专题五 并列句、三大从句与特殊句式
一、并列句
1.(2024·浙江1月卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh.
【答案】 or
【解析】 考查连词。either...or...意为“要么……要么……”,为固定句式,故填or。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I told him where I was going, he said he hadn’t heard of the bus station.
【答案】 but
【解析】 考查连词。分析可知,前后存在句意上的转折关系,需要表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
3. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)He tried it several times, the card machine just did not play along.
【答案】 but
【解析】 考查连词。分析可知,前后存在句意上的转折关系,需要表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) she was at work one day,I borrowed her bike and went for a ride.
【答案】 While
【解析】 考查连词。分析可知,前后存在对比关系,需要表示对比的连词while连接。因该空位于句首,首字母需要大写。故填While。
并列句是由连接词连接起来的两个或多个简单句。并列句不能只用逗号隔开,要用连接词连接。连接词可以表示并列、转折、对比、因果等关系。
(一)常见并列句的类型及并列连词
用法 连词
表并列、递进 或顺承关系 not only...but (also)...,and,both...and...,neither...nor...,when等
表转折或 对比关系 but (不可与although连用),yet(可与although/though连用),while,whereas
表选择关系 either...or...,not...but...,or (else)
表因果关系 for(表示“由于”,一般不放在句首),so
You can either stay home and read a book, or you can join us for a hike in the woods.
你可以选择在家看书,或者加入我们去森林里徒步。
We must start early,for it will take two hours to drive to the airport.
我们得早点动身,因为开车去机场得花两个小时。
The moon is the only natural satellite of our planet,while Mars has two moons.
月亮是我们地球唯一的天然卫星,而火星则有两颗卫星。
(二)并列连词构成的常用句型
1.and构成的句型
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句(祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句,and后面的句子相当于一个表示结果的主句)。
Put in the effort,and the rewards will come to you eventually. (= If you put in the effort, the rewards will come to you eventually.)
只要你努力付出,最终你会得到回报。
(2)名词词组+and+陈述句(名词词组相当于一个条件状语从句,其中常含有more,another
等词)。
One more attempt,and you will overcome this obstacle.
再尝试一次,你就能克服这个障碍。
2.or (else)构成的句型
(1)祈使句+or (else)+陈述句。
Eat more fruit and vegetables,or you risk developing health problems in the long run.
多吃水果和蔬菜,不然长期下去你会有健康问题的风险。
(2)名词词组+or (else)+陈述句。
More healthy food,or (else) you’ll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品,不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
3.when构成的句型
when连接并列句,意为“正在这时”,表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时,突然发生另一动作。
(1)sb be doing sth when...
某人正在做某事,这时……
Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一我正在街上散步,这时我突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
(2)sb be about to do sth when...
某人正要做某事,这时……
We were about to go to sleep when the phone rang.
我们正要睡觉,这时电话铃响了。
(3)sb be on the point of doing sth when...
某人正要做某事,这时……
He was on the point of saying something when the doorbell rang.
他正要说话,这时门铃响了。
(4)sb had just done sth when...
某人刚做完某事,这时……
I had just finished sweeping the floor when my mother came back home.
我刚扫完地,这时妈妈回家了。
二、三大从句
(一)状语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷改编) they could never have met, there are common themes in their works.
【答案】 Although
【解析】 考查让步状语从句。although意为“尽管……”, 引导让步状语从句,符合此处句意。句首单词首字母要大写。故填Although。
2.(2024·全国甲卷改编) parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety.
【答案】 Although
【解析】 考查让步状语从句。although意为“尽管……”, 引导让步状语从句,符合此处句意。句首单词首字母要大写。故填Although。
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷改编)The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). Covering an area about three times as big
Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
【答案】 as
【解析】 考查比较状语从句。“as+形容词+ as”,意为“和……一样……”,as 引导比较状语从句。故填as。
(一)时间状语从句
1.when,while和as引导的时间状语从句
连词 谓语动词 用法点津
when 延续性动词/ 非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。
while 延续性动词 强调从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。
as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生,可译为“一边……一边……,随着”。
When you apply for a job,you must present your certificates.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证书。(动作同时发生)
The people went back when the film ended.
电影一结束,人们便回去了。(从句动作发生在前)
While I was reading, he was listening to music.
我在阅读时,他正在听音乐。(两个同时进行的持续性动作)
As spring arrives, flowers gradually bloom.
随着春天的到来,花朵逐渐绽放。(相伴发生)
2.before,since引导的时间状语从句
连词 用法 常用句式
before 表示“在……之前,还未……就……,还没有来得及……就……” It will be/was+时间段+before...过……(时间)才……
It was not long before... ……不久就……
since 自从……以来 It is/has been+时间段+since...(从句用一般过去时)
It was+时间段+since...(从句用过去完成时)
It will be two years before he graduates from university.
他还要两年才大学毕业。
It was not long before he realized his mistake.
他不久就意识到了自己的错误。
It has been three years since I last saw him.
自从我上次见到他以来,已经过去了三年了。
It was ten years since he had last visited his hometown.
自从他上次回家乡以来,已经过去十年了。
3.表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句
结构 用法
as soon as 在时间上,主句的动作在从句的动作后发生。
the+名词(如:moment, minute,instant)
表时间的副词 (如:immediately,directly, instantly)
hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than... ①主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than或when引导的从句谓语动词应用一般过去时。 ②当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
The instant I hear from her, I’ll let you know.
我一收到她的消息,就告诉你。
Immediately she finished her speech, the audience erupted in applause.
她一结束演讲,观众就爆发出热烈的掌声。
Scarcely had he closed the door when the storm hit.
他刚把门关上,暴风雨就来了。
He had no sooner (=No sooner had he) arrived home than he was asked to start on another business trip.
他刚一到家,就又被要求出差。
4.till/until和not ...until引导的时间状语从句
(1)till/until用于肯定句,表示“直到……为止”,其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
We waited at the station until the last train left.
我们在车站一直等到最后一班火车离开。
(2)not...until表示“直到……才……”,not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。not until置于句首,主句要用倒装结构。其强调句型为It is/was not until ...that ...。
Not until the film began did she arrive.
直到电影开始她才到。
It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.
直到教授来了,我们才开始做实验。
(二)条件状语从句
1.if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;unless(=if ...not)表示反面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”。
If you persist in practicing, your piano skills will improve significantly.
如果你坚持练习,你的钢琴技巧会显著提高。
You’ll miss the bus unless you hurry up (=if you don’t hurry up).
除非你快点,否则你会错过公交车的。
2.in case,on condition that,providing (that),provided (that),supposing (that),suppose (that)等词汇意思相近,意为“万一,假使,假如,在……条件下”。
In case there is a fire, what will we do first
万一发生火灾,我们首先要做什么
Supposing (that)the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a hike.
假如明天天气好,我们就去徒步。
They promised to lend me their car on condition that I drive carefully.
他们答应把车借给我,条件是我要小心驾驶。
3.as long as(=so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句,意为“只要”。
As long as you’re happy, that’s all that matters.
只要你幸福,这就是最重要的事情。
4.if only “如果……就好了” 和only if “只有” 也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当only if置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
If only I had known about the deadline earlier, I could have finished the project on time.
要是我早点知道截止日期,我就能按时完成项目了。
Only if you are modest can you make progress.
唯虚心乃能进步。
(三)让步状语从句
1.although,though,as和while引导的让步状语从句
although引导的从句不倒装;though引导的从句可用倒装语序,也可不倒装;as引导的从句必须用倒装语序;while引导让步状语从句,只能置于句首;as,though引导让步状语从句置于句首倒装时,如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,不再用冠词。
Although he faced many challenges, he never gave up his dream.
尽管他面临许多挑战,但他从未放弃自己的梦想。
Young as/though he is, he shows remarkable maturity in his work.
他虽然年轻,但在工作中却表现出非凡的成熟。
Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.
尽管他是孩子,但却懂得很多。
2.even if与even though引导的让步状语从句
even if/even though引导让步状语从句时,表示语气更强的让步,意为“即使,即便”。
Even though there are countless hardships and hazards, they can’t stop the brave explorers.
纵有艰难险阻,也挡不住勇敢的探险队员。
3.“疑问词+-ever”引导的让步状语从句
wherever,what/who/whom/when/which/how+-ever表示“无论……”,引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter where/what/who/whom/when/which/how。
However/No matter how difficult the problem is, we must find a solution.
无论问题多么困难,我们都必须找到解决办法。
4.whether...or...引导的让步状语从句
whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,提供两种对比情况。
Whether you agree with me or not, I will stick to my decision.
无论你是否同意我,我都会坚持我的决定。
(四)结果状语从句
1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that,so...that...,such...that...,其结构形式
如下。
The news was so shocking that I couldn’t believe my ears.
这条消息太令人震惊了,我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。
She sang such a beautiful song that everyone applauded.
= She sang so beautiful a song that everyone applauded.
她唱了一首如此美妙的歌,以至于每个人都为她鼓掌。
(1)当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.
他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于他能解决所有的难题。
Such a good person is he that we all like him.
他是一个如此好的人,以至于我们都喜欢他。
(2)除结果状语从句外,too...to...(太……而不能……),enough to...(达到某种程度可以……),
so...as to...(那么……以至于……)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。
He didn’t get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.=He got up so late as to miss the bus.
他起床太晚,以至于没赶上那班公共汽车。
2.so/such ...that ...引导的结果状语从句与so/such ...as ...引导的定语从句不同。
区别 例句
so/such ...that ...引导结果状语从句时,that在从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用。 It is such a moving film that we all want to see it. 这是一部如此感人的电影,以至于我们都想去看。
so/such ...as ...中,as引导定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语。 It is such a moving film as we all want to see. 这是一部我们都想去看的感人电影。
(五)其他状语从句
1.目的状语从句
(1)so that/in order that这两个连词都表示“为了,以便”,引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can,could,may,might等连用。in order that引导的从句可以置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
In order that we get there on time,we should set out early.
为了准时赶到那里,我们应该早点出发。
We need to study harder so that we can achieve our goals.
我们需要更加努力学习,以便实现我们的目标。
(2)for fear that表示“生怕,以免”,in case表示“以防”。在二者引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词有时也用should/might/could+动词原形。
Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
带把伞以防下雨。
2.原因状语从句
(1)引导原因状语从句的连词主要有:because,as,since等。每个连词的含义不尽相同。
连词 位置及用法
because(因为) 主句前或后,直接因果关系。
as(由于) 主句前或后,双方都知道的原因。语气弱。
since/now that(既然) 通常位于主句前。
The meeting went well because everyone was actively involved in it.
会议很成功,因为每个人都积极参与其中。
I can’t go with you,as I have a lot of work to do.
我不能和你一起去,因为我有很多工作要做。
Now that/Since the problem has been identified, appropriate action can be taken.
现在既已找出问题的症结,即可采取适当行动。
并列连词for也可表示原因,位于主句后用于补充说明原因。
The ground is wet,for it rained last night.
地面是湿的,因为昨晚下过雨。
(2) considering that(考虑到),given that(鉴于,考虑到)等也可以引导原因状语从句。
Considering that it’s getting late, we should head home.
考虑到天色渐晚,我们应该回家了。
Given that she’s been working hard, she deserves a break.
鉴于她一直在努力工作,她应该休息一下。
3.方式状语从句
(1)方式状语从句常由as,as if/though等引导,多置于主句之后。
He handled the situation just as he was instructed.
他按照指示处理了这种情况。
(2)as if和as though的意义和用法基本一致,从句中可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。
Jack wasn’t saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.
杰克没有说话,但老师朝他微笑着,好像他做了什么很聪明的事。
They completely ignore these facts as if/though they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它们不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
4.比较状语从句
(1)as ...as ...,not so/as ...as ...,the same...as ...表示相同程度的比较,肯定句用as ...as ...,否定句可用not as ...as...或not so...as...。
It wasn’t quite as simple as I thought it would be.
这事不完全像我想的那么简单。
(2)the+比较级...,the+比较级...,表示“越……就越……”。
The more you know,the more you will realise how little you know.
知道得越多,越会意识到自己知道的有限。
5.地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点、方位,通常由where,wherever引导,可置于句首、句中或句尾。地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件的意味。
I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.
因为坐的地方噪声太大,所以我听不清教授在说什么。
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的现状很满意。
Ⅰ.时间状语从句
1. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)一下飞机,我就疯狂地穿过机场大楼,不假思索地跳上了排在第一的那辆出租车。
The moment I got off the plane,I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
2.直到我开始画画,我才意识到艺术创作的过程竟然如此使人放松。
Not until I began to paint did I realise how therapeutic the process of creating art could be.
3.我凝视那幅画的那一刻,就仿佛置身于另一个世界,在那里,色彩在翩翩起舞,情感在自由
流淌。
The instant I gazed upon the painting, I was transported to another world, where colors danced and emotions flowed freely.
Ⅱ.条件状语从句
1.(2024·全国甲卷)如果你已经准备好了不健康的零食,比如饼干,那么适度饮食会更具挑战性。
It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies.
2.只有你付出努力和奉献,你才能在学习中脱颖而出。
Only if you put in the effort and dedication will you be able to excel in your studies.
3.工艺老师可以随时提供额外的帮助,以防学生在做工艺品时遇到困难。
The craft teacher could provide additional assistance at any time in case students struggled with making crafts.
Ⅲ.让步状语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)无论您是在野外徒步旅行、露营,还是只是在路上欣赏公园里令人惊叹的野生动物,这个快速研讨会都适合您和您的家人。
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail, camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road,this quick workshop is for you and your family.
2.无论在哪里,人们都会回到家中聚在一起通过一些传统习俗来庆祝春节,这表明春节仍然具有特殊的意义。
No matter where people are,they will return home and gather together to celebrate the Spring Festival through some traditional customs, indicating that the Spring Festival still plays a special significance.
3.无论你是喜欢传统的课堂讲座还是在线自定进度课程,都有适合你学习风格的教育机会。
Whether you prefer traditional classroom lectures or online self-paced courses,there are educational opportunities that cater to your learning style.
Ⅳ.结果状语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)写作对我来说是如此困难和痛苦,以至于我的老师允许我通过表演一部戏剧来展示我关于泰坦尼克号沉没的论文。
Writing was so difficult and painful for me that my teacher had allowed me to present my paper on the sinking of the Titanic by acting out a play.
2.这次校园文化艺术节提供了如此多的活动,以至于不同学生能够展示艺术才华,发挥创造力和想象力。
This campus cultural and art festival provides so many activities that different students can showcase their artistic talents, creativity and imagination.
3.我们传统文化的丰富性和深度是如此之大,以至于它能够持续激励着一代又一代的人。
Such were the richness and depth of our traditional culture that it continues to inspire generations.
(二)定语从句
1. (2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】 which
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias,指物。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which。故填which。
2. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
【答案】 who
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Tang Xianzu,指人。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who。故填who。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
【答案】 which/that
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词the Silk Route,指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,应用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
4.(2023·全国甲卷)Yet,the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
【答案】 as
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,且有“正如”之意,应用关系代词as。故填as。
5.(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins,borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
【答案】 where
【解析】 考查定语从句。句中先行词为town,设空处在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,所以应用关系副词where。故填where。
6.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
【答案】 which/that
【解析】 考查定语从句。句中先行词为a place,设空处在定语从句中作主语,所以应用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
7.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【答案】 that
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,先行词为species,指物,且先行词前有all修饰,只能用关系代词that。故填that。
8.(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang, lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
【答案】 who
【解析】 考查定语从句。分析句子并结合句意可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Cao Shengkang,指人。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who。故填who。
考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中所作的成分。
先行词 在从句中 作主语 在从句中 作宾语 在从句中 作定语
指代人 who/that who/whom/ that whose/of whom
指代物 that/which that/which whose/of which
1.指代人,常用关系代词who,whom和that
(1)who和whom
who可以代替人(即它的先行词必须是人),在从句中可以作主语,往往也可以代替在从句中作宾语的whom (常可省略)。但它的前面不能有介词,如果带介词则必须用宾格whom,即“介词+whom”。
There are lots of people who can actually help you.
那里有很多人可以真正帮上你的忙。
They are the very people who/whom you can always turn to for help.
=They are the very people to whom you can always turn for help.
他们就是你可以向其求助的人。
(2)who和that
在定语从句中,who和that指代人时常可以通用,但在下列情形中只能用who,不能用that。
情形 例句
先行词是one,ones和anyone时,宜用who。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me. 奉承我的人不讨我的欢心。
先行词是those时,宜用who。 Priority will be given to those who apply early. 早申请者将获优先考虑。
先行词有较长的后置定语时,宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan Province.我昨天在街上遇到一个在云南省西部长大的女孩。
一个句子带有两个定语从句时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 你昨晚遇到的那个男孩是那个学习很努力的组长。
在there be开头的句子中,宜用who。 There is a policeman who wants to see you. 有一位警察想要见你。
2.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物。当whose指代人时,相当于of whom,指代物时,相当于of which。whose既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
My mother, whose guiding principle in life was doing right, had a far greater influence on me.
= My mother, the guiding principle of whom in life was doing right, had a far greater influence on me.
我母亲的生活原则是做正确的事,她对我有着更为深刻的影响。
3.指代物,常用关系代词that和which
(1)在限制性定语从句中指代物时,that和which一般可以通用。
The book that/which you lent me last week is very interesting.
你上周借给我的那本书很有趣。
(2)在以下情形中,只能用that,不能用which。
情形 例句
先行词是all,everything,something,anything, nothing,none,few,little,much等不定代词,或先行词被all,every,some,any,no,few,little等修饰时。 They ate everything that was set in front of them. 他们把放在面前的东西都吃光了。
先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first,the second,the last等修饰时。 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰时。 Beauty is the only thing that time cannot harm. 世间唯有美丽,时间不能有损分毫。
先行词既有人又有物时。 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learnt 你还记得我们学过的那位科学家和他的理论吗
有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系代词是which,另一个宜用that。 He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 他建了一家工厂,生产以前从未见过的 东西。
(3)在以下情形中,只能用which,不能用that。
情形 例句
在非限制性定语从句中,如果从句中缺少主语或宾语,指物,只能用which。 The book,which I bought yesterday, is full of interesting stories. 我昨天买的这本书充满了有趣的故事。
关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时,只能用which。 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the countryside. 我永远也不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系代词是that,另一个宜用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看一下我从新开的那家图书馆借的那本小说。
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词和关系代词一样,具有各种作用,如在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成一个含有定语从句的主从复合句等,相当于“介词+which”结构。具体选用什么关系副词,主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词 关系副词 在从句中充当的成分
指时间 when 时间状语
指地点 where 地点状语
指原因 why 原因状语
1.关系副词when引导的定语从句
先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词when,when在从句中充当时间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。
He’s going to fix a time when I can see him.
他会确定一个我和他会面的时间。
2.关系副词where引导的定语从句
(1)先行词是表示地点的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。
Can you tell me the place where you found the lost wallet
你能告诉我你找到丢失钱包的地方吗
(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词,如activity,business,career,case,job,point,
position,race,stage,situation,environment等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。
It’s important to provide children with an environment where they can freely express themselves.
为孩子们提供一个可以自由表达的环境是很重要的。
3.关系副词why引导的定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词,只能在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替,有时也可以省略。
Is this the reason why/(for which) he refused our offer
这就是他拒绝我们提议的理由吗
4.time后接定语从句的情况
先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。
This is the second time (that) Jack has traveled to China.
这是杰克第二次去中国旅行。
There was a time in my life when I was completely lost.
在我的生命中,有一段时间我完全迷失了方向。
考点三 “介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
1.介词的位置
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词的宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末。(介词前置时,一定注意不要影响动词词组的含义。)
This is the book for which you asked.
=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
这就是你要的那本书。
He’s the teacher to whom I’ve ever confided my fears.
= He’s the teacher (who/whom/that) I’ve ever confided my fears to.
他是我曾经倾诉过恐惧的那个老师。
2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常见的有以下几种结构:
(1)介词+关系代词。
He was the lawyer to whom I went for advice.
=He was the lawyer whom I went to for advice.
他是我寻求建议的那个律师。
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词。
Last week I watched a movie,the ending of which surprised me greatly.
上周我看了一部电影,结局让我大吃一惊。
The twins,both of whom are studying medicine, have a deep passion for helping others.
这对双胞胎都在学习医学,对帮助他人有着深厚的热情。
The museum holds an extensive art collection,three of which are world-famous masterpieces.
=The museum holds an extensive art collection,of which three are world-famous masterpieces.
这家博物馆收藏了大量的艺术品,其中三幅是世界闻名的杰作。
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词。
The city has several lakes, the largest of which covers an area of 50 hectares.
这座城市有几个湖泊,其中最大的一个占地面积为50公顷。
(4)介词+关系代词+名词。
I called him by the wrong name,for which mistake I apologised.
我叫错了他的名字,为此我向他道了歉。(不能使用whose)
3.关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The man to whom I spoke at the conference was very knowledgeable.
我在会议上交谈的那个人非常博学。(speak to)
The West Lake,for which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方,杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
I remember the scenes in which we celebrate the holiday and everyone cheers.
我记得庆祝节日,所有人欢呼的场景。(in the scenes)
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
Air,without which man can’t live,is really important.
空气真的很重要,没有它,人类就不能生存。(live without)
考点四 as引导的定语从句
1.as作为关系代词,在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用。通常先行词由the same,as,such,so等修饰时,关系代词用as。
They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)
This is the same knife as I lost.
这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。(as作宾语)
2.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
区别 含义 例句
位置 不同 which引导的定语从句只置于主句之后;as位置较灵活,可置于主句前面、插在主句中或放在主句后。 He missed the bus again,which caused him to be late for work. 他再次错过了公交车,导致他上班迟到。 Lily,as you know, is very passionate about her music./As you know, Lily is very passionate about her music./Lily is very passionate about her music, as you know. 如你所知,莉莉对她的音乐非常热爱。
翻译 不同 as一般被译为“正如,就像”,which一般被译为“这,这一点”。 As the world knows, the Great Wall of China is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization. 众所周知,中国的长城是古代中国文明的一种象征。 The manager often changed his mind,which made us very angry. 经理经常改变想法,这使我们很生气。
习惯 搭配 as常用在下列习惯用语as often happens,as I remember,as is often the case,as is expected,as is known to us,as is shown等以及“such/so...as...”结构中。as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。 She starts singing loudly when she feels happy, as is often the case. 每当她感到高兴时,她就会大声唱歌,这是她的常态。 As we had expected,the team performed excellently in the tournament. 正如我们所预料的那样,该队在锦标赛中表现出色。
Ⅰ.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)在持续了似乎一个世纪的激烈讨论之后,Gunter放下手机,启动了汽车。
After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
2.这个节日的起源可以追溯到几个世纪以前,它包含了各种各样的传统活动。
The festival,whose origins date back centuries,features a variety of traditional activities.
3. 这支队伍在面对逆境时展现出了非凡的韧性,今年他们决心赢得冠军。
The team,which has shown remarkable resilience in the face of adversity ,is determined to win the championship this year.
Ⅱ.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)那里的道路穿过大山谷,我一次要上坡数英里。
The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.
2.为了唤起人们对自然的热爱,本次观光将于本周日上午8:00从我们的校门开始,在那里我们将登上前往国家公园的巴士。
With the purpose of arousing people’s affection for nature, this sightseeing will start at 8:00 a.m. this Sunday from our school gate,where we will board a bus to the National Park.
3.当我们团结起来支持我们需要帮助的朋友的那一刻真的很鼓舞人心,展示了我们社区团结的力量。
The moment when we all came together to support our friends in need was truly inspiring, which showed the strength of unity within our community.
Ⅲ.“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)此外,在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用,他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。
Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.
2.该活动对促进社区居民之间的沟通和理解具有重要意义,通过该活动,来自不同背景的个人可以聚集在一起,共同建设一个和谐社区。
This event carries great significance in fostering communication and understanding among community residents,through which individuals from diverse backgrounds are brought together to build a harmonious community.
3.慈善活动吸引了不同的人群,其中大多数人都热切地伸出援手,为改善农村地区的医疗设施事业做出贡献。
The charity event attracted different groups of people,most of whom were eager to lend a helping hand and contribute to the cause of improving healthcare facilities in rural areas.
Ⅳ.as引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷改编)正如Campbell所说,人工智能将变得超级聪明,并将变得更加能力强大。
As Campbell said, artificial intelligence will become super-smart and will become more capable.
2.通常情况下,最小的善举可能会产生最大的影响,照亮一个人的一天,改变他们的生活。
As is often the case,the smallest acts of kindness can have the biggest impact, brightening someone’s day and making a difference in their lives.
3.众所周知,积极思考的力量可以改变我们的生活,将幸福带入我们的现实。
As everybody knows,the power of positive thinking can transform our lives, attracting happiness into our reality.
(三)名词性从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)This beautiful structure,named Glasshouse,is at the centre of a new garden that shows the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
【答案】 how
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导宾语从句,从句中结构完整,应用连接副词连接,此处表达的是“丝绸之路是如何影响英式花园的”,应用how引导。故填how。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says it is essential we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
【答案】 that
【解析】 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知,本句为“It+be+形容词+that从句”的句型,其中it为形式主语,that从句才是真正的主语。故填that。
3.(2024·全国甲卷)On a cool,starry night in mid-September 1870,four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in is now northwestern Wyoming.
【答案】 what
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导宾语从句,为从句的主语,表示“……的地方”。故填what。
4.(2024·全国甲卷)That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing.
【答案】 how
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处是“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构作宾语。how意为“如何”,符合句意。故填how。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is they need an English trainer.
【答案】 why
【解析】 考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导表语从句,从句中结构完整,应用连接副词连接,此处表达的是“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”,应用why引导。故填why。
6.(2023·全国甲卷)So many of us have the belief being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate,and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone,we get impatient about the circumstances.
【答案】 that
【解析】 考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导同位语从句,解释说明中心词belief的内容,故填that。
在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词短语,它在复合句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因此,根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
从属连词 that,whether,if 只起连接作用, 不在从句中作成分
连接代词 what(ever), who(ever), whom(ever), which(ever), whose 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
连接副词 when(ever), where,wherever, how(ever),why 在从句中作状语
考点一 主语从句
1.主语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他在这么短的时间内写完作文让我们所有人都很惊讶。
(2)由连接代词引导。
What caused the accident still remains unknown.
这场事故的原因仍然不明。
(3)由连接副词引导。
How we’ll solve the problem needs further discussion.
如何解决这个问题还需要进一步讨论。
that引导主语从句时一般不省略。另外,当主语从句位于句首时,常用whether引导,而不用if。
That Eric is the most respected teacher in our school is known to all.
众所周知,埃里克是我们学校最受人尊敬的老师。
Whether he will come or not is not known yet.
他来不来还不知道。
2.it作形式主语
有时为了考虑句子平衡,通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将作为真正主语的从句移至句末。常见的it作形式主语的句型有:
(1)It+be+形容词(necessary/essential/likely/important/certain等)+that从句。
It’s essential that young people do exercise regularly.
年轻人定期锻炼很有必要。
(2)It+be+名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/a wonder等)+that从句。
It is a wonder that he survived the accident.
他从这场事故中幸存下来真是个奇迹。
(3)It+be+过去分词(said/told/reported等)+that从句。
It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.
据报道今天下午会有一场暴风雨。
当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时,用whether或if引导均可,但如果被后置的主语从句中引导词后接or not时,只能用whether。
It is uncertain whether or not we’ll attend the meeting.
我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定。
3.主语从句的单复数
主语从句作主语相当于第三人称单数作主语,谓语动词用单数;如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
会议什么时候开始还没有决定。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们什么时候出发、打算去哪儿还没有决定。
考点二 表语从句
1.表语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
The truth is that she is the very person we are looking for.
事实上,她正是我们要找的人。
(2)由连接代词引导。
The question is who can complete the difficult task.
问题是谁能完成这项艰巨的任务。
(3)由连接副词引导。
This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up.
这就是我们通常认为更容易放弃的地方。
2.as if/though引导表语从句
as if/though意为“好像,仿佛”,引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(如seem,appear,look,taste,sound等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况,从句用虚拟语气;若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况,从句用陈述语气。
It looks as if/though it is going to snow.
天好像要下雪似的。(事实或是极可能发生的情况)
It was as if they had known each other for years.
他们俩似乎已经认识了很多年。(非真实的情况)
3.其他常考的表语从句
(1)“This/That/It is why+表语从句(表结果)”,表示“这/那就是……的原因”。why引导的表语从句强调结果。
She is a responsible person and this is why we trust her.
她是一个负责的人,这也是我们信任她的原因。
(2)“This/That/It is because+表语从句(表原因)”,表示“这/那是因为……”。because引导的表语从句强调原因。
That’s because he didn’t understand me.
那是因为他没有理解我。
(3)“The reason why...is that+表语从句”,表示“……的原因是……”。that引导的表语从句引出事实。
The reason why I can’t go to travel with you is that I have something urgent to do next week.
我不能和你一起去旅行的原因是下周我有一些急事要处理。
考点三 宾语从句
1.宾语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
He told the teacher that he had won the first prize in the speech contest.
他告诉老师自己在演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
(2)由连接代词引导。
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate
你们决定提名谁为候选人了吗
(3)由连接副词引导。
People began looking around to see where the noise was coming from.
人们开始向四处看噪音是从哪里传来的。
2.it作形式宾语
宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后,但在下列情况下,须用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。
(1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make+it+宾语补足语(形容词或名词)+不定式/从句。
We think it necessary that you have a clear understanding of the situation.
我们认为你有必要认清形势。
(2)动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy+it+从句。
I hate it when I’m studying and he keeps bothering me.
当我学习的时候我很讨厌他一直打扰我。
(3)动词短语see to/depend on/rely on+it+从句。
You may rely on it that they will help you.
你可以指望他们会帮助你。
3.宾语从句的时态
当主句是一般现在时或者一般将来时时,宾语从句可根据句意选择所需要的时态。当主句是一般过去时时,宾语从句必须用相应的过去时态。但是当宾语从句表达的是普遍真理或客观规律时,宾语从句时态不受主句时态限制而用一般现在时。
She told me that Earth goes around the sun.
她告诉我地球围着太阳转。
She said that her parents had prepared a delicious dinner for them.
她说她的父母已经为他们准备了一顿可口的晚餐。(应用had,不能用has)
4.否定转移
当主句主语为第一人称,且主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等时,若其后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句,此时通常应将否定转移到主句上。
I don’t believe you need to worry about the exam.
我认为你不需要为考试担心。
考点四 同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词(advice,conclusion,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,wish等)的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。
1.同位语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.
我得出结论,那样做是不明智的。
(2)由连接代词引导。
The question what is to be done for the project remains to be discussed.
该为这个项目做些什么还有待讨论。
(3)由连接副词引导。
I have no idea why she feels so sad.
我不知道她为什么这么难过。
2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)that在定语从句中既代替先行词,又在从句中作一定成分,有时可省略;而在同位语从句中只起连接作用,不在从句中作任何成分,一般不可省略。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的,对先行词进行修饰、限定,描述其性质和特征;同位语从句是名词性的,对名词进行补充说明和解释。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句,进一步解释The news的内容)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句修饰先行词The news)
考点五 易混连接词辨析
1.从属连词的用法。
从属连词that只起连接作用,没有任何意义,不作任何句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略。从属连词whether和if均有“是否”之意,在宾语从句中二者可以互换。但如出现以下情况只能用whether:(1)作介词宾语;(2)后面直接跟or not或动词不定式;(3)引导同位语从句;(4)与or连用表示一种选择。
I know that he is an honest boy.
我知道他是一个诚实的男孩。
She worries about whether she’s really good enough.
她担心自己是否真的足够好。
We’re looking into the question whether students get enough exercise at school.
我们正在调查学生们是否在学校得到了足够的锻炼的问题。
2.that,what引导名词性从句的区别。
that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。
What he had hoped at last came true.
他希望的事终于成为现实。(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)
That she lacks experience is obvious.
她缺少经验,这是显而易见的。 (that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)
Her interest was aroused by what he said.
他的话引起了她的兴趣。(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语)
I had no idea what we should do next.
我不知道下一步我们该做什么。(what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语)
3.whoever,whatever,whichever等也可引导名词性从句,主要引导主语从句和宾语从句,意为“无论/不管……”。另外,whoever,whatever,whichever还可以引导状语从句,分别相当于no matter who,no matter what,no matter which。
He’ll be ready to accept whatever help he can get.
他将愿意接受能得到的任何帮助。
I’ll stand by you whatever (=no matter what) happens.
无论如何我都支持你。
Ⅰ.主语从句
1.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)他是否获得第一名并不重要。
It was no more important whether he won the first place or not.
2.此外,可能使你最感兴趣的是,你可以更好地了解中国传统文化。
In addition,what may interest you most is that you can have a better understanding of traditional Chinese cultures.
Ⅱ.表语从句
1.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)那就是为什么没有一个孩子认为大卫决定加入越野队是件不寻常的事。
That was why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.
2.中国春节似乎正在成为一个全球性的庆祝活动。
It seems that Chinese Spring Festival is becoming a global celebration.
3.我申请成为一名志愿者的原因是我渴望为环境保护做出自己的贡献。
The reason why I apply to be a volunteer is that I’m eager to devote myself to the environmental protection.
Ⅲ.宾语从句
1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)我被告知我在写作比赛中获得了一等奖,两天后将举行颁奖仪式。
I was informed that I won the first prize in the writing contest and that there would be an award presentation in two days.
2.我坚信,在我们共同努力下,这个活动一定会取得巨大的成功。
I’m firmly convinced that this event will definitely become a hit with our joint efforts.
3.请记住:千里之行始于足下。
Please keep in mind that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
Ⅳ.同位语从句
1. (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)这项研究推翻了流行的观点,即人类所有的语言声音在大约 30万年前人类进化时就已存在。
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.
2.消息传来说您要做一场湿地保护的报告,我们都盼望着您的到来。
Word came that you are giving us a lecture on wetland protection and we are looking forward to your coming.
3.这些美好的回忆不可能随着时间的流逝被淡忘。
There is no possibility that these good memories are no longer remembered with time going by.
三、特殊句式
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Specifically,it’s a farm relies on new technology.
【答案】 that
【解析】 考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。本题强调主语farm。故填that。
2.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Besides,students may feel uncomfortable or less motivated if (pair) with someone who they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
【答案】 paired
【解析】 考查状语从句的省略。在时间、条件、让步和方式等状语从句中,若从句主语和主句主语一致,且从句中含有be动词时,可省略从句中的主语和be动词,故if paired中间省略they are。故填paired。
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)When (have) trouble in learning English well,plenty of students urge to know how to deal with it.
【答案】 having
【解析】 考查状语从句的省略。结合语意,when引导时间状语从句,主语为plenty of students,且have与主语之间是主动关系。从句主语与主句主语一致,且从句中含有 be 动词,则从句中的“主语+be 动词”可以省略。故填having。
4.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen finally.
【答案】 It
【解析】 考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。故填It。
考点一、倒装
(一)完全倒装
1.表示方向、地点和时间的副词置于句首时用完全倒装。常见的有:there,here,in,out,away,up,down等。注意:主语为代词时不倒装。
There followed a long silence.接着是一阵长时间的沉默。
Out they rushed.他们冲了出去。
2.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首,谓语动词常为不及物动词。
On the top of the hill stood an old castle.
山丘上有一座古堡。
3.作表语的分词短语或形容词(短语)提到系动词前面时,句子构成“分词短语/形容词(短语)+系动词+主语”结构。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授,还有许多其他客人。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
席地而坐的是一群年轻人。
(二)部分倒装
1.当“only+状语(副词、介词短语或从句)”置于句首时。
Only then did he realise that he had lost his way.
直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。
Only after he returned home did he find that his watch was missing.
他到家之后才发现自己的手表丢了。
2.具有否定意义的副词或短语如not,nor,neither,never,seldom,rarely,hardly,little,by no means,under no circumstances等位于句首时,句子用部分倒装。
Never in my life have I heard of such a thing.
我一生中从未听说过这样的事。
Under no circumstances should you look down on anyone.
绝对不能看不起任何人。
3.在so/such...that...结构中,“so/such+被修饰词”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
So fast did he run that he was far ahead of others.
他跑得很快,远远领先于其他人。
4.在not only...but (also)...结构中,not only位于句首时,第一个分句用部分倒装。
Not only did Tom pass the exam,but he also got good marks for all the courses.
汤姆不但通过了考试,而且所有的课程都取得了好成绩。
5.not until位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
直到孩子入睡后母亲才离开房间。
6.在hardly...when.../no sooner...than...结构中,hardly/no sooner位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.
她一坐下就听到有人敲门。
No sooner had I said it than I burst into tears.
我刚一说完,泪水就夺眶而出。
7.as/though引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。
Smart as/though she is,she is not proud.
尽管她很聪明,但她一点也不自负。
8.在省略if的虚拟条件句中,当条件从句中有were,had,should时,从句用部分倒装。
Were I you,I would check the figures carefully.
如果我是你的话,我会仔细核对数据。
Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雨,运动会将会被推迟。
考点二、强调
1.强调句型的结构
基本句型 It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分.
一般疑问句 Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+is/was it+that+其他部分
not... until... 结构的强 调句型 It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他部分.
It was her that we happened to meet at the school gate.
我们在校门口碰巧遇到的是她。
Was it in this market that you bought the TV
你是在这个市场买的电视吗
It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I realised he was Jack.
直到他摘下墨镜,我才意识到他是杰克。
2.强调谓语动词时,在该动词前加助动词do,does或did。do有时态、人称和数的变化,意为“的确;真的,务必”。
I do hope to receive your letter soon.
我真的希望尽快收到你的回信。
He did say that he would help me.
他的确说过他会帮我的。
考点三、省略
1.状语从句的省略
在when,while,whenever,till,unless,if,as if,though,as等引导的状语从句中,若谓语部分含有be动词,且主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
Though (he was) a young man,he has written three famous novels.
虽然年轻,但他已经写了三本著名的小说了。
Work hard when (you are) young,or you’ll regret.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
While (I was) putting up the tent,I heard a loud noise.
在搭帐篷时,我听见一声巨响。
2.动词不定式的省略
(1)不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been,而把其余部分省略。
—Are you a college student
——你是大学生吗
—No,but I used to be (a college student).
——不,但我曾经是。
(2)省略不定式符号to的情况。
情形 例句
当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。 The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你唯一要做的事情就是按按钮。
不定式作介词but,except的宾语,前面有实义动词do的某种形式时,不定式常省略to。 I had nothing to do but wait here this afternoon. 今天下午我除了在这等待无事可做。
当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,后面的不定式符号to可省略,但表示对比关系时则不能省略。 I’m really puzzled what to think of and express. 我真的不知道想什么和表达什么。
3.so/not构成替代省略
英语中还常常用so/not 等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容,so/not 多跟在以I’m afraid,I hope,I think,I guess,I believe等开头的答句中。if so,if any,if possible,if necessary,if not等已被看作固定搭配。
—Do you think it will rain
——你认为会下雨吗
—I hope not/that it will not rain.
——我希望不要下。
If possible,he will help you out of the difficulty.
如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
考点四、there be结构
1.there be结构的谓语形式
there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be或remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur等替换。
Once there existed many ancient buildings in the country.
曾经那个国家有很多古老的建筑。
2.there be句型的常考句型
句型 含义
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is no point/sense (in) doing sth 做某事没有意义
There is no need (for sb) to do sth (某人)没有必要做某事
There is (no) difficulty/trouble in doing/with sth 做某事(没)有困难
There is (no) possibility of (doing) sth/that... (做)某事(没)有可能性
There is no doubt that the first aid skills John learned at school saved her life.
毫无疑问,是约翰在学校学到的急救技能拯救了她的生命。
There was no difficulty in reaching the mountain top.
登上这座山的山顶没什么困难。
考点五、祈使句和感叹句
1.祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)。祈使句的4种形式如下:
形式 例句
动词原形(+宾语+其他成分) Open the door.打开门。
Be+表语 Be honest.要诚实。
Let’s/Let us do/not do sth Let’s visit the museum this holiday. 咱们这个假期去博物馆吧。
祈使句+and/or+陈述句(陈述句谓语用一般将来时) Cheer up and everything will get better. 高兴一点,一切都会好起来的。
2.感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
句型 例句
What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! What a kind boy you are! 你真是一个善良的男孩!
What+adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! What interesting stories he’s told us! 他给我们讲的故事真有趣!
(2)how引导的感叹句
句型 例句
How+adj./adv.(+主语+谓语)! How beautiful the garden is! 这座花园真漂亮!
How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! How clever a child he is! 这孩子真聪明!
Ⅰ.强调句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)这是我真正珍惜的与大自然接触的时刻。
It was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished.
2.是爱让世界运转,这一点我深有感触。
It is love that makes the world go around,which I feel deep in my heart.
3.直到那时我才意识到我们应该始终保持诚实。
It was not until then that I came to realize that we should always keep honest.
Ⅱ.倒装句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)被大自然包围不仅激发了我的创造力,还让我从平日喧嚣的学校生活中得到了急需的休息。
Not only did being surrounded by nature spark my creativity,but it also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life.
2.只有在这里修个桥,我们才能解决交通问题。
Only when a bridge is built here can we solve the traffic problem.
3.尽管这次远足十分辛苦,但这是一场十分难忘的经历。
Exhausting as the hiking was,it was a rather unforgettable experience.
Ⅲ.省略句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我们将探索美丽的公园景点,同时进行冬季种植和种子采集。
We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting winter planting and seed collection.
2.他清了清喉咙,张开嘴巴,仿佛要说什么似的。
He cleared his throat and opened his mouth,as if to say something.
3.在等待结果时,我感到非常焦虑,心几乎要跳出嗓子眼。
When waiting for the result,I felt so anxious that my heart almost jumped out of my throat.
Ⅳ.There be句型
1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)几周后,当我几乎忘记这个比赛时,消息传来了。
A few weeks later,when I almost forgot the contest,there came the news.
2.在舞台上发生了一件出乎意料的事情,这使我改变了主意。
At the stage,there occurred an unexpected event,which made me change my mind.
3.毫无疑问,这场音乐节十分成功,给每个人都留下了深刻的印象。
There was no doubt that the music festival was a huge success,leaving a deep impression on everyone.
四、情态动词和虚拟语气
1.(2024·全国甲卷)The only opportunity (机会) she seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor.
【答案】 could
【解析】 考查情态动词。结合句意可知,此处表达的是“她能够抓住的唯一的学习机会就是”,此处表示“可以,能够”,且句子的时态为一般过去时态。故填could。
2.(2024·全国甲卷)There,they walk through deep water,sit down cross-legged underwater and hold their breath while they watched all action going on around them.
【答案】 would
【解析】 考查情态动词。根据句意,此处表达的是“在那里他们会穿过深水,盘腿坐在水下,屏住呼吸”,此处表将来,且句子的时态为一般过去时。故填would。
3.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Back downtown during a workday,they enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
【答案】 can
【解析】 考查情态动词。此处表示“可以,能够”,应用can。故填can。
4.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Bailey took her arm to see if she (walk) forward with aid.
【答案】 could walk
【解析】 考查情态动词。此处表示能力,且根据 took 可知,时态为一般过去时。故填could walk。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)If I didn’t win,I (not care).
【答案】 wouldn’t care
【解析】 考查虚拟语气。从句用的是一般过去时,主句用“would +动词原形”。故填wouldn’t care.
6.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Melanie Bailey (finish) the course earlier than she did.
【答案】 should have finished
【解析】 考查情态动词。结合句意可知,Melanie Bailey本应更早完成比赛。should have done表示“本应做某事”。故填should have finished。
考点一 情态动词
一、情态动词的四种基本用法
(一)表示推测
表示推测的情态动词通常有:must,should,ought to,can,could,may,might。
He must be very tired.He fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
他一定是非常疲惫。他一上床就睡着了。
We may go to the cinema tonight,but we are not sure yet.
今晚我们可能去看电影,但还没确定。
It can’t be him.He has gone to Paris.
不可能是他,他去巴黎了。
(二)表示请求、允许、允诺
表示请求、允许和允诺的情态动词通常有:can,could,may,might,shall,will和would等。
1.“Can I... /May I... /Could I... /Might I... ”都可以表示征询听话人的许可。
—Could I see the movie with you tomorrow
—Yes,you can./No,I’m afraid not.
——明天我可以和你一起去看电影吗
——可以的。/恐怕不行。
2.“Will/Would you... ”表示请求。Would的语气更客气,有时也用“Won’t you... ”,意为“……好吗 /要不要…… ”。
Will/Would you please hand the novel to me
请你把这本小说递给我好吗
3.shall用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中时表示征求意见。
Shall we meet at the park tomorrow morning for our walk
我们明天早上在公园见面去一起散步,好吗
4.shall用于第二、第三人称的陈述句时,往往表示给对方(you)或第三者(he,she,they)以允诺、命令、决心、警告或威胁等,在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。
You shall get an answer from me tomorrow.
明天你就会得到我的答案。(允诺)
You shall be sorry for it one day,I tell you.
有一天你会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
考生必须留在座位上,等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。(规定)
(三)表示必要性
表示“必要性”的情态动词通常有:must,should,ought to,have to。
1.ought to与should意思大体相同,但ought to语气比should重,往往表示从法律或道义上讲
“应该”。
You are his father and ought to take care of him.
你是他父亲,应当照顾他。(有责任,从道义上讲“应该”)
We should finish our work before the deadline.
我们应该在截止日期前完成工作。
2.have to表示“必须,不得不”,意思与must很接近,但must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。
You must remember to lock the door before leaving the house.
你出门前一定要记得锁门。
They have to clean their room before their parents come home.
他们不得不在父母回家之前打扫房间。
(四)表示能力
表示“能力”的情态动词有:can,could,be able to。
1.情态动词can只有两种时态:现在时can和过去时could,而be able to有多种时态。
Mary can play the piano.She has been able to play it since she was five.
玛丽会弹钢琴。她从5岁起就会弹了。
2.表示过去的能力时,was/were able to表示经过一番努力后取得了成功,相当于manage to do或succeed in doing,而could没有这个含义,仅表示具备某一能力。
I was able to finish the project on time despite facing many challenges.
尽管面临许多挑战,我还是按时完成了这个项目。
3.跟在其他动词,如might,may,would,want,hope,used to等之后表示能力,只能用be able to。
The teacher wanted students to be able to read books about English literature.
老师希望学生能够阅读有关英国文学的书籍。
二、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句+附加问句”结构,附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
Keep quiet,would/won’t you
保持安静,好吗
2.“否定祈使句+附加问句”结构,附加问句常用will/would you形式。
Don’t watch TV all the time,will/would you
不要一直看电视,好吗
3.Let’s ...之后用shall we ;而Let us ...之后用will/won’t you
Let’s meet at the entrance of the park this Saturday,shall we
这星期六我们在公园的入口处见面吧
But it’s too late.Let us go home,will you
但是太晚了,我们回家吧,可以吗
三、五类“情态动词+have done”的用法
1.must have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为can’t/cannot have done。
You must have gone to bed late last night.Your eyes are red.
昨晚你一定睡得很晚,你的眼睛红红的。
2.could have done意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。
I could have done better on the exam if I had studied more diligently.
如果我更加努力地学习,我本可以在考试中做得更好。
3.may/might have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”,其否定形式为may/might not have done,意为“可能没有做……”。
The children may have done their chores without being asked,as the house looks tidy.
孩子们可能没有被要求就做了家务,因为房子看起来很整洁。
4.should/ought to have done表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to have done,表示本不该做某事却做了。
You ought not to have made fun of him.He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你要嘲笑的人而是你应该学习的榜样。
5.needn’t have done表示本没有必要做某事却做了,多用于否定句中。
She needn’t have bought so much food for the party.There was plenty left over.
她本不必为聚会买那么多的食物。还剩下很多。
考点二 虚拟语气
一、非真实条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
1.表示与现在事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词用were),而主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might + 动词原形”。
If I were you,I would take the teacher’s suggestion into consideration.
如果我是你,我会考虑老师的建议。
2.表示与过去事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had done),主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have+过去分词”。
If I had been free,I would have visited you.
如果我有空,我就去拜访你了。
3.表示与将来事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或“should/were to+动词原形”,主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might +动词原形”。
If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go camping.
如果明天下雨,我们就不去野营了。
4.省略if的虚拟条件句
当虚拟条件句中有should,had或were时,可以省略if,且把should,had或were提至主语前,变为倒装句式。
Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
假如他昨天看见你的话,就会把书还给你了。
5.错综时间条件句
当条件从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致时,就形成了错综时间条件句。从句和主句要根据各自谓语动作发生的时间,采用相应的谓语动词形式。
If I shouldn’t have an exam this afternoon,I would go shopping now.
如果不是今天下午要考试,我现在就去购物了。(从句指将来,主句指现在)
If he had listened to me then,he would not be in trouble now.
如果他当时听我的劝告,他现在就不会有麻烦了。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
6.含蓄虚拟条件句
有时假设的情况不通过条件从句表达出来,而是会隐含在上下文中,或是通过一些词或短语表达出来。如with,without,but for,otherwise/or等。
I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.
我当时太忙,否则我就给你打电话了。
But for the rain,we should have had a pleasant journey.
要不是下雨,我们会有一次愉快的旅行。
二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
(1)在表示“命令、建议、要求”等动词后接的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。常见的此类动词有:
He suggested that we (should)not change our mind.
他建议我们不要改变主意。
I recommend that everyone (should) attend the party.
我提议大家都参加这次聚会。
suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,其后的从句不用虚拟语气。
The tears on his face suggested that he was very sad.
他脸上的泪水表明他非常悲伤。
The boy insisted that he hadn’t broken the window.
小男孩坚持说他没有打破窗户。
(2)wish后的宾语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用“had+过去分词”或“could/should have+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反;用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反。
I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.
我希望北京全年都是秋天。
I wish I had attended the meeting yesterday so that I didn’t have to make it up later.
我希望我昨天参加了会议,这样我以后就不用补了。
I wish I would live and work on the moon some day.
我希望有一天我能在月球上生活和工作。
(3)would rather后的宾语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
I would rather that you stayed at home now.
我宁愿你现在呆在家里。
I would rather that you hadn’t told him.
我宁愿你没有告诉他。
2.虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法
在表示“建议、命令、主张”等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
Mike gave me some suggestions that I (should) take part in the summer camp in England.
迈克给了我一些建议,让我参加英国的夏令营活动。
3.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
在“It is necessary (important,strange,natural,surprising,vital,etc.) that...;It is requested (suggested,desired,proposed,etc.) that...;It is a pity (a rule,a shame,a surprise,no wonder,etc.) that...”等结构中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
It is vital that we (should) protect the future of our planet.
我们保护地球的未来至关重要。
It is suggested that parents (should) spend more time with their children alone.
建议父母应该花更多的时间和孩子单独相处。
4.虚拟语气的其他用法
(1)“It’s (high/about) time”之后的从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去时或should do。
It is high time that you went/should go to school.
到你该去上学的时间了。
(2)if only引导的从句中需用虚拟语气,句子多用一般过去时或过去完成时。
If only our dream had come true!
要是我们的梦想成真就好了!
(3)as if引导的方式状语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
他们就像多年的朋友一样交谈着。
语篇填空:用适当的情态动词填空
I 1. have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. dance as well as her.No one
3. be compared with Ellen in singing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. do something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese,I 5. say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6. not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7. obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student did not wear school uniform,he or she 8. be punished immediately.
According to the rules,students 9. get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10. be so crazy about books like me.
【答案】 1.needn’t 2.could 3.can 4.should 5.will 6.should 7.must 8.would
9.shall 10.should
虚拟语气
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)要不是这位司机的理解和帮助,我不可能如期赶到布拉格并且参加会议。
But for the driver’s understanding and assistance,I couldn’t have made it to Prague and attended the conference on schedule.
2.如果现在有个朋友和我在一起,我也不会这么害怕了。
If I had a friend with me now,I would not be so frightened.
3.要是没有Eric的鼓励,我可能接下来的一天都沉浸在悲伤的情绪里。
Without Eric’s encouragement,I would have been immersed in sorrow for the rest of the day.
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并列句、三大从句与特殊句式
专题五
一、并列句
1.(2024·浙江1月卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh.
or
【解析】 考查连词。either...or...意为“要么……要么……”,为固定句式,故填or。
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)I told him where I was going, he said he hadn’t heard of the bus station.
but
【解析】考查连词。分析可知,前后存在句意上的转折关系,需要表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
3. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)He tried it several times, the card machine just did not play along.
but
【解析】 考查连词。分析可知,前后存在句意上的转折关系,需要表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
4.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) she was at work one day,I borrowed her bike and went for a ride.
While
【解析】 考查连词。分析可知,前后存在对比关系,需要表示对比的连词while连接。因该空位于句首,首字母需要大写。故填While。
并列句是由连接词连接起来的两个或多个简单句。并列句不能只用逗号隔开,要用连接词连接。连接词可以表示并列、转折、对比、因果等关系。
(一)常见并列句的类型及并列连词
用法 连词
表并列、递进 或顺承关系 not only...but (also)...,and,both...and...,neither...nor...,
when等
表转折或 对比关系 but (不可与although连用),yet(可与although/though连用),
while,whereas
表选择关系 either...or...,not...but...,or (else)
表因果关系 for(表示“由于”,一般不放在句首),so
You can either stay home and read a book, or you can join us for a hike in the woods.
你可以选择在家看书,或者加入我们去森林里徒步。
We must start early,for it will take two hours to drive to the airport.
我们得早点动身,因为开车去机场得花两个小时。
The moon is the only natural satellite of our planet,while Mars has two moons.
月亮是我们地球唯一的天然卫星,而火星则有两颗卫星。
(二)并列连词构成的常用句型
1.and构成的句型
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句(祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句,and后面的句子相当于一个表示结果的主句)。
Put in the effort,and the rewards will come to you eventually. (= If you put in the effort, the rewards will come to you eventually.)
只要你努力付出,最终你会得到回报。
(2)名词词组+and+陈述句(名词词组相当于一个条件状语从句,其中常含有more,another等词)。
One more attempt,and you will overcome this obstacle.
再尝试一次,你就能克服这个障碍。
2.or (else)构成的句型
(1)祈使句+or (else)+陈述句。
Eat more fruit and vegetables,or you risk developing health problems in the long run.
多吃水果和蔬菜,不然长期下去你会有健康问题的风险。
(2)名词词组+or (else)+陈述句。
More healthy food,or (else) you’ll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品,不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
3.when构成的句型
when连接并列句,意为“正在这时”,表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时,突然发生另一动作。
(1)sb be doing sth when...
某人正在做某事,这时……
Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一我正在街上散步,这时我突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
(2)sb be about to do sth when...
某人正要做某事,这时……
We were about to go to sleep when the phone rang.
我们正要睡觉,这时电话铃响了。
(3)sb be on the point of doing sth when...
某人正要做某事,这时……
He was on the point of saying something when the doorbell rang.
他正要说话,这时门铃响了。
(4)sb had just done sth when...
某人刚做完某事,这时……
I had just finished sweeping the floor when my mother came back home.
我刚扫完地,这时妈妈回家了。
二、三大从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷改编) they could never have met, there are common themes in their works.
Although
【解析】 考查让步状语从句。although意为“尽管……”, 引导让步状语从句,符合此处句意。句首单词首字母要大写。故填Although。
(一)状语从句
2.(2024·全国甲卷改编) parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend to catch our attention because of their large size and variety.
Although
【解析】 考查让步状语从句。although意为“尽管……”, 引导让步状语从句,符合此处句意。句首单词首字母要大写。故填Although。
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷改编)The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). Covering an area about three times as big Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
as
【解析】 考查比较状语从句。“as+形容词+ as”,意为“和……一样……”,as 引导比较状语从句。故填as。
(一)时间状语从句
1.when,while和as引导的时间状语从句
连词 谓语动词 用法点津
when 延续性动词/ 非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。
while 延续性动词 强调从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。
as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生,可译为“一边……一边……,随着”。
When you apply for a job,you must present your certificates.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证书。(动作同时发生)
The people went back when the film ended.
电影一结束,人们便回去了。(从句动作发生在前)
While I was reading, he was listening to music.
我在阅读时,他正在听音乐。(两个同时进行的持续性动作)
As spring arrives, flowers gradually bloom.
随着春天的到来,花朵逐渐绽放。(相伴发生)
2.before,since引导的时间状语从句
连词 用法 常用句式
before 表示“在……之前,还未……就……,还没有来得及……就……” It will be/was+时间段+before...过……(时间)才……
It was not long before...
……不久就……
since 自从……以来 It is/has been+时间段+since...(从句用一般过去时)
It was+时间段+since...(从句用过去完成时)
It will be two years before he graduates from university.
他还要两年才大学毕业。
It was not long before he realized his mistake.
他不久就意识到了自己的错误。
It has been three years since I last saw him.
自从我上次见到他以来,已经过去了三年了。
It was ten years since he had last visited his hometown.
自从他上次回家乡以来,已经过去十年了。
3.表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句
结构 用法
as soon as 在时间上,主句的动作在从句的动作后发生。
the+名词(如:moment, minute,instant)
表时间的副词 (如:immediately,directly, instantly)
hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than... ①主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than或when引导的从句谓语动词应用一般过去时。
②当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
The instant I hear from her, I’ll let you know.
我一收到她的消息,就告诉你。
Immediately she finished her speech, the audience erupted in applause.
她一结束演讲,观众就爆发出热烈的掌声。
Scarcely had he closed the door when the storm hit.
他刚把门关上,暴风雨就来了。
He had no sooner (=No sooner had he) arrived home than he was asked to start on another business trip.
他刚一到家,就又被要求出差。
4.till/until和not ...until引导的时间状语从句
(1)till/until用于肯定句,表示“直到……为止”,其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
We waited at the station until the last train left.
我们在车站一直等到最后一班火车离开。
(2)not...until表示“直到……才……”,not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。not until置于句首,主句要用倒装结构。其强调句型为It is/
was not until ...that ...。
Not until the film began did she arrive.
直到电影开始她才到。
It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.
直到教授来了,我们才开始做实验。
(二)条件状语从句
1.if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;
unless(=if ...not)表示反面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”。
If you persist in practicing, your piano skills will improve significantly.
如果你坚持练习,你的钢琴技巧会显著提高。
You’ll miss the bus unless you hurry up (=if you don’t hurry up).
除非你快点,否则你会错过公交车的。
2.in case,on condition that,providing (that),provided (that),supposing (that),
suppose (that)等词汇意思相近,意为“万一,假使,假如,在……条件下”。
In case there is a fire, what will we do first
万一发生火灾,我们首先要做什么
Supposing (that)the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a hike.
假如明天天气好,我们就去徒步。
They promised to lend me their car on condition that I drive carefully.
他们答应把车借给我,条件是我要小心驾驶。
3.as long as(=so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句,意为“只要”。
As long as you’re happy, that’s all that matters.
只要你幸福,这就是最重要的事情。
4.if only “如果……就好了” 和only if “只有” 也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当only if置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
If only I had known about the deadline earlier, I could have finished the project on time.
要是我早点知道截止日期,我就能按时完成项目了。
Only if you are modest can you make progress.
唯虚心乃能进步。
(三)让步状语从句
1.although,though,as和while引导的让步状语从句
although引导的从句不倒装;though引导的从句可用倒装语序,也可不倒装;as引导的从句必须用倒装语序;while引导让步状语从句,只能置于句首;as,
though引导让步状语从句置于句首倒装时,如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,不再用冠词。
Although he faced many challenges, he never gave up his dream.
尽管他面临许多挑战,但他从未放弃自己的梦想。
Young as/though he is, he shows remarkable maturity in his work.
他虽然年轻,但在工作中却表现出非凡的成熟。
Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.
尽管他是孩子,但却懂得很多。
2.even if与even though引导的让步状语从句
even if/even though引导让步状语从句时,表示语气更强的让步,意为“即使,即便”。
Even though there are countless hardships and hazards, they can’t stop the brave explorers.
纵有艰难险阻,也挡不住勇敢的探险队员。
3.“疑问词+-ever”引导的让步状语从句
wherever,what/who/whom/when/which/how+-ever表示“无论……”,引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter where/what/who/whom/when/which/how。
However/No matter how difficult the problem is, we must find a solution.
无论问题多么困难,我们都必须找到解决办法。
4.whether...or...引导的让步状语从句
whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,提供两种对比情况。
Whether you agree with me or not, I will stick to my decision.
无论你是否同意我,我都会坚持我的决定。
(四)结果状语从句
1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that,so...that...,such...that...,其结构形式如下。
so+形容词/副词 +that从句
so+形容词 +a/an+可数名词单数形式+that从句
so+many/much/few/ little+名词 +that从句
such+a/an+形容词 +可数名词单数形式+that从句
such+形容词 +可数名词复数形式/不可数名词 +that从句
such+a lot of/lots of+名词 +that从句 )
The news was so shocking that I couldn’t believe my ears.
这条消息太令人震惊了,我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。
She sang such a beautiful song that everyone applauded.
= She sang so beautiful a song that everyone applauded.
她唱了一首如此美妙的歌,以至于每个人都为她鼓掌。
(1)当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.
他是一个如此聪明的学生,以至于他能解决所有的难题。
Such a good person is he that we all like him.
他是一个如此好的人,以至于我们都喜欢他。
(2)除结果状语从句外,too...to...(太……而不能……),enough to...(达到某种程度可以……),so...as to...(那么……以至于……)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。
He didn’t get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.=He got up so late as to miss the bus.
他起床太晚,以至于没赶上那班公共汽车。
2.so/such ...that ...引导的结果状语从句与so/such ...as ...引导的定语从句不同。
区别 例句
so/such ...that ...引导结果状语从句时,that在从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用。 It is such a moving film that we all want to see it.
这是一部如此感人的电影,以至于我们都想去看。
so/such ...as ...中,as引导定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语。 It is such a moving film as we all want to see.
这是一部我们都想去看的感人电影。
(五)其他状语从句
1.目的状语从句
(1)so that/in order that这两个连词都表示“为了,以便”,引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can,could,may,might等连用。in order that引导的从句可以置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
In order that we get there on time,we should set out early.
为了准时赶到那里,我们应该早点出发。
We need to study harder so that we can achieve our goals.
我们需要更加努力学习,以便实现我们的目标。
(2)for fear that表示“生怕,以免”,in case表示“以防”。在二者引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词有时也用should/might/could+动词原形。
Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
带把伞以防下雨。
2.原因状语从句
(1)引导原因状语从句的连词主要有:because,as,since等。每个连词的含义不尽相同。
连词 位置及用法
because(因为) 主句前或后,直接因果关系。
as(由于) 主句前或后,双方都知道的原因。语气弱。
since/now that(既然) 通常位于主句前。
The meeting went well because everyone was actively involved in it.
会议很成功,因为每个人都积极参与其中。
I can’t go with you,as I have a lot of work to do.
我不能和你一起去,因为我有很多工作要做。
Now that/Since the problem has been identified , appropriate action can be taken.
现在既已找出问题的症结,即可采取适当行动。
并列连词for也可表示原因,位于主句后用于补充说明原因。
The ground is wet,for it rained last night.
地面是湿的,因为昨晚下过雨。
(2) considering that(考虑到),given that(鉴于,考虑到)等也可以引导原因状语从句。
Considering that it’s getting late, we should head home.
考虑到天色渐晚,我们应该回家了。
Given that she’s been working hard, she deserves a break.
鉴于她一直在努力工作,她应该休息一下。
3.方式状语从句
(1)方式状语从句常由as,as if/though等引导,多置于主句之后。
He handled the situation just as he was instructed.
他按照指示处理了这种情况。
(2)as if和as though的意义和用法基本一致,从句中可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。
Jack wasn’t saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.
杰克没有说话,但老师朝他微笑着,好像他做了什么很聪明的事。
They completely ignore these facts as if/though they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它们不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)
4.比较状语从句
(1)as ...as ...,not so/as ...as ...,the same...as ...表示相同程度的比较,肯定句用as ...as ...,否定句可用not as ...as...或not so...as...。
It wasn’t quite as simple as I thought it would be.
这事不完全像我想的那么简单。
(2)the+比较级...,the+比较级...,表示“越……就越……”。
The more you know,the more you will realise how little you know.
知道得越多,越会意识到自己知道的有限。
5.地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点、方位,通常由where,wherever引导,可置于句首、句中或句尾。地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件的意味。
I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.
因为坐的地方噪声太大,所以我听不清教授在说什么。
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的现状很满意。
Ⅰ.时间状语从句
1. (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)一下飞机,我就疯狂地穿过机场大楼,不假思索地跳上了排在第一的那辆出租车。
The moment I got off the plane,I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
2.直到我开始画画,我才意识到艺术创作的过程竟然如此使人放松。
3.我凝视那幅画的那一刻,就仿佛置身于另一个世界,在那里,色彩在翩翩起舞,情感在自由流淌。
Not until I began to paint did I realise how therapeutic the process of creating art could be.
The instant I gazed upon the painting, I was transported to another world, where colors danced and emotions flowed freely.
Ⅱ.条件状语从句
1.(2024·全国甲卷)如果你已经准备好了不健康的零食,比如饼干,那么适度饮食会更具挑战性。
2.只有你付出努力和奉献,你才能在学习中脱颖而出。
It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies.
Only if you put in the effort and dedication will you be able to excel in your studies.
3.工艺老师可以随时提供额外的帮助,以防学生在做工艺品时遇到困难。
The craft teacher could provide additional assistance at any time in case students struggled with making crafts.
Ⅲ.让步状语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)无论您是在野外徒步旅行、露营,还是只是在路上欣赏公园里令人惊叹的野生动物,这个快速研讨会都适合您和您的家人。
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail, camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road,this quick workshop is for you and your family.
2.无论在哪里,人们都会回到家中聚在一起通过一些传统习俗来庆祝春节,这表明春节仍然具有特殊的意义。
3.无论你是喜欢传统的课堂讲座还是在线自定进度课程,都有适合你学习风格的教育机会。
No matter where people are,they will return home and gather together to celebrate the Spring Festival through some traditional customs, indicating that the Spring Festival still plays a special significance.
Whether you prefer traditional classroom lectures or online self-paced courses,there are educational opportunities that cater to your learning style.
Ⅳ.结果状语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)写作对我来说是如此困难和痛苦,以至于我的老师允许我通过表演一部戏剧来展示我关于泰坦尼克号沉没的论文。
Writing was so difficult and painful for me that my teacher had allowed me to present my paper on the sinking of the Titanic by acting out a play.
2.这次校园文化艺术节提供了如此多的活动,以至于不同学生能够展示艺术才华,发挥创造力和想象力。
3.我们传统文化的丰富性和深度是如此之大,以至于它能够持续激励着一代又一代的人。
This campus cultural and art festival provides so many activities that different students can showcase their artistic talents, creativity and imagination.
Such were the richness and depth of our traditional culture that it continues to inspire generations.
1. (2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska,
became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
which
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias,指物。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词which。故填which。
(二)定语从句
2. (2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
who
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Tang Xianzu,指人。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who。故填who。
3.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route
brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
which/that
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词the Silk Route,指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,应用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
4.(2023·全国甲卷)Yet,the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
as
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,且有“正如”之意,应用关系代词as。故填as。
5.(2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins,borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
where
【解析】 考查定语从句。句中先行词为town,设空处在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,所以应用关系副词where。故填where。
6.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place
welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
which/that
【解析】 考查定语从句。句中先行词为a place,设空处在定语从句中作主语,所以应用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
7.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
that
【解析】 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,先行词为species,指物,且先行词前有all修饰,只能用关系代词that。故填that。
8.(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,
lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
who
【解析】 考查定语从句。分析句子并结合句意可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Cao Shengkang,指人。关系词在从句中作主语,应用关系代词who。故填who。
定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,
whose,as等。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中所作的成分。
<考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句>
先行词 在从句中 作主语 在从句中 作宾语 在从句中
作定语
指代人 who/that who/whom/that whose/of whom
指代物 that/which that/which whose/of which
1.指代人,常用关系代词who,whom和that
(1)who和whom
who可以代替人(即它的先行词必须是人),在从句中可以作主语,往往也可以代替在从句中作宾语的whom (常可省略)。但它的前面不能有介词,如果带介词则必须用宾格whom,即“介词+whom”。
There are lots of people who can actually help you.
那里有很多人可以真正帮上你的忙。
They are the very people who/whom you can always turn to for help.
=They are the very people to whom you can always turn for help.
他们就是你可以向其求助的人。
(2)who和that
在定语从句中,who和that指代人时常可以通用,但在下列情形中只能用who,不能用that。
情形 例句
先行词是one,ones和anyone时,宜用who。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
奉承我的人不讨我的欢心。
先行词是those时,宜用who。 Priority will be given to those who apply early.
早申请者将获优先考虑。
先行词有较长的后置定语时,宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan Province.我昨天在街上遇到一个在云南省西部长大的女孩。
一个句子带有两个定语从句时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
你昨晚遇到的那个男孩是那个学习很努力的组长。
在there be开头的句子中,宜用who。 There is a policeman who wants to see you.
有一位警察想要见你。
2.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物。当whose指代人时,相当于of whom,指代物时,相当于of which。whose既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
My mother, whose guiding principle in life was doing right, had a far greater influence on me.
= My mother, the guiding principle of whom in life was doing right, had a far greater influence on me.
我母亲的生活原则是做正确的事,她对我有着更为深刻的影响。
3.指代物,常用关系代词that和which
(1)在限制性定语从句中指代物时,that和which一般可以通用。
The book that/which you lent me last week is very interesting.
你上周借给我的那本书很有趣。
(2)在以下情形中,只能用that,不能用which。
情形 例句
先行词是all,everything,something, anything,nothing,none,few,little,much等不定代词,或先行词被all,every,some, any,no,few,little等修饰时。 They ate everything that was set in front of them.
他们把放在面前的东西都吃光了。
先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first,the second,the last等修饰时。 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰时。 Beauty is the only thing that time cannot harm.
世间唯有美丽,时间不能有损分毫。
先行词既有人又有物时。 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learnt
你还记得我们学过的那位科学家和他的理论吗
有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系代词是which,另一个宜用that。 He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
他建了一家工厂,生产以前从未见过的东西。
(3)在以下情形中,只能用which,不能用that。
情形 例句
在非限制性定语从句中,如果从句中缺少主语或宾语,指物,只能用which。 The book,which I bought yesterday, is full of interesting stories.
我昨天买的这本书充满了有趣的故事。
关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时,只能用which。 I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the countryside.
我永远也不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系代词是that,另一个宜用which。 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
让我给你看一下我从新开的那家图书馆借的那本小说。
关系副词和关系代词一样,具有各种作用,如在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成一个含有定语从句的主从复合句等,相当于“介词+which”结构。具体选用什么关系副词,主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
<考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句>
先行词 关系副词 在从句中充当的成分
指时间 when 时间状语
指地点 where 地点状语
指原因 why 原因状语
1.关系副词when引导的定语从句
先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词when,when在从句中充当时间状语,也可用“介词+which”结构代替。
He’s going to fix a time when I can see him.
他会确定一个我和他会面的时间。
2.关系副词where引导的定语从句
(1)先行词是表示地点的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词where,where在从句中充当地点状语。
Can you tell me the place where you found the lost wallet
你能告诉我你找到丢失钱包的地方吗
(2)有时先行词是表示抽象意义的地点名词,如activity,business,career,case,
job,point,position,race,stage,situation,environment等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。
It’s important to provide children with an environment where they can freely express themselves.
为孩子们提供一个可以自由表达的环境是很重要的。
3.关系副词why引导的定语从句
关系副词why引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词,只能在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替,有时也可以省略。
Is this the reason why/(for which) he refused our offer
这就是他拒绝我们提议的理由吗
4.time后接定语从句的情况
先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或“介词at/
during+which”引导定语从句。
This is the second time (that) Jack has traveled to China.
这是杰克第二次去中国旅行。
There was a time in my life when I was completely lost.
在我的生命中,有一段时间我完全迷失了方向。
1.介词的位置
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词的宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末。
(介词前置时,一定注意不要影响动词词组的含义。)
This is the book for which you asked.
=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
这就是你要的那本书。
He’s the teacher to whom I’ve ever confided my fears.
= He’s the teacher (who/whom/that) I’ve ever confided my fears to.
他是我曾经倾诉过恐惧的那个老师。
<考点三 “介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句>
2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常见的有以下几种结构:
(1)介词+关系代词。
He was the lawyer to whom I went for advice.
=He was the lawyer whom I went to for advice.
他是我寻求建议的那个律师。
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词。
Last week I watched a movie,the ending of which surprised me greatly.
上周我看了一部电影,结局让我大吃一惊。
The twins,both of whom are studying medicine, have a deep passion for helping others.
这对双胞胎都在学习医学,对帮助他人有着深厚的热情。
The museum holds an extensive art collection,three of which are world-famous masterpieces.
=The museum holds an extensive art collection,of which three are world-famous masterpieces.
这家博物馆收藏了大量的艺术品,其中三幅是世界闻名的杰作。
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词。
The city has several lakes, the largest of which covers an area of 50 hectares.
这座城市有几个湖泊,其中最大的一个占地面积为50公顷。
(4)介词+关系代词+名词。
I called him by the wrong name,for which mistake I apologised.
我叫错了他的名字,为此我向他道了歉。(不能使用whose)
3.关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The man to whom I spoke at the conference was very knowledgeable.
我在会议上交谈的那个人非常博学。(speak to)
The West Lake,for which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方,杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
I remember the scenes in which we celebrate the holiday and everyone cheers.
我记得庆祝节日,所有人欢呼的场景。(in the scenes)
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
Air,without which man can’t live,is really important.
空气真的很重要,没有它,人类就不能生存。(live without)
1.as作为关系代词,在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用。通常先行词由the same,as,such,so等修饰时,关系代词用as。
They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)
This is the same knife as I lost.
这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。(as作宾语)
<考点四 as引导的定语从句>
2.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
区别 含义 例句
位置 不同 which引导的定语从句只置于主句之后;as位置较灵活,可置于主句前面、插在主句中或放在主句后。 He missed the bus again,which caused him to be late for work.
他再次错过了公交车,导致他上班迟到。
Lily,as you know, is very passionate about her music./As you know, Lily is very passionate about her music./Lily is very passionate about her music, as you know.
如你所知,莉莉对她的音乐非常热爱。
翻译 不同 as一般被译为“正如,就像”,which一般被译为“这,这一点”。 As the world knows, the Great Wall of China is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization.
众所周知,中国的长城是古代中国文明的一种象征。
The manager often changed his mind,which made us very angry.
经理经常改变想法,这使我们很生气。
习惯 搭配 as常用在下列习惯用语as often happens,as I remember,as is often the case,as is expected,as is known to us,as is shown等以及“such/ so...as...”结构中。as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。 She starts singing loudly when she feels happy, as is often the case.
每当她感到高兴时,她就会大声唱歌,这是她的常态。
As we had expected,the team performed excellently in the tournament.
正如我们所预料的那样,该队在锦标赛中表现出色。
Ⅰ.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)在持续了似乎一个世纪的激烈讨论之后,Gunter放下手机,启动了汽车。
2.这个节日的起源可以追溯到几个世纪以前,它包含了各种各样的传统活动。
After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
The festival,whose origins date back centuries,features a variety of traditional activities.
3. 这支队伍在面对逆境时展现出了非凡的韧性,今年他们决心赢得冠军。
The team,which has shown remarkable resilience in the face of adversity ,
is determined to win the championship this year.
Ⅱ.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)那里的道路穿过大山谷,我一次要上坡数英里。
2.为了唤起人们对自然的热爱,本次观光将于本周日上午8:00从我们的校门开始,在那里我们将登上前往国家公园的巴士。
The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.
With the purpose of arousing people’s affection for nature, this sightseeing will start at 8:00 a.m. this Sunday from our school gate,where we will board a bus to the National Park.
3.当我们团结起来支持我们需要帮助的朋友的那一刻真的很鼓舞人心,展示了我们社区团结的力量。
The moment when we all came together to support our friends in need was truly inspiring, which showed the strength of unity within our community.
Ⅲ.“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)此外,在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用,他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。
Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.
2.该活动对促进社区居民之间的沟通和理解具有重要意义,通过该活动,来自不同背景的个人可以聚集在一起,共同建设一个和谐社区。
This event carries great significance in fostering communication and understanding among community residents,through which individuals from diverse backgrounds are brought together to build a harmonious community.
3.慈善活动吸引了不同的人群,其中大多数人都热切地伸出援手,为改善农村地区的医疗设施事业做出贡献。
The charity event attracted different groups of people,most of whom were eager to lend a helping hand and contribute to the cause of improving healthcare facilities in rural areas.
Ⅳ.as引导的定语从句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷改编)正如Campbell所说,人工智能将变得超级聪明,并将变得更加能力强大。
2.通常情况下,最小的善举可能会产生最大的影响,照亮一个人的一天,改变他们的生活。
As Campbell said, artificial intelligence will become super-smart and will become more capable.
As is often the case,the smallest acts of kindness can have the biggest impact, brightening someone’s day and making a difference in their lives.
3.众所周知,积极思考的力量可以改变我们的生活,将幸福带入我们的现实。
As everybody knows,the power of positive thinking can transform our lives, attracting happiness into our reality.
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)This beautiful structure,named Glasshouse,is at the centre of a new garden that shows the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
how
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导宾语从句,从句中结构完整,应用连接副词连接,此处表达的是“丝绸之路是如何影响英式花园的”,应用how引导。故填how。
(三)名词性从句
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)She says it is essential we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
that
【解析】 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知,本句为“It+be+形容词+that从句”的句型,其中it为形式主语,that从句才是真正的主语。故填that。
3.(2024·全国甲卷)On a cool,starry night in mid-September 1870,four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in is now northwestern Wyoming.
what
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导宾语从句,为从句的主语,表示“……的地方”。故填what。
4.(2024·全国甲卷)That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing.
how
【解析】 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处是“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构作宾语。how意为“如何”,符合句意。故填how。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is they need an English trainer.
why
【解析】 考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导表语从句,从句中结构完整,应用连接副词连接,此处表达的是“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”,应用why引导。故填why。
6.(2023·全国甲卷)So many of us have the belief being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate,and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone,we get impatient about the circumstances.
that
【解析】 考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导同位语从句,解释说明中心词belief的内容,故填that。
在句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词短语,它在复合句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因此,根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
从属连词 that,whether,if 只起连接作用,
不在从句中作成分
连接代词 what(ever), who(ever), whom(ever), which(ever), whose 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语
连接副词 when(ever), where,wherever, how(ever),why 在从句中作状语
1.主语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他在这么短的时间内写完作文让我们所有人都很惊讶。
<考点一 主语从句>
(2)由连接代词引导。
What caused the accident still remains unknown.
这场事故的原因仍然不明。
(3)由连接副词引导。
How we’ll solve the problem needs further discussion.
如何解决这个问题还需要进一步讨论。
that引导主语从句时一般不省略。另外,当主语从句位于句首时,常用whether引导,而不用if。
That Eric is the most respected teacher in our school is known to all.
众所周知,埃里克是我们学校最受人尊敬的老师。
Whether he will come or not is not known yet.
他来不来还不知道。
2.it作形式主语
有时为了考虑句子平衡,通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将作为真正主语的从句移至句末。常见的it作形式主语的句型有:
(1)It+be+形容词(necessary/essential/likely/important/certain等)+that从句。
It’s essential that young people do exercise regularly.
年轻人定期锻炼很有必要。
(2)It+be+名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/a wonder等)+that从句。
It is a wonder that he survived the accident.
他从这场事故中幸存下来真是个奇迹。
(3)It+be+过去分词(said/told/reported等)+that从句。
It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.
据报道今天下午会有一场暴风雨。
当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时,用whether或if引导均可,但如果被后置的主语从句中引导词后接or not时,只能用whether。
It is uncertain whether or not we’ll attend the meeting.
我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定。
3.主语从句的单复数
主语从句作主语相当于第三人称单数作主语,谓语动词用单数;如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
会议什么时候开始还没有决定。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们什么时候出发、打算去哪儿还没有决定。
1.表语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
The truth is that she is the very person we are looking for.
事实上,她正是我们要找的人。
(2)由连接代词引导。
The question is who can complete the difficult task.
问题是谁能完成这项艰巨的任务。
<考点二 表语从句>
(3)由连接副词引导。
This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up.
这就是我们通常认为更容易放弃的地方。
2.as if/though引导表语从句
as if/though意为“好像,仿佛”,引导的表语从句常跟在系动词(如seem,
appear,look,taste,sound等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况,从句用虚拟语气;若所述的是事实或是极可能发生的情况,从句用陈述语气。
It looks as if/though it is going to snow.
天好像要下雪似的。(事实或是极可能发生的情况)
It was as if they had known each other for years.
他们俩似乎已经认识了很多年。(非真实的情况)
3.其他常考的表语从句
(1)“This/That/It is why+表语从句(表结果)”,表示“这/那就是……的原因”。why引导的表语从句强调结果。
She is a responsible person and this is why we trust her.
她是一个负责的人,这也是我们信任她的原因。
(2)“This/That/It is because+表语从句(表原因)”,表示“这/那是因为……”。because引导的表语从句强调原因。
That’s because he didn’t understand me.
那是因为他没有理解我。
(3)“The reason why...is that+表语从句”,表示“……的原因是……”。that引导的表语从句引出事实。
The reason why I can’t go to travel with you is that I have something urgent to do next week.
我不能和你一起去旅行的原因是下周我有一些急事要处理。
1.宾语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
He told the teacher that he had won the first prize in the speech contest.
他告诉老师自己在演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。
(2)由连接代词引导。
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate
你们决定提名谁为候选人了吗
<考点三 宾语从句>
(3)由连接副词引导。
People began looking around to see where the noise was coming from.
人们开始向四处看噪音是从哪里传来的。
2.it作形式宾语
宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后,但在下列情况下,须用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。
(1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make+it+宾语补足语(形容词或名词)+不定式/从句。
We think it necessary that you have a clear understanding of the situation.
我们认为你有必要认清形势。
(2)动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy+it+从句。
I hate it when I’m studying and he keeps bothering me.
当我学习的时候我很讨厌他一直打扰我。
(3)动词短语see to/depend on/rely on+it+从句。
You may rely on it that they will help you.
你可以指望他们会帮助你。
3.宾语从句的时态
当主句是一般现在时或者一般将来时时,宾语从句可根据句意选择所需要的时态。当主句是一般过去时时,宾语从句必须用相应的过去时态。但是当宾语从句表达的是普遍真理或客观规律时,宾语从句时态不受主句时态限制而用一般现在时。
She told me that Earth goes around the sun.
她告诉我地球围着太阳转。
She said that her parents had prepared a delicious dinner for them.
她说她的父母已经为他们准备了一顿可口的晚餐。(应用had,不能用has)
4.否定转移
当主句主语为第一人称,且主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppose,expect,
imagine等时,若其后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句,此时通常应将否定转移到主句上。
I don’t believe you need to worry about the exam.
我认为你不需要为考试担心。
同位语从句在句中作某一名词(advice,conclusion,doubt,fact,hope,idea,
news,promise,question,wish等)的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。
1.同位语从句的引导词
(1)由从属连词引导。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.
我得出结论,那样做是不明智的。
<考点四 同位语从句>
(2)由连接代词引导。
The question what is to be done for the project remains to be discussed.
该为这个项目做些什么还有待讨论。
(3)由连接副词引导。
I have no idea why she feels so sad.
我不知道她为什么这么难过。
2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)that在定语从句中既代替先行词,又在从句中作一定成分,有时可省略;而在同位语从句中只起连接作用,不在从句中作任何成分,一般不可省略。
(2)定语从句是形容词性的,对先行词进行修饰、限定,描述其性质和特征;同位语从句是名词性的,对名词进行补充说明和解释。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句,进一步解释The news的内容)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句修饰先行词The news)
1.从属连词的用法。
从属连词that只起连接作用,没有任何意义,不作任何句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略。从属连词whether和if均有“是否”之意,在宾语从句中二者可以互换。但如出现以下情况只能用whether:(1)作介词宾语;(2)后面直接跟or not或动词不定式;(3)引导同位语从句;(4)与or连用表示一种选择。
<考点五 易混连接词辨析>
I know that he is an honest boy.
我知道他是一个诚实的男孩。
She worries about whether she’s really good enough.
她担心自己是否真的足够好。
We’re looking into the question whether students get enough exercise at school.
我们正在调查学生们是否在学校得到了足够的锻炼的问题。
2.that,what引导名词性从句的区别。
that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。
What he had hoped at last came true.
他希望的事终于成为现实。(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)
That she lacks experience is obvious.
她缺少经验,这是显而易见的。 (that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)
Her interest was aroused by what he said.
他的话引起了她的兴趣。(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语)
I had no idea what we should do next.
我不知道下一步我们该做什么。(what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语)
3.whoever,whatever,whichever等也可引导名词性从句,主要引导主语从句和宾语从句,意为“无论/不管……”。另外,whoever,whatever,whichever还可以引导状语从句,分别相当于no matter who,no matter what,no matter which。
He’ll be ready to accept whatever help he can get.
他将愿意接受能得到的任何帮助。
I’ll stand by you whatever (=no matter what) happens.
无论如何我都支持你。
Ⅰ.主语从句
1.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)他是否获得第一名并不重要。
2.此外,可能使你最感兴趣的是,你可以更好地了解中国传统文化。
It was no more important whether he won the first place or not.
In addition,what may interest you most is that you can have a better understanding of traditional Chinese cultures.
Ⅱ.表语从句
1.(2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)那就是为什么没有一个孩子认为大卫决定加入越野队是件不寻常的事。
2.中国春节似乎正在成为一个全球性的庆祝活动。
That was why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.
It seems that Chinese Spring Festival is becoming a global celebration.
3.我申请成为一名志愿者的原因是我渴望为环境保护做出自己的贡献。
The reason why I apply to be a volunteer is that I’m eager to devote myself to the environmental protection.
Ⅲ.宾语从句
1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)我被告知我在写作比赛中获得了一等奖,两天后将举行颁奖仪式。
2.我坚信,在我们共同努力下,这个活动一定会取得巨大的成功。
I was informed that I won the first prize in the writing contest and that there would be an award presentation in two days.
I’m firmly convinced that this event will definitely become a hit with our joint efforts.
3.请记住:千里之行始于足下。
Please keep in mind that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
Ⅳ.同位语从句
1. (2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)这项研究推翻了流行的观点,即人类所有的语言声音在大约 30万年前人类进化时就已存在。
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.
2.消息传来说您要做一场湿地保护的报告,我们都盼望着您的到来。
3.这些美好的回忆不可能随着时间的流逝被淡忘。
Word came that you are giving us a lecture on wetland protection and we are looking forward to your coming.
There is no possibility that these good memories are no longer remembered with time going by.
三、特殊句式
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Specifically,it’s a farm relies on new technology.
that
【解析】 考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+
that/who+其他部分。本题强调主语farm。故填that。
2.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Besides,students may feel uncomfortable or less motivated if (pair) with someone who they don’t get along with or have difficulty communicating with.
paired
【解析】 考查状语从句的省略。在时间、条件、让步和方式等状语从句中,若从句主语和主句主语一致,且从句中含有be动词时,可省略从句中的主语和be动词,故if paired中间省略they are。故填paired。
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)When (have) trouble in learning English well,plenty of students urge to know how to deal with it.
having
【解析】 考查状语从句的省略。结合语意,when引导时间状语从句,主语为plenty of students,且have与主语之间是主动关系。从句主语与主句主语一致,且从句中含有 be 动词,则从句中的“主语+be 动词”可以省略。故填having。
4.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen finally.
It
【解析】 考查强调句型。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+
that/who+其他部分。故填It。
(一)完全倒装
1.表示方向、地点和时间的副词置于句首时用完全倒装。常见的有:there,
here,in,out,away,up,down等。注意:主语为代词时不倒装。
There followed a long silence.接着是一阵长时间的沉默。
Out they rushed.他们冲了出去。
<考点一、倒装>
2.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首,谓语动词常为不及物动词。
On the top of the hill stood an old castle.
山丘上有一座古堡。
3.作表语的分词短语或形容词(短语)提到系动词前面时,句子构成“分词短语/形容词(短语)+系动词+主语”结构。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授,还有许多其他客人。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
席地而坐的是一群年轻人。
(二)部分倒装
1.当“only+状语(副词、介词短语或从句)”置于句首时。
Only then did he realise that he had lost his way.
直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。
Only after he returned home did he find that his watch was missing.
他到家之后才发现自己的手表丢了。
2.具有否定意义的副词或短语如not,nor,neither,never,seldom,rarely,hardly,
little,by no means,under no circumstances等位于句首时,句子用部分倒装。
Never in my life have I heard of such a thing.
我一生中从未听说过这样的事。
Under no circumstances should you look down on anyone.
绝对不能看不起任何人。
3.在so/such...that...结构中,“so/such+被修饰词”位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
So fast did he run that he was far ahead of others.
他跑得很快,远远领先于其他人。
4.在not only...but (also)...结构中,not only位于句首时,第一个分句用部分倒装。
Not only did Tom pass the exam,but he also got good marks for all the courses.
汤姆不但通过了考试,而且所有的课程都取得了好成绩。
5.not until位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
直到孩子入睡后母亲才离开房间。
6.在hardly...when.../no sooner...than...结构中,hardly/no sooner位于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.
她一坐下就听到有人敲门。
No sooner had I said it than I burst into tears.
我刚一说完,泪水就夺眶而出。
7.as/though引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。
Smart as/though she is,she is not proud.
尽管她很聪明,但她一点也不自负。
8.在省略if的虚拟条件句中,当条件从句中有were,had,should时,从句用部分倒装。
Were I you,I would check the figures carefully.
如果我是你的话,我会仔细核对数据。
Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雨,运动会将会被推迟。
1.强调句型的结构
<考点二、强调>
基本句型 It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分.
一般疑问句 Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+is/was it+that+其他部分
not... until... 结构的强 调句型 It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他部分.
It was her that we happened to meet at the school gate.
我们在校门口碰巧遇到的是她。
Was it in this market that you bought the TV
你是在这个市场买的电视吗
It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I realised he was Jack.
直到他摘下墨镜,我才意识到他是杰克。
2.强调谓语动词时,在该动词前加助动词do,does或did。do有时态、人称和数的变化,意为“的确;真的,务必”。
I do hope to receive your letter soon.
我真的希望尽快收到你的回信。
He did say that he would help me.
他的确说过他会帮我的。
1.状语从句的省略
在when,while,whenever,till,unless,if,as if,though,as等引导的状语从句中,若谓语部分含有be动词,且主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
Though (he was) a young man,he has written three famous novels.
虽然年轻,但他已经写了三本著名的小说了。
<考点三、省略>
Work hard when (you are) young,or you’ll regret.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
While (I was) putting up the tent,I heard a loud noise.
在搭帐篷时,我听见一声巨响。
2.动词不定式的省略
(1)不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been,而把其余部分省略。
—Are you a college student
——你是大学生吗
—No,but I used to be (a college student) .
——不,但我曾经是。
(2)省略不定式符号to的情况。
情形 例句
当主语部分含有动词do的某种形式时,作表语的不定式可省略to。 The only thing you have to do is press the button.
你唯一要做的事情就是按按钮。
不定式作介词but,except的宾语,前面有实义动词do的某种形式时,不定式常省略to。 I had nothing to do but wait here this afternoon.
今天下午我除了在这等待无事可做。
当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,后面的不定式符号to可省略,但表示对比关系时则不能省略。 I’m really puzzled what to think of and express.
我真的不知道想什么和表达什么。
3.so/not构成替代省略
英语中还常常用so/not 等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容,so/not 多跟在以I’m afraid,I hope,I think,I guess,I believe等开头的答句中。if so,if any,if possible,if necessary,if not等已被看作固定搭配。
—Do you think it will rain
——你认为会下雨吗
—I hope not /that it will not rain.
——我希望不要下。
If possible,he will help you out of the difficulty.
如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
1.there be结构的谓语形式
there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be或remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur等替换。
Once there existed many ancient buildings in the country.
曾经那个国家有很多古老的建筑。
<考点四、there be结构>
2.there be句型的常考句型
句型 含义
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is no point/sense (in) doing sth 做某事没有意义
There is no need (for sb) to do sth (某人)没有必要做某事
There is (no) difficulty/trouble in doing/with sth 做某事(没)有困难
There is (no) possibility of (doing) sth/that... (做)某事(没)有可能性
There is no doubt that the first aid skills John learned at school saved her life.
毫无疑问,是约翰在学校学到的急救技能拯救了她的生命。
There was no difficulty in reaching the mountain top.
登上这座山的山顶没什么困难。
1.祈使句
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称(通常省略)。祈使句的4种形式如下:
<考点五、祈使句和感叹句>
形式 例句
动词原形(+宾语+其他成分) Open the door.打开门。
Be+表语 Be honest.要诚实。
Let’s/Let us do/not do sth Let’s visit the museum this holiday.
咱们这个假期去博物馆吧。
祈使句+and/or+陈述句(陈述句谓语用一般将来时) Cheer up and everything will get better.
高兴一点,一切都会好起来的。
2.感叹句
(1)what引导的感叹句
句型 例句
What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! What a kind boy you are!
你真是一个善良的男孩!
What+adj.+不可数名词/可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)! What interesting stories he’s told us!
他给我们讲的故事真有趣!
(2)how引导的感叹句
句型 例句
How+adj./adv.(+主语+谓语)! How beautiful the garden is!
这座花园真漂亮!
How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)! How clever a child he is!
这孩子真聪明!
Ⅰ.强调句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)这是我真正珍惜的与大自然接触的时刻。
2.是爱让世界运转,这一点我深有感触。
3.直到那时我才意识到我们应该始终保持诚实。
It was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished.
It is love that makes the world go around,which I feel deep in my heart.
It was not until then that I came to realize that we should always keep honest.
Ⅱ.倒装句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)被大自然包围不仅激发了我的创造力,还让我从平日喧嚣的学校生活中得到了急需的休息。
Not only did being surrounded by nature spark my creativity,but it also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life.
2.只有在这里修个桥,我们才能解决交通问题。
3.尽管这次远足十分辛苦,但这是一场十分难忘的经历。
Only when a bridge is built here can we solve the traffic problem.
Exhausting as the hiking was,it was a rather unforgettable experience.
Ⅲ.省略句
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)我们将探索美丽的公园景点,同时进行冬季种植和种子采集。
2.他清了清喉咙,张开嘴巴,仿佛要说什么似的。
3.在等待结果时,我感到非常焦虑,心几乎要跳出嗓子眼。
We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting winter planting and seed collection.
He cleared his throat and opened his mouth,as if to say something.
When waiting for the result,I felt so anxious that my heart almost jumped out of my throat.
Ⅳ.There be句型
1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)几周后,当我几乎忘记这个比赛时,消息传来了。
2.在舞台上发生了一件出乎意料的事情,这使我改变了主意。
3.毫无疑问,这场音乐节十分成功,给每个人都留下了深刻的印象。
A few weeks later,when I almost forgot the contest,there came the news.
At the stage,there occurred an unexpected event,which made me change my mind.
There was no doubt that the music festival was a huge success,leaving a deep impression on everyone.
四、情态动词和虚拟语气
1.(2024·全国甲卷)The only opportunity (机会) she seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor.
could
【解析】 考查情态动词。结合句意可知,此处表达的是“她能够抓住的唯一的学习机会就是”,此处表示“可以,能够”,且句子的时态为一般过去时态。故填could。
2.(2024·全国甲卷)There,they walk through deep water,sit down cross-legged underwater and hold their breath while they watched all action going on around them.
would
【解析】 考查情态动词。根据句意,此处表达的是“在那里他们会穿过深水,盘腿坐在水下,屏住呼吸”,此处表将来,且句子的时态为一般过去时。故填would。
3.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Back downtown during a workday,they enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
can
【解析】 考查情态动词。此处表示“可以,能够”,应用can。故填can。
4.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Bailey took her arm to see if she (walk) forward with aid.
could walk
【解析】 考查情态动词。此处表示能力,且根据 took 可知,时态为一般过去时。故填could walk。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)If I didn’t win,I (not care).
wouldn’t care
【解析】 考查虚拟语气。从句用的是一般过去时,主句用“would +动词原形”。故填wouldn’t care.
6.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Melanie Bailey (finish) the course earlier than she did.
should have finished
【解析】 考查情态动词。结合句意可知,Melanie Bailey本应更早完成比赛。should have done表示“本应做某事”。故填should have finished。
一、情态动词的四种基本用法
(一)表示推测
表示推测的情态动词通常有:must,should,ought to,can,could,may,might。
He must be very tired.He fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
他一定是非常疲惫。他一上床就睡着了。
<考点一 情态动词>
We may go to the cinema tonight,but we are not sure yet.
今晚我们可能去看电影,但还没确定。
It can’t be him.He has gone to Paris.
不可能是他,他去巴黎了。
(二)表示请求、允许、允诺
表示请求、允许和允诺的情态动词通常有:can,could,may,might,shall,will和would等。
1.“Can I... /May I... /Could I... /Might I... ”都可以表示征询听话人的许可。
—Could I see the movie with you tomorrow
—Yes,you can./No,I’m afraid not.
——明天我可以和你一起去看电影吗
——可以的。/恐怕不行。
2.“Will/Would you... ”表示请求。Would的语气更客气,有时也用“Won’t you... ”,意为“……好吗 /要不要…… ”。
Will/Would you please hand the novel to me
请你把这本小说递给我好吗
3.shall用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中时表示征求意见。
Shall we meet at the park tomorrow morning for our walk
我们明天早上在公园见面去一起散步,好吗
4.shall用于第二、第三人称的陈述句时,往往表示给对方(you)或第三者(he,she,they)以允诺、命令、决心、警告或威胁等,在法律、条约、协定等文件中可以表示义务、规定等。
You shall get an answer from me tomorrow.
明天你就会得到我的答案。(允诺)
You shall be sorry for it one day,I tell you.
有一天你会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)
Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
考生必须留在座位上,等所有试卷收好以后方可离去。(规定)
(三)表示必要性
表示“必要性”的情态动词通常有:must,should,ought to,have to。
1.ought to与should意思大体相同,但ought to语气比should重,往往表示从法律或道义上讲“应该”。
You are his father and ought to take care of him.
你是他父亲,应当照顾他。(有责任,从道义上讲“应该”)
We should finish our work before the deadline.
我们应该在截止日期前完成工作。
2.have to表示“必须,不得不”,意思与must很接近,但must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。
You must remember to lock the door before leaving the house.
你出门前一定要记得锁门。
They have to clean their room before their parents come home.
他们不得不在父母回家之前打扫房间。
(四)表示能力
表示“能力”的情态动词有:can,could,be able to。
1.情态动词can只有两种时态:现在时can和过去时could,而be able to有多种时态。
Mary can play the piano.She has been able to play it since she was five.
玛丽会弹钢琴。她从5岁起就会弹了。
2.表示过去的能力时,was/were able to表示经过一番努力后取得了成功,相当于manage to do或succeed in doing,而could没有这个含义,仅表示具备某一能力。
I was able to finish the project on time despite facing many challenges.
尽管面临许多挑战,我还是按时完成了这个项目。
3.跟在其他动词,如might,may,would,want,hope,used to等之后表示能力,只能用be able to。
The teacher wanted students to be able to read books about English literature.
老师希望学生能够阅读有关英国文学的书籍。
二、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句+附加问句”结构,附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
Keep quiet,would/won’t you
保持安静,好吗
2.“否定祈使句+附加问句”结构,附加问句常用will/would you形式。
Don’t watch TV all the time,will/would you
不要一直看电视,好吗
3.Let’s ...之后用shall we ;而Let us ...之后用will/won’t you
Let’s meet at the entrance of the park this Saturday,shall we
这星期六我们在公园的入口处见面吧
But it’s too late.Let us go home,will you
但是太晚了,我们回家吧,可以吗
三、五类“情态动词+have done”的用法
1.must have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为can’t/cannot have done。
You must have gone to bed late last night.Your eyes are red.
昨晚你一定睡得很晚,你的眼睛红红的。
2.could have done意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。
I could have done better on the exam if I had studied more diligently.
如果我更加努力地学习,我本可以在考试中做得更好。
3.may/might have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”,其否定形式为may/might not have done,意为“可能没有做……”。
The children may have done their chores without being asked,as the house looks tidy.
孩子们可能没有被要求就做了家务,因为房子看起来很整洁。
4.should/ought to have done表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to have done,表示本不该做某事却做了。
You ought not to have made fun of him.He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你要嘲笑的人而是你应该学习的榜样。
5.needn’t have done表示本没有必要做某事却做了,多用于否定句中。
She needn’t have bought so much food for the party.There was plenty left over.
她本不必为聚会买那么多的食物。还剩下很多。
一、非真实条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
1.表示与现在事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词用were),而主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might + 动词原形”。
If I were you,I would take the teacher’s suggestion into consideration.
如果我是你,我会考虑老师的建议。
<考点二 虚拟语气>
2.表示与过去事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had done),主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might have+过去分词”。
If I had been free,I would have visited you.
如果我有空,我就去拜访你了。
3.表示与将来事实相反的假设
条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或“should/were to+动词原形”,主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might +动词原形”。
If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go camping.
如果明天下雨,我们就不去野营了。
4.省略if的虚拟条件句
当虚拟条件句中有should,had或were时,可以省略if,且把should,had或were提至主语前,变为倒装句式。
Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book.
假如他昨天看见你的话,就会把书还给你了。
5.错综时间条件句
当条件从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致时,就形成了错综时间条件句。从句和主句要根据各自谓语动作发生的时间,采用相应的谓语动词形式。
If I shouldn’t have an exam this afternoon,I would go shopping now.
如果不是今天下午要考试,我现在就去购物了。(从句指将来,主句指现在)
If he had listened to me then,he would not be in trouble now.
如果他当时听我的劝告,他现在就不会有麻烦了。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
6.含蓄虚拟条件句
有时假设的情况不通过条件从句表达出来,而是会隐含在上下文中,或是通过一些词或短语表达出来。如with,without,but for,otherwise/or等。
I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.
我当时太忙,否则我就给你打电话了。
But for the rain,we should have had a pleasant journey.
要不是下雨,我们会有一次愉快的旅行。
二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
(1)在表示“命令、建议、要求”等动词后接的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。常见的此类动词有:
He suggested that we (should)not change our mind.
他建议我们不要改变主意。
I recommend that everyone (should) attend the party.
我提议大家都参加这次聚会。
suggest表示“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚持认为”时,其后的从句不用虚拟语气。
The tears on his face suggested that he was very sad.
他脸上的泪水表明他非常悲伤。
The boy insisted that he hadn’t broken the window.
小男孩坚持说他没有打破窗户。
(2)wish后的宾语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用“had+过去分词”或“could/should have+过去分词”表示与过去事实相反;用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”表示与将来事实相反。
I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.
我希望北京全年都是秋天。
I wish I had attended the meeting yesterday so that I didn’t have to make it up later.
我希望我昨天参加了会议,这样我以后就不用补了。
I wish I would live and work on the moon some day.
我希望有一天我能在月球上生活和工作。
(3)would rather后的宾语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
I would rather that you stayed at home now.
我宁愿你现在呆在家里。
I would rather that you hadn’t told him.
我宁愿你没有告诉他。
2.虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法
在表示“建议、命令、主张”等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
Mike gave me some suggestions that I (should) take part in the summer camp in England.
迈克给了我一些建议,让我参加英国的夏令营活动。
3.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
在“It is necessary (important,strange,natural,surprising,vital,etc.) that...;It is requested (suggested,desired,proposed,etc.) that...;It is a pity (a rule,a shame,a surprise,no wonder,etc.) that...”等结构中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
It is vital that we (should) protect the future of our planet.
我们保护地球的未来至关重要。
It is suggested that parents (should) spend more time with their children alone.
建议父母应该花更多的时间和孩子单独相处。
4.虚拟语气的其他用法
(1)“It’s (high/about) time”之后的从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去时或should do。
It is high time that you went/should go to school.
到你该去上学的时间了。
(2)if only引导的从句中需用虚拟语气,句子多用一般过去时或过去完成时。
If only our dream had come true!
要是我们的梦想成真就好了!
(3)as if引导的方式状语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
他们就像多年的朋友一样交谈着。
语篇填空:用适当的情态动词填空
I 1. have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. dance as well as her.No one 3. be compared with Ellen in singing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. do something instead of just talking.
needn’t
could
can
should
Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese,I 5. say
“Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6. not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7.
obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student did not wear school uniform,he or she 8. be punished immediately.According to the rules,students 9. get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10. be so crazy about books like me.
will
should
must
would
shall
should
虚拟语气
1.(2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)要不是这位司机的理解和帮助,我不可能如期赶到布拉格并且参加会议。
But for the driver’s understanding and assistance,I couldn’t have made it to Prague and attended the conference on schedule.
2.如果现在有个朋友和我在一起,我也不会这么害怕了。
3.要是没有Eric的鼓励,我可能接下来的一天都沉浸在悲伤的情绪里。
If I had a friend with me now,I would not be so frightened.
Without Eric’s encouragement,I would have been immersed in sorrow for the rest of the day.
