专题三 冠词、代词、介词
一、冠词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Then he tried acupuncture, ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.
【答案】 an
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,此处泛指一种古老的中国医疗实践,应用不定冠词。ancient以元音音素开头。故填an。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The reasons relate to variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
【答案】 a
【解析】 考查冠词。a variety of表示“各种各样的”,为固定搭配。故填a。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take trouble to spell words correctly.
【答案】 the
【解析】 考查冠词。take the trouble to do表示“不辞辛劳地做”,为固定搭配。故填the。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
【答案】 The
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,空后为形容词latest,意为“最近的;最新的”,表示特指,并且空处位于句首。故填The。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: “Out of order. Sorry.”
【答案】 the
【解析】 考查冠词。结合上下文可知,前文已经提到过a cash machine,空处第二次提到,表示特指。故填the。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
【答案】 the
【解析】 考查冠词。定冠词加形容词表示一类人。此处the sick表示病人。故填the。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with touch of sweetness, and the soup hot,clear and delicious.
【答案】 a
【解析】 考查冠词。a touch of表示“一点点;稍许”,为固定搭配,名词touch表示“轻微;稍许”,常用作单数。故填a。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas,even though language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
【答案】 the
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,此处特指用于医学指导的语言,表特指,应用定冠词修饰。故填the。
考点一 冠词的基本用法
(一)不定冠词的用法
1.说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词;在以辅音音素开头的单词前用a,在以元音音素开头的单词前用an。如:a university;a useful tool;a European car;an hour;an honest boy;an X-ray;an ugly man等。
Is there a university in this city
这座城市有没有大学
Judging from his words,he must be an honest man.
从他的话判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2.用于可数名词单数前,泛指一类人或事物,或者指同类中的“一个”。
Undoubtedly,a teacher must love his students.
毫无疑问,教师必须爱他的学生。
3.表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
They have a music lesson every Monday morning.
他们每星期一上午有一节音乐课。
4.表示“某一个”,相当于some/a certain。
There is a Mrs Green to see you.
有位格林太太要见你。
5.用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;“a+most+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very。
I really enjoyed my stay in Xi’an.It’s indeed worth a second visit.
我在西安逗留期间过得很愉快,它的确值得再来一趟。
He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.
他在会议上提出了一条非常实用的建议。
6.抽象名词和物质名词在表示“概念”时,其前常用零冠词,但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词,需要与不定冠词连用,表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有物质名词——rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词——success,failure,
surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。
The weather forecast says there will be a heavy rain tomorrow,so remember to take an umbrella with you.
天气预报说明天会有一场大雨,所以出门记得带伞。
After a long period of preparation,the concert was a huge success.
经过长时间的筹备,这场音乐会取得了巨大的成功。
7.用在“be+of+a/an+可数名词单数”结构中,表示“同一,相同”时,相当于“of the same+可数名词单数”。
The two plants look different,but they are of a kind (=of the same kind).
这两株植物看上去不同,但它们属于同一类。
8.用于表示价格、数量、比率等,表示“每一”,相当于per/each/every。
We receive five emails an hour on average.
我们平均每小时收到五封邮件。
9.有些不可数名词,如knowledge,collection,understanding等后面加of时,前面需要用不定冠词,如:have a knowledge of... “了解……”,have a good understanding of...“对……有很好的了解”。
This activity let me have a deeper understanding of Chinese calligraphy.
这个活动使我对中国书法有了更深的了解。
(二)定冠词的用法
1.用于前面已提及或谈话双方都知道的人或物前,表特指;用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前,表特指。
The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.
在过去的十年里,我出生的那个村庄已经呈现出新的面貌。
2.用于序数词、形容词或副词最高级之前;用于由only,very,same等修饰的名词之前。
The first day of school is always exciting.
开学的第一天总是令人兴奋的。
This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说。
She is the only person who knows the truth.
她是唯一一个知道真相的人。
3.用在表示姓氏的名词复数前,表示一家人或夫妻俩,或用于可数名词单数、某些形容词或分词前,表示“一类人或物”。
As far as I know,the Greens are going to move to Beijing.
据我所知,格林一家打算搬到北京去。
The compass was invented in ancient China.
古代中国发明了指南针。
The young should respect the elderly.
年轻人应该尊敬老年人。
4.用在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器之前。
As is known to all,the earth revolves around the sun.
众所周知,地球围绕着太阳转。
As far as I know,he likes playing the piano.
据我所知,他喜欢弹钢琴。
5.用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前,后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
The Tang Dynasty was a golden age in Chinese history.
唐朝是中国历史上的一个黄金时代。
She grew up in the 1980s and loved listening to pop music of that era.
她成长于20世纪80年代,并喜欢听那个时代的流行音乐。
6.用在表计量的名词前,如by the hour,by the day,by the week,by the dozen,by the metre等,但是如果表示计量的名词为不可数名词,则不用冠词,如:by weight,by height,by length,by time等。
I got paid by time.To be exact,I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬,确切地说,我是按小时拿钱。
7.用于“动词(hit、strike、pull、take等)+sb+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构中,其中的the不可以用形容词性物主代词代替。
hit sb on the head打某人的头
strike sb on the back打某人的背
pull/take sb by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
8.用于“the+比较级...,the+比较级...(越……,就越……)”结构中。
The earlier you start,the sooner you’ll finish.
你开始得越早,就会越早完成。
(三)零冠词的用法
1.用于固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is,he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻,但他阅历很丰富。
2.no与such连用时放在such之前,而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes,there is no such thing as a free lunch.
俗话说,天下没有免费的午餐。
常用零冠词的几种情况:
①表泛指的可数名词复数或不可数名词前。
②表示独一无二的头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
④名词前已有this,that,my,her,some,each等限定词时不再用冠词。
⑤球类运动、棋类游戏前有play时不用冠词。
⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
考点二 固定搭配中的冠词
1.不定冠词的常见固定搭配:
have a word with与……谈话
all of a sudden 突然
pay a visit to 参观;拜访
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result/consequence 因此
be/go on a diet 节食
have a gift/talent for 有……的天赋
have/catch a cold 感冒
make a living 谋生
have/take a rest休息
in a way/sense在某种意义上
give sb a lift 让某人搭便车
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
2.定冠词的常见固定搭配:
at the moment 此刻;目前
at the same time 同时
not in the least 一点儿也不
on the contrary 相反
in the end 最后,最终
on the whole 总的来说
to tell the truth 说实话
in the distance 在远处
on the other hand 另一方面
to the point 中肯;切题
make the most/best of 充分利用
by the way 顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
3.零冠词的常见固定搭配:
on purpose故意地
by chance碰巧
catch/on fire着火
at dawn/dusk在黎明/黄昏
face to face面对面
in debt负债
make room for为……让出空间
out of date过时的
heart and soul全心全意地
in danger在危险中
in return作为回报
side by side肩并肩地
from time to time不时地
hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
4.以下固定搭配有无冠词意思不同
at table在吃饭 at the table在桌子边
at school上学 at the school在学校
in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院里
in charge of掌管 in the charge of在……的掌管下
in control of控制 in the control of在……控制下
out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question不可能
in possession of拥有 in the possession of为……所拥有
China is a country with 1. long history of tea culture.
Originally, tea was valued for its medicinal qualities. It has long been known that tea aids in digestion, which is 2. reason why many Chinese prefer to consume it during or after their meals.
Among all types of tea, Zongzi-style tea, which refers to black tea wrapped in bamboo or reed (芦苇) leaves,originating from Qimen County,Huangshan City,Anhui Province, is becoming increasingly popular among Chinese consumers.
Some people from Anhui Province invented 3. novel way of consuming black tea by developing a new kind of tea that is wrapped in 4. same leaves used for wrapping Zongzi,adding 5. special flavour to the tea. Zongzi-style tea proved to be 6. instant success when it hit the market. China’s younger generation of tea lovers have welcomed 7. tea and made it into a bestseller.
【答案】 1.a 2.the 3.a 4.the 5.a 6.an 7.the
二、代词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of (he) coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
【答案】 his
【解析】 考查代词。根据后面的名词coworkers可知,空处应用形容词性物主代词。故填his。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I’ve come to accept that whatever goals I set for (me), they just have to be my own.
【答案】 myself
【解析】 考查代词。根据句意可知,空处表达的是为“我”自己设立目标,应用反身代词,me的反身代词为myself。故填myself。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead (they) to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.
【答案】 them
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,空处作动词的宾语,所以填人称代词they的宾格。故填them。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Visiting a place that (other) call home is a privilege(荣幸). Do your part to preserve what makes a destination special in the first place.
【答案】 others
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,that引导的从句中缺少主语,表示“其他人”。故填others。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
【答案】 it
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,此处真正的主语为that引导的从句,空处为形式主语。故填it。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)I was curious and planned a special one-day trip there with a friend of (me).
【答案】 mine
【解析】 考查代词。此处代指my friends,用名词性物主代词作of的宾语。故填mine。
7.(2024·全国甲卷)Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in (it) memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
【答案】 its
【解析】 考查代词。根据空后的memory可知,此处应填形容词性物主代词。故填its。
8.(2024·全国甲卷)Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for (you) work.
【答案】 your
【解析】 考查代词。根据空后的work可知,此处应填形容词性物主代词。故填your。
9.(2024·全国甲卷) actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
【答案】 It
【解析】 考查代词。此处为it的常用句型“It takes some time to do sth”。故填It。
10.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of (they) contents.
【答案】 their
【解析】 考查代词。修饰后面的名词contents(容纳的东西)需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
考点一 人称代词、物主代词与反身代词
1.基本用法
类别 功能 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称 代词 主格 作主语 I we you you he she it they
宾格 作宾语 me us you you him her it them
物 主 代 词 形容词性 物主代词 作定语 my our your your his her its their
名词性 物主代词 作主语、 宾语或表语 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs
反身 代词 作宾语、表语或同位语 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves
2.反身代词的习惯用法
(1)反身代词可与动词搭配:
dress oneself(打扮,自己穿衣);enjoy oneself (玩得开心);devote oneself to (致力于,献身于);make oneself at home (别客气);help oneself to (随便吃,随便用);seat oneself (就座,入席);teach oneself (自学);behave oneself (举止得体,行为检点);apply oneself to (专心致志于)
I hope you can make yourself at home here.
我希望你在这里就像在自己家一样。
Mary seated herself in a corner of the library to read.
玛丽在图书馆的角落里找了个地方坐下读书。
(2)反身代词也可与介词搭配:
by oneself (独自地);for oneself (亲自);of oneself (自动地);in oneself (本质上,本身)
It is always important to know how to study by oneself.
知道如何自学总是很重要的。
考点二 不定代词
1.all,both,either,any,none,neither
都 任何 一个 都不 部分 否定
两者 both either neither= not either both和 not连用
三者或 三者以上 all any none= not any all和 not连用
John has two sons —both are experienced doctors.
约翰有两个儿子,他们都是有经验的医生。
Either of the two roads leads to the city centre.
这两条路中的任何一条都能通向市中心。
Neither of us wants to go to the party.
我们俩都不想去参加聚会。
Both of my classmates are not interested in math.
我的两个同学并非都对数学感兴趣。
All books are not equally interesting.
并非所有的书都一样有趣。
2.anything,nothing,something,everything
(1)anything表示“任何事物,一些事”时,用于否定句和疑问句中;表示“随便什么事物”,用于肯定句中。
She never eats anything sweet.
她从不吃任何甜食。
(2)nothing表示“什么也没有”。
There is nothing in the fridge.
冰箱里什么也没有。
(3)something表示“某事(物)”,一般用于肯定句中。
I feel a bit uncomfortable today,maybe I’m allergic to something I ate.
我今天感觉有点不舒服,可能是我对吃过的某种食物过敏了。
(4)everything表示“一切”,强调全体,但谓语动词要用单数。
Everything is possible if you believe in yourself.
如果你相信自己,一切皆有可能。
nothing but(仅仅,只是);anything but (根本不);all but(几乎)
3.another,other,the other, others, the others
不定 代词 意义 用法说明
another 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替单数可数名词 指同类事物中的另一个,用作代词或形容词
other 另外的 只作定语,常与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用,但如果前面有the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one以及my, your, his等时,则可与可数名词单数连用
the other 可单独使用,特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分” 常与one连用,构成one...the other...“一个……另一个……”;作定语修饰可数名词复数时,表示“其余的”
others 表示泛指,意为“其他的人或事物” 泛指别的人或事物(但不是全部),不能作定语,常与some连用,构成some...others...“一些……另一些……”
the others 表示特指 特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”
She is looking for another job opportunity.
她在寻找另一个工作机会。
Some students are watching TV while others are listening to music.
有些学生在看电视,另一些学生在听音乐。
The others were greatly inspired by his courage in the face of adversity.
他面对逆境的勇气极大地鼓舞了其他人。
I like math and science,but I have to choose one subject for the afternoon class,and the other for the evening class.
我喜欢数学和科学,但我不得不在下午的课上选择一门,晚上的课上选择另一门。
考点三 it的用法
1.基本用法
基本用法 例句
指天气、时间、距离、环境等 It is quite warm at the moment. 现在天气相当暖和。
指代前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词 “Where is your car ” “It’s in the garage.”“你的汽车在哪儿 ”“在车库里。”
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得直哭。
2.用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型
it作形式主语 It is a pity/ shame that...真可惜…… It is no wonder that...难怪…… It seems/appears that...似乎/看来…… It looks/seems as if/as though...看起来好像…… It happens that...碰巧…… It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that...某人突然想起…… It is said/reported that...据说/据报道…… It is certain that...……是一定的 It is no use/good doing sth做某事是没有用处/好处的 It takes sb some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间 It is +adj./n.(for/of sb)+ to do sth/that...做……是……
It is a pity that you can’t go with us.
很遗憾你不能和我们一起去。
It is no wonder that she got good grades,considering how hard she studies every day.
鉴于她平时学习那么努力,她取得好成绩一点也不奇怪。
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
It is reported that he has won the gold medal in the Olympics.
据报道,他赢得了奥运会金牌。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
It takes me much time to write the book.
写这本书耗费了我大量的时间。
It is difficult for me to finish this task in an hour.
对我来说,在一个小时内完成这项任务很难。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型
it作形式宾语 主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make/consider...+ it+adj./n.(for/of sb)+to do sth/宾语从句
用于like,enjoy,hate,love,appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon,see to等动词短语后,再接when,if,that等引导的从句
I find it strange that he didn’t show up for such an important meeting.
我感觉很奇怪的是,他竟然没有来参加这么重要的会议。
I would appreciate it if you could give me a helping hand.
如果您能帮助我,我将不胜感激。
3.含有it的常考句型
It’s (high/about) time that sb should do/did sth 是某人该做某事的时候了
It’s the first/second/...time that sb have/has done sth 这是某人第一次/第二次/第……次做某事
It is/has been...since... 自从……多久了
It will be/was...before... 要过/过了……时间才……
It is/was+时间点+when... 当……时候,时间是……
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who... 强调句式
It’s high time that you went to bed.
该是你上床睡觉的时间了。
It’s the first time that he has travelled abroad alone.
这是他第一次独自出国旅行。
It has been two weeks since he started his new job.
自从他开始新工作以来,已经两周了。
It will be a long time before we see each other again.
我们要过很长时间才能再次见面。
It was exactly 7 a.m.when the train arrived at the station.
火车到达车站时正好是上午7点。
It was three weeks later that he heard the news.
三个星期之后他才听到这个消息。
考点四 指示代词:one(s),that,those
指示 代词 用法 说明
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个,相当于“a/an+单数名词”;ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词,也表泛指 a/an+可数名词单数=one;the+可数名词单数=that/the one;the+不可数名词=that;the+可数名词复数=the ones/those;可数名词复 数=ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,其前面通常不能有修饰语,但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,只能指代可数名词复数,相当于the ones
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We’ve been looking for a cheap house but haven’t found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没有找到。
在句中为避免重复,one(s)、that、those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
What on earth does happiness mean I can’t give you 1. (it) exact definition,but I’m sure if you love and help 2. (other),you will get it.I’ll never forget an old lady,who lives in a small house alone.3. is said that she lost her family in an accident years ago.
4. (she) life is bitter,but she often helps others with a smile.Whenever 5. snows,she is always the first to clean the paths.
She looks after several children living nearby.I am one of them.I often remember the stories she told 6. (we) and her kind smile.Perhaps she is unlucky,but I think she is a happy person.Her life is full of laughter and love.
But I’m sad to see some people getting 7. (they) happiness in bad ways.They talk noisily in cinemas and meeting rooms;they destroy trees to enjoy 8. (they) and they laugh at 9. (other) shortcomings.Perhaps they feel happy at that time,but they will never get true happiness because they have lost their personality already.Now I know what happiness is. It means kindness,love and unselfishness.Above all,I have come to understand that bringing happiness to others is getting 10. (we) own happiness.
【答案】 1.its 2.others 3.It 4.Her 5.it 6.us
7.their 8.themselves 9.others’ 10.our
三、介词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route...
【答案】 as
【解析】 考查介词。根据句意可知,空处指的是“作为”,应用介词as。故填as。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even modern times.
【答案】 in
【解析】 考查介词。in modern times意为“在现代”,是固定搭配。故填in。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways Romeo and Juliet.
【答案】 to
【解析】 考查介词。be similar to意为“和……相似”,为固定搭配。故填to。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) my first visit to Italy, I struggled to ask for directions or order in a restaurant.
【答案】 During
【解析】 考查介词。根据句意“在我第一次去意大利旅行期间”,用during表示“在……期间”。位于句首首字母大写。故填During。
5.(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park.
【答案】 for
【解析】 考查介词。介词for表目的,表示“为了全国人民都能享受”。故填for。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)Learn the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab.
【答案】 about
【解析】 考查介词。介词about意为“关于”,此处表示“学习关于水彩颜料的材料和质量”。故填about。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)There, you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup,and the wrappers are pressed hand rather than rolled.
【答案】 by
【解析】 考查介词。by hand意为“用手”,是固定搭配。故填by。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English
【答案】 with
【解析】 考查介词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,此处强调双向交流,应用固定搭配speak with sb,意为“与某人交谈”。故填with。
9.(2023·全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society,and she teaches that people must take responsibility saving their environment.
【答案】 for
【解析】 考查介词。take responsibility for表示“对……负责”,是固定搭配。故填for。
10.(2023·全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong royal palaces,it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
【答案】 to
【解析】 考查介词。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知,空处和上文保持一致,表示“从……到……”,用介词to。故填to。
考点一 介词的用法
1.表示“时间”的介词
介词 用法 例词
at 表示在具体的时间点或用在night/noon 之前 at six o’clock 在6点钟; at noon 在中午
on 表示在具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天、特定的日子或某些节日;也可表示在具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上 on Monday afternoon在星期一下午; On New Year’s Day 在元旦当天
in 用在年、月、季节、世纪等时间之前或者表示在上午、下午或晚上;也可用在表示一段时间的词之前,表示“多久之后” in the 20th century在20世纪; in winter在冬季; in September 在9月; in the morning 在上午; in two hours 两小时之后
since+ 过去 时间点 强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间 since 1994 自1994年以来
for+ 时间段 表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间 for a long time很长一段时间
by 到……为止;不迟于…… by the end of the week到本周末为止
after “在……之后”,表示时间顺序 after school 放学后; after two hours of waiting等了两个小时后
before “在……之前”,表示时间顺序 before dinner 晚饭前
from+ 时间点 表示行为或状态的起始时间 start from 8:00 p.m.从晚上8点开始
The ceremony will be carried out this afternoon at 3 o’clock.
仪式将在今天下午3点钟举行。
By the end of this week, we will have finished the project.
到本周末为止,我们会完成这个项目。
I often go for a walk in the park on Sunday afternoon.
我经常在星期日的下午去公园散步。
I’ll finish reading the book in two weeks.
我将在两周内读完这本书。
I have been learning English since 2000.
我从2000年开始学习英语。
We have been married for ten years.
我们结婚十年了。
After an hour of intense workout,I felt exhausted but excited.
经过一个小时的剧烈运动后,我感到疲惫但很兴奋。
Before you leave,please close the window.
在你离开之前,请关上窗户。
The concert starts from 8:00 p.m.
音乐会晚上8点开始。
2.表示“方位”的介词
介词 用法
at 后常接相对较小的地方或门牌号码
in 后常接相对较大的地方或表示在某一范围之内
on 指在某物的表面上,其反义词是beneath;一般指与面或线接触;表示与某一地区“毗邻,接壤”
across 指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”
through 指从人群或物体内部“穿过,贯穿”
over 指离开物体表面而在其正上方,其反义词是under,还可以表示“越过……”
above 指离开物体表面而在其上方,不一定是正上方,其反义词是below
to 表示在某范围之外
He will be at the airport to meet his sister.
他将在机场见他的妹妹。
Shanghai is in the east of China.
上海在中国的东部。
The book which I like best is on the table.
我最喜欢的那本书在桌子上。
The dog ran across the grass.
狗跑过了草地。
He went through the forest the next day.
次日他穿过了森林。
There is a lamp hanging over the table.
餐桌上方吊着一盏灯。
The plane is flying above the clouds.
飞机在云层上方飞行。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国的东边。
3.表示“范围”的介词
介词 用法
between 一般用于两者之间
among 一般用于三者或三者以上,表示“在……中”
within 表示“在……范围之内”
The office building is between the library and the playground.
办公楼在图书馆和操场之间。
The book is the best among the modern novels.
在现代小说中这本书是最好的。
The store is located within walking distance of my house.
商店就在我家步行范围之内。
4.表示“用……”的介词
介词 用法
by 侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前
in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
with 多用于表示有形的工具或表示身体器官的名词前
Switch it on by pressing this button.
按下这个按钮启动它。
Please write the answer in ink.
请用墨水写答案。
Please cut it into pieces with a knife.
请用刀把它切成片。
5.表示“除……之外”的介词
介词 用法
besides 意为“除……之外(还有)”,相当于in addition to
except 意为“除……之外(别无)”,可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句
except for 主要用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定,通常用于不同类的事物之间
We have lots of things in common besides music.
除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。
Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.
除了我,家里的每个人都很快适应了这座城市。
Your writing is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
你的写作很好,除了几个拼写错误。
6.表示“原因或理由”的介词(短语)
介词 用法
for 表示原因,后面可以跟名词(短语)或动名词
at/over 用在表示情绪的形容词之后,后面跟代词或名词(短语)
with 用在表示情绪的名词之前
becauseof/owing to/ due to/thanks to 之后不跟陈述句,跟名词(短语)或名词性从句
She is famous for her kindness and generosity.
她因善良和慷慨而闻名。
I was angry at/over his rude behavior.
我因他的粗鲁行为感到生气。
The children are wild with joy.
孩子们欣喜若狂。
The game was cancelled because of/owing to/due to the bad weather.
比赛因恶劣天气被取消了。
考点二 介词短语
1.介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at+名词
at peace处于和平状态 at sea茫然;在大海上
(2)beyond+名词
beyond description难以形容 beyond repair 无法修复 beyond one’s reach某人够不着;超出某人的能力 beyond one’s power是某人力所不及的
(3)by+名词
by coincidence碰巧 by accident偶然地 by chance偶然地 by mistake错误地
(4)in+名词
in advance事先,提前 in common共有,共同 in detail详细地 in turn轮流 in sight看得见,在视野内 in the way挡道,妨碍 in depth在深度上 in terms of 就……而言 in need of需要 in favour of 支持,赞成 in the form of 以……的形式 in case of假使 in honour of为纪念 in spite of尽管 in charge of掌管,负责 in possession of拥有;占有
(5)on+名词
on leave在休假 on time准时 on show/exhibition/display在展出
(6)out of+名词
out of reach够不着 out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气 out of curiosity出于好奇 out of sight看不见
(7)with+名词
with delight/joy高兴地 with difficulty 费力地
(8)under+名词
under development在发展中 under construction在建设中 under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
2.介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be+形容词+about
be anxious about忧虑…… be curious about对……好奇 be particular about对……讲究/挑剔 be worried/concerned about为……担心 be guilty about 对……内疚
(2)be+形容词+at
be angry at因……生气 be astonished at 对……吃惊 be good at 擅长
(3)be+形容词+in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极参与…… be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于…… be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……
(4)be+形容词+for
be eager for渴望…… be fit for适合,胜任……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be+形容词+from
be absent from缺席 be different from不同于…… be far from远离 be free from不受……影响
(6)be+形容词+to
be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……
be grateful to对……心存感激 be familiar to为……所熟悉 be friendly/kind to对……友好 be harmful to对……有害
(7)be+形容词+of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢…… be short of缺乏…… be ashamed of对……感到羞愧 be proud of为……感到自豪
(8)be+形容词+with
be busy with忙于…… be familiar with对……熟悉 be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎 be pleased with对……感到满意 be angry with对……发怒
3.介词与动词的常用搭配
(1)用于“动词+sb/sth+of+sth”结构的常见动词:
accuse(控告),cheat(欺骗),cure(治愈),inform(通知),remind(使想起),rob(抢劫),warn(警告),rid(使摆脱),suspect(怀疑),persuade(说服),convince(使信服)等。
I’m writing to inform you of the arrangements of the concert to be held in our school next Friday.
我写信是想告知您下周五在我们学校举行的音乐会的安排。
(2)用于“动词+sb/sth+for+sth”结构的常见动词:
blame(责备),criticize (批评),forgive(原谅),excuse(原谅),pardon(原谅),punish(惩罚),scold(责备),thank(感谢),praise(表扬),respect(尊重),admire(钦佩;赞赏)等。
The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.
这所学校因其出色的教学而广受赞誉。
(3)用于“动词+sb/sth+from+(doing)sth”结构的常见动词:
prevent(阻止),stop(阻止),keep(阻止),protect(保护),preserve(保护;保存),defend(保卫),ban(禁止),prohibit(阻止;禁止),shelter(保护)等。
His only thought was to keep the boy from harm.
他一心想的就是不要让这男孩受到伤害。
4.to是介词的常见短语
the solution to...……的解决办法 the key to...……的关键 the answer to...……的答案 the entrance to...……的入口 approach to...……的方法 an attitude to...……的态度 have/gain access to...有……的机会 devote...to...为……做贡献 adapt...to...适应……
adjust...to...适应…… owe...to...把……归功于…… object to反对 get down to着手处理
belong to属于 look forward to盼望 stick to坚持 pay attention to注意 attach importance to重视
Many Chinese netizens commented that the story of The Three-body Problem was largely faithful 1. the original work.Many preparations 2. the series began several years ago,with the crew asking science and technology experts and sci-fi specialists 3. advice.It’s reported that a good many 4. the scenes were shot on the grounds of distinguished Chinese scientific institutes.According to previous reports,the team worked 5. the script(剧本) for 4 years and spent 126 days shooting,travelling to many places 6. Ningbo,Beijing and Heihe,and creating more than 270 film sets,which reproduced details of the original book precisely.The Three-body Problem TV series will become a benchmark(基准)for sci-fi TV series that forces filmmakers to continue to climb 7. higher peaks,a newspaper reported.
The Three-body Problem has appealed 8. all ages and social groups greatly,because the work is the reflection of the development of human beings.
【答案】 1.to 2.for 3.for 4.of 5.on/at 6.like 7.to 8.to
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冠词、代词、介词
专题三
一、冠词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Then he tried acupuncture, ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.
an
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,此处泛指一种古老的中国医疗实践,应用不定冠词。ancient以元音音素开头。故填an。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The reasons relate to variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
a
【解析】 考查冠词。a variety of表示“各种各样的”,为固定搭配。故填a。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take trouble to spell words correctly.
the
【解析】 考查冠词。take the trouble to do表示“不辞辛劳地做”,为固定搭配。故填the。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
The
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,空后为形容词latest,意为“最近的;最新的”,表示特指,并且空处位于句首。故填The。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: “Out of order. Sorry.”
the
【解析】 考查冠词。结合上下文可知,前文已经提到过a cash machine,空处第二次提到,表示特指。故填the。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
the
【解析】 考查冠词。定冠词加形容词表示一类人。此处the sick表示病人。故填the。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with touch of sweetness, and the soup hot,clear and delicious.
a
【解析】 考查冠词。a touch of表示“一点点;稍许”,为固定搭配,名词touch表示“轻微;稍许”,常用作单数。故填a。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas,even though language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
the
【解析】 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知,此处特指用于医学指导的语言,表特指,应用定冠词修饰。故填the。
<考点一 冠词的基本用法>
(一)不定冠词的用法
1.说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词;在以辅音音素开头的单词前用a,在以元音音素开头的单词前用an。如:a university;a useful tool;
a European car;an hour;an honest boy;an X-ray;an ugly man等。
Is there a university in this city
这座城市有没有大学
Judging from his words,he must be an honest man.
从他的话判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2.用于可数名词单数前,泛指一类人或事物,或者指同类中的“一个”。
Undoubtedly,a teacher must love his students.
毫无疑问,教师必须爱他的学生。
3.表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
They have a music lesson every Monday morning.
他们每星期一上午有一节音乐课。
4.表示“某一个”,相当于some/a certain。
There is a Mrs Green to see you.
有位格林太太要见你。
5.用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;“a+most+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very。
I really enjoyed my stay in Xi’an.It’s indeed worth a second visit.
我在西安逗留期间过得很愉快,它的确值得再来一趟。
He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.
他在会议上提出了一条非常实用的建议。
6.抽象名词和物质名词在表示“概念”时,其前常用零冠词,但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词,需要与不定冠词连用,表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有物质名词——rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词——success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,
shock等。
The weather forecast says there will be a heavy rain tomorrow,so remember to take an umbrella with you.
天气预报说明天会有一场大雨,所以出门记得带伞。
After a long period of preparation,the concert was a huge success.
经过长时间的筹备,这场音乐会取得了巨大的成功。
7.用在“be+of+a/an+可数名词单数”结构中,表示“同一,相同”时,相当于“of the same+可数名词单数”。
The two plants look different,but they are of a kind (=of the same kind).
这两株植物看上去不同,但它们属于同一类。
8.用于表示价格、数量、比率等,表示“每一”,相当于per/each/every。
We receive five emails an hour on average.
我们平均每小时收到五封邮件。
9.有些不可数名词,如knowledge,collection,understanding等后面加of时,前面需要用不定冠词,如:have a knowledge of... “了解……”,have a good understanding of...“对……有很好的了解”。
This activity let me have a deeper understanding of Chinese calligraphy.
这个活动使我对中国书法有了更深的了解。
(二)定冠词的用法
1.用于前面已提及或谈话双方都知道的人或物前,表特指;用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前,表特指。
The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.
在过去的十年里,我出生的那个村庄已经呈现出新的面貌。
2.用于序数词、形容词或副词最高级之前;用于由only,very,same等修饰的名词之前。
The first day of school is always exciting.
开学的第一天总是令人兴奋的。
This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说。
She is the only person who knows the truth.
她是唯一一个知道真相的人。
3.用在表示姓氏的名词复数前,表示一家人或夫妻俩,或用于可数名词单数、某些形容词或分词前,表示“一类人或物”。
As far as I know,the Greens are going to move to Beijing.
据我所知,格林一家打算搬到北京去。
The compass was invented in ancient China.
古代中国发明了指南针。
The young should respect the elderly.
年轻人应该尊敬老年人。
4.用在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器之前。
As is known to all,the earth revolves around the sun.
众所周知,地球围绕着太阳转。
As far as I know,he likes playing the piano.
据我所知,他喜欢弹钢琴。
5.用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前,后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
The Tang Dynasty was a golden age in Chinese history.
唐朝是中国历史上的一个黄金时代。
She grew up in the 1980s and loved listening to pop music of that era.
她成长于20世纪80年代,并喜欢听那个时代的流行音乐。
6.用在表计量的名词前,如by the hour,by the day,by the week,by the dozen,by the metre等,但是如果表示计量的名词为不可数名词,则不用冠词,如:by weight,by height,by length,by time等。
I got paid by time.To be exact,I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬,确切地说,我是按小时拿钱。
7.用于“动词(hit、strike、pull、take等)+sb+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词”结构中,其中的the不可以用形容词性物主代词代替。
hit sb on the head打某人的头
strike sb on the back打某人的背
pull/take sb by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
8.用于“the+比较级...,the+比较级...(越……,就越……)”结构中。
The earlier you start,the sooner you’ll finish.
你开始得越早,就会越早完成。
(三)零冠词的用法
1.用于固定结构中的零冠词。
“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“虽然……
但是……”。
Young man as he is,he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻,但他阅历很丰富。
2.no与such连用时放在such之前,而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes,there is no such thing as a free lunch.
俗话说,天下没有免费的午餐。
常用零冠词的几种情况:
①表泛指的可数名词复数或不可数名词前。
②表示独一无二的头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
④名词前已有this,that,my,her,some,each等限定词时不再用冠词。
⑤球类运动、棋类游戏前有play时不用冠词。
⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
<考点二 固定搭配中的冠词>
1.不定冠词的常见固定搭配:
have a word with与……谈话
all of a sudden 突然
pay a visit to 参观;拜访
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result/consequence 因此
be/go on a diet 节食
have a gift/talent for 有……的天赋
have/catch a cold 感冒
make a living 谋生
have/take a rest休息
in a way/sense在某种意义上
give sb a lift 让某人搭便车
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
2.定冠词的常见固定搭配:
at the moment 此刻;目前
at the same time 同时
not in the least 一点儿也不
on the contrary 相反
in the end 最后,最终
on the whole 总的来说
to tell the truth 说实话
in the distance 在远处
on the other hand 另一方面
to the point 中肯;切题
make the most/best of 充分利用
by the way 顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
3.零冠词的常见固定搭配:
on purpose故意地
by chance碰巧
catch/on fire着火
at dawn/dusk在黎明/黄昏
face to face面对面
in debt负债
make room for为……让出空间
out of date过时的
heart and soul全心全意地
in danger在危险中
in return作为回报
side by side肩并肩地
from time to time不时地
hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
4.以下固定搭配有无冠词意思不同
at table在吃饭 at the table在桌子边
at school上学 at the school在学校
in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院里
in charge of掌管 in the charge of在……的掌管下
in control of控制 in the control of在……控制下
out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能
in possession of拥有 in the possession of为……所拥有
China is a country with 1. long history of tea culture.
Originally, tea was valued for its medicinal qualities. It has long been known that tea aids in digestion, which is 2. reason why many Chinese prefer to consume it during or after their meals.
a
the
Among all types of tea, Zongzi-style tea, which refers to black tea wrapped in bamboo or reed (芦苇) leaves,originating from Qimen County,
Huangshan City,Anhui Province, is becoming increasingly popular among Chinese consumers.
Some people from Anhui Province invented 3. novel way of consuming black tea by developing a new kind of tea that is wrapped in
4. same leaves used for wrapping Zongzi,adding 5. special flavour to the tea. Zongzi-style tea proved to be 6. instant success when it hit the market. China’s younger generation of tea lovers have welcomed 7. tea and made it into a bestseller.
a
the
a
an
the
二、代词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of (he) coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
his
【解析】 考查代词。根据后面的名词coworkers可知,空处应用形容词性物主代词。故填his。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I’ve come to accept that whatever goals I set for
(me), they just have to be my own.
myself
【解析】 考查代词。根据句意可知,空处表达的是为“我”自己设立目标,应用反身代词,me的反身代词为myself。故填myself。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead (they) to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled.
them
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,空处作动词的宾语,所以填人称代词they的宾格。故填them。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Visiting a place that (other) call home is a privilege(荣幸). Do your part to preserve what makes a destination special in the first place.
others
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,that引导的从句中缺少主语,表示“其他人”。故填others。
5.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
it
【解析】 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,此处真正的主语为that引导的从句,空处为形式主语。故填it。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)I was curious and planned a special one-day trip there with a friend of (me).
mine
【解析】 考查代词。此处代指my friends,用名词性物主代词作of的宾语。故填mine。
7.(2024·全国甲卷)Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in
(it) memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
its
【解析】 考查代词。根据空后的memory可知,此处应填形容词性物主代词。故填its。
8.(2024·全国甲卷)Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for
(you) work.
your
【解析】 考查代词。根据空后的work可知,此处应填形容词性物主代词。故填your。
9.(2024·全国甲卷) actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
It
【解析】 考查代词。此处为it的常用句型“It takes some time to do sth”。故填It。
10.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of (they) contents.
their
【解析】 考查代词。修饰后面的名词contents(容纳的东西)需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
1.基本用法
<考点一 人称代词、物主代词与反身代词>
类别 功能 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称 代词 主格 作主语 I we you you he she it they
宾格 作宾语 me us you you him her it them
物 主 代 词 形容词性物主代词 作定语 my our your your his her its their
名词性 物主 代词 作主语、 宾语或表语 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs
反身 代词 作宾语、表 语或同位语 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves
2.反身代词的习惯用法
(1)反身代词可与动词搭配:
dress oneself(打扮,自己穿衣);enjoy oneself (玩得开心);devote oneself to (致力于,献身于);make oneself at home (别客气);help oneself to (随便吃,随便用);seat oneself (就座,入席);teach oneself (自学);behave oneself (举止得体,行为检点);
apply oneself to (专心致志于)
I hope you can make yourself at home here.
我希望你在这里就像在自己家一样。
Mary seated herself in a corner of the library to read.
玛丽在图书馆的角落里找了个地方坐下读书。
(2)反身代词也可与介词搭配:
by oneself (独自地);for oneself (亲自);of oneself (自动地);in oneself (本质
上,本身)
It is always important to know how to study by oneself.
知道如何自学总是很重要的。
1.all,both,either,any,none,neither
<考点二 不定代词>
都 任何一个 都不 部分否定
两者 both either neither=not either Both和
not连用
三者或 三者以上 all any none=not any all和
not连用
John has two sons —both are experienced doctors.
约翰有两个儿子,他们都是有经验的医生。
Either of the two roads leads to the city centre.
这两条路中的任何一条都能通向市中心。
Neither of us wants to go to the party.
我们俩都不想去参加聚会。
Both of my classmates are not interested in math.
我的两个同学并非都对数学感兴趣。
All books are not equally interesting.
并非所有的书都一样有趣。
2.anything,nothing,something,everything
(1)anything表示“任何事物,一些事”时,用于否定句和疑问句中;表示“随便什么事物”,用于肯定句中。
She never eats anything sweet.
她从不吃任何甜食。
(2)nothing表示“什么也没有”。
There is nothing in the fridge.
冰箱里什么也没有。
(3)something表示“某事(物)”,一般用于肯定句中。
I feel a bit uncomfortable today,maybe I’m allergic to something I ate.
我今天感觉有点不舒服,可能是我对吃过的某种食物过敏了。
(4)everything表示“一切”,强调全体,但谓语动词要用单数。
Everything is possible if you believe in yourself.
如果你相信自己,一切皆有可能。
nothing but(仅仅,只是);anything but (根本不);all but(几乎)
3.another,other,the other, others, the others
不定代词 意义 用法说明
another 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替单数可数名词 指同类事物中的另一个,用作代词或形容词
other 另外的 只作定语,常与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用,但如果前面有the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one以及my, your, his等时,则可与可数名词单数连用
the other 可单独使用,特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分” 常与one连用,构成one...the other...“一个……另一个……”;作定语修饰可数名词复数时,表示“其余的”
others 表示泛指,意为“其他的人或事物” 泛指别的人或事物(但不是全部),不能作定语,常与some连用,构成some...others...“一些……另一些……”
the others 表示特指 特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或
事物”
She is looking for another job opportunity.
她在寻找另一个工作机会。
Some students are watching TV while others are listening to music.
有些学生在看电视,另一些学生在听音乐。
The others were greatly inspired by his courage in the face of adversity.
他面对逆境的勇气极大地鼓舞了其他人。
I like math and science,but I have to choose one subject for the afternoon class,and the other for the evening class.
我喜欢数学和科学,但我不得不在下午的课上选择一门,晚上的课上选择另
一门。
<考点三 it的用法>
1.基本用法
基本用法 例句
指天气、时间、距离、环境等 It is quite warm at the moment.
现在天气相当暖和。
指代前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词 “Where is your car ” “It’s in the garage.”“你的汽车在哪儿 ”“在车
库里。”
指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry.
这个婴儿饿得直哭。
2.用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型
it作形式主语 It is a pity/ shame that...真可惜……
It is no wonder that...难怪……
It seems/appears that...似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/as though...看起来好像……
It happens that...碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that...某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is certain that...……是一定的
It is no use/good doing sth做某事是没有用处/好处的
It takes sb some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间
It is +adj./n.(for/of sb)+ to do sth/that...做……是……
It is a pity that you can’t go with us.
很遗憾你不能和我们一起去。
It is no wonder that she got good grades,considering how hard she studies every day.
鉴于她平时学习那么努力,她取得好成绩一点也不奇怪。
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
It is reported that he has won the gold medal in the Olympics.
据报道,他赢得了奥运会金牌。
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
It takes me much time to write the book.
写这本书耗费了我大量的时间。
It is difficult for me to finish this task in an hour.
对我来说,在一个小时内完成这项任务很难。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型
it 作形式宾语 主语+believe/find/feel/think/guess/suppose/make/consider...+ it+adj./
n.(for/of sb)+to do sth/宾语从句
用于like,enjoy,hate,love,appreciate等表示“喜欢、憎恶”等情感的动词以及depend on/upon,see to等动词短语后,再接when,if,that等引导的从句
I find it strange that he didn’t show up for such an important meeting.
我感觉很奇怪的是,他竟然没有来参加这么重要的会议。
I would appreciate it if you could give me a helping hand.
如果您能帮助我,我将不胜感激。
3.含有it的常考句型
It’s (high/about) time that sb should do/did sth 是某人该做某事的时候了
It’s the first/second/...time that sb have/has done sth 这是某人第一次/第二次/第……次做某事
It is/has been...since... 自从……多久了
It will be/was...before... 要过/过了……时间才……
It is/was+时间点+when... 当……时候,时间是……
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who... 强调句式
It’s high time that you went to bed.
该是你上床睡觉的时间了。
It’s the first time that he has travelled abroad alone.
这是他第一次独自出国旅行。
It has been two weeks since he started his new job.
自从他开始新工作以来,已经两周了。
It will be a long time before we see each other again.
我们要过很长时间才能再次见面。
It was exactly 7 a.m.when the train arrived at the station.
火车到达车站时正好是上午7点。
It was three weeks later that he heard the news.
三个星期之后他才听到这个消息。
<考点四 指示代词:one(s),that,those>
指示代词 用法 说明
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个,相当于“a/an+单数名词”;ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词,也表泛指 a/an+可数名词单数=one;
the+可数名词单数=that/the one;the+不可数名词=that;
the+可数名词复数=the ones/
those;可数名词复数=ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,其前面通常不能有修饰语,但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,只能指代可数名词复数,相当于the ones
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We’ve been looking for a cheap house but haven’t found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没有找到。
在句中为避免重复,one(s)、that、those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
What on earth does happiness mean I can’t give you 1. (it) exact definition,but I’m sure if you love and help 2. (other),you will get it.I’ll never forget an old lady,who lives in a small house alone.
3. is said that she lost her family in an accident years ago.4. (she) life is bitter,but she often helps others with a smile.Whenever 5. snows,
she is always the first to clean the paths.
its
others
It
Her
it
She looks after several children living nearby.I am one of them.I often remember the stories she told 6. (we) and her kind smile.Perhaps she is unlucky,but I think she is a happy person.Her life is full of laughter and love.
us
But I’m sad to see some people getting 7. (they) happiness in bad ways.They talk noisily in cinemas and meeting rooms;they destroy trees to enjoy 8. (they) and they laugh at 9. (other) shortcomings.Perhaps they feel happy at that time,but they will never get true happiness because they have lost their personality already.Now I know what happiness is. It means kindness,love and unselfishness.Above all,I have come to understand that bringing happiness to others is getting 10. (we) own happiness.
their
themselves
others’
our
三、介词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route...
as
【解析】 考查介词。根据句意可知,空处指的是“作为”,应用介词as。故填as。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even modern times.
in
【解析】 考查介词。in modern times意为“在现代”,是固定搭配。
故填in。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways Romeo and Juliet.
to
【解析】 考查介词。be similar to意为“和……相似”,为固定搭配。故填to。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) my first visit to Italy, I struggled to ask for directions or order in a restaurant.
During
【解析】 考查介词。根据句意“在我第一次去意大利旅行期间”,用during表示“在……期间”。位于句首首字母大写。故填During。
5.(2024·全国甲卷)This area, with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park.
for
【解析】 考查介词。介词for表目的,表示“为了全国人民都能享受”。故填for。
6.(2024·全国甲卷)Learn the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab.
about
【解析】 考查介词。介词about意为“关于”,此处表示“学习关于水彩颜料的材料和质量”。故填about。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)There, you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup,and the wrappers are pressed hand rather than rolled.
by
【解析】 考查介词。by hand意为“用手”,是固定搭配。故填by。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English
with
【解析】 考查介词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知,此处强调双向交流,应用固定搭配speak with sb,意为“与某人交谈”。故填with。
9.(2023·全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society,
and she teaches that people must take responsibility saving their environment.
for
【解析】 考查介词。take responsibility for表示“对……负责”,是固定搭配。故填for。
10.(2023·全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong
royal palaces,it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
to
【解析】 考查介词。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知,空处和上文保持一致,表示“从……到……”,用介词to。故填to。
1.表示“时间”的介词
<考点一 介词的用法>
介词 用法 例词
at 表示在具体的时间点或用在night/noon之前 at six o’clock 在6点钟;
at noon 在中午
on 表示在具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天、特定的日子或某些节日;也可表示在具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上 on Monday afternoon在星期一下午;
On New Year’s Day 在元旦
当天
in 用在年、月、季节、世纪等时间之前或者表示在上午、下午或晚上;也可用在表示一段时间的词之前,表示“多久之后” in the 20th century在20世纪;
in winter在冬季;
in September
在9月;
in the morning
在上午;
in two hours
两小时之后
since+过去时 间点 强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间 since 1994
自1994年以来
for+时间段 表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间 for a long time很长一段时间
by 到……为止;不迟于…… by the end of the week到本周末为止
after “在……之后”,表示时间顺序 after school
放学后;
after two hours of waiting等了两个小时后
before “在……之前”,表示时间顺序 before dinner
晚饭前
from+时间点 表示行为或状态的起始时间 start from 8:00 p.m.从晚上8点开始
The ceremony will be carried out this afternoon at 3 o’clock.
仪式将在今天下午3点钟举行。
By the end of this week, we will have finished the project.
到本周末为止,我们会完成这个项目。
I often go for a walk in the park on Sunday afternoon.
我经常在星期日的下午去公园散步。
I’ll finish reading the book in two weeks.
我将在两周内读完这本书。
I have been learning English since 2000.
我从2000年开始学习英语。
We have been married for ten years.
我们结婚十年了。
After an hour of intense workout,I felt exhausted but excited.
经过一个小时的剧烈运动后,我感到疲惫但很兴奋。
Before you leave,please close the window.
在你离开之前,请关上窗户。
The concert starts from 8:00 p.m.
音乐会晚上8点开始。
2.表示“方位”的介词
介词 用法
at 后常接相对较小的地方或门牌号码
in 后常接相对较大的地方或表示在某一范围之内
on 指在某物的表面上,其反义词是beneath;一般指与面或线接触;表示与某一地区“毗邻,接壤”
across 指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”
through 指从人群或物体内部“穿过,贯穿”
over 指离开物体表面而在其正上方,其反义词是under,还可以表示
“越过……”
above 指离开物体表面而在其上方,不一定是正上方,其反义词是below
to 表示在某范围之外
He will be at the airport to meet his sister.
他将在机场见他的妹妹。
Shanghai is in the east of China.
上海在中国的东部。
The book which I like best is on the table.
我最喜欢的那本书在桌子上。
The dog ran across the grass.
狗跑过了草地。
He went through the forest the next day.
次日他穿过了森林。
There is a lamp hanging over the table.
餐桌上方吊着一盏灯。
The plane is flying above the clouds.
飞机在云层上方飞行。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国的东边。
3.表示“范围”的介词
介词 用法
between 一般用于两者之间
among 一般用于三者或三者以上,表示“在……中”
within 表示“在……范围之内”
The office building is between the library and the playground.
办公楼在图书馆和操场之间。
The book is the best among the modern novels.
在现代小说中这本书是最好的。
The store is located within walking distance of my house.
商店就在我家步行范围之内。
4.表示“用……”的介词
介词 用法
by 侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前
in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
with 多用于表示有形的工具或表示身体器官的名词前
Switch it on by pressing this button.
按下这个按钮启动它。
Please write the answer in ink.
请用墨水写答案。
Please cut it into pieces with a knife.
请用刀把它切成片。
5.表示“除……之外”的介词
介词 用法
besides 意为“除……之外(还有)”,相当于in addition to
except 意为“除……之外(别无)”,可接名词、代词、介词短语和
从句
except for 主要用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定,通常用于不同类的事物之间
We have lots of things in common besides music.
除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。
Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.
除了我,家里的每个人都很快适应了这座城市。
Your writing is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
你的写作很好,除了几个拼写错误。
6.表示“原因或理由”的介词(短语)
介词 用法
for 表示原因,后面可以跟名词(短语)或动名词
at/over 用在表示情绪的形容词之后,后面跟代词或名词(短语)
with 用在表示情绪的名词之前
becauseof/owing to/ dueto/thanksto 之后不跟陈述句,跟名词(短语)或名词性从句
She is famous for her kindness and generosity.
她因善良和慷慨而闻名。
I was angry at/over his rude behavior.
我因他的粗鲁行为感到生气。
The children are wild with joy.
孩子们欣喜若狂。
The game was cancelled because of/owing to/due to the bad weather.
比赛因恶劣天气被取消了。
1.介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at+名词
at peace处于和平状态 at sea茫然;在大海上
(2)beyond+名词
beyond description难以形容 beyond repair 无法修复
beyond one’s reach某人够不着;超出某人的能力
beyond one’s power是某人力所不及的
<考点二 介词短语>
(3)by+名词
by coincidence碰巧 by accident偶然地 by chance偶然地
by mistake错误地
(4)in+名词
in advance事先,提前 in common共有,共同 in detail详细地 in turn轮流 in sight看得见,在视野内 in the way挡道,妨碍 in depth在深度上
in terms of 就……而言 in need of需要 in favour of 支持,赞成
in the form of 以……的形式 in case of假使 in honour of为纪念
in spite of尽管 in charge of掌管,负责 in possession of拥有;占有
(5)on+名词
on leave在休假 on time准时 on show/exhibition/display在展出
(6)out of+名词
out of reach够不着 out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气 out of curiosity出于好奇 out of sight看不见
(7)with+名词
with delight/joy高兴地 with difficulty 费力地
(8)under+名词
under development在发展中 under construction在建设中
under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
2.介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be+形容词+about
be anxious about忧虑…… be curious about对……好奇
be particular about对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about为……担心
be guilty about 对……内疚
(2)be+形容词+at
be angry at因……生气 be astonished at 对……吃惊 be good at 擅长
(3)be+形容词+in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极参与……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于…… be rich in富含……
be occupied in忙于……
(4)be+形容词+for
be eager for渴望…… be fit for适合,胜任……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be+形容词+from
be absent from缺席 be different from不同于…… be far from远离
be free from不受……影响
(6)be+形容词+to
be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……
be grateful to对……心存感激 be familiar to为……所熟悉
be friendly/kind to对……友好 be harmful to对……有害
(7)be+形容词+of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢…… be short of缺乏……
be ashamed of对……感到羞愧 be proud of为……感到自豪
(8)be+形容词+with
be busy with忙于…… be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎
be pleased with对……感到满意 be angry with对……发怒
3.介词与动词的常用搭配
(1)用于“动词+sb/sth+of+sth”结构的常见动词:
accuse(控告),cheat(欺骗),cure(治愈),inform(通知),remind(使想起),
rob(抢劫),warn(警告),rid(使摆脱),suspect(怀疑),persuade(说服),
convince(使信服)等。
I’m writing to inform you of the arrangements of the concert to be held in our school next Friday.
我写信是想告知您下周五在我们学校举行的音乐会的安排。
(2)用于“动词+sb/sth+for+sth”结构的常见动词:
blame(责备),criticize (批评),forgive(原谅),excuse(原谅),pardon(原谅),
punish(惩罚),scold(责备),thank(感谢),praise(表扬),respect(尊重),
admire(钦佩;赞赏)等。
The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.
这所学校因其出色的教学而广受赞誉。
(3)用于“动词+sb/sth+from+(doing)sth”结构的常见动词:
prevent(阻止),stop(阻止),keep(阻止),protect(保护),preserve(保护;保存),
defend(保卫),ban(禁止),prohibit(阻止;禁止),shelter(保护)等。
His only thought was to keep the boy from harm.
他一心想的就是不要让这男孩受到伤害。
4.to是介词的常见短语
the solution to...……的解决办法 the key to...……的关键
the answer to...……的答案 the entrance to...……的入口
approach to...……的方法 an attitude to...……的态度
have/gain access to...有……的机会 devote...to...为……做贡献 adapt...to...适应…… adjust...to...适应……
owe...to...把……归功于…… object to反对 get down to着手处理
belong to属于 look forward to盼望 stick to坚持 pay attention to注意 attach importance to重视
Many Chinese netizens commented that the story of The Three-body Problem was largely faithful 1. the original work.Many preparations 2. the series began several years ago,with the crew asking science and technology experts and sci-fi specialists 3. advice.It’s reported that a good many 4. the scenes were shot on the grounds of distinguished Chinese scientific institutes.
to
for
for
of
According to previous reports,the team worked 5. the script(剧本) for 4 years and spent 126 days shooting,travelling to many places 6.
Ningbo,Beijing and Heihe,and creating more than 270 film sets,which reproduced details of the original book precisely.The Three-body Problem TV series will become a benchmark(基准)for sci-fi TV series that forces filmmakers to continue to climb 7. higher peaks,a newspaper reported.
on/at
like
to
The Three-body Problem has appealed 8. all ages and social groups greatly,because the work is the reflection of the development of human beings.
to
