as fluently as you.
他英语说得跟你一样流利。
(2) 比较级结构
句式: 形容词/副词的比较级+than。常用来修饰比较级的词汇有any, much, even, still, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
My new computer runs far more smoothly than the old one.
我的新电脑比旧电脑运行得流畅多了。
(3)最高级结构
句式: the+形容词的最高级(+名词) +比较范围(in/of/among短语); one of the+形容词的最高级+可数名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词汇有by far, almost和序数词等。
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.
尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。
2.比较级和最高级的构成
(1) 规则变化
单 音 节 词 -er和 -est型 构成规则 例词
一般在词末加-er和-est great→ greater→ greatest hard→ harder→ hardest
以-e结尾的只加-r和-st nice→ nicer→ nicest brave→ braver→ bravest
以辅音字母加-y结尾的,先变y为i, 再加-er, -est dry→ drier→ driest early→ earlier→ earliest
闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er, -est big→bigger→biggest thin→thinner→thinnest hot→hotter→hottest
双 音 节 词 -er和 -est型 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble, -ple结尾的双音节词,方法同单音节词 happy→happier→happiest simple→simpler→simplest clever→cleverer→cleverest
more和 most型 其他的在前面加more, the most分别构成比较级和最高级 careful→more careful→ the most careful
多音 节词 more和most型 在其前面加more和the most difficult→more difficult→the most difficult
(2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
many, much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
3.含有比较级的常用句型
(1)“比较级 + and +比较级”或“more and more+原级”表示“越来越……”。
Things are getting better and better every day.
情况一天一天好起来。
(2)“the+比较级,the+比较级”意为“越……就越……”。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越认真,犯的错误越少。
4.比较级表达最高级的含义
(1)“否定词 +比较级”或“否定词+ such/as...as”结构表达最高级的含义。
Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard a better one before.
你的故事太完美了,我从来没有听过比这更好的故事。
(2) 比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级的含义:
①比较级+ than+ any other + 可数名词单数;
②比较级+ than+all the other +可数名词复数;
③比较级+ than+any of the other+可数名词复数。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
London is one of the 1. (large) cities in the world.Its population is 2. (small) than that of Tokyo or Shanghai, but it is one of the 3. (popular) tourist destinations of all.London is 4. (probable) famous for its museums, galleries, palaces and other sights, but it also includes a 5. (wide) range of peoples, cultures and religions than many other places.People used to say that it was the dirtiest city too, but it is now much 6. (clean) than it was. To the surprise of many people, it now has some of the 7. (good) restaurants in Europe too. For some people, this makes London the 8. (excite) city in Europe. 9. (fortunate),London is definitely not the least 10. (expense) city in Europe, though a holiday in London is good value for money, considering what there is to see and do there.
【答案】 1.largest 2.smaller 3.most popular 4.probably 5.wider 6.cleaner 7.best 8.most exciting 9.Unfortunately 10.expensive
(
第
1
页
)(共79张PPT)
名词、数词、形容词与副词
专题二
一、名词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Groups of five or more require special
(arrangement) and must be confirmed in advance.
arrangements
【解析】 考查名词复数。形容词special后接名词形式,arrangement作“安排”讲时为可数名词。故填arrangements。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global (cover).
coverage
【解析】 考查名词。形容词global后接名词形式,cover的名词形式是coverage,表示“覆盖范围”,是不可数名词。故填coverage。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western
(favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
favourites
【解析】 考查名词复数。根据句意可知,favourite作可数名词时,意为“特别喜爱的事物”,符合句意及用法。故填favourites。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste (reduce) by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
reduction
【解析】 考查名词。根据句意并分析句子可知,空处与recycling并列作encourage 的宾语,应用名词形式。故填reduction。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial (intelligent), or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
intelligence
【解析】 考查名词。形容词artificial后接名词形式,intelligent的名词形式为intelligence,为不可数名词。故填intelligence。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)“People started queuing to make an
(appoint) early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who...
appointment
【解析】 考查名词。根据句中不定冠词an可知,应用可数名词单数形式。故填appointment。
7.(2024·全国甲卷)From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of (nature) most delicate and beautiful designs.
nature’s
【解析】 考查名词所有格。根据句意可知,designs和提示词nature之间是所属关系,应使用名词所有格。故填nature’s。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Since June 2017, right before the (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
arrival
【解析】 考查名词。分析句子结构可知,空前是介词和冠词,所以空处应填名词作介词before的宾语,arrive的名词形式是arrival,表示“到来”,为不可数名词。故填arrival。
9.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give
(interview) in English with international journalists.
interviews
【解析】 考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知,空前是动词,所以空处应填名词作宾语,interview意为“采访”时为可数名词,不止一段采访,应用复数形式。故填interviews。
10.(2023·全国甲卷)The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carson’s theme is a more weighty
(warn) about environmental destruction.
warning
【解析】 考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知,应用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
<考点一 名词的复数形式>
1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
构成方法 例词
一般在词尾加-s map→maps, sea→seas, girl→girls, human→humans
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾 的词后加-es class→classes, box→boxes, watch→watches, dish→dishes (但stomach的复数是stomachs)
以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f或-fe为v,再加-es leaf→leaves, knife→knives, wife→wives, wolf→wolves
加-s (口诀:屋顶上的首领有证据和信仰) belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs, proof→proofs, roof→roofs
以-y结 尾的词 词尾是辅音字母+-y时,变y为i再加-es enemy→enemies,hobby→hobbies,difficulty→difficulties
词尾是元音字母+-y时,直接加-s guy→guys,key→keys,boy→boys
以-o结尾 的词 无生命的,一般在词尾直接加-s piano→pianos,photo→photos,radio→radios,
zoo→zoos
有生命的(包含植物),一般在词尾加-es tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes,hero→
heroes(但bamboo的复数是bamboos)
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
增加字母 child→children,ox→oxen
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man→men,woman→women, foot→feet, goose→geese,
mouse→mice, tooth→teeth
单复数同形 sheep, deer, series, means, fish, species
表示 “某国人” 的名词 加-s American→Americans,German→
Germans, Greek→Greeks
单复数同形 Portuguese, Chinese,Japanese
以man或woman结尾的,将man和woman分别改为men和women Englishman→Englishmen
3.合成名词变复数
变 化 规 则 有中心名词的合成词的复数,是将中心名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers
无中心名词的合成词的复数,通常将最后一个词变为复数 grown-ups, breakfasts, housewives
名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数 women singers,men writers
4.不可数名词的数
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词:
表物质的不可数名词 baggage/luggage (行李),cash (现金),meat (肉),
paper (纸张)等。
表抽象概念的不可数名词 work (工作),knowledge (知识),luck (运气),scenery (风景),traffic (交通)等。
永远不可数的重点 名词 advice (建议),equipment (设备),fun (乐趣),
furniture (家具),progress (进步),news/word
(消息)等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考的有:
单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义
success 成功 成功的人或事
pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事
beauty 美;美丽 美丽的人或事物
comfort 安慰;慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger 危险 危险的人或因素
delight 高兴 令人高兴的事
failure 失败 失败的人或事
surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情
shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情
pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情
The activity turned out to be a huge success, fueling students’ passion for literature.
这项活动取得了巨大的成功,激发了学生们对文学的热情。
②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
③物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料;coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡;chalk
粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔;hair 头发→a hair 一根头发;glass玻璃→a glass一只
玻璃杯
<考点二 名词所有格>
1.-’s所有格
在英语中,-’s所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。其用法如下:
(1)表示两者或两者以上共同所有,在最后一个词的后面加-’s;表示各自拥有时,每个名词后都要加-’s。如:
Li and Ma’s room 李和马共有的房间;
Li’s and Ma’s rooms 李和马各自的房间
(2)表示某人的家或店铺时,名词所有格之后的house,home,shop等常省
去。如:
at the doctor’s (office) 在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop) 在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house) 在格林先生家
(3)以-s结尾的名词后,只加’。如:
Teachers’ Day 教师节
2.“of+名词”所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的名词也常用of所有格。如:
the roof of the house 屋顶;
the cover of the book书的封面;
the name of the girl这个女孩的名字;
a picture of my father我爸爸的一张照片
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成:“名词+of+名词-’s”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前面可用a, any, some, a few, two, this, that, these, those等修饰,但不能用the。
a friend of my brother’s (=one of my brother’s friends) 我哥哥的一个朋友
a picture of my father’s (=one of my father’s pictures) 一张我父亲的照片
TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) refers to the study of human physiology, pathology, disease diagnosis and the 1. (prevent) and control of diseases. For thousands of years, the Chinese people have been piling rich experience in fighting against diseases, thus forming their own unique medical theory. In terms of the research 2. (approach), TCM regards each individual as a whole entity with the focus on zangfu (the organs inside a human body) and jingluo (the primary 3. (channel) that crisscross the body).
prevention
approaches
channels
It has its own basic principles of diagnosis and 4. (treat), which build the 5. (found) of a systematic theory.
Currently, acupuncture(针灸) has aroused the interest of the international medical science circle. What the WHO has proved is that it can help ease post-surgery pains, 7. (comfort) caused by pregnancy, chemotherapy and toothache.
treatment
branches
discomfort
Meanwhile, the 8. (effective) of acupuncture and herbs is also well proved by scientific 9. (evident). On May 2,2002, the WHO issued a document that called on more than 180 countries to adopt TCM as an alternative in their medical 10. (policy).
effectiveness
evidence
policies
二、数词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected
(billion) of records.
billions
【解析】 考查基数词。空处后面有of,前面无具体数字。故填billions。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the
(one) time.
first
【解析】 考查序数词。表示“第一次”的数词需要用序数词。故填first。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered (hundred) of miles before reaching the table.
hundreds
【解析】 考查基数词。空处后面有of,前面无具体数字。故填hundreds。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a (two) thought.
second
【解析】 考查序数词。此处表示“毫不犹豫”,数词需要用序数词。故填second。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As reported by a local newspaper, Bailey was more than two- (third) of the way through her race when a runner in front of her began crying in pain.
thirds
【解析】 考查分数。分母应用序数词,且当分子大于1时,分母用复数。故填thirds。
1.hundred,thousand,million,billion前有具体数词时,要用单数,也不与of
连用。
We printed two hundred and fifty invitations.
我们印了250份请柬。
<考点一 基数词>
2.当ten, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion与of 连用时用复数,其前不可以有具体数字,但可以用many, several, a few修饰。
Thousands of people crowded the streets to celebrate the grand festival.
成千上万的人挤在街上庆祝这个盛大的节日。
3.逢十的基数词的复数形式可表示年代,用在“in/during the+基数词的复数形式或所有格”结构中。
in the 1870s在十九世纪七十年代 in the 1930’s在二十世纪三十年代
4.表年龄。“In one’s + 整十的复数”,表示在某人几十岁时。
He became a professor in his thirties.
他在三十多岁时成了教授。
1.基数词变为序数词的记忆规则
<考点二 序数词>
规则 例词
一二三要单独记 one→first, two→second,three→third
-th要从四加起 four→fourth, six→sixth
eight少个t eight→eighth
nine去掉e nine→ninth
-ve用-f来代替 five→fifth, twelve→twelfth
-ty变成-tie twenty→twentieth
2.序数词的使用
用法 例句
序数词在句中主要作定语,一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。 He is the second person to arrive.
他是第二个到的人。
序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一,再一”,相当于another。 Would you like a second cup of tea
你还想再来一杯茶吗
有时序数词作状语,不加冠词。 He came out first in the contest.
他在比赛中获得第一名。
<考点三 分数表达法>
规则 例词
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母用复数。 1/3: one third;
2/3: two thirds
分数表达也可以用in/out of(前后都用基数词) 1/3: one in three或
one out of three
<考点四 倍数表达法>
1.A+is+倍数+比较级+than+B
My room is three times bigger than yours.
我的房间比你的大两倍。
2.A+is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
This line is three times as long as that one.
这根线是那根线的三倍长。
3.A+is+倍数+ the +名词(size/length/height等)+of+B
This street is three times the length of that one.
这条街是那条街的三倍长。
4.The+名词(size/length/height等)+of+A+is+倍数+that of+B
The length of this street is three times that of that one.
这条街是那条街的三倍长。
5.A+is+倍数+ what引导的名词性从句
The population now in this village is three times what it was ten years ago.
这个村庄的人口是十年前的三倍。
The school’s English Speech Contest, held at the school auditorium on the 1. (twelve) of May 2024, was a 2. (remark) event that showcased the students’ oratory skills. A total of 30 students from various grades participated in the competition, each delivering a captivating speech on diverse topics ranging from social 3. (issue) to personal experiences.
twelfth
remarkable
issues
After a tough 4. (compete), the winners were announced. John Smith secured the 5. (one) prize with his persuasive speech, followed by Emily Brown in second place and Sarah Johnson in 6.
(three). Furthermore, special recognition was given to the top five
7. (contest) for their exceptional performances.
competition
first
third
contestants
The event worked out 8. (wonderful), which not only celebrated the art of public speaking but also highlighted the 9.
(student) eloquence and confidence. Congratulations to all participants for their impressive display of talent and 10. (dedicate)!
wonderfully
students’
dedication
三、形容词与副词
1. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective (function) structure that is also beautiful.
functional
【解析】 考查形容词。空处修饰名词structure,应用形容词作定语。故填functional。
2. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) These sepals open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays
(close) to protect the plants.
closed
【解析】 考查形容词。空处用于stays之后作表语,应用形容词closed,表示“紧闭的”。故填closed。
3. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) They have good reasons for driving their kids to school, (most) to do with safety and convenience.
mostly
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处应用副词修饰空后的介词短语to do with,mostly意为“多半;主要地”。故填mostly。
4. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors (access) to all.
accessible
【解析】 考查形容词。此处是make复合结构,应用形容词accessible作宾语补足语。故填accessible。
5. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) Those who are dressed
(inappropriate) will be refused permission to participate.
inappropriately
【解析】 考查副词。空前为形容词dressed,空处应用副词作状语,修饰形容词dressed。故填inappropriately。
6. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) ...AI is already super-smart and will become
(capable), moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.
more capable
【解析】 考查形容词比较级。根据句意可知,AI已经十分智能,并将会更加强大,此处应填形容词capable的比较级。故填more capable。
7. (2024·全国甲卷) That’s why most pet cats are able to tell
(immediate) if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like.
immediately
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处应该填副词修饰动词tell。故填immediately。
8.(2024·全国甲卷) Many of us also turn to food to deal with
(pleasant) emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.
unpleasant
【解析】 考查形容词。分析可知,空处后的情绪:悲伤、孤独、无聊均为负面情绪,空处应填pleasant的反义词。故填unpleasant。
9.(2024·全国甲卷) Yellowstone was the (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
largest
【解析】 考查形容词最高级。根据定冠词the和句意可知,黄石公园原先是美国最大的国家公园,所以应用形容词最高级。故填largest。
10. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) Xiao long bao (soup dumplings),those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese street food.
tasty
【解析】 考查形容词。形容词修饰后面的名词soup,因此空处需用tasty“美味的”作定语。故填tasty。
11. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) No matter where I buy them, one steamer is
(rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
rarely
【解析】 考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词作状语。故填rarely。
12.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) So, what are they learning (basic), how to describe a panda’s life.
Basically
【解析】 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空后整个句子,应该用副词形式,basic的副词形式是basically,位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Basically。
13. (2023·全国甲卷) (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
Different
【解析】 考查形容词。be different from意为“与……不同”,应用形容词作状语。位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Different。
14. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) They talk to the flood of international tourists and to (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
visiting
【解析】 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,空后是名词,所以空处应用形容词作定语;visit的形容词为visiting意为“来访的”。故填visiting。
1.常见的以-ly结尾的形容词
<考点一 形容词和副词的词性转化>
含义 例词
表示时间 daily每天的; weekly每周的; monthly每月的; yearly每年的; timely 及时的,适时的
表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等 lovely可爱的; friendly友好的; ugly难看的; lively活泼的; manly有男子气概的; lonely孤独的; elderly年长的
表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态等 likely可能的; orderly整齐的; deadly致命的; chilly寒冷的
2.常用的连接性副词
连接性副词 含义
though 意为“然而,可是”,表示转折
meanwhile 意为“在此期间”,表示两个动作同时发生
therefore/thus/consequently 意为“因此,所以”,表示结果
moreover/furthermore/additionally 意为“此外”,表示承接关系
besides 意为“而且,另外,还有”,表示并列或递进关系
however 意为“然而”,表示让步和转折,常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开
instead 意为“相反,反而”,表示相反的情况
anyway/anyhow 意为“无论如何,不管怎样”,表示让步
He didn’t reply.Instead,he turned on his heel and left the room.
他没有回答,反而转身离开了房间。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides,I’d grown fond of our little rented house.
这个房子太贵、太大了。而且,我已经越来越喜欢我们租的那间小屋了。
3.意义不同的同根副词
close adv.不远地;接近 closely adv.密切地
free adv.免费地 freely adv.自由地
hard adv.努力地 hardly adv.几乎不
most adv.非常;几乎,差不多 mostly adv.主要地
late adv.晚,迟 lately adv.近来,最近
wide adv.尽可能远地;宽地;充分地 widely adv.广泛地
high adv.高地 highly adv.高度地
deep adv.深地;在深处 deeply adv.深刻地,深深地
Deep in thought,he didn’t notice me.
他陷入沉思中,没注意到我。
He was deeply moved by the moving story.
他被这个感人的故事深深地打动了。
1. 等级用法的固定句型
(1) 同级比较
句式为:as+形容词/副词的原级+as;
否定形式:not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+ as。
He speaks English as fluently as you.
他英语说得跟你一样流利。
<考点二 形容词和副词的比较等级>
(2) 比较级结构
句式: 形容词/副词的比较级+than。常用来修饰比较级的词汇有any, much, even, still, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
My new computer runs far more smoothly than the old one.
我的新电脑比旧电脑运行得流畅多了。
(3)最高级结构
句式: the+形容词的最高级(+名词) +比较范围(in/of/among短语); one of the+形容词的最高级+可数名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词汇有by far, almost和序数词等。
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.
尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。
2.比较级和最高级的构成
(1) 规则变化
单 音 节 词 -er和 -est型 构成规则 例词
一般在词末加-er和-est great→ greater→ greatest
hard→ harder→ hardest
以-e结尾的只加-r和-st nice→ nicer→ nicest
brave→ braver→ bravest
以辅音字母加-y结尾的,先变y为i,再加-er, -est dry→ drier→ driest
early→ earlier→ earliest
闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er, -est big→bigger→biggest
thin→thinner→thinnest
hot→hotter→hottest
双 音 节 词 -er和 -est型 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble, -ple结尾的双音节词,方法同单音节词 happy→happier→happiest
simple→simpler→simplest
clever→cleverer→cleverest
more和 most型 其他的在前面加more, the most分别构成比较级和最高级 careful→more careful→the most careful
多音 节词 more和most型 在其前面加more和the most difficult→more difficult→
the most difficult
(2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
many, much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
3.含有比较级的常用句型
(1)“比较级 + and +比较级”或“more and more+原级”表示
“越来越……”。
Things are getting better and better every day.
情况一天一天好起来。
(2)“the+比较级,the+比较级”意为“越……就越……”。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越认真,犯的错误越少。
4.比较级表达最高级的含义
(1)“否定词 +比较级”或“否定词+ such/as...as”结构表达最高级的含义。
Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard a better one before.
你的故事太完美了,我从来没有听过比这更好的故事。
(2) 比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级的含义:
①比较级+ than+ any other + 可数名词单数;
②比较级+ than+all the other +可数名词复数;
③比较级+ than+any of the other+可数名词复数。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/
than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
London is one of the 1. (large) cities in the world.Its population is 2. (small) than that of Tokyo or Shanghai, but it is one of the 3. (popular) tourist destinations of all.London is 4. (probable) famous for its museums, galleries, palaces and other sights, but it also includes a 5. (wide) range of peoples, cultures and religions than many other places.
largest
smaller
most popular
probably
wider
People used to say that it was the dirtiest city too, but it is now much
6. (clean) than it was. To the surprise of many people, it now has some of the 7. (good) restaurants in Europe too. For some people, this makes London the 8. (excite) city in Europe.
9. (fortunate),London is definitely not the least
10. (expense) city in Europe, though a holiday in London is good value for money, considering what there is to see and do there.
cleaner
best
most exciting
Unfortunately
expensive
