专题四 谓语动词、非谓语动词
一、谓语动词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Further,the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road...
【答案】 walks
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。walk sb through意为 “带领某人穿过……”,空处为本句谓语动词。叙述客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语the Silk Route Garden为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)“To make dictionaries (be) dull (乏味) work,” wrote Johnson,illustrating one definition of “dull”.
【答案】 is
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处为本句谓语动词。叙述客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语To make dictionaries为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Two years later,a six-metre-tall pavilion,inspired by The Peony Pavilion, (build) at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
【答案】 was built
【解析】 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,空处为本句谓语动词,根据时间状语“Two years later”可知,本句时态应为一般过去时;主语为单数名词a six-metre-tall pavilion,和动词build之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。故填was built。
4. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Riders (print) nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the programme was launched last March.
【答案】 have printed
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since the programme was launched last March可知,此处应用现在完成时,主语Riders为复数,助动词用have。故填have printed。
5.(2024·全国甲卷)What should (do) with such a beautiful place They wondered out loud.
【答案】 be done
【解析】 考查动词的语态。主语What指物,与谓语动词do之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。情态动词should后接动词原形。故填be done。
6. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The experiment of estimation he (conduct) showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
【答案】 conducted
【解析】 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,空处为定语从句中的谓语动词,与从句中的主语he之间为主动关系;根据showed可知本句时态应为一般过去时。故填conducted。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)More recently,as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway,artists (use) them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers,pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【答案】 have used
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据More recently可知,空处应用现在完成时,主语artists为复数,助动词用have。故填have used。
8. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)As a little girl,I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
【答案】 wished
【解析】 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少谓语动词,所以空处是本句谓语;根据grew可知应用一般过去时。故填wished。
9.(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
【答案】 be employed
【解析】 考查动词的语态。从句主语a simple lyric form与employ之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
10.(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years,I (amaze) by the co-existence of old and new...
【答案】 am amazed
【解析】 考查动词的时态和语态。此处陈述客观情况,应用一般现在时;I和amaze之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。故填am amazed。
考点一 现在的时态
(一)一般现在时
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:
变化规则 例词
一般情况直接加-s hate→hates;play→plays
结尾为-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o,在词尾加-es discuss→discusses;wash→washes;teach→teaches;fix→fixes;go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母+-y”,变-y为i,再加-es carry→carries;study→studies
2. 一般现在时的用法
(1)表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性(即事实)的动作或状态,且常与often,usually,every,sometimes,always,never,seldom等表示频率的时间状语连用。
I live far away from my parents,so I only go to see them occasionally.
我住的地方离父母很远,只能偶尔去看看他们。
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象,无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起,从西方落下。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
She’ll be very happy when she hears the good news.
她听到这个好消息会非常开心。
If you see him,will you tell him to ring me
如果你见到他,请叫他给我打电话好吗
(4)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时(一般只限于某些表示移动的动词,如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等),这种安排很固定,不易改变。
Hurry up!The train leaves at 9:45 and it’s 9:05 now.
快点!火车9:45发车,现在已经9:05了。
(二)现在进行时
1.现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。现在分词变化规则如下:
变化规则 例词
一般情况在词尾直接加-ing ask→asking
以不发音-e结尾的动词,去-e再加-ing write→writing;take→taking;face→ facing
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母再加-ing cut→cutting;begin→beginning;swim→swimming
以-ie结尾的动词,变-ie为y,再加-ing lie→lying;die→dying
2. 现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态;表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Look!Jenny is reading a book in the classroom.
看!珍妮正在教室里看书。
(2)表示将来,尤指特定的安排或计划。
We are spending next summer in Xi’an.
我们明年将在西安度过夏天。
(3)与always,often,constantly等连用,表达一种强烈的情感色彩,如批评、表扬、同情、抱怨、好奇等。
She is always complaining.
她总是抱怨。
(4)有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:
表示心理状态、情感的动词 like,hate,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,need等
表示存在状态的动词 appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong等
表示行为结果的动词 allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等
表示感官的动词 see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等
These books belong to Jim.
这些书属于吉姆。
(三)现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成
由“have/has+过去分词”构成。
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示动作发生于过去,持续到现在,也可能还会持续下去,常与up to now,so far, lately,recently,in the past few years等表示时间的词(短语),或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时),或for +一段时间,或since+时间点连用。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个影响或结果,常与yet,already,just,before等时间状语连用。
The band have just brought out their second album.
这个乐队刚刚推出了他们的第二张专辑。
I have already read the book.
我已经读过这本书了。
(3)在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third/...time+that从句”以及“It/This is the best/worst/most+adj.+名词+从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time in my life that I have taken part in such a great celebration.
这是我有生以来第一次参加如此盛大的庆典。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
(4)在肯定句中非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语(for,since,how long等)连用,此时必须将该非延续性动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。如:buy→have;borrow→keep;come to/arrive/reach/get to/become/go→be;put on→wear;join→be in;sleep→be asleep;die→be dead;leave→be away;marry→be married等。
He has kept the book since last Sunday.
自从上周日他就借了这本书。
(四) 现在完成进行时
1.常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years.
维拉努力学汉语已有好几年了。(动作还将继续
下去)
2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。(人还没到,还会继续等)
考点二 过去的时态
(一)一般过去时
1.一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,动词过去式的变化规则如下表所示:
变化规则 例词
一般情况在动词后加-ed look→looked
以-e结尾的动词在其后加-d hope→hoped
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的动词,变-y为i,再加-ed try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed prefer→preferred; admit→admitted
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。表示这种意义时,句子中常带有every day,often,usually,always,sometimes等时间状语(或有上下文语境暗示)。
I often went to the park with my friends on weekends when I was a kid.
我小时候经常在周末和朋友们一起去公园。
(2)表示在确定的过去的时间里发生的动作。
In 2010,I visited the Great Wall of China.
在2010年,我参观了中国长城。
(3)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,表示过去将来的意义。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。
(4)在一些固定句型中,常用一般过去时,如下:
句式 含义
It is time that sb+did... 是时候某人该干某事了
would/had rather that sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事
If only/主语+wish+从句(要是……就好了) 用一般过去时表示与现在事实或将来事实相反的情况
It’s time that we took measures to protect the environment.
我们是时候采取措施来保护环境了。
(二)过去进行时
1.过去进行时的构成
由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
2.过去进行时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句或at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten o’clock yesterday等时间状语连用。
He was writing a book last year,but I don’t know if he has finished it.
他去年在写一本书,但我不知道他是否已经完成。
(2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个,常与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
电话响的时候,我正在看书。
(三)过去完成时
1.过去完成时的构成
由“had+过去分词”构成。
2.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作,时间定位是“过去的过去”。常与by,by the end of,by the time,until,when,before等构成的表示过去的时间状语(从句)连用。但有时需要通过上下文来判断。
By nine o’clock last night,we had finished most of the work.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已完成了大部分工作。
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态,或用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作(一般过去时)之前。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
在那之前,他对此一无所知。
(3)表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有:expect,hope,plan,suppose,think,intend,mean,want等。
I had intended to finish my report by the end of
the day,but I failed.
我本来打算在今天结束前完成报告的,但我未能做到。
(4)用于过去完成时的固定句型:
句式 用法
hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than... 主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。意为“一……就……”。(注意:若hardly/scarcely/no sooner放于句首,则要用倒装语序)
It was + 一段时间 + since从句 since从句用过去完成时
It was the first/second/...time + (that) 从句 (that)从句用过去完成时
Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience erupted in applause.
他刚结束演讲,观众就爆发出热烈的掌声。
It was almost a decade since she had written her first novel.
自从她写第一本小说以来,已经差不多十年了。
It was the third time that we had organised this kind of event.
这是我们第三次组织这种活动了。
(四)过去将来时
1.过去将来时的构成
(1)would/should+动词原形
(2)was/were going to+动词原形
(3)was/were about to+动词原形
(4)was/were to+动词原形
2.过去将来时的用法
表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
He told me that he would go to Beijing.
他告诉我他将去北京。
I was told that he was going to return home.
他告诉我他准备要回家。
考点三 将来的时态
(一)一般将来时
1.一般将来时的构成
(1)will/shall+动词原形
(2)is/am/are going to+动词原形
(3)is/am/are about to+动词原形
(4)is/am/are to+动词原形
(5)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
2.一般将来时的用法
(1)“will/shall+动词原形”表示现在看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,next year,in+一段时间等连用。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话者临时做出的决定。
We shall meet at the station at 8 a.m.tomorrow.
我们明天上午8点将在车站见面。
She will cook dinner tonight because her husband is working late.
她今晚将会做饭,因为她丈夫要工作到很晚。
(2)be going to do,be to do,be about to do的用法及区别:
be going to do 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能发生某事,也可用来表示自然现象
be to do 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等
be about to do 表示“即将,正要”,后面不能接具体的时间状语
The sky is going to clear up soon,for the clouds are moving away.
天空很快就要放晴了,云正在散去。
The book is to be published next month.
这本书将于下个月出版。
John is about to close the windows when his attention is caught by a bird.
约翰正要关上窗户,就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
(3)表示趋向行为的动词,如come,go,start,begin,leave等,常用进行时的形式表示将来时。事物名词meeting,concert,train,plane等作主语时,常用一般现在时表示将来。
Spring is coming,and the flowers are starting to bloom.
春天就要来了,花儿开始绽放。
The plane takes off at 7 o’clock.
飞机7点钟起飞。
(二)将来完成时
1.将来完成时的构成
由“will have+过去分词”构成。
2.将来完成时的用法
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
We will have saved enough money to go on a trip by the end of the year.
到年底,我们会存够去旅行的钱。
考点四 动词的语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下(以动词do为例):
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 is/am/ are done was/were done will/shall be done would/ should be done
进行 is/am/are being done was/were being done — —
完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/ should have been done
It is reported that scientists have discovered a new
species of animal in the Amazon rainforest.
据报道,科学家在亚马孙雨林中发现了一种新的动物物种。
The project has been delayed several times due to funding issues.
由于资金问题,该项目已被推迟了好几次。
The paintings are being restored to their original condition.
这些画正在被恢复到原始状态。
(二)被动语态的用法
1.情态动词以及be going to,be to,be sure to,have to等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。
The books must be returned to the library by the
end of the week.
这些书必须在周末前归还给图书馆。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早付诸实施。
2.当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:
(1)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。
(2)用it作形式主语,真正的主语用主语从句来表示。
People know paper was made in China first.
=Paper was known to be made in China first.
=It is known that paper was made in China first.
众所周知,纸最先是在中国被制造的。
3.有些动词不能使用被动语态,如下:
情形 例词
有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态 常见的有have(有),cost(花费),lack(缺少),belong to(属于),take part in(参加),come up with(提出)等
不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态 常见的有happen/take place/occur(发生),remain(剩下),break out(爆发),last(持续),come out(出版),lose heart(失去信心),date from/back to(追溯到),run out(用完)等
(三)主动形式表示被动含义的结构
1.很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,look,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种情况下,常常和easily,well等副词连用。
This pen writes smoothly.
这支笔写起来很顺畅。
The book sells well.
这本书卖得很好。
2.当系动词feel,sound,taste,look,smell,appear,seem,turn,stay,become,get,grow,keep等+形容词/名词构成系表结构时,常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来合理。
3.在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面,用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The book is really worth reading again and again.
这本书的确值得一读再读。
4.在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
The book is interesting to read.
这本书读起来很有趣。
The room is comfortable to live in.
这个房间住起来很舒服。
考点五 主谓一致
(一)语法一致
1.表示单一概念的动词-ing形式、动词不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Taking a walk in the park every morning has become a routine for me.
每天早上在公园里散步已经成为我的日常习惯。
2.“one/either/each of+复数名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Either of the brothers is capable of leading the project.
这两兄弟中的任何一个都有能力负责这个项目。
3.something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody,no one等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
Anything is possible if you believe in yourself.
只要你相信自己,任何事情都是有可能的。
4.主语后有with,together with,along with,except,besides,as well as等介词或介词短语时,这些介词或介词短语不影响谓语的单复数;谓语动词的数要与这些词或短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。
The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野餐。
The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.
学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野餐。
5.what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜。
What her father left her are only some books.
她父亲留给她的只有一些书。
6.当有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数形式由计量单位名词的单复数决定。
There is a cup of tea on the table.
桌子上有一杯茶。
How many bottles of milk are there in the box
箱子里有多少瓶牛奶
7.and,both...and...连接的两个不同的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一概念、兼具身份或匹配出现时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and the students are discussing the issue.
老师和学生们正在讨论这一问题。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
A needle and thread was found on the floor.
在地板上找到了针线 (穿了线的针)。
(二)意义一致
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family,class,team,group,public,committee,
government,audience等。
The whole class,which is made up of fifteen boys and twelve girls,were told to stay behind after school to have an important meeting yesterday.
这个班由15个男生和12个女生组成,昨天全班学生被告知放学后留下开一个重要的会。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,the rest等作主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
3.“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The young are often full of energy and eager to explore the world.
年轻人常常充满活力,渴望探索世界。
4.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of people invited was one hundred,but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
收到邀请的总共有100人,但很多人因为各种原因缺席了。
5.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从句中作主语,根据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数;在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句中,谓语动词用复数;但其前面有the only等修饰语时,从句中的谓语动词用单数。
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
这就是那次大火烧毁的房间之一。
Dora is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.
朵拉是参加乐队演奏的最年轻的姑娘。
(三)就近原则
1.谓语动词的单复数形式常常与其最接近的主语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有or,not...but...,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等。
Either I or my elder sister is in charge of setting up the party decorations.
不是我就是我姐姐负责布置聚会的装饰品。
2.当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与最近的主语保持一致。here引起的句子也适用此规则。
There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.
桌子上有一杯茶和一些苹果。
Here are the tools and equipment you’ll need for the DIY project.
这是你DIY项目会需要的工具和设备。
3.在倒装句中,谓语动词的单复数形式要与后面最近的主语保持一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
Ⅰ.现在完成时
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)研究发现,花更多时间在户外的孩子往往更健康、适应能力更强且更善于应对压力。
Studies have found that children who spend more time outside tend to be healthier,better adjusted and better at dealing with stress.
2.这是我第一次观看传统戏曲的现场表演,我非常喜欢其丰富多彩的服饰、音乐和叙事
内容。
This is the first time that I’ve watched a live performance of traditional opera,and I’m thoroughly enjoying the richness of the costumes,music,and storytelling.
3.这是我开始探索传统文化并深入研究其深邃智慧以来收获最多的一次经历。
It is the most enriching experience that I have had since I began exploring traditional culture and delving into its profound wisdom.
Ⅱ.过去进行时
1.(2024·全国甲卷)她唯一能抓住的学习机会是当她的哥哥和家庭教师一起上语文课的
时候。
The only opportunity she could seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor.
2.他们正在古街上漫步,沉浸在思绪中,这时他们偶然发现了一场传统茶艺表演,并完全沉浸在其蕴含的丰富的传统文化之中。
They were wandering through the ancient streets,lost in thought,when they came across a traditional tea ceremony and fully immersed themselves in its rich traditional culture.
3.正当我们在探索一座古庙并惊叹于其中精致的雕刻和建筑时,我们发现了一个专门用于保存传统艺术和手工艺品的房间。
We were exploring an ancient temple and were amazed by its delicate carvings and architecture when we discovered a room specifically designed to preserve traditional art and handicrafts.
Ⅲ.过去完成时
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当我最终完成时,获胜的想法已经让位于写作的乐趣。
When I finally finished it,the thought of winning had given way to the enjoyment of writing.
2.我们刚踏入这个古老的村庄,就被美妙的传统民乐声所吸引。
Scarcely had we entered the ancient village when we were attracted by the wonderful sound of traditional folk music.
3.第一声击鼓声刚在山谷中回荡,人们就迅速行动起来,穿上传统服饰,准备迎接即将到来的节日。
No sooner had the first drumbeat echoed through the valley than people sprang into action,
putting on their traditional costumes and preparing to welcome the upcoming festival.
Ⅳ.一般将来时
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)今天,我将向大家介绍一本以生活艺术为主题的杂志。
Today,I’m going to introduce to you a magazine that features the art of living.
2.中秋节期间,传统的灯笼将被挂在房屋周围,照亮夜空,营造节日氛围。
The traditional lanterns are to be hung up around the house for the Mid-Autumn Festival to light up the night and create a festive atmosphere.
Ⅴ.被动语态
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)人们一度认为,通信技术的持续发展使印刷纸张过时了。
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.
2.众所周知,科技在塑造我们的世界和推动各领域进步方面发挥了至关重要的作用。
It is known that technology has played a crucial role in shaping our world and driving progress across various fields.
3.可再生能源的发展预计将显著减少我们对化石燃料的依赖,并进一步缓解气候变化的
影响。
The development of renewable energy sources is expected to significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and further ease the effects of climate change.
Ⅵ.就近原则
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我们在位于战略位置的五家租赁店存放了2 500多辆自行车,以确保随时有一辆自行车供您使用。
With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations,we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
2.体育之所以如此宝贵,不仅仅是因为体力上的锻炼,更是因为通过体育培养出的自律和团队合作精神。
It’s not just the physical exercise,but the self-discipline and teamwork spirit developed through sport that truly make it invaluable.
二、非谓语动词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather,the structure stays closed to protect the plants.
【答案】 to give
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处作目的状语,应用动词不定式。故填to give。
2.(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level,the national parks,in particular,tend (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
【答案】 to catch
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。固定搭配tend to do sth意为“倾向于做某事”。tend后跟动词不定式。故填to catch。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Two years later,a six-metre-tall pavilion, (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion,was built at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
【答案】 inspired
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,被修饰词a six-metre-tall pavilion和动词inspire之间为被动关系,应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填inspired。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)...adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed (find) the connection between the two great writers.
【答案】 to find
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。be amazed to do sth是固定搭配,意为“对做某事感到惊讶”。be amazed后跟动词不定式。故填to find。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)To eat one,you have to decide whether (bite) a small hole in it first,releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出),or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
【答案】 to bite
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。decide to do sth意为“决定做某事”,设空处与后面的to put并列,作宾语,应用动词不定式。故填to bite。
6.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the (recognise) home of the soup dumplings,but food historians will actually point you to the neighbouring canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
【答案】 recognised
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。设空处在名词home前面作定语,recognise与home构成逻辑上的动宾关系,需用过去分词recognised作定语,recognised意为“被公认的”,也可以看作是形容词作定语。故填recognised。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
【答案】 to be lifted
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。根据固定搭配allow sb to do sth意为“允许某人做某事”可知,设空处需用动词不定式作宾语补足语,补足语lift out与宾语them (指代小笼包)构成逻辑上的动宾关系,因此需用动词不定式的被动式。故填to be lifted。
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them,one steamer is rarely enough,yet two seems greedy,so I am always left (want) more next time.
【答案】 wanting
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处考查“leave sb+宾语补足语”,本句是被动语态,设空处作主语补足语,根据句意,I与want之间为主动关系,应用现在分词形式。故填wanting。
9.(2023·全国甲卷)For thousands of years,people have told fables (寓言) (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
【答案】 to teach
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知,此处意为“来传授知识”,应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
10.(2023·全国甲卷)Behind the simple style,however,is a serious message (intend) for everyone.
【答案】 intended
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。be intended for意为“打算为……所用”,在句中作定语,应用过去分词形式。故填intended。
考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态
非谓语动词是指在句中不能独立作谓语,但同时保留动词某些特征的动词形式,包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)三种。它们没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词的形式及句法功能如下表所示(以动词do为例)。
种类 形式 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing ×
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done
分词 现在 分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done
过去 分词 一般式 done (vi.) 表完成 done (vt.) 表被动与完成 × × √ √ √ √
1.时态形式
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
He heard a little girl playing the piano next door.
他听到隔壁有个小女孩在弹钢琴。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having learnt English for almost ten years,he had no difficulty in communicating with foreigners fluently.
他学了将近十年的英语,与外国人流利地交流毫无困难。
2.语态形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)往往构成主谓或动宾关系。若与逻辑主语构成主谓关系时,用主动形式;若与逻辑主语构成动宾关系时,用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
考点二 非谓语动词作定语
1.动词不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
The old lady has a very comfortable room to live in.
这个老妇人有一间舒服的房间居住。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需加相应的介词。
Without a person to turn to for help,he had to go there alone.
找不到可以帮忙的人,他只好独自前往。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her,but she couldn’t find any paper to write on.
突然她想到了一个好主意,但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被以上这些词修饰,且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时,常用不定式作定语。
He was the last one to arrive at the classroom.
他是最后一个到教室的。
(4)当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way,opportunity,plan等。
The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to display their works.
这次展览为当地艺术家提供了展示自己作品的机会。
2.动词-ing形式作定语
(1)动词-ing形式作定语表示名词的属性、作用或用途,作“供……用”讲,常置于被修饰的名词前。
Talk quietly in the reading room in order not to disturb others.
在阅览室里,不要大声说话,以免打扰别人。
(2)动词-ing形式与被修饰词之间为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作。
He spoke in a low voice in order not to wake the sleeping child.
他低声说话为的是不吵醒那个正在睡觉的孩子。
(3)有些动词-ing形式已经转化成形容词,常作定语用来修饰物,表示“令人……的”。常见的此类词有exciting,amusing,amazing,astonishing,shocking,puzzling,confusing,disappointing,
discouraging等。
After he heard the exciting news,the little boy jumped up and down with joy.
听到这个激动人心的消息后,小男孩欣喜雀跃。
3.过去分词作定语
(1)单个过去分词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前,但修饰代词时,需要置于被修饰词之后。过去分词短语作定语,常置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清华大学建立于1911年,是许多杰出人物的摇篮。
(2)及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外,还表示“被动”的意义。如spoken English(英语口语);iced beer(冰镇啤酒);cooked food(熟食);fried chips(炸土豆条)。不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如fallen leaves(落叶);the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
考点三 非谓语动词作状语
1.动词不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”,可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性,不定式前也可加in order或so as,但so as to一般不能用于句首。
I’d taken my phone off the hook in order to/so as to get some sleep.
我把电话听筒拿了下来,以便可以睡会儿觉。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用于下列结构中:only to do(不料,竟然);enough to do(足够做……);too...to do...(太……而不能……);
so/such...as to do...(如此……以至于……)等。
I’m too exhausted to play basketball with you tonight.
今天晚上我太累了,不能跟你去打篮球。
The manager got to the company in a hurry,only to find that he had left his laptop at home.
经理匆忙赶到公司,结果却发现他把笔记本电脑落在家里了。
(3)作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时,后可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,anxious,delighted,pleased,
foolish等。
We were delighted to know that you were admitted to a famous university.
得知你被一所著名的大学录取,我们非常开心。
有一类形容词如easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,
impossible,dangerous等,表示主语的特征或性质,后面也常用不定式作状语,不定式和句子主语构成被动关系,但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
John is difficult to persuade.
约翰很难被说服。
2.动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语,常表原因、方式、伴随、时间、结果、让步等,与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系。
The students sat in the classroom,doing their homework.(伴随状语)
学生们坐在教室里写作业。
Seeing her mother,she began to laugh.(时间状语)
一见到她妈妈,她开始笑了起来。
Not knowing how to solve the problem,he turned to his teacher.(原因状语)
因为不知道如何解决那个问题,所以他求助于老师。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,breaking it into pieces.(结果状语)
她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,摔成了碎片。
动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示出乎意料的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
He hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already gone.
他急匆匆赶到公共汽车站,结果发现公共汽车已经走了。
The hospital adopted advanced equipment,promoting their service.
医院采用了先进的设备,提升了他们的服务。
3.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given the right kind of training,these teenagers may one day grow into professional football players.
如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年有一天也许会成为专业足球球员。
Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子就能长得快。
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。如lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐藏的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的),faced with(面对着)等。
Absorbed in painting,John didn’t notice evening approaching.
约翰全神贯注地画画,没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
Faced with the challenge,I decided to work harder than before.
面对这个挑战,我决定比以前更加努力。
4.独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构。(1)独立主格结构的特点:
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式构成逻辑上的主动或被动关系;③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子隔开。
Weather permitting,we will go out for a walk tomorrow morning.
天气允许的话,我们明天早晨出去散步。
There being no bus,we had to walk home.
没有公交车了,我们只能走路回家。
(2)独立主格结构的构成:
①名词/代词+分词;②名词/代词+不定式;③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
More opportunities given,I will find the job which is suitable for me.
如果给我更多的机会,我将找到适合我的工作。
A meeting to be held tomorrow,I can’t stay up late tonight.
明天要开会,我今晚不能晚睡。
考点四 非谓语动词作宾语
1.有些动词或动词短语后通常接不定式作宾语,巧记如下。
想要干:want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,would like/love,desire 早打算:plan,prepare,arrange 同意否:agree,promise,undertake,offer,refuse 问问看:ask,beg 决定了:decide,determine,make up one’s mind,be determined 尽力干:manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive 努力做:make an effort 别装蒜:pretend
此外,learn,choose,afford,happen,wait等也常用不定式作宾语。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant,waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2.有些动词或动词短语后常接动词-ing形式作宾语,巧记如下。
考虑建议盼原谅:consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon 承认推迟没得想:admit,delay/put off,fancy 避免错过继续练:avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise 否认完成停止赏:deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate 不禁介意准逃亡:can’t help,mind,allow/permit,escape 不准冒险凭想象:forbid,risk,imagine
此外,feel like,devote to,be/get used to,object to,set about,insist on,pay attention to,stick to,be busy (in),have difficulty/trouble (in)等动词短语后也接动词-ing形式作宾语。
He admitted having broken the window.
他承认打破了那个窗户。
3.既可用动词-ing形式,也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义区别明显的动词。
I didn’t mean to break the vase— it was an accident.
我不是故意打碎这个花瓶的——这是个意外。
Doing one thing well doesn’t mean doing exactly one thing.
做好一件事情并不意味着仅仅做一件事情。
(1)need,require,want表示“需要”时,后面接动词 -ing形式,表示被动含义,相当于接不定式的被动形式(to be done)。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)、bear(经受住)。
The roof needs repairing/to be repaired.
屋顶需要修缮。
This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed.
这种布料很耐洗。
(2)作宾语的动词-ing形式和不定式除了一般式(doing/to do)外,还有完成式(having done/to have done)、被动式(being done/to be done)。完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。被动式表示句子主语为动词的逻辑宾语。否定式在doing/to do前加not。
She couldn’t stand being kept waiting.
叫她等着,她会受不了。
He seems to have finished his homework.
他似乎已经完成了作业。
考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语
1.动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系,不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage, expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,like,mean,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend on/upon,long for,wait for等。
My English teacher encouraged me to be a writer in the future.
我的英语老师鼓励我将来成为一名作家。
在sb/sth be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,不定式用作主语补足语。
The delegation is reported to have been delighted with the progress of the first day’s talks.
据报道,代表团对第一天会谈的进展很满意。
2.动词-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语
(1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的两大特征:一是宾语与动词-ing形式有主谓关系;二是动词-ing形式所表示的动作正在进行。可接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役动词(have,get)以及find,leave,keep,
catch等。
I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
我抬头一看,发现一条蛇正蜿蜒爬树,准备捕捉它的早餐。
As soon as the performance was over,I found the audience applauding—I made it!
演出一结束,我就发现观众们在鼓掌——我做到了!
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役动词(have,make,let,get)以及find,leave,keep等。
Ann had her luggage checked in an hour before her plane left.
安在飞机起飞前一小时托运了行李。
He had his hat blown away on his way home.
在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。
3.“with+宾语+宾补”结构
(1)with+名词/代词+现在分词,现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行。
She lay on the grass with her eyes looking at the stars.
她躺在草地上,眼睛望着星星。
(2)with+名词/代词+过去分词,过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态。
His wife was in deep sorrow with her eyes filled with tears.
他的妻子悲痛欲绝,眼里充满了泪水。
(3)with+名词/代词+不定式,不定式表示动作尚未发生。
With a lot of housework to do,I can’t go shopping with you.
因为有很多家务要做,所以我不能和你一起去逛街。
考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语
1.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作;而动词-ing形式作主语通常表示一般性、习惯性的动作。动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时谓语动词一般用单数。
To swim in hot summer is very pleasant.
在炎热的夏季游泳很惬意。
Participating in extra-curricular activities enables
us to learn to cooperate with fellow students.
参加课外活动使我们学会了与同学合作。
(2)动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面;而动词-ing形式只能在一些特定的句式中用it作形式主语。如It’s a waste of time doing...;It’s no use/good doing...;It is useless doing...;There is no use doing...等。
It’s not easy to work out the problem.
解决这一问题不容易。
As the saying goes—it’s no use crying over spilt milk.
常言道:覆水难收/后悔也于事无补。
2.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语
(1)动词不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动词-ing形式作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。
Her job is passing down knowledge to students.
她的工作是把知识传授给学生们。
(2)动词-ing形式作表语还可以表示事物具有的特性,常译作“令人……的”;而过去分词作表语表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译作“感到……的”。这类词常见的有interesting /interested,exciting /excited,delighting /delighted,disappointing /disappointed等。
They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.
他们变得如此担心,以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.
形势变得如此令人担忧,应该立刻采取措施。
Ⅰ.独立主格结构
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当他的车靠近我时,他邀请我上车,脸上绽放出灿烂的笑容。
As his car approached me,he invited me in,a wide smile blossoming on his face.
2.我紧握着辛苦挣来的钱,心中涌动着兴奋。
I held the hard-earned money tightly,a ripple of excitement surging through me.
3.她的心狂跳,掌心出汗,内心有个声音说道:“你是有能力完成表演的。”
Her heart pounding fiercely and her palms sweating,an inner voice told her,“You are competent for the performance.”
Ⅱ.非谓语动词之现在分词
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当我在家阅读时,我接到了一个意想不到的电话,告知我在写作比赛中获得成功以及颁奖典礼的日期。
When I was reading at home,I received an unexpected call,informing me of my success in the writing contest and the date of an award presentation ceremony.
2.搭建完帐篷之后,我们躺在帐篷里,感觉非常惬意。
Having put up the tent,we lay on our back in the tent,feeling great.
3.注意到弟弟非常惊恐,Mary用手捂住他的耳朵,温柔地安慰他。
Noticing her younger brother in great panic,Mary cupped her hands over his ears and gently comforted him.
Ⅲ.非谓语动词之过去分词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)满怀感激之情,我感动得几乎流下了眼泪。
Overwhelmed with an enormous sense of gratitude,I was almost moved to tears.
2.被认为是一个善良、自信、外向的男孩,我能和不同的人相处融洽。
Considered as a kind,confident and outgoing boy,I can get along/on well with different people.
3.杭州,因西湖而闻名于世,每年吸引着世界各地的游客前来参观。
Hangzhou,well-known for the West Lake,attracts tourists from all over the world to pay a visit every year.
Ⅳ.非谓语动词之动词不定式
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我真的很感激您安排我们随机配对,这确实是提高我们英语口语的有效方法。
I really appreciate your arrangement of pairing us at random,which is indeed an effective way to improve our oral English.
2.为了激发我们对劳动的热情,我们学校计划举办一场“劳动之美”的主题活动。
To fuel our enthusiasm for labour,our school is scheduled to hold an activity themed on “The Beauty of Labour”.
3.以志愿者身份为社区做贡献的机会非常吸引我,因为我相信这不仅会丰富我的社会经验,还能够让我回馈当地社区。
The opportunity to contribute as a volunteer in the community greatly appeals to me,as I believe it will not only enrich my social experience but(also) allow me to give back to the local community.
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谓语动词、非谓语动词
专题四
一、谓语动词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Further,the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road...
walks
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。walk sb through意为 “带领某人穿过……”,空处为本句谓语动词。叙述客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语the Silk Route Garden为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)“To make dictionaries (be) dull (乏味) work,” wrote Johnson,illustrating one definition of “dull”.
is
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。空处为本句谓语动词。叙述客观事实,应用一般现在时,主语To make dictionaries为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Two years later,a six-metre-tall pavilion,inspired by The Peony Pavilion, (build) at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
was built
【解析】 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,空处为本句谓语动词,根据时间状语“Two years later”可知,本句时态应为一般过去时;主语为单数名词a six-metre-tall pavilion,和动词build之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。故填was built。
4. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Riders (print) nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the programme was launched last March.
have printed
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since the programme was launched last March可知,此处应用现在完成时,主语Riders为复数,助动词用have。故填have printed。
5.(2024·全国甲卷)What should (do) with such a beautiful place They wondered out loud.
be done
【解析】 考查动词的语态。主语What指物,与谓语动词do之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。情态动词should后接动词原形。故填be done。
6. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The experiment of estimation he (conduct) showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
conducted
【解析】 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,空处为定语从句中的谓语动词,与从句中的主语he之间为主动关系;根据showed可知本句时态应为一般过去时。故填conducted。
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)More recently,as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway,artists (use) them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers,pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
have used
【解析】 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据More recently可知,空处应用现在完成时,主语artists为复数,助动词用have。故填have used。
8. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)As a little girl,I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
wished
【解析】 考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少谓语动词,所以空处是本句谓语;根据grew可知应用一般过去时。故填wished。
9.(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
be employed
【解析】 考查动词的语态。从句主语a simple lyric form与employ之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
10.(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years,I
(amaze) by the co-existence of old and new...
am amazed
【解析】 考查动词的时态和语态。此处陈述客观情况,应用一般现在时;
I和amaze之间为被动关系,应用被动语态。故填am amazed。
(一)一般现在时
1.一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:
<考点一 现在的时态>
变化规则 例词
一般情况直接加-s hate→hates;play→plays
结尾为-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o,在词尾加-es discuss→discusses;wash→washes;teach→teaches;fix→fixes;go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母+-y”,变-y为i,再加-es carry→carries;study→studies
2. 一般现在时的用法
(1)表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性(即事实)的动作或状态,且常与often,usually,every,sometimes,always,never,seldom等表示频率的时间状语
连用。
I live far away from my parents,so I only go to see them occasionally.
我住的地方离父母很远,只能偶尔去看看他们。
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象,无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起,从西方落下。
(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
She’ll be very happy when she hears the good news.
她听到这个好消息会非常开心。
If you see him,will you tell him to ring me
如果你见到他,请叫他给我打电话好吗
(4)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时(一般只限于某些表示移动的动词,如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,
return,open,close等),这种安排很固定,不易改变。
Hurry up!The train leaves at 9:45 and it’s 9:05 now.
快点!火车9:45发车,现在已经9:05了。
(二)现在进行时
1.现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。现在分词变化规则如下:
变化规则 例词
一般情况在词尾直接加-ing ask→asking
以不发音-e结尾的动词,去-e再加-ing write→writing;take→taking;
face→facing
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母再加-ing cut→cutting;begin→beginning;
swim→swimming
以-ie结尾的动词,变-ie为y,再加-ing lie→lying;die→dying
2. 现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态;表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Look!Jenny is reading a book in the classroom.
看!珍妮正在教室里看书。
(2)表示将来,尤指特定的安排或计划。
We are spending next summer in Xi’an.
我们明年将在西安度过夏天。
(3)与always,often,constantly等连用,表达一种强烈的情感色彩,如批评、表扬、同情、抱怨、好奇等。
She is always complaining.
她总是抱怨。
(4)有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:
表示心理状态、情感的动词 like,hate,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,need等
表示存在状态的动词 appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong等
表示行为结果的动词 allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等
表示感官的动词 see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等
These books belong to Jim.
这些书属于吉姆。
(三)现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成
由“have/has+过去分词”构成。
2.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示动作发生于过去,持续到现在,也可能还会持续下去,常与up to now,so far, lately,recently,in the past few years等表示时间的词(短语),或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时),或for +一段时间,或since+时间点连用。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个影响或结果,常与yet,already,just,before等时间状语连用。
The band have just brought out their second album.
这个乐队刚刚推出了他们的第二张专辑。
I have already read the book.
我已经读过这本书了。
(3)在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third/...time+that从句”以及“It/This is the best/worst/most+adj.+名词+从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time in my life that I have taken part in such a great celebration.
这是我有生以来第一次参加如此盛大的庆典。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
(4)在肯定句中非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语(for,since,how long等)连用,此时必须将该非延续性动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。
如:buy→have;borrow→keep;come to/arrive/reach/get to/become/go→be;
put on→wear;join→be in;sleep→be asleep;die→be dead;leave→be away;
marry→be married等。
He has kept the book since last Sunday.
自从上周日他就借了这本书。
(四) 现在完成进行时
1.常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years.
维拉努力学汉语已有好几年了。(动作还将继续下去)
2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。(人还没到,还会继续等)
(一)一般过去时
1.一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,动词过去式的变化规则如下表所示:
<考点二 过去的时态>
变化规则 例词
一般情况在动词后加-ed look→looked
以-e结尾的动词在其后加-d hope→hoped
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的动词,变-y为i,再加-ed try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed prefer→preferred;
admit→admitted
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。表示这种意义时,句子中常带有every day,often,usually,always,sometimes等时间状语(或有上下文语境暗示)。
I often went to the park with my friends on weekends when I was a kid.
我小时候经常在周末和朋友们一起去公园。
(2)表示在确定的过去的时间里发生的动作。
In 2010,I visited the Great Wall of China.
在2010年,我参观了中国长城。
(3)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,表示过去将来的意义。
They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息,就通知我们。
(4)在一些固定句型中,常用一般过去时,如下:
句式 含义
It is time that sb+did... 是时候某人该干某事了
would/had rather that sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事
If only/主语+wish+从句(要是……就好了) 用一般过去时表示与现在事实或将来事实相反的情况
It’s time that we took measures to protect the environment.
我们是时候采取措施来保护环境了。
(二)过去进行时
1.过去进行时的构成
由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
2.过去进行时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同表示过去的时间状语从句或at that time,at that moment,at this time yesterday,at ten o’clock yesterday等时间状语连用。
He was writing a book last year,but I don’t know if he has finished it.
他去年在写一本书,但我不知道他是否已经完成。
(2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个,常与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
电话响的时候,我正在看书。
(三)过去完成时
1.过去完成时的构成
由“had+过去分词”构成。
2.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作,时间定位是“过去的过去”。常与by,by the end of,by the time,until,when,before等构成的表示过去的时间状语(从句)连用。但有时需要通过上下文来判断。
By nine o’clock last night,we had finished most of the work.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已完成了大部分工作。
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态,或用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作(一般过去时)之前。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
在那之前,他对此一无所知。
(3)表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有:expect,hope,plan,suppose,think,intend,mean,want等。
I had intended to finish my report by the end of
the day,but I failed.
我本来打算在今天结束前完成报告的,但我未能做到。
(4)用于过去完成时的固定句型:
句式 用法
hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than... 主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。意为“一……就……”。(注意:若hardly/
scarcely/no sooner放于句首,则要用倒装语序)
It was + 一段时间 + since从句 since从句用过去完成时
It was the first/second/...time + (that) 从句 (that)从句用过去完成时
Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience erupted in applause.
他刚结束演讲,观众就爆发出热烈的掌声。
It was almost a decade since she had written her first novel.
自从她写第一本小说以来,已经差不多十年了。
It was the third time that we had organised this kind of event.
这是我们第三次组织这种活动了。
(四)过去将来时
1.过去将来时的构成
(1)would/should+动词原形
(2)was/were going to+动词原形
(3)was/were about to+动词原形
(4)was/were to+动词原形
2.过去将来时的用法
表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
He told me that he would go to Beijing.
他告诉我他将去北京。
I was told that he was going to return home.
他告诉我他准备要回家。
(一)一般将来时
1.一般将来时的构成
(1)will/shall+动词原形
(2)is/am/are going to+动词原形
(3)is/am/are about to+动词原形
(4)is/am/are to+动词原形
(5)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
<考点三 将来的时态>
2.一般将来时的用法
(1)“will/shall+动词原形”表示现在看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,next year,in+一段时间等连用。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话者临时做出的决定。
We shall meet at the station at 8 a.m.tomorrow.
我们明天上午8点将在车站见面。
She will cook dinner tonight because her husband is working late.
她今晚将会做饭,因为她丈夫要工作到很晚。
(2)be going to do,be to do,be about to do的用法及区别:
be going to do 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能发生某事,也可用来表示自然现象
be to do 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等
be about to do 表示“即将,正要”,后面不能接具体的时间状语
The sky is going to clear up soon,for the clouds are moving away.
天空很快就要放晴了,云正在散去。
The book is to be published next month.
这本书将于下个月出版。
John is about to close the windows when his attention is caught by a bird.
约翰正要关上窗户,就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。
(3)表示趋向行为的动词,如come,go,start,begin,leave等,常用进行时的形式表示将来时。事物名词meeting,concert,train,plane等作主语时,常用一般现在时表示将来。
Spring is coming,and the flowers are starting to bloom.
春天就要来了,花儿开始绽放。
The plane takes off at 7 o’clock.
飞机7点钟起飞。
(二)将来完成时
1.将来完成时的构成
由“will have+过去分词”构成。
2.将来完成时的用法
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
We will have saved enough money to go on a trip by the end of the year.
到年底,我们会存够去旅行的钱。
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下(以动词do为例):
<考点四 动词的语态>
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 is/am/ are done was/were done will/shall be done Would/should
be done
进行 is/am/are being done was/were being done — —
完成 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done Would/should
have been
done
It is reported that scientists have discovered a new
species of animal in the Amazon rainforest.
据报道,科学家在亚马孙雨林中发现了一种新的动物物种。
The project has been delayed several times due to funding issues.
由于资金问题,该项目已被推迟了好几次。
The paintings are being restored to their original condition.
这些画正在被恢复到原始状态。
(二)被动语态的用法
1.情态动词以及be going to,be to,be sure to,have to等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。
The books must be returned to the library by the
end of the week.
这些书必须在周末前归还给图书馆。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早付诸实施。
2.当句子的谓语为say,believe,expect,think,know,write,consider,report等时,被动语态有两种形式:
(1)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。
(2)用it作形式主语,真正的主语用主语从句来表示。
People know paper was made in China first.
=Paper was known to be made in China first.
=It is known that paper was made in China first.
众所周知,纸最先是在中国被制造的。
3.有些动词不能使用被动语态,如下:
情形 例词
有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态 常见的有have(有),cost(花费),lack(缺少),belong to(属于),take part in(参加),come up with(提出)等
不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态 常见的有happen/take place/occur(发生),remain
(剩下),break out(爆发),last(持续),come out(出版),
lose heart(失去信心),date from/back to(追溯到),
run out(用完)等
(三)主动形式表示被动含义的结构
1.很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,look,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是物;在这种情况下,常常和easily,well等副词连用。
This pen writes smoothly.
这支笔写起来很顺畅。
The book sells well.
这本书卖得很好。
2.当系动词feel,sound,taste,look,smell,appear,seem,turn,stay,become,get,
grow,keep等+形容词/名词构成系表结构时,常常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由听起来合理。
3.在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词或worth等形容词的后面,用动
词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The book is really worth reading again and again.
这本书的确值得一读再读。
4.在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,
pleasant,interesting等。
The book is interesting to read.
这本书读起来很有趣。
The room is comfortable to live in.
这个房间住起来很舒服。
(一)语法一致
1.表示单一概念的动词-ing形式、动词不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Taking a walk in the park every morning has become a routine for me.
每天早上在公园里散步已经成为我的日常习惯。
2.“one/either/each of+复数名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Either of the brothers is capable of leading the project.
这两兄弟中的任何一个都有能力负责这个项目。
<考点五 主谓一致>
3.something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody,no one等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
Anything is possible if you believe in yourself.
只要你相信自己,任何事情都是有可能的。
4.主语后有with,together with,along with,except,besides,as well as等介词或介词短语时,这些介词或介词短语不影响谓语的单复数;谓语动词的数要与这些词或短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。
The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野餐。
The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.
学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野餐。
5.what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜。
What her father left her are only some books.
她父亲留给她的只有一些书。
6.当有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数形式由计量单位名词的单复数决定。
There is a cup of tea on the table.
桌子上有一杯茶。
How many bottles of milk are there in the box
箱子里有多少瓶牛奶
7.and,both...and...连接的两个不同的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一概念、兼具身份或匹配出现时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and the students are discussing the issue.
老师和学生们正在讨论这一问题。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
A needle and thread was found on the floor.
在地板上找到了针线 (穿了线的针)。
(二)意义一致
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family,class,
team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。
The whole class,which is made up of fifteen boys and twelve girls,were told to stay behind after school to have an important meeting yesterday.
这个班由15个男生和12个女生组成,昨天全班学生被告知放学后留下开一个重要的会。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,the rest等作主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
3.“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The young are often full of energy and eager to explore the world.
年轻人常常充满活力,渴望探索世界。
4.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of people invited was one hundred,but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
收到邀请的总共有100人,但很多人因为各种原因缺席了。
5.在定语从句中,关系代词如果在从句中作主语,根据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数;在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句中,谓语动词用复数;但其前面有the only等修饰语时,从句中的谓语动词用单数。
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
这就是那次大火烧毁的房间之一。
Dora is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.
朵拉是参加乐队演奏的最年轻的姑娘。
(三)就近原则
1.谓语动词的单复数形式常常与其最接近的主语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有or,not...but...,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等。
Either I or my elder sister is in charge of setting up the party decorations.
不是我就是我姐姐负责布置聚会的装饰品。
2.当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与最近的主语保持一致。here引起的句子也适用此规则。
There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.
桌子上有一杯茶和一些苹果。
Here are the tools and equipment you’ll need for the DIY project.
这是你DIY项目会需要的工具和设备。
3.在倒装句中,谓语动词的单复数形式要与后面最近的主语保持一致。
In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and shouts of the people.
远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。
Ⅰ.现在完成时
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)研究发现,花更多时间在户外的孩子往往更健康、适应能力更强且更善于应对压力。
Studies have found that children who spend more time outside tend to be healthier,better adjusted and better at dealing with stress.
2.这是我第一次观看传统戏曲的现场表演,我非常喜欢其丰富多彩的服饰、音乐和叙事内容。
This is the first time that I’ve watched a live performance of traditional opera,and I’m thoroughly enjoying the richness of the costumes,music,
and storytelling.
3.这是我开始探索传统文化并深入研究其深邃智慧以来收获最多的一次经历。
It is the most enriching experience that I have had since I began exploring traditional culture and delving into its profound wisdom.
Ⅱ.过去进行时
1.(2024·全国甲卷)她唯一能抓住的学习机会是当她的哥哥和家庭教师一起上语文课的时候。
The only opportunity she could seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor.
2.他们正在古街上漫步,沉浸在思绪中,这时他们偶然发现了一场传统茶艺表演,并完全沉浸在其蕴含的丰富的传统文化之中。
They were wandering through the ancient streets,lost in thought,when they came across a traditional tea ceremony and fully immersed themselves in its rich traditional culture.
3.正当我们在探索一座古庙并惊叹于其中精致的雕刻和建筑时,我们发现了一个专门用于保存传统艺术和手工艺品的房间。
We were exploring an ancient temple and were amazed by its delicate carvings and architecture when we discovered a room specifically designed to preserve traditional art and handicrafts.
Ⅲ.过去完成时
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当我最终完成时,获胜的想法已经让位于写作的乐趣。
When I finally finished it,the thought of winning had given way to the enjoyment of writing.
2.我们刚踏入这个古老的村庄,就被美妙的传统民乐声所吸引。
Scarcely had we entered the ancient village when we were attracted by the wonderful sound of traditional folk music.
3.第一声击鼓声刚在山谷中回荡,人们就迅速行动起来,穿上传统服饰,准备迎接即将到来的节日。
No sooner had the first drumbeat echoed through the valley than people sprang into action,putting on their traditional costumes and preparing to welcome the upcoming festival.
Ⅳ.一般将来时
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)今天,我将向大家介绍一本以生活艺术为主题的杂志。
Today,I’m going to introduce to you a magazine that features the art of living.
2.中秋节期间,传统的灯笼将被挂在房屋周围,照亮夜空,营造节日氛围。
The traditional lanterns are to be hung up around the house for the Mid-Autumn Festival to light up the night and create a festive atmosphere.
Ⅴ.被动语态
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)人们一度认为,通信技术的持续发展使印刷纸张过时了。
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.
2.众所周知,科技在塑造我们的世界和推动各领域进步方面发挥了至关重要的作用。
It is known that technology has played a crucial role in shaping our world and driving progress across various fields.
3.可再生能源的发展预计将显著减少我们对化石燃料的依赖,并进一步缓解气候变化的影响。
The development of renewable energy sources is expected to significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and further ease the effects of climate change.
Ⅵ.就近原则
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我们在位于战略位置的五家租赁店存放了2 500多辆自行车,以确保随时有一辆自行车供您使用。
With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations,
we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
2.体育之所以如此宝贵,不仅仅是因为体力上的锻炼,更是因为通过体育培养出的自律和团队合作精神。
It’s not just the physical exercise,but the self-discipline and teamwork spirit developed through sport that truly make it invaluable.
二、非谓语动词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather,the structure stays closed to protect the plants.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处作目的状语,应用动词不定式。故填to give。
to give
2.(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level,
the national parks,in particular,tend (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。固定搭配tend to do sth意为“倾向于做某事”。tend后跟动词不定式。故填to catch。
to catch
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Two years later,a six-metre-tall pavilion,
(inspire) by The Peony Pavilion,was built at the Firs Garden,just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,被修饰词a six-metre-tall pavilion和动词inspire之间为被动关系,应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填inspired。
inspired
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)...adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed (find) the connection between the two great writers.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。be amazed to do sth是固定搭配,意为“对做某事感到惊讶”。be amazed后跟动词不定式。故填to find。
to find
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)To eat one,you have to decide whether (bite) a small hole in it first,releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出),
or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。decide to do sth意为“决定做某事”,设空处与后面的to put并列,作宾语,应用动词不定式。故填to bite。
to bite
6.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the (recognise) home of the soup dumplings,but food historians will actually point you to the neighbouring canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。设空处在名词home前面作定语,recognise与home构成逻辑上的动宾关系,需用过去分词recognised作定语,recognised意为“被公认的”,也可以看作是形容词作定语。故填recognised。
recognised
7.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。根据固定搭配allow sb to do sth意为“允许某人做某事”可知,设空处需用动词不定式作宾语补足语,补足语lift out与宾语them (指代小笼包)构成逻辑上的动宾关系,因此需用动词不定式的被动式。故填to be lifted。
to be lifted
8.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them,one steamer is rarely enough,yet two seems greedy,so I am always left (want) more next time.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,此处考查“leave sb+宾语补足语”,本句是被动语态,设空处作主语补足语,根据句意,I与want之间为主动关系,应用现在分词形式。故填wanting。
wanting
9.(2023·全国甲卷)For thousands of years,people have told fables (寓言)
(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知,此处意为“来传授知识”,应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
to teach
10.(2023·全国甲卷)Behind the simple style,however,is a serious message
(intend) for everyone.
【解析】 考查非谓语动词。be intended for意为“打算为……所用”,在句中作定语,应用过去分词形式。故填intended。
intended
非谓语动词是指在句中不能独立作谓语,但同时保留动词某些特征的动词形式,包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)三种。它们没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。非谓语动词的形式及句法功能如下表所示(以动词do为例)。
<考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态>
种类 形式 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing × 完成式 to have done to have been done 动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been done 分词 现在 分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been done 过去 分词 一般式 done (vi.) 表完成 done (vt.) 表被动与完成 × × √ √ √ √
1.时态形式
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态。
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式。
He heard a little girl playing the piano next door.
他听到隔壁有个小女孩在弹钢琴。
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having learnt English for almost ten years,he had no difficulty in communicating with foreigners fluently.
他学了将近十年的英语,与外国人流利地交流毫无困难。
2.语态形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)往往构成主谓或动宾关系。若与逻辑主语构成主谓关系时,用主动形式;若与逻辑主语构成动宾关系时,用被动形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天举行的会议非常重要。
1.动词不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
The old lady has a very comfortable room to live in.
这个老妇人有一间舒服的房间居住。
<考点二 非谓语动词作定语>
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需加相应的介词。
Without a person to turn to for help,he had to go there alone.
找不到可以帮忙的人,他只好独自前往。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her,but she couldn’t find any paper to write on.
突然她想到了一个好主意,但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(3)当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被以上这些词修饰,且该中心词是作定语的非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时,常用不定式作定语。
He was the last one to arrive at the classroom.
他是最后一个到教室的。
(4)当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,
excuse,promise,attempt,way,opportunity,plan等。
The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to display their works.
这次展览为当地艺术家提供了展示自己作品的机会。
2.动词-ing形式作定语
(1)动词-ing形式作定语表示名词的属性、作用或用途,作“供……用”讲,常置于被修饰的名词前。
Talk quietly in the reading room in order not to disturb others.
在阅览室里,不要大声说话,以免打扰别人。
(2)动词-ing形式与被修饰词之间为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作。
He spoke in a low voice in order not to wake the sleeping child.
他低声说话为的是不吵醒那个正在睡觉的孩子。
(3)有些动词-ing形式已经转化成形容词,常作定语用来修饰物,表示“令人……的”。常见的此类词有exciting,amusing,amazing,astonishing,shocking,
puzzling,confusing,disappointing,discouraging等。
After he heard the exciting news,the little boy jumped up and down with joy.
听到这个激动人心的消息后,小男孩欣喜雀跃。
3.过去分词作定语
(1)单个过去分词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前,但修饰代词时,需要置于被修饰词之后。过去分词短语作定语,常置于被修饰词之后,相当于一个定语从句。
Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清华大学建立于1911年,是许多杰出人物的摇篮。
(2)及物动词的过去分词除表示“完成”的动作之外,还表示“被动”的意义。如spoken English(英语口语);iced beer(冰镇啤酒);cooked food(熟食);fried chips(炸土豆条)。不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如fallen leaves(落叶);the risen sun(升起的太阳)等。
1.动词不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”,可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性,不定式前也可加in order或so as,但so as to一般不能用于句首。
I’d taken my phone off the hook in order to/so as to get some sleep.
我把电话听筒拿了下来,以便可以睡会儿觉。
<考点三 非谓语动词作状语>
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用于下列结构中:only to do(不料,竟然);enough to do(足够做……);too...
to do...(太……而不能……);so/such...as to do...(如此……以至于……)等。
I’m too exhausted to play basketball with you tonight.
今天晚上我太累了,不能跟你去打篮球。
The manager got to the company in a hurry,only to find that he had left his laptop at home.
经理匆忙赶到公司,结果却发现他把笔记本电脑落在家里了。
(3)作原因状语
形容词或过去分词作表语时,后可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。常用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有sorry,surprised,disappointed,
excited,glad,happy,anxious,delighted,pleased,foolish等。
We were delighted to know that you were admitted to a famous university.
得知你被一所著名的大学录取,我们非常开心。
有一类形容词如easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,
good,important,impossible,dangerous等,表示主语的特征或性质,后面也常用不定式作状语,不定式和句子主语构成被动关系,但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
John is difficult to persuade.
约翰很难被说服。
2.动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语,常表原因、方式、伴随、时间、结果、让步等,与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系。
The students sat in the classroom,doing their homework.(伴随状语)
学生们坐在教室里写作业。
Seeing her mother,she began to laugh.(时间状语)
一见到她妈妈,她开始笑了起来。
Not knowing how to solve the problem,he turned to his teacher.(原因状语)
因为不知道如何解决那个问题,所以他求助于老师。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,breaking it into pieces.(结果状语)
她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,摔成了碎片。
动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示出乎意料的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。
He hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already gone.
他急匆匆赶到公共汽车站,结果发现公共汽车已经走了。
The hospital adopted advanced equipment,promoting their service.
医院采用了先进的设备,提升了他们的服务。
3.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given the right kind of training,these teenagers may one day grow into professional football players.
如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年有一天也许会成为专业足球球员。
Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子就能长得快。
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。如lost(迷路的),
seated(坐着的),hidden(隐藏的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的),faced with(面对着)等。
Absorbed in painting,John didn’t notice evening approaching.
约翰全神贯注地画画,没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
Faced with the challenge,I decided to work harder than before.
面对这个挑战,我决定比以前更加努力。
4.独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构。(1)独立主格结构的特点:
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式构成逻辑上的主动或被动关系;③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子隔开。
Weather permitting,we will go out for a walk tomorrow morning.
天气允许的话,我们明天早晨出去散步。
There being no bus,we had to walk home.
没有公交车了,我们只能走路回家。
(2)独立主格结构的构成:
①名词/代词+分词;②名词/代词+不定式;③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
More opportunities given,I will find the job which is suitable for me.
如果给我更多的机会,我将找到适合我的工作。
A meeting to be held tomorrow,I can’t stay up late tonight.
明天要开会,我今晚不能晚睡。
1.有些动词或动词短语后通常接不定式作宾语,巧记如下。
<考点四 非谓语动词作宾语>
想要干:want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,would like/love,desire
早打算:plan,prepare,arrange
同意否:agree,promise,undertake,offer,refuse
问问看:ask,beg
决定了:decide,determine,make up one’s mind,be determined
尽力干:manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive
努力做:make an effort
别装蒜:pretend
此外,learn,choose,afford,happen,wait等也常用不定式作宾语。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant,waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2.有些动词或动词短语后常接动词-ing形式作宾语,巧记如下。
考虑建议盼原谅:consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon
承认推迟没得想:admit,delay/put off,fancy
避免错过继续练:avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise
否认完成停止赏:deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate
不禁介意准逃亡:can’t help,mind,allow/permit,escape
不准冒险凭想象:forbid,risk,imagine
此外,feel like,devote to,be/get used to,object to,set about,insist on,pay attention to,stick to,be busy (in),have difficulty/trouble (in)等动词短语后也接动词-ing形式作宾语。
He admitted having broken the window.
他承认打破了那个窗户。
3.既可用动词-ing形式,也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义区别明显的动词。
I didn’t mean to break the vase— it was an accident.
我不是故意打碎这个花瓶的——这是个意外。
Doing one thing well doesn’t mean doing exactly one thing.
做好一件事情并不意味着仅仅做一件事情。
(1)need,require,want表示“需要”时,后面接动词 -ing形式,表示被动含义,相当于接不定式的被动形式(to be done)。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)、bear(经受住)。
The roof needs repairing/to be repaired.
屋顶需要修缮。
This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed.
这种布料很耐洗。
(2)作宾语的动词-ing形式和不定式除了一般式(doing/to do)外,还有完成式(having done/to have done)、被动式(being done/to be done)。完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。被动式表示句子主语为动词的逻辑宾语。否定式在doing/to do前加not。
She couldn’t stand being kept waiting.
叫她等着,她会受不了。
He seems to have finished his homework.
他似乎已经完成了作业。
1.动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系,不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有advise,allow,
ask,cause,command,encourage, expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,
like,mean,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,
depend on/upon,long for,wait for等。
My English teacher encouraged me to be a writer in the future.
我的英语老师鼓励我将来成为一名作家。
<考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语>
在sb/sth be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,不定式用作主语补足语。
The delegation is reported to have been delighted with the progress of the first day’s talks.
据报道,代表团对第一天会谈的进展很满意。
2.动词-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语
(1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的两大特征:一是宾语与动词-ing形式有主谓关系;二是动词-ing形式所表示的动作正在进行。可接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役动词(have,get)以及find,leave,keep,catch等。
I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
我抬头一看,发现一条蛇正蜿蜒爬树,准备捕捉它的早餐。
As soon as the performance was over,I found the audience applauding—I made it!
演出一结束,我就发现观众们在鼓掌——我做到了!
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen,feel),使役动词(have,make,
let,get)以及find,leave,keep等。
Ann had her luggage checked in an hour before her plane left.
安在飞机起飞前一小时托运了行李。
He had his hat blown away on his way home.
在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。
3.“with+宾语+宾补”结构
(1)with+名词/代词+现在分词,现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行。
She lay on the grass with her eyes looking at the stars.
她躺在草地上,眼睛望着星星。
(2)with+名词/代词+过去分词,过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成或表状态。
His wife was in deep sorrow with her eyes filled with tears.
他的妻子悲痛欲绝,眼里充满了泪水。
(3)with+名词/代词+不定式,不定式表示动作尚未发生。
With a lot of housework to do,I can’t go shopping with you.
因为有很多家务要做,所以我不能和你一起去逛街。
1.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作;而动词-ing形式作主语通常表示一般性、习惯性的动作。动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时谓语动词一般用单数。
To swim in hot summer is very pleasant.
在炎热的夏季游泳很惬意。
Participating in extra-curricular activities enables
us to learn to cooperate with fellow students.
参加课外活动使我们学会了与同学合作。
<考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语>
(2)动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面;而动词-ing形式只能在一些特定的句式中用it作形式主语。如It’s a waste of time doing...;It’s no use/good doing...;It is useless doing...;There is no use doing...等。
It’s not easy to work out the problem.
解决这一问题不容易。
As the saying goes—it’s no use crying over spilt milk.
常言道:覆水难收/后悔也于事无补。
2.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作表语
(1)动词不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动词-ing形式作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。
Her job is passing down knowledge to students.
她的工作是把知识传授给学生们。
(2)动词-ing形式作表语还可以表示事物具有的特性,常译作“令人……的”;而过去分词作表语表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译作“感到……的”。这类词常见的有interesting /interested,exciting /excited,delighting /delighted,disappointing /disappointed等。
They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.
他们变得如此担心,以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.
形势变得如此令人担忧,应该立刻采取措施。
Ⅰ.独立主格结构
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当他的车靠近我时,他邀请我上车,脸上绽放出灿烂的笑容。
As his car approached me,he invited me in,a wide smile blossoming on his face.
2.我紧握着辛苦挣来的钱,心中涌动着兴奋。
I held the hard-earned money tightly,a ripple of excitement surging through me.
3.她的心狂跳,掌心出汗,内心有个声音说道:“你是有能力完成表演的。”
Her heart pounding fiercely and her palms sweating,an inner voice told her,“You are competent for the performance.”
Ⅱ.非谓语动词之现在分词
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)当我在家阅读时,我接到了一个意想不到的电话,告知我在写作比赛中获得成功以及颁奖典礼的日期。
When I was reading at home,I received an unexpected call,informing me of my success in the writing contest and the date of an award presentation ceremony.
2.搭建完帐篷之后,我们躺在帐篷里,感觉非常惬意。
Having put up the tent,we lay on our back in the tent,feeling great.
3.注意到弟弟非常惊恐,Mary用手捂住他的耳朵,温柔地安慰他。
Noticing her younger brother in great panic,Mary cupped her hands over his ears and gently comforted him.
Ⅲ.非谓语动词之过去分词
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)满怀感激之情,我感动得几乎流下了眼泪。
Overwhelmed with an enormous sense of gratitude,I was almost moved to tears.
2.被认为是一个善良、自信、外向的男孩,我能和不同的人相处融洽。
Considered as a kind,confident and outgoing boy,I can get along/on well with different people.
3.杭州,因西湖而闻名于世,每年吸引着世界各地的游客前来参观。
Hangzhou,well-known for the West Lake,attracts tourists from all over the world to pay a visit every year.
Ⅳ.非谓语动词之动词不定式
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我真的很感激您安排我们随机配对,这确实是提高我们英语口语的有效方法。
I really appreciate your arrangement of pairing us at random,which is indeed an effective way to improve our oral English.
2.为了激发我们对劳动的热情,我们学校计划举办一场“劳动之美”的主题活动。
To fuel our enthusiasm for labour,our school is scheduled to hold an activity themed on “The Beauty of Labour”.
3.以志愿者身份为社区做贡献的机会非常吸引我,因为我相信这不仅会丰富我的社会经验,还能够让我回馈当地社区。
The opportunity to contribute as a volunteer in the community greatly appeals to me,as I believe it will not only enrich my social experience but(also) allow me to give back to the local community.
