UNIT 1 Section Ⅱ
夯基提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的一切一起享受着和平的生活。句中先行词为town，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
2.(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which/that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，关系词在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
3.(2023·全国乙卷)The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman whose hair color looked just perfect.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子上有一张女士的图片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair color的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
4.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。句意：命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是前边的句子。故填which。
5.(2023·浙江卷1月)As my car neared it my thoughts drifted back to the moment when I rescued the hummingbird from the spider's web.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。从句中不少句子的主要成分，用关系副词，先行词是 the moment，应用when引导。故填when。
6.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that/which were previously unprotected.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句的先行词是areas，从句缺少主语，应用that/which引导。故填that/which。
7.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子成分可知，此处引导定语从句，修饰species，而species又被all 修饰，只能用that引导。故填that。
8.(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers that/who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the explorers and the settlers，并在从句中作主语。故填that/who。
9.In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，修饰先行词an artist，并在从句中作定语，表示“……的”。故填whose。
10.Some of our memories are funny，especially from the early years when our children were little.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，定语从句的先行词是the early years，从句缺少时间状语，应用when引导。故填when。
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
1.This project was designed to help the students in need.But it just didn't work out as planned.
→This project that/which was designed to help the students in need just didn't work out as planned.
2.Care of the soul is a gradual process.Even the small details of life should be considered in it.
→Care of the soul is a gradual process where/in which even the small details of life should be considered .
3.I'm looking for a house.It is big enough to hold all the children.
→I'm looking for a house which/that is big enough to hold all the children .
4.The government built shelters for the people.Their homes had been destroyed.
→The government built shelters for the people whose homes had been destroyed .
5.The man lives opposite our house.He is a miner.
→The man who/that lives opposite our house is a miner.
6.Last week Mary rode the bike.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary rode the bike that/which I gave to her .
7.He is always making the same mistake.And it makes his teacher annoyed.
→He is always making the same mistake, which makes his teacher annoyed .
8.I've been longing for the days.I should be able to be independent then.
→I've been longing for the days when I should be able to be independent .
Ⅲ.阅读理解
The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids.They have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems likely that they will continue to stand for thousands of years yet.There are over eighty of them along the banks of the Nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids.The most famous of these are the “Step” pyramid and the “Bent” pyramid.
Some of the pyramids still look as much alike as they must have been when they were built thousands of years ago.Most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, for stones to use in modern buildings.The dry climate of Egypt has helped to keep the pyramids in good condition, and their very shape has made them less likely to fall into ruin.These are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last forever.
The “Step” pyramid had to be on the west side of the Nile, the side on which the sun set.This was for level of the river to protect it against the regular floods.It could not be too far from the Nile, however, as the stones to build it needed to be carried in boats down the river to the nearest point.Water transport was, of course, much easier than land transport.The builders also had to find a rock base, which was not likely to break under the great weight of the pyramid.Finally, it had to be near the capital, or better still near the king's palace so that he could visit it easily to personally check the progress being made on the final resting place for his body.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了埃及的金字塔能保存长久的原因及其中被称为Step的金字塔建立在尼罗河西侧的原因。
1.The most important reason why some pyramids remain in good condition is that C .
A．people have taken good care of them
B．it doesn't rain often in Egypt
C．they were well designed
D．the government has protected them from damage
解析：细节理解题。由文章第二段，尤其是第二段最后一句可知，金字塔今天仍能被看到保存很好的理由有很多，但最重要的是，它们被设计得很好。故选C。
2.Most of the damage to the pyramids has been caused by D .
A．the regular floods
B．the dry climate of Egypt
C．the special shape of the pyramids
D．people in search of building materials
解析：细节理解题。由文章第二段可知，很多金字塔遭受的大部分损失是由寻找宝藏的人造成的，更常见的情况是，他们会寻找现代建筑中使用的石头。故选D。
3.The Egyptians built the pyramids along the banks of the Nile because C .
A．they believed in their god
B．it was difficult to find a large rock base far from the Nile
C．the river helped a lot in the transport of building materials
D．it was not easy to choose a suitable place for the pyramids
解析：细节理解题。由文章第三段的“It could not be too far from the Nile...easier than land transport.”可知，Step金字塔离尼罗河不能太远，因为建造它的石头需要用船运到最近的地方。古埃及人在尼罗河岸建造金字塔主要是因为水路运输建筑材料的便利。故选C。
4.The last paragraph of the passage mainly tells us D .
A．it was easy for the king to check
B．water transport was easier than land transport
C．there was a rock base for the “Step” pyramid to be built on
D．why the “Step” pyramid had to be built on the west side of the Nile
解析：段落大意题。由文章最后一段可知，Step金字塔必须在尼罗河的西侧，一是为了保持河水的水位，以防洪水。二是方便运输，三是方便国王亲自查看。所以最后一段主要告诉我们为什么Step金字塔要建在尼罗河西侧。故选D。
Ⅳ.七选五
In 1972, UNESCO started a programme to protect the world's cultural and natural heritage.Since then, more than 800 cultural sites that are thought to be of special importance to human history and culture have been added to the World Cultural Heritage Site List. 1.C
The Taj Mahal, which was built between 1631 and 1648, is a masterpiece of architecture.
It took more than 20,000 workers to complete the project, and the stones came from as far away as China.
2.A In the early 17th century, India was ruled by an emperor named Shah Jahan.The emperor loved his wife, Mumtaz, so much that he built the Taj Mahal in memory of her.Shah Jahan was later buried next to Mumtaz, and the couple now rest together forever.
If the Taj Mahal is a celebration of the heart, then the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are a monument to the mind and spirit. 3.G
What makes the Ming and Qing Tombs so unique among amazing global buildings
4.E Built by several emperors, the Imperial Tombs represent Chinese architectural styles and historical values that have been handed down from generation to generation for thousands of years.
5.F The UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites programme attempts to protect and preserve the best of human history.Masterpieces such as the Taj Mahal and the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties remind us of what we can achieve, and inspire us to live up to our great past in the future.
A．Building the Taj Mahal was a labour of love.
B．There are many beautiful legends concerning it.
C．Two of the best-known examples are listed below.
D．The Imperial Tombs have been well preserved ever since.
E．It's a fact that they bring together architecture and philosophy.
F．Human life lasts only a short time but art and culture last forever.
G．Visitors can feel both the weight of history and a wonderful sense of peace there.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章以印度的泰姬陵和中国的明清皇陵为例，说明了文化遗产的文化价值和精神内涵。
解析：
1．上文说有超过八百多件文化遗产进了世界文化遗产名录，所以，接下来要讲文化遗址，设空处承上启下，引出下文着重介绍的泰姬陵和明清皇陵这两个文化遗产。故选C。
2．根据设空处所在段下文可知，这一段主要讲述了建造泰姬陵的原因和意义，即泰姬陵是国王为了纪念妻子而建，设空处为首句，应为本段的主旨句，A项点明泰姬陵是爱的建筑最为恰当。故选A。
3．根据设空处上一句可知，明清皇陵是心灵和精神的纪念碑。设空处为段尾句，应承接前句，进一步说明游客对明清皇陵的感受，G项符合题意。故选G。
4．设空处为段首句，起到承上启下的作用，上文提出疑问关于明清皇陵的独特之处，则设空处应主要回答明清皇陵这种建筑的独特之处，且E项中的architecture和philosophy与后文的architectural styles和historical values相对应。故选E。
5．下文表明了保护文化遗产的重要性与意义，因为历史和文化会永存，对一代代人产生精神激励。故选F。
Ⅴ.完形填空
(2024·合肥高一检测)
The 600-year-old Forbidden City is the world's largest palace.It 1.B more than 17 million 2.A every year.If we were to travel back to the past, this huge palace would be a 3.D to us with a lot remaining to be discovered.
It was when all 4.C in Beijing were low except for the Forbidden City, which was surrounded by high 5.B and a wide moat(护城河)．After 6.A the golden roof from the outside, people could only imagine what it looked like inside.
7.B an area of about 720,000 square meters in the heart of Beijing, the Forbidden City was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third 8.A of the Ming Dynasty.In the past, the Forbidden City was where the highest power of the country laid.Emperors were born, lived, fought and 9.D there.Various historical events happened there.It saw the ups and downs of the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as how feudal monarchy(封建帝制) 10.A came to an end in China.The lives of the royal families were 11.A through many documents.They 12.D a large amount of valuable material for today's historical 13.B , as well as inspiration for literature and entertainment.
In 1987, the Forbidden City was 14.C as the World Cultural Heritage.For the heads of states who come to visit China, it is a must-see tourist 15.C .When they pay a state visit to China, our top leader may show them around there.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。介绍了拥有600年历史的北京故宫，它已被列为“世界文化遗产”之一。
1.A．relieves B．receives
C．guides D．sells
解析：根据下文提到的内容可知，北京故宫是一个著名的旅游景点，所以此处指接待游客。relieve缓解；receive接收，接待；guide引导；sell卖。故选B。
2.A．visitors B．students
C．teachers D．citizens
解析：根据下文内容可知，北京故宫是一个著名的旅游景点，所以此处指接待游客。visitor游客；student学生；teacher教师；citizen市民。故选A。
3.A．dream B．hope
C．wonder D．mystery
解析：根据下文的“with a lot remaining to be discovered”可知，北京故宫还有很多有待发现，可得出故宫对我们来说是神秘的地方。dream梦想；hope希望；wonder奇迹；mystery神秘，神秘的事物。故选D。
4.A．museums B．rooms
C．buildings D．houses
解析：根据下文的“except for the Forbidden City”和选项可知，C项范围最广，概括了其他选项，且此处应是将故宫与其他建筑物作对比。故选C。
5.A．towers B．walls
C．trees D．hills
解析：根据下文的“and a wide moat”和选项可知，此处指故宫被高墙和宽阔的护城河包围着。故选B。
6.A．looking at B．giving up
C．setting down D．jumping at
解析：根据空格后的“from the outside”可知，从外面只能“看到”故宫的屋顶。look at看；give up放弃；set down制定；jump at急于接受。故选A。
7.A．Owning B．Covering
C．Having D．Taking
解析：根据空格后的“about 720,000 square meters in the heart of Beijing”可知，此处指占地72万平方米，cover an area of...表示“占地……”。故选B。
8.A．emperor B．designer
C．painter D．soldier
解析：根据空格后的“the Ming Dynasty”可知，此处表示故宫由明朝第三个皇帝建于1406年，1420年基本竣工。故选A。
9.A．studied B．worked
C．gathered D．died
解析：根据上文的“were born”可知，空处与were born呼应，表示皇帝的一生都在故宫度过。故选D。
10.A．finally B．quickly
C．gradually D．suddenly
解析：根据下文的“came to an end”可知，come to an end是短暂性动词短语，一般不与带有延续意义的副词gradually 连用，此处指封建帝制最后结束。故选A。
11.A．recorded B．settled
C．connected D．copied
解析：根据下文的“through many documents”可知，此处表示皇室家族的生活通过许多文件记录下来，此处指记录历史。故选A。
12.A．remove B．create
C．write D．provide
解析：根据上文的“many documents”可知，文件记录为现在的历史研究提供了大量有价值的资料，也为文学和娱乐提供了灵感，此处指历史记录为现在的研究提供资料。故选D。
13.A．background B．research
C．exam D．survey
解析：根据上文的“many documents”可知，文件记录为现在的历史研究提供了大量有价值的资料，也为文学和娱乐提供了灵感，此处指历史记录为现在的研究提供资料。故选B。
14.A．treated B．remembered
C．listed D．honored
解析：根据下文的“as the World Cultural Heritage”可知，此处表示1987年，故宫被列为世界文化遗产。treat对待；remember记得；list把……列表；honor尊敬。be listed as表示“被列为”。故选C。
15.A．palace B．scenery
C．attraction D．place
解析：根据空处前后的“For the heads of states who come to visit China...pay a state visit to China”等内容可知，北京故宫是一个著名的旅游景点，tourist attraction意为“游览胜地”。故选C。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共27张PPT)
UNIT 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
●语法概览
●语法精讲
一、关系代词的用法
先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语时要用关系代词。 指代人的关系代词有：that，who，whom，whose，as；指代物的关系代词有：that，which，whose，as。
1．that，指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或者表语，作宾语时常可省略。
This is the book(that) I bought yesterday.(that指物，在从句中作宾语，可以省略)
这就是我昨天买的那本书。
There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
井壁上出现了深深的裂缝。(that指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略)
This is the girl(that) I met yesterday.(that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略)
这就是我昨天见过的那个女孩。
In our school, there are five foreign teachers that come from Australia.(that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略)
我们学校有五位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。
单句语法填空
①Can you tell me more about the man ______ helped me the other day
②This is the computer _______ he bought for his son yesterday.
③Children ___________ play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.
that
that
that/who
2．which，指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
Generation gap is a topic(which) people are interested in.(which指物，在从句中作宾语，可以省略)
代沟是一个人们感兴趣的话题。
The river which runs through the centre of the city has been cleaned.(which 指物，在从句中作主语，不能省略)
穿过市中心的那条河已经被清理。
3．关系代词只能用that而不能用which的情况：
(1)当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，much，little，few等不定代词时。
Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
(2)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.
要做的第一件事是弄一些食物。
(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the largest ship that I have ever seen.
这是我曾经见过的最大的船。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(4)当先行词被 very，both，only，all，every，no，any，little，much，some等修饰时。
That's the only thing that we can do now.
那是目前我们唯一能做的事。
I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday.
我已找到昨天丢的那支钢笔。
(5)当先行词既指人，又指物时。
They talked about the people and things that they saw in the factory.
他们谈论起在工厂里看到的人和事。
(6)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。
Who is the boy that shook hands with you just now
刚才和你握手的男孩是谁？
4．关系代词只能用which不能用that的情况：
(1)当关系代词前有逗号，即引导非限制性定语从句时。
He has a walk every night, which does good to him.
他每晚都散步，这对他有好处。
(2)当关系代词前有介词且先行词指物时。
Here is the car about which I told you.
这就是我向你谈到过的那辆汽车。
(3)为了避免重复，一个用that，另一个则用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看那本我刚从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
单句语法填空
①The train _____________ has arrived is from Beijing.
②The exact year ________ her family spent together in China was 2018.
③Mr Brown demanded to know all _______ had happened.
④The old man and his dog ____ we saw yesterday did not appear again.
⑤The book, ________ I will give you later, is about how to be a successful person.
which/that
which
that
that
which
5．who，指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who don't.(who指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略)
每天喝咖啡超过两杯的女性比那些不喝这么多咖啡的女性患心脏病的可能性更大。
The scientist (who) we respect most is Yuan Longping and he made great contributions to feeding the world.(who指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略)
我们最尊敬的科学家是袁隆平，他为养活世界做出了巨大贡献。
单句语法填空
①As far as I am concerned，success belongs to those ____ get prepared.
②The number of people ___________ come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
③The educator ______________ we had been looking forward to seeing in person came last Friday.
who
who/that
who/whom/that
6．whom，指人，在从句中只作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who或that代替。
Jane is the girl(whom) my teacher often mentions.(whom指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略)
简就是我老师经常提到的那个女孩。
单句语法填空
①To tell the truth, our English teacher is the one ________________ I admire most.
②The person ____________ they are talking about is our maths teacher, a brilliant young man.
whom/who/that
whom/who/that
7．whose，指人或物，在从句中作定语。
I live in a room whose windows face south.(whose 指物，在从句中作定语，不能省略)
我住在窗户朝南的一个房间里。
Lu Xun, whose real name is Zhou Shuren, wrote lots of novels and essays.(whose指人，在从句中作定语，不能省略)
鲁迅，原名周树人，写了很多小说和散文。
8．whose通常可用“the＋n.＋of whom/which”或“of whom/which＋the＋n.”替换。
Our school plans to hold a foreign language festival，whose aim is to improve students' interest in learning foreign language.
→Our school plans to hold a foreign language festival，the aim of which/of which the aim is to improve students' interest in learning foreign language.
我们学校计划举办一次外语节，其目的是提高学生们学习外语的兴趣。
单句语法填空
①Is there anyone in your class ________ family is in the north
②The book ________ cover is pink is the one I bought for my daughter.
whose
whose
9．as，指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语。常和the same，such连用。构成固定用法：the same...as...，such...as...。
Even in my dreams I couldn't imagine such a beautiful place as you have offered us.
你提供给我们的地方如此美丽，即使在梦里我也想象不到。
10．as与which引导的非限制性定语从句
共同点：其先行词都指代一句话。
不同点：as引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句末，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首；as引导的定语从句有“正如，正像……”的意思，而which指“这/那一点，这/那件事”。
The sun gives off light and heat，which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳释放光和热，这使得植物生长成为可能。
As we all know/As is known to us all，light travels faster than sound.
＝Light travels faster than sound，as is known to us all.
众所周知，光速比声速快。
注意：as常用于as anybody can see，as we all know，as we expect/as is expected，as is reported，as has been announced，as is often the case
单句语法填空
①I have never heard such stories _____ he tells.
②_____ I told you before, this is also part of your work.
as
As
二、关系副词的用法
1．when 当先行词是表示时间的名词，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语时，常用关系副词when引导定语从句。
I'll never forget the day when the PRC was founded.
我永远忘不了中华人民共和国成立的日子。
2．where 当先行词是表示地点的名词，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
A class is like a family where I should get along well with others.
一个班级就像一个大家庭，在这里我应该与其他人好好相处。
3．why 当先行词是表示原因的名词，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语时，常用关系副词why引导定语从句。
The reason why I can't go is that I had a fall yesterday and injured my foot.
我不能去的原因是我昨天摔倒了，脚受了伤。
当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词where。关系副词when，where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。
单句语法填空
①There is no reason ______ we shouldn't be friends.
②Next came the moment ______ I asked them to have a try themselves.
③This is the room ________ my grandma used to live.
why
when
where
