(共21张PPT)
UNIT 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS
Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
●语法概览
●语法精讲
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。此时的过去分词(短语)可以变成定语从句。
The bridge built ten years ago needs repairing.(名词the bridge和build构成被动关系)
＝The bridge which was built ten years ago needs repairing.(变为定语从句)
十年前建的这座桥需要修了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.(名词the workers和injure构成被动关系)
＝The workers who were injured are now being taken good care of in the hospital.(变成定语从句)
受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。
(1)把过去分词短语变为定语从句：先找一个连接词，先行词是人用who/that，先行词是事物用that/which；再判断从句的时态；最后用该时态的被动形式。
Now, more and more foreigners buy the mobile phones made in China .(将画线部分变为定语从句)
分析：因为先行词是the mobile phones，是物，用that/which；再判断从句的时态，是一般现在时；最后用一般现在时的被动形式are done。
Now, more and more foreigners buy the mobile phones ______________
_______________________.
现在，越来越多的外国人购买中国制造的移动电话。
which/that are
made in China
(2)一般来说，及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示一个被动的、已完成的动作；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不含有被动意义，只表示该动作已完成。
The ground is covered with the fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天，地上覆盖着落叶。(fallen只表完成)
单句语法填空
①This is one of the schools ________(build) in the 1980s.
②Our teacher was very worried because there was only a little time _______(leave) for us to finish this task.
③The ________(rise) sun offers light and heat necessary for life on the earth.
built
left
risen
2．(1)单个的过去分词作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常置于其所修饰的名词后。
Many used cars are on sale now，and you can go to find a good one.(used是单个过去分词作定语，修饰cars，放在前面)
现在很多二手车正在甩卖，你可以去找一辆好的。
I like the book bought on the Internet very much.(bought on the Internet是过去分词短语，放在名词book的后面)
我非常喜欢从网上买的那本书。
(2)有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也可放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
Because there were only five minutes left, we had no choice but to hurry up.
只剩下五分钟了，我们别无选择，只能抓紧时间。
单句语法填空
①There is little time _______(leave)．Let's hurry up.
②Last Monday our class went on an ____________(organise) trip.
③The trees ________(blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.
left
organised
blown
3．现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别。
(1)语态上不同：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词多表示被动意义。
The running water(＝The water which runs)in the river is very clear.
河里的流水很清澈。
Nine out of ten women interviewed(＝who were interviewed)about the product said they liked it.
就这个产品被采访的十位妇女中有九位说她们喜欢它。
(2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
We are all living in a changing world(＝a world which/that is changing)．
我们都生活在正在发生变化的世界里。
The changed world(＝The world which had changed)surprised him.
已经变化了的世界令他吃惊。
单句语法填空
①The car ____________(belong) to my uncle is really cool.
②The bridge ________(build) in 2013 was designed by a local company.
③The meeting _______(hold) yesterday was very important.
belonging
built
held
二、过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，表示被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者。
1．表示感觉和心理状态的动词(短语)，如feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，observe，look at，notice，find等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
I have never heard the song sung in our school.
我从未听到这首歌在我们学校唱过。
If you watch long enough，you will see many problems settled in this way.
如果你观察的时间足够长，你会看到很多问题都是这样解决的。
单句语法填空
①I have often heard the ABC Song _________ , but I have never heard Alice _______ it.(sing)
②When he woke up，he found himself _____________(surround) by a group of children.
sung
sing
surrounded
2．表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，make，get，keep，leave等后可接过去分词作宾语补足语。
Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.
珍妮希望史密斯先生能提出一个在短时间内提高她英语写作水平的好方法。
I raised my voice to make myself heard.(hear和宾语myself构成被动)
我提高嗓音让自己被听到。
单句语法填空
①What made me _________(impress) is that they have had professional training.
②Please keep me ___________(inform) if anything happens.
③You must get the report ___________(prepare) before 7 o'clock tomorrow morning.
impressed
informed
prepared
3．with复合结构中可以使用过去分词作宾语补足语。此时过去分词与句子的主语没有逻辑关系，此结构在句中通常作时间、方式、条件、原因和伴随状语。
The thief was forced into the police station with his hands tied back.(方式状语)
这个贼被带进了派出所，双手被捆绑在背后。
With all the work done, I feel very relaxed now.(do和宾语work构成被动)
所有的工作都做完了，我现在感到很放松。
单句语法填空
①With all the walls __________(paint) with bright colors, the room looks rather lively.
②He is in deep thought，with his head _________(bury) in his hands.
③With his hands _________(raise) high, he seemed to ask me for help.
④With knowledge and skills _________(gain) in this university, I will play a more active role in contributing to my country.
painted
buried
raised
gainedUNIT 4 Section Ⅱ
夯基提能
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Shanghai may be the recognized (recognize) home of the soup dumplings, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：上海可能是公认的小笼包之乡，但美食历史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。空格在名词home前面作定语，recognize与home是逻辑上动宾关系，需填过去分词recognized作定语，recognized “被公认的”也可以看作是形容词作定语。故填recognized。
2.(2023·全国乙卷)It is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built (build) system of ring roads.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：它是3 000多年辉煌历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城道路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system of ring roads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填built。
3.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled (title) “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.”
解析：考查非谓语动词。article与title构成被动关系，故要用过去分词作定语。故填titled。
4.(2022·全国甲卷)As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted (greet) by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello.
解析：考查非谓语动词。分析结构可知，此处是“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾语与宾补构成被动关系，故要用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填greeted。
5.(2022·全国甲卷)We've got a foundation built (build) on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.
解析：考查非谓语动词。分析结构可知，此处是“get＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾语与宾补构成被动关系，故要用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填built。
6.He walked into the room quietly in order not to make himself noticed (notice)．
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：他悄悄地走进房间，以免引起别人的注意。himself和notice之间被动关系，故要用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填noticed。
7.With all his energy concentrated (concentrate) on his painting, he didn't notice it was raining heavily outside.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：他所有的精力都集中在他的画上，他没有注意到外面正在下大雨。考查with的复合结构，concentrate与all his energy之间是被动关系。故填concentrated。
Ⅱ.语篇填空
A boy 1.called (call) John went to the cinema one night.It was a horror film, but he found himself 2.interested (interest) in it.Sometimes he felt excited, while sometimes he felt 3.frightened (frighten)．After the film, the 4.tired (tire) boy was heading for home.Once home, the 5.exhausted (exhaust) boy sensed something unusual.His bike 6.tied (tie) to the tree was missing.It seemed that he had his bike 7.stolen (steal)．He searched the whole parking lot for it but in vain.At last, he turned to the police for help.It turned out that someone took it and left it 8.abandoned (abandon) by the river.Seeing the 9.returned (return) bike by the police, he was more than a little excited with a 10.delighted (delight) smile on his face.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about it.People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive.It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity.Some of them were not sure how to use it.They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves.Then they served them mixed with butter and salt.They soon discovered their mistake.
Tea remained scarce(稀少的) and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it directly from China early in the 17th century.During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.
Tea had been drunk without milk in it at first, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added.She found it so pleasant that she would never drink it without milk again.She was such a great lady that her friends thought they must copy everything she did.Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.
At first tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening.No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess(公爵夫人) found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o'clock stopped her getting “a sinking feeling”as she called it.She invited her friends to have this new meal with her and so, teatime was born.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国茶叶的历史。
1.What can we learn about the Britons from the text？ B
A．They got expensive tea from India.
B．They bought tea out of curiosity at first.
C．They had tea until the early 17th century.
D．They were the first to drink tea in Europe.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It could not be bought...it was a fashionable curiosity.”可知，英国人刚开始买茶是出于好奇。故选B。
2.When did tea become a popular drink in Britain？ A
A．In the 17th century.
B．In the early 18th century.
C．In the late 18th century.
D．In the 19th century.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，在17世纪，因为大量的茶叶流入英国，人们开始能够买得起茶叶，这样茶叶就开始流行起来。故选A。
3.The underlined words“this habit”in Paragraph 3 refer to drinking tea C .
A．after dinner B.in the afternoon
C．with milk in it D.without milk in it
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子的前三句话可知，人们开始模仿德塞维尼夫人的习惯，在茶里加入牛奶。所以this habit指“在茶里加牛奶”。故选C。
4.What is the last paragraph mainly about？ B
A．The history of tea.
B．The birth of teatime.
C．The ways of making tea.
D．The habit of drinking tea.
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容可知，最后一段主要介绍了“下午茶时间”是如何开始的。故选B。
Ⅳ.七选五
A．Receiving moko is seen as a great honour
B．Maoris, whether young or old, are all dance lovers
C．However, New Zealand is also known for its diverse cultures
D．It is an important part of what makes New Zealand a modern country
E．A large war canoe could be up to 40 metres long and hold up to 80 people
F．Another well-known part of Maori culture is the traditional kapa haka dance
G．Today, both past and present Maori culture can be found all over the country
Due to its faraway location in the Pacific Ocean, New Zealand was one of the last countries to be discovered by humans.Although most of the current population are European descendants, it was the minority group known as the Maori who were the first to settle there. 1.G .
Maori arts are very popular with tourists.The Waka is a traditional canoe(独木舟) that has been skillfully carved out of a tree trunk, with beautiful carvings added to show tribal(部落的) history and culture. 2.E .Visitors to Maori historic buildings can also see beautifully carved wooden architecture.In addition, there are countless smaller objects and masks that were made to honour ancestors or legends.
3.F .It is made famous by New Zealand's national rugby union team, who often perform it before games.The kapa haka is a traditional dance performed for celebrations, special guests, and battle ceremonies.The performance includes different dances and songs that make up a whole.
Traditional tattoos(文身), known as “moko”， are also a strong visual part of Maori culture.They are most often done in circle forms across a man's face, and on the chin(下巴) and lips of a woman.They represent a person's social class, and are also believed to increase attractiveness. 4.A .It is often part of a ceremony to signal a person has passed an important milestone.
There is so much more for visitors to discover about Maori culture. 5.D ：a multicultural country that is forever developing in new and interesting ways.
语篇导读：本文是一篇说明文。介绍了毛利人是新西兰的原住民，介绍了毛利文化中的雕刻、舞蹈以及文身等。
解析：
1．根据前一句可知，尽管现在新西兰绝大多数人口是欧洲人的后裔，但是第一个在那里定居的是被称为毛利人的少数民族。G选项“如今，过去和现在的毛利文化在新西兰到处都可以找到”总领全文，引出下文介绍毛利文化中的雕刻、舞蹈以及文身，切题。故选G。
2．根据前一句可知，Waka是一种传统的独木舟，是由树干雕刻出来的，同时漂亮的雕刻图案展示了部落的历史和文化。本段介绍独木舟，E选项“一艘大型军用船只可以长达40米，容纳80人”是对独木舟的进一步阐述。故选E。
3．根据后文可知，kapa haka是一种传统舞蹈，在庆祝活动中，有尊贵客人以及战争仪式的时候表演，故可知本段介绍舞蹈。F选项“毛利文化的另一个著名部分就是传统的kapa haka舞蹈”总领本段。故选F。
4．根据本段第一句以及后文可知，本段介绍毛利人的传统文身艺术 moko，它通常也是仪式的一部分，以表明一个人已经通过了一个重要的里程碑。故A选项“接受moko被视为一种荣誉”，切题。故选A。
5．根据后半句可知，该部分是对country的解释说明，D选项“这也是让新西兰成为一个现代化国家的重要组成部分”衔接上下文。故选D。
Ⅴ.完形填空
(2024·日照高一检测)
A heartbroken grandmother has had a reunion(团聚) with her beloved pet dog.Violetta, 86, ran away from her hometown when the war 1.D .She was determined to take her dog Tasha with her, but her efforts came to a tearful end, and they were forced to 2.B .Tasha was left to strangers.Yesterday, the pair 3.C met again, thanks to the help of kind strangers who have worked together to 4.A the dog 1,800 miles.
Violetta's family traveled to Ireland 5.B safety.Despite arriving safely, the 86-year-old couldn't 6.D talking about her “best friend” —Tasha.A local charity worker, Debbie Deegan, who helped the family to get to Ireland, made it her 7.A to reunite the heartbroken pair.
She said, “Violetta was quite 8.C about the whole thing and by the time they got to Romania they weren't 9.C to manage the dog so they gave it to a Romanian family.She was 10.B .She told me Tasha was her best friend.”
Debbie said, “We 11.D a travel company for help.However, they could only get her as far as the UK, so it took one last huge 12.A to deliver her to Dublin.”
Then Debbie's friend, John D'Arcy, from Waterford, offered to go to the UK to 13.C Tasha.On Saturday, John traveled with a friend by ship to the UK to get Tasha.
And yesterday, Debbie 14.A the news on the Internet that Violetta had been reunited with Tasha at last，and the pair couldn't look 15.D about it.
语篇导读：本文为一篇新闻报道。维奥莱塔一家在战争爆发时逃离到爱尔兰，途中不得不把心爱的狗塔莎留在罗马尼亚，慈善工作者黛比·迪根多方运筹，在多位善良的陌生人的共同努力下，将狗运送了1 800英里，使维奥莱塔和塔莎团聚。
1.A.finished up B.went on
C．died down D.broke out
解析：根据语境，维奥莱塔逃离家乡是因为战争。the war常与break out搭配，意为“战争爆发”。finish up结束；go on继续；die down逐渐消失。故选D。
2.A.meet B.separate
C．return D.hide
解析：句意：她决定带着她的狗塔莎一起去，但她的努力以眼泪告终，他们被迫分开。 meet见面；separate分开；return返回；hide隐藏。故选B。
3.A.quickly B.properly
C．finally D.immediately
解析：句意：多亏善良的陌生人的帮助，他们共同努力将狗运送了1 800英里，昨天，他们终于又见面了。 quickly迅速地；properly适当地；finally最后；immediately立即。故选C。
4.A.deliver B.meet
C．see D.find
解析：句意：多亏善良的陌生人的帮助，他们共同努力将狗运送了1 800英里，昨天，他们终于又见面了。 deliver运送；meet见面；see看见；find找到。根据下文“it took one last huge 12 to deliver her to Dublin”可知，deliver为复现词。 故选A。
5.A.in control of B.in search of
C．in honor of D.in case of
解析：维奥莱塔一家因战争逃离家乡，前往爱尔兰寻求安全庇护，in search of符合语境。in control of控制；in search of寻找；in honor of以纪念；in case of万一。故选B。
6.A.mind B.allow
C．keep D.help
解析：句意：尽管安全抵达，这位86岁的老人还是忍不住谈起了她的“最好的朋友”——塔莎。 mind介意；allow允许；keep保持；help帮助。此处考查couldn't help doing sth.，意为“忍不住做某事” 。故选D。
7.A.task B.decision
C．need D.habit
解析：句意：当地的慈善工作者黛比·迪根曾帮助这家人前往爱尔兰，她把让这对心碎的人和狗团聚作为自己的任务。 task任务；decision决定；need需要；habit习惯。故选A。
8.A.curious B.angry
C．stressed D.frightened
解析：维奥莱塔想带着狗逃亡，途中却出现状况，不得不和狗分开，因此维奥莱塔变得很焦虑(stressed)。 curious好奇的；angry生气的；stressed焦虑的；frightened害怕的。故选C。
9.A.willing B.reasonable
C．able D.likely
解析：维奥莱塔在逃亡中无力携带这只狗了，不得不将狗送人。 willing愿意的；reasonable合情理的；able有能力的；likely可能的。故选C。
10.A.well-educated B.heart-broken
C．hard-working D.peace-loving
解析：逃亡途中，他们不得不把狗送人，这事令维奥莱塔心碎。 well-educated受过良好教育的；heart-broken心碎的；hard-working勤劳的；peace-loving爱好和平的。故选B。
11.A.paid B.thanked
C．required D.contacted
解析：旅游公司能把这只狗从罗马尼亚带出来，但只能送到英国。黛比·迪根需要和这个公司取得联系才能进一步寻求帮助，contact符合语境。 pay付款；thank感谢；require要求；contact联系。故选D。
12.A.effort B.promise
C．effect D.strength
解析：从英国到爱尔兰的都柏林还有相当长的一段距离，沃特福德的约翰和朋友在运送这只狗的任务中作出了努力(effort)，把狗从英国接到爱尔兰的都柏林。 effort努力；promise承诺；effect效果；strength力量。故选A。
13.A.calm B.train
C．collect D.feed
解析：句意：然后黛比的朋友，来自沃特福德的约翰·达西提出去英国接塔莎。 calm使平静；train训练；collect领取，接走；feed喂养。故选C。
14.A.shared B.heard
C．received D.copied
解析：根据句中“the news on the Internet”可知，黛比在网上分享(shared)这个事件。故选A。
15.A.stronger B.healthier
C．nicer D.happier
解析：句意：昨天，黛比在网上分享了维奥莱塔终于和塔莎团聚的消息，他们看起来非常高兴。由句意可知，happier符合语境。故选D。
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