北师大版高中英语选择性必修第一册UNIT 3 CONSERVATION Section B Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction课件+学案

Section B　Lesson 1　The Sixth Extinction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 物种，种
2．____________ adj. 大量的
3．____________ vt. 责怪，指责
4．____________ vi. & vt. (使)孵化
5．____________ adj. 太阳光(能)的
6．____________ n. 小行星
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.异常的；不平常的→________ adj.通常的；平常的→________ adv.通常地；平常地→________ adv.异常地；不平常地
2．________ v．变化；不同→________ adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→________ adj.各种各样的→________ n．种类；多样化
3．________ vt.影响→________ n．喜爱；钟爱→________ adj.感情的→________ adj.感人的→________ n．影响；效果
4．________ v．危害；使遭受危险→________ adj.濒危的
5．________ vt.(使)恢复→________ n．恢复；归还
6．________ vt. & vi.减少→________ vt. & vi.增加
7．species n．种，物种→________ adj.具体的→________ adj.专门的，特别的
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 彻底毁灭
2．________________ 并不罕见
3．________________ 事实上
4．________________ 第三次大灭绝
5．________________ 各种各样的原因
6．________________ ……的下降
7．________________ (对某事)负有责任
8．________________ 依靠，依赖
9．________________ 处境危险，受到威胁
10．________________ 动植物之间的自然平衡
11．________________ 没有空气可以呼吸
12．________________ 采取行动
13．________________ 采取措施做某事
14．________________ 拯救濒危物种
15．________________ 建立
16．________________ 太阳能
将英文短语译成汉语
1．global warming　　　________________
2．due to ________________
3．that is ________________
4．than normal ________________
5．be dying out ________________
6．be destroyed ________________
7．up to ________________
8．wind energy ________________
9．reduce pollution ________________
10．in short ________________
课文研析.语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A．Extinctions are unusual in our Earth's history.
B．Dinosaurs died out in the third extinction.
C．Human activity may cause the sixth extinction.
D．Global warming leads to the extinctions.
2．Why does the author mention the 2015 study by scientists
A．To show the fame of the two universities.
B．To show humans speed up the extinction of species.
C．To prove the importance of the natural balance.
D．To show the side effects of the study.
3．What should we do to avoid the sixth extinction according to the text
A．We should change the way of our life completely.
B．We should protect the planet that we live on.
C．We should reduce the usage of water, air and land.
D．We should stop water, air and land pollution.
4．What is the author's attitude towards the mass extinction in this text
A．Uninterested. B．Concerned.
C．Skeptical. D．Supportive.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Extinctions, where entire species 1.________ (wipe) out, are not unusual in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. The reasons for extinctions are 2.________ (vary). Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be 3.________ (blame). A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times 4.________ (fast) than normal. 5.________ is clear that human activity has 6.________ (negative) affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists 7.________ have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be at risk of 8.________ (die) out. Experts say that if we take action now, a sixth mass extinction can be avoided. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. 9.________ short, if we want to survive, we need to stop 10.________ (destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
教材助读·开放课堂
[教材原文]
Extinctions, where entire species① are wiped out② , are not unusual③in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. In the last 500 million years④， there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. These include the third mass⑤ extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species 【1】. And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. The reasons for extinctions are varied⑥. According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids⑦ hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease⑧ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame⑨.
【1】画线部分中“known as the ‘Great Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinction。
Although it is not unusual for species to die out⑩ naturally, the rate at which this is now happening 【2】 is cause for concern . A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is ， the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal .There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out 【3】： air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。
【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons, why在从句中作状语。
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out 【4】. Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive 【5】．
【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Without forests和without clean water相当于条件，“we would have no air to breathe”和“we would be unable to survive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。
Can a sixth extinction be avoided Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. In short ， if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
Case Study
The Black Robin
Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction. In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world. They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand. Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs .Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks. They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch ， and took care of the chicks. Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading. To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live.
[汉语译文]
物种灭绝，即整个物种(species)的完全消失(wipe out)，在地球的历史上并不罕见(unusual)。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次大(mass)灭绝，在那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6 600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同(varied)。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星(asteroid)从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降(decrease)和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这一次，应归咎于[be to blame(对某事)负有责任]人类活动。
虽然物种的自然灭绝(die out)并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响(affect)，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临(be at risk)灭绝。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的(endangered)物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳(solar)能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之，如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
案例研究
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护老蓝的蛋，帮助它们孵化(hatch)，并照顾幼鸟。由于他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复(restore)黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上的老鼠和猫。
[词汇注释]
①species/'spi i z/
n．物种，种
②wipe out彻底毁灭
wipe/wa p/vt.擦；拭
③unusual/ n'ju u l/
adj.异常的；不平常的
④in/over/during the last/past 500 million years
在过去的五亿年里(常与现在完成时连用)
⑤mass/m s/adj.大量的
the third mass extinction
第三次大灭绝
⑥varied/'ve rid/adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
varied reasons各种各样的原因(＝various reasons)
⑦asteroid/' st r d/
n．小行星
⑧decrease/d 'kri s/
n．减少；减少的量　vi. & vt.减少
the decrease of
……的下降
decrease by减少/下降了……
decrease to减少/下降到……
⑨be to blame (对某事)负有责任
blame/ble m/vt.责怪，指责
⑩die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
at the rate (of)
以(……的)速度
(a) cause for concern引起……的重视/担忧
due to由于
that is即，也就是说，换言之
that is为插入语，等同于that is to say, namely等。
cause...to do sth.
使……做某事，
导致……做某事
than normal比正常情况
negatively adv.消极地；否定地
negative adj.消极的；否定的
affect/ 'fekt/vt.影响
up to多达；由……决定；从事
It's up to you.
由你决定。
What are you up to lately
你最近忙些什么？
depend on依靠，依赖；取决于
同义短语：rely on
be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
take action采取行动
take steps/measures
采取措施
take steps to do sth.采取措施做某事
endangered/ n'de nd d/adj.濒危的
set up建立；建起
solar/'s l /adj.
太阳光(能)的
solar energy太阳能
in short简而言之
同义：in a word/in brief
off the coast
海岸附近
lay eggs下蛋，产卵
raise v．(熟词生义)饲养，培育
hatch/h t /vi. & vt.(使)孵化
thanks to由于，幸亏
restore/r 'st /
vt.(使)恢复
habitat n．(动植物的)生活环境，栖息地
wildlife habitat野生动植物栖息地
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的；独特的，与众不同的　usual adj.平常的；通常的；惯常的　,usually adv.通常，平常
This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
这次我们待在一起，以防有什么不寻常的其他事情发生。
an unusual method 不寻常的方法
an unusual feature 不寻常的特点
unusual circumstances 异常状况
an unusual ability 非凡的才能
as usual 像往常一样
than usual 比平时……
It is usual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是常有的事。
It's unusual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是不寻常的。
It was not unusual for him to work very late every night.
每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。
As usual the festival is marked by gifts known as mooncakes, representing the full moon on that day.
在这个节日里照常以送月饼作为礼物，代表中秋的满月。
[构词法知识]　un-＋adj.→反义词：unable不能的；unhappy不开心的；unlucky不幸的；unknown不出名的；unwilling不愿意的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The next morning, everyone in the family came to know about the ________ (usual) guest.
②____________ usual, the generous gentleman gave a lot of new books to this school.
③It is usual for him ________ (go) to the office on foot.
完成句子
④The participants waited outside the cafe ________________ (像往常一样).
2．mass adj.大量的，大规模的；民众的　n．团，块，堆；大量，许多；群众
(教材原句)These include the third mass extinction...
这其中包括第三次大灭绝……
(1)on a mass scale 大规模地
mass production 大批量生产
the mass market 大众市场
the mass media 大众传媒
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
a mass protest 大规模抗议
(2)a mass of/masses of 大量的
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众
These instruments have already gone into mass production.
这些仪器已经大规模投入生产。
Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale．[“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，由于宾语较长，将宾补(possible)移到了宾语(machines that...)之前]最近的发展使能够大规模打印、烹饪和供应食物的机器成为可能。
The cold air masses are moving from Siberia towards Inner Mongolia.冷气团正由西伯利亚向内蒙古移动。
A mass of flowers appeared in my vision and the air was filled with pleasing sweetness.
大片鲜花映入眼帘，空气中弥漫着迷人的甜味。
[误区警示]　“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于of后面的名词。
A mass of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往希望工程。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Masses of evidence ________ (show) that the major cause of the accident is his carelessness, and a mass of citizens ________ (be) in favour of this idea.
②Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and ____________ (大量的) color.
写出句中mass的词性及含义
③We can hardly do without the help of the masses.________
④Large masses of cloud was moving towards here.________
⑤The advertising agency intended the advertisement to target a mass audience.________
3．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的；多变的　vary v．变化，不同，相异　various adj.各种各样的,variety n．种类；多样化
(教材原句)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
灭绝的原因各不相同。
(1)varied opinions 各种不同的意见
a wide and varied selection of cheeses
种类繁多的可供选择的奶酪
a full and varied life 丰富多彩的生活
(2)vary between... and... 在两种情况之间变化；在
两种事物之间存在差异
vary from... to... 从……到……不等/变化
vary in colour 颜色各异
vary with the season 随季节而变迁
opinions vary 众说纷纭
(3)for various reasons 由于多种原因
(4)varieties of 各种各样的
a great/wide variety of 多种多样的
People in modern times are trying to have a varied and balanced diet to improve their living quality.
现代人正在努力尝试多样化、均衡的饮食，以提高生活质量。
It's essential that your diet is varied and balanced.
关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。
Her feelings varied between joy and fear as she watched him fight.她在观看他打拳击的时候，时而喜悦，时而担心。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
从绿色到蓝色，海洋的颜色不尽相同，这取决于浮游植物的类型和浓度。
He decided to leave school for various reasons.
由于各种各样的原因，他决定离开学校。
[拓展]　vary in在……方面不同
vary with随……而变化
vary according to...根据……而变化
vary from place to place因地而异
vary from person to person因人而异
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The theme park features ________ (vary) entertainment, attracting ________ (variety) of tourists.
②These cars vary ________ size, price, colour and so on.
③The importance of being an Olympian will vary ________ athlete to athlete.
④The meaning of silence ________ (vary) among cultural groups.
一句多译
他在他的花园里种植了各种各样的花。
⑤________________________________________________________________________
⑥________________________________________________________________________
⑦________________________________________________________________________
4．decrease n．减少；减少的量　vi & vt.减少　同义词：reduce， fall　反义词：increase， rise
(教材原句)… the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
……海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。
(1)a decrease in... ……的减少
on the decrease 在减少
a decrease of 40 percent 40%的降幅
(2)decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease by... 减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease in... 在……方面减少
a decreasing population 逐渐减少的人口
decrease the amount of fat 减少脂肪的摄入量
A local newspaper remarked that crime was on the decrease.
一家地方报纸评论说犯罪活动在减少。
There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors.
来访者数量持续减少。
The oil price has a decrease of 35 percent.
油价出现了35%的降幅。
Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.消极的自我对话会损害自信心，降低自尊心。
The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.今年新生人数从210减少到160。
Car sales have decreased by 20 percent this year.
今年的汽车销量下降了20%。
In order to keep healthy, we should decrease the amount of fat and increase the amount of exercise.
为了保持健康，我们应该减少脂肪的摄入量，增加锻炼量。
[易错警示]　
decrease
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The number of people commenting on the matter is ________ the decrease.
②Fatal road accidents ____________ (decrease) in frequency over recent years.
③The number of the audience who took part in the activity decreased ________ 20% ________ over 1，000.
汉译英
④这种鸟的数量在逐年减少。
________________________________________________________________________
5．blame vt.责怪，指责；把……归咎于　n．责备；过失
(教材原句)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次，应归咎于人类活动。
(1)blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
blame sb. for... 因……而指责某人；
把……归咎于某人
be to blame (for sth.)＝accept/take/bear the blame for...
应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备(主动形式表示被动意义)
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for 对……负责；承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.
把某事归咎于某人
If you lose your job, you'll only have yourself to blame.
如果你丢掉工作，你只能责怪你自己。
The scientists believe that rising sea surface temperatures are to blame for the damage to the marine ecosystem.
科学家们认为不断上升的海面温度是海洋生态系统破坏的罪魁祸首。
Many times it's our parents who take the blame for what should have been taken by ourselves.(it is...who强调句式；should have done表示本该做的事情)
很多时候父母承担了本该由我们自己来承担的责任。
He tried to put/lay the blame on someone else.
他试图把责任推到别人头上。
[归纳拓展]　
与blame sb. for...结构类似的搭配还有：
thank sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而感谢某人
admire sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而赞赏某人
praise sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而表扬某人
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①You can't blame the rise in prices ________ the government.
②There is a sense in which we are all to blame ________ the tragedy.
完成句子
③I'm not going to sit around and ________________________ (为……承担责任) a mistake he made.
④If I mess up, I must accept that and not try to __________________________ (把责任推到……身上) others.
一句两译
被污染的水是这种疾病传播的罪魁祸首。
⑤________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________(blame v．)
⑥________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________(blame n．)
6．affect vt.影响；(感情上)深深打动，使悲伤(或怜悯等)；(疾病)侵袭，使感染
(教材原句)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
affect sb. greatly 对某人影响很大
affect one's decision 影响某人的决定
be affected by 被……感动/影响
be greatly/deeply affected 很/深受感动
be affected by heat/cold 中暑/着凉
affected areas 疫区；受影响地区
An unhappy home environment can affect children's behaviour.不幸的家庭环境可能对孩子的行为造成影响。
Looking at family photos and possessions that affected him, he actively recalled the best and worst moments he shared with his family.(现在分词短语作伴随状语，表达的动作伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生)
看着让他感动的家庭照片和物品，他主动回忆起和家人在一起的最美好和最糟糕的时刻。
This disease affects millions of people in the world every year.这种病每年都使世界上数百万人受到感染。
[拓展]　
affection n．喜爱，钟爱；(pl.)爱情
have/show/develop (an) affection for
深爱着……/表达/培养对……的好感
Every mother has an affection for her children.每个母亲都爱她的孩子。
influence sb./sth.影响某人/某事
have a bad influence on对……有负面影响
have an effect/impact on对……有影响
[即学即练]　写出句中affect的含义
①She was affected to tears by their performance.____________
②These viruses affect children and are highly infectious.____________
③More than seven million people have been affected by drought.____________
单句语法填空
④People of different ages and genders show ________ (affect) in different ways.
⑤Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing ________ (affect) performance.
7．endangered adj.濒危的　endanger vt.危害；危及；使处于险境
(教材原句)For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
(1)endangered animals/plants 濒危动/植物
an endangered species 濒危物种
the endangered languages 濒临灭绝的语言
a reserve for endangered species 一个濒危物种保护区
preserve endangered species from extinction 保护濒危物种不灭绝
(2)endanger one's life 危及某人生命
endanger one's health 危害健康
endanger the species 危及物种
endanger one's future 危及某人的未来
This rare bird has become an endangered species.
这种稀有鸟类已成为濒临灭绝的物种。
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their reproduction.
克里斯和蒂姆在一家动物园工作，帮助濒危的鹤繁衍后代。
Pollution endangers our health.污染危害我们的健康。
Development of the area would endanger wildlife.
这一地区的发展将会危及野生动物。
That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company.那一个失误严重危及了公司的未来。
[拓展]　danger n．危险
be in danger处于危险中
out of danger脱离危险
in danger of extinction有灭绝的危险
The plant is now in danger of extinction because of the loss of its habitat.
由于栖息地的丧失，这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①As is known to all, the panda is ________ danger of becoming extinct.
②Levels of waste from the factory may be ________ danger to public health.
③The society was set up to preserve ________ (endanger) species from extinction.
完成句子
④Poisonous gas blows off and ______________________________ (危及生命) of hundreds of people.
⑤Nature reserves have protected ________________________ (许多濒危动物) from decreasing in number.
8．restore vt.(使)恢复；修复，复原；归还
(教材原句)To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them...
为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物……
restore order 恢复秩序
restore harmony 恢复和谐
restore the old town square 整修古镇广场
restore documents 恢复文件
restore production 恢复生产
restore buildings 修复建筑物
restore belief/faith in 恢复对……的信任
restore one's vision/confidence 恢复视力/信心
restore one's sight 恢复某人的视力
The old painting was damaged in the flood and had to be painstakingly restored.
那幅古画在洪水中遭到毁坏，必须精心修复。
Her friend's kindness has restored her faith in human nature.她朋友的善意使她恢复了对人性的信心。
We will restore her to health but it may take time.
我们会让她恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。
[拓展]　
restore sth. to sth.
使某物恢复到某种状态
restore to life苏醒过来
restore to恢复到
be restored to health恢复健康
restore her to health使她康复
be restored to被还原/恢复到……
be restored to sb.被归还给某人
restoration n．恢复；归还
await restoration等待修复
carry out/undertake restoration进行修复
under restoration修复中
in need of restoration需要修复
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①His recent success has helped to restore his faith ________ his own ability.
②The ________ (restore) to the castle took a year and cost a lot of money.
完成句子
③In a few minutes Tom ______________________ (慢慢苏醒过来).
④We all sincerely hope that the patient will soon __________________________ (恢复健康).
第二版块|重要短语
1．die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
(教材原句)How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out
到现在为止，地球上有多少次生物几乎灭绝？
die away (声音、风或光)逐渐消失；逐渐减弱
die down (火、兴奋程度等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off 相继死去，先后死去
die from/of 因……而死
be dying for/to do sth. 极想要某物/渴望做某事
His shine will not die out even though several decades have passed by.即使时光流转几十载，他的光芒也未消失。
This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。
[易混比较]
①die out(物种等)灭绝；(风俗等)消失→侧重“消失，消亡”
②die away(声音、光线、风等)逐渐减弱
The wind died_away at dusk.黄昏时风逐渐减弱了。
③die down(火、掌声等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息
The fire had died_down and the cabin was getting cold.
火已经熄了，小屋渐渐变冷了。
The noise has died_down．喧闹声逐渐消失了。
④die off(家庭、种族等)相继死去→有个递减的次序
Many trees are dying_off for lack of water.
由于缺水，许多树相继枯死。
[语境助记]　
The deer in the forest are all dying off from disease.森林中的鹿一个接一个地病死了。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Their food ran out and they eventually died ________ hunger.
②The trees have been dying ________ during the severe winter, and there are few left.
③Now that the cheers had died ________， the circus tent seemed oddly quiet.
④Traditional grocers' shops are fast dying ________ now that there are so many supermarkets.
2．wipe out消灭；彻底摧毁；擦掉，擦净；抹去；去除
(教材原句)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
He tried to wipe out the memory of his unhappy childhood.
他试图抹去对不幸童年的回忆。
In order to find ways to wipe out flies, the biologist has spent 33 years watching their behaviour.为了找到消灭苍蝇的方法，这位生物学家花了33年时间观察苍蝇的习性。
wipe away 擦去；除去(眼泪等)
wipe...off... 把……从……擦掉
wipe the sweat from her face 擦去她脸上的汗水
wipe sth. with sth. 用……擦……
wipe sth. from one's mind/memory 把某事从某人心里/记忆中抹去
wipe the floor with sb. (在比赛或辩论中)把某人打得一败涂地；痛骂某人
She stood up to wipe the sweat off her face.
她站起来擦掉脸上的汗水。
—Do you really think we will win the football match on Saturday
—Yes, we'll wipe the floor with them!
——你真的认为我们星期六将赢得这场足球赛吗？
——是的，我们将彻底战胜他们！
[拓展]　
(1)wipe还可以在其宾语后接dry, clean等形容词充当补足语来构成复合宾语。
wipe sth. clean/dry把某物擦干净/擦干
Please wipe your hands dry.
请把你的手擦干。
(2)wipe用作名词，表示“擦、拭、揩、抹”等动作，既可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
[即学即练]　写出句中wipe out的含义
①Make sure the inside of the pot is thoroughly wiped out.____________
②We are ready to wipe out anyone who dares to invade us.____________
③The campaign to wipe out waste launched out.____________
④Running could help wipe out the tired feelings.____________
3．be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
(教材原句)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。
at the risk of 冒着……的风险
put sb. at risk 使某人处于危险中
run/take the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
take/run a risk/risks 冒险
increase/reduce the risk of doing sth. 增加/减少做某事的风险
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
risk one's life to do sth. 冒生命危险做某事
Falling victim to passive smoking, women and children are more at risk.
沦为吸二手烟的受害者，妇女和儿童受到香烟的危害更严重。
Father has a big family to support, so he can't risk losing his job to pursue his dream.父亲有一个大家庭要养活，所以他不能冒着失去工作的风险去追梦。
[语境助记]　
By no means should the students take the risk of being punished to cheat in the exam.(带有否定意义的短语置于句首，句子应该用部分倒装)学生绝不应该冒着被处罚的风险在考试中作弊。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Young people may risk ________ (go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
②For every farm job that is lost, two or three other jobs in the area ________ (put) at risk.
完成句子
③Are you prepared to ______________ (冒险旅行) without an armed guard
④You will ________________ (冒险) by investing all your money in one field.
第三版块|典型句式
1．the reason＋why引导的定语从句
(教材原句)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. 这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
That is the reason why he raised the question.
那就是他提出这个问题的原因。
We don't know the reason why they have broken up with each other.我们不知道他们的关系为何破裂。
[说明]　以上两个句子，why在从句中作状语，可用for which替换。
[归纳拓展]　
The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late.
他上学迟到的原因是他起床晚了。
He was late for school. This was because he got up late.
他上学迟到了。这是因为他起床晚了。
He got up late. This was why he was late for school.
他起床晚了。这是他上学迟到的原因。
[误区警示]　(1)在reason作先行词的定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作状语，一般用why引导定语从句，或用for which替换；若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用that/which，作宾语时可省略。
This is the reason why I have come so far to look for you.
这就是我远道而来找你的原因。
I think it's the reason which made me have that character.
我想这就是让我拥有那种性格的原因。
(2)当reason作主语且被定语从句修饰时，其后的表语从句通常用that不用because。(如例 )
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He fell asleep during the lecture. This was ________ he got bored with it.
②The reason ________ he missed the bus was ________ he got up late.
③He failed the exam again. The reason was ________ he was too careless.
同义句转换
④He was too nervous and embarrassed. That is why he failed in the interview.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤You're so late and I'd like to know the reason.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑥I got up late, and that was the reason why I missed the bus.→
____________________________________________________________________________
2．现在分词短语作后置定语
We are going to reduce the number of trees being cut down.
我们要减少被砍伐树木的数量。
I'm not interested in the question being discussed.
我对正在讨论的问题不感兴趣。
[学法点拨]　现在分词的被动形式being done作定语只能置于被修饰的名词后，表示一个正在进行的被动动作，相当于一个谓语动词是现在进行时或过去进行时被动式的定语从句。
Did you see that boy being questioned by the police
＝Did you see that boy who was being questioned by the police
你看见那个受警察盘问的男孩了吗？
The meeting being held now is very important.
＝The meeting which is being held now is very important.
现在正在召开的会议很重要。
[误区警示]　现在分词的被动式、过去分词与动词不定式的被动式作定语的区别：
①现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语表示被动动作正在发生。
The stadium being built now will be the biggest one in our city.
现在正在建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
②过去分词(done)作定语，表示被动动作已完成。
The stadium built last year is the biggest one in our city.
去年建造的体育场是我们市最大的一个。
③动词不定式的被动式(to be done)作定语表示被动动作将要发生。
The stadium to be built next year will be the biggest one in our city.明年将要建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The man ________ (follow) by security guards is our chairman.
②We are invited to a party ______ (hold) in our club next Friday.
③The play _________ (produce) now aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
用非谓语动词进行同义句转换
④This was one of the experiments which were being carried out in the country.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤The man who is sitting at the back is Mr Smith.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑥The room is empty except for a bookshelf which stands in the corner.
→__________________________________________________________________________
3．含蓄条件句
(教材原句)Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
Without your help, we wouldn't have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不会取得这么大的成就。
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们现在还在工作。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码；否则我们就会给他打电话了。
[说明]　(1)虚拟语气句中，有时虚拟条件不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是通过某些词和短语引出或只暗含在上下文中，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句表示的虚拟条件都可以用if从句替换。
①含蓄条件可通过介词或介词短语without、with、but for(要不是)等体现。
With her help(＝If I had her help), I would do the experiment well.假如有她的帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。
②含蓄条件可通过连接词or或副词otherwise体现。
I was busy that day. Otherwise (＝If I had not been busy that day) I would have come to help you.我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。
It is just as well that we didn't leave any later or we'd have missed the feast.
幸好我们没有晚些离开，要不然我们就错过这场盛宴了。
③含蓄条件暗含在上下文中。
Don't bother to read all the papers; it would take too long.
别费事去读所有这些文件了；那会太耗时间的。(暗含If you read all the papers)
(2)含蓄条件句中注意其主句谓语动词的形式：
·与现在或将来事实相反：would/could/might/should＋do
·与过去事实相反：would/could/might/should＋have done
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①But ________ my teacher's help, I couldn't have been a professional painter and owned my gallery.
②________ your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
③We lost our way in that small village; otherwise we ______ (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
完成句子
④I forget where I read the article, or I ________________________ (会给你看看它的).
⑤Any person who had behaved in that way ______________________ (会被开除).
汉译英
⑥假如没有空气，地球上将没有生命。
________________________________________________________________________
4．There be...句型的变式There have been...
(教材原句)In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。
[说明]　(1)there be 句型表示存在，它有各种时态，如：
①一般现在时：there is/are
②一般过去时：there was/were
③一般将来时：there will be
④过去将来时：there would be
⑤现在完成时：there has/have been
⑥过去完成时：there had been
(2)there be 句型的其他情况
①There be/lie/stand/appear/remain...结构。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山顶上有座庙。
②There be＋主语＋doing/done/to do...
[特别提示]　
在这个结构中，主语与作定语的分词若构成主动关系，则用doing；若构成被动关系，则用done; to do表将来。
There are many experts evaluating this system.
有许多专家正在评估这一体系。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①As long as there have been codes, people have tried ________ (break) them.
②There is a castle ________ (build) in the 11th century as part of the defensive line against enemies.
③Soon there ________ (will) be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
④There ________ (be) a few things we need to discuss.
⑤There ________ (exist) a close relationship between families and their milkmen.
⑥There are a lot of things ________ (do) before the ship makes its first voyage.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．How could the blood flow ________ (影响) brain's regular activity
2．The Chinese government wants to conserve these ________(濒危的) birds.
3．He was an ________ (不同寻常的) man with outstanding business talents.
4．It has ________ (大量) of flowers normally each year.
5．The forms of art are countless and ________ (多种多样的).
6．His extraordinary success has helped to ________ (使恢复) his faith in his own ability.
7．It is recognised that the ________ (太阳的) system is made up of a star and eight planets.
8．Old people don't like to________ (改变) their annoying habits.
9．That could ________ (降低) costs and increase production of wheat.
10．Don't cast the ________ (指责) on others rudely.
Ⅱ.短语填空
vary from...to..., decrease...to, be known as, die out, wipe out, be to blame, be at risk, a mass of
1．Florida ________________ an energy and green industry outstanding leader throughout the world.
2．Cherries ________ in color ________ almost black ________ yellow constantly.
3．Neither the players nor the coach ________________ for the loss of the championship.
4．We are ready at all times to ________________ any enemy persistently who dares to come.
5．On the desk of my niece is________________ books and papers.
6．The number of independent agricultural firms ________________ from 198 ________ 96.
7．The disease is difficult to handle, and all children under five ________________．
8．Those species inadaptable to switching conditions may ________________．
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old ________ risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
2．The workers were not better organised, otherwise they ________ (accomplish) the task in half the time.
3．The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due ________ a sudden heavy storm.
4．As a businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel ________ (affect), customers can also drive you mad.
5．That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones ________ (assist) the crews' efforts.
6．Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic ________ (pollute).
7．Who is ________ (blame) for the problem of robocalls
8．After a serious flu outbreak wipes ________ 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.
9．The prey species they directly attack will die ________．
10．Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up ________ 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Many people think the hot weather ________________________________ (是缺水的部分原因).
2．It is necessary to adjust our mood before exams because
____________________________ (我们可能无法像往常一样做得好) under stress.
3．These opinions will change with time, and __________________________________ (根据地域不同而改变).
4．Their love for motherland was so deep and ______________________________ (无法抹去).
5．His speech was so impressive that it was several minutes before the applause __________________ (平息下来).
Section B　Lesson 1　The Sixth Extinction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．species　2.mass　3.blame　4.hatch　5.solar　6.asteroid
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．unusual; usual; usually; unusually　2.vary; varied; various; variety　3.affect; affection; affective; affecting; effect　4.endanger; endangered　5.restore; restoration　
6．decrease; increase　7.specific; special
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．wipe out　2.not unusual　3.in fact　4.the third mass extinction　5.varied reasons　6.the decrease of　7.be to blame　8.depend on　9.be at risk　10.the balance in nature between animals and plants　11.have no air to breathe　12.take action　13.take steps to do sth.　14.save endangered species　15.set up　16.solar energy
1．全球变暖　2.因为，由于　3.也就是说；即；换言之　4.比正常情况　5.正在灭亡　6.被毁　7.多达；由……决定；从事 8．风能　9.减少污染　10.简而言之
课文研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
1．reasons　2.decrease　3.effect　4.dying out　5.destroying
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．C　2.B　3.B　4.B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．are wiped　2.varied　3.to blame　4.faster　5.It　
6．negatively　7.who/that　8.dying　9.In　10.destroying
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①unusual　②As　③to go　④as usual
2．①shows; are　②masses of/a mass of　③名词，群众　④名词，团，堆　⑤形容词，大量的
3．①varied/various; varieties　②in　③from　④varies　⑤The flowers he grows in his garden vary.　⑥He grows various flowers in his garden.⑦He grows a variety of/varieties of flowers in his garden.
4．①on　②have decreased　③by; to　④This species of bird is decreasing in number every year./The number of this species of bird is on the decrease every year.
5．①on　②for　③take the blame for　④put the blame on　⑤The polluted water was to blame for the spread of the disease.　⑥The polluted water took the blame for the spread of the disease.
6．①感动　②使感染　③影响　④affection　⑤affects
7．①in　②a　③endangered　④endangers the lives　⑤many endangered animals
8．①in　②restoration　③slowly restored to life　④be restored to health
第二版块|重要短语
1．①of/from　②off　③away　④out
2．①擦净　②消灭　③扫除　④去除
3．①going　②are put　③risk travelling　④take a risk
第三版块|典型句式
1．①because　②why; that　③that　④The reason why he failed in the interview is that he was too nervous and embarrassed.　⑤I'd like to know the reason why you're so late.　⑥The reason why I missed the bus was that I got up late.
2．①(being) followed　②to be held　③being produced　④This was one of the experiments being carried out in the country.
⑤The man sitting at the back is Mr Smith.　⑥The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing in the corner.
3．①for　②Without　③would/could/should/might have visited　④would show it to you　⑤would have been dismissed
⑥Without air, there would be no life on the earth.
4．①to break　②built　③would　④are　⑤existed/exists　⑥to do
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．affect　2.endangered　3.unusual　4.masses　5.varied　6.restore　7.solar　8.vary　9.decrease　10.blame
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．is known as　2.vary; from; to　3.is to blame　4.wipe out　5.a mass of　6.decreases; to　7.are at risk　8.die out
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．答案与解析：at　at risk of有……的风险。句意：在年轻人无法负担离开家的费用和老年人有孤独的风险的情况下，更多的家庭选择住在一起。
2．答案与解析：would have accomplished　表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done表示“本来能够做某事”。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。
3．答案与解析：to　due to由于。句意：由于一场突然的强暴风雨，船长被建议返航。
4．答案与解析：affection　feel (an) affection喜欢。句意：作为一个女商人，我非常关心我的顾客。但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾客也可以让你发疯。
5．答案与解析：assisting　此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”构成的with复合结构。宾语drones与宾补assist之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式。句意：那可能是危险的工作，可以通过无人机协助工作人员的工作来避免。
6．答案与解析：pollution　plastic pollution塑料污染。句意：塑料吸管绝不是塑料污染的最大来源。
7．答案与解析：to blame　be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任。句意：骚扰电话的问题由谁承担责任？
8．答案与解析：out　wipe out彻底毁灭。句意：在一场严重的流感暴发导致99.4%的世界人口消失之后，一场正义与邪恶之间的战争在那些留下的人当中展开。
9．答案与解析：out　die out“灭绝，消失”。句意：它们直接攻击的猎物种类将会灭绝。
10．答案与解析：to　up to“高达，多达”。句意：有些乐曲可以持续40分钟，需要翻多达50页，包括重复段落的回旋。
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．is partly to blame for the water shortage　2.we may not do well as usual　3.vary from place to place　4.impossible to wipe out　5.died down
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共187张PPT)
Section B Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 物种，种
2．____________ adj. 大量的
3．____________ vt. 责怪，指责
4．____________ vi. & vt. (使)孵化
5．____________ adj. 太阳光(能)的
6．____________ n. 小行星
species
mass　
blame　
hatch
solar　
asteroid
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.异常的；不平常的→________ adj.通常的；平常的→________ adv.通常地；平常地→________ adv.异常地；不平常地
2．________ v．变化；不同→________ adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→________ adj.各种各样的→________ n．种类；多样化
3．________ vt.影响→________ n．喜爱；钟爱→________ adj.感情的→________ adj.感人的→________ n．影响；效果
unusual
usual
usually
unusually　
vary
varied
various
variety　
affect
affection
affective
affecting
effect
4．________ v．危害；使遭受危险→________ adj.濒危的
5．________ vt.(使)恢复→________ n．恢复；归还
6．________ vt. & vi.减少→________ vt. & vi.增加
7．species n．种，物种→________ adj.具体的→________ adj.专门的，特别的
endanger
endangered　
restore
restoration　
decrease
increase
specific
special
wipe out　
not unusual　
in fact
the third mass extinction　
varied reasons　
the decrease of　
be to blame
8．________________ 依靠，依赖
9．________________ 处境危险，受到威胁
10．_________________________________ 动植物之间的自然平衡
11．________________ 没有空气可以呼吸
12．________________ 采取行动
13．________________ 采取措施做某事
14．_________________________ 拯救濒危物种
15．________________ 建立
16．________________ 太阳能
depend on
be at risk
the balance in nature between animals and plants　
have no air to breathe　
take action　
take steps to do sth.
save endangered species　
set up　
solar energy

全球变暖　
因为，由于　
也就是说；即；换言之　
比正常情况　
正在灭亡
6．be destroyed ________________
7．up to ______________________
8．wind energy ________________
9．reduce pollution ________________
10．in short ________________
被毁　
多达；由……决定；从事
风能　
减少污染　
简而言之
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
reasons
decrease
effect
dying out　
destroying
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A．Extinctions are unusual in our Earth's history.
B．Dinosaurs died out in the third extinction.
C．Human activity may cause the sixth extinction.
D．Global warming leads to the extinctions.
C　
2．Why does the author mention the 2015 study by scientists
A．To show the fame of the two universities.
B．To show humans speed up the extinction of species.
C．To prove the importance of the natural balance.
D．To show the side effects of the study.
B
3．What should we do to avoid the sixth extinction according to the text
A．We should change the way of our life completely.
B．We should protect the planet that we live on.
C．We should reduce the usage of water, air and land.
D．We should stop water, air and land pollution.
B
4．What is the author's attitude towards the mass extinction in this text
A．Uninterested. B．Concerned.
C．Skeptical. D．Supportive.
B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Extinctions, where entire species 1.________ (wipe) out, are not unusual in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. The reasons for extinctions are 2.________ (vary). Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be 3.________ (blame). A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times 4.________ (fast) than normal. 5.________ is clear that human activity has 6.________ (negative) affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
are wiped
varied　
to blame
faster
It　
negatively
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists 7.________ have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be at risk of 8.________ (die) out. Experts say that if we take action now, a sixth mass extinction can be avoided. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. 9.________ short, if we want to survive, we need to stop 10.________ (destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
who/that
dying　
In　
destroying
[教材原文]
Extinctions, where entire species① are wiped out② , are not unusual③in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. In the last 500 million years④， there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. These include the third mass⑤ extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species 【1】. And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. The reasons for extinctions are varied⑥. According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids⑦ hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease⑧ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame⑨.
【1】画线部分中“known as the ‘Great Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinction。
Although it is not unusual for species to die out⑩ naturally, the rate at which this is now happening 【2】 is cause for concern . A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is ， the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal .There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out 【3】： air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。
【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons, why在从句中作状语。
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out 【4】. Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive 【5】．
【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Without forests和without clean water相当于条件，“we would have no air to breathe”和“we would be unable to survive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。
Can a sixth extinction be avoided Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. In short ， if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
Case Study
The Black Robin
Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction. In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world. They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand. Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs .Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks. They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch ， and took care of the chicks. Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading. To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live.
[汉语译文]
物种灭绝，即整个物种(species)的完全消失(wipe out)，在地球的历史上并不罕见(unusual)。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次大(mass)灭绝，在那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6 600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同(varied)。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星(asteroid)从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降(decrease)和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这一次，应归咎于[be to blame(对某事)负有责任]人类活动。
虽然物种的自然灭绝(die out)并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响(affect)，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临(be at risk)灭绝。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的(endangered)物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳(solar)能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之，如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
案例研究
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护老蓝的蛋，帮助它们孵化(hatch)，并照顾幼鸟。由于他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复(restore)黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上的老鼠和猫。
[词汇注释]
①species/'spi i z/n．物种，种
②wipe out 彻底毁灭
wipe/wa p / vt.擦；拭
③unusual/ n'ju u l/ adj.异常的；不平常的
④in/over/during the last/past 500 million years
在过去的五亿年里(常与现在完成时连用)
⑤mass/m s/adj.大量的
the third mass extinction 第三次大灭绝
⑥varied/'ve rid/adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
varied reasons各种各样的原因(＝various reasons)
⑦asteroid/' st r d/ n．小行星
⑧decrease/d 'kri s/
n．减少；减少的量　vi. & vt.减少
the decrease of ……的下降
decrease by减少/下降了……
decrease to减少/下降到……
⑨be to blame (对某事)负有责任
blame/ble m/vt.责怪，指责
⑩die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
at the rate (of) 以(……的)速度
(a) cause for concern引起……的重视/担忧
due to由于
that is即，也就是说，换言之
that is为插入语，等同于that is to say, namely等。
cause...to do sth.使……做某事，导致……做某事
than normal比正常情况
negatively adv.消极地；否定地
negative adj.消极的；否定的
affect/ 'fekt/vt.影响
up to多达；由……决定；从事
It's up to you. 由你决定。
What are you up to lately 你最近忙些什么？
depend on依靠，依赖；取决于
同义短语：rely on
be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
take action采取行动
take steps/measures 采取措施
take steps to do sth.采取措施做某事
endangered/ n'de nd d/adj.濒危的
set up建立；建起
solar/'s l / adj.太阳光(能)的
solar energy 太阳能
in short 简而言之
同义：in a word/in brief
off the coast 海岸附近
lay eggs下蛋，产卵
raise v．(熟词生义)饲养，培育
hatch/h t /vi. & vt.(使)孵化
thanks to由于，幸亏
restore/r 'st / vt.(使)恢复
habitat n．(动植物的)生活环境，栖息地
wildlife habitat 野生动植物栖息地
第一版块|核心单词
1．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的；独特的，与众不同的　usual adj.平常的；通常的；惯常的　,usually adv.通常，平常
This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
这次我们待在一起，以防有什么不寻常的其他事情发生。
an unusual method 不寻常的方法
an unusual feature 不寻常的特点
unusual circumstances 异常状况
an unusual ability 非凡的才能
as usual 像往常一样
than usual 比平时……
It is usual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是常有的事。
It's unusual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是不寻常的。
It was not unusual for him to work very late every night.
每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。
As usual the festival is marked by gifts known as mooncakes, representing the full moon on that day.
在这个节日里照常以送月饼作为礼物，代表中秋的满月。
[构词法知识]　
un-＋adj.→反义词：unable不能的；unhappy不开心的；unlucky不幸的；unknown不出名的；unwilling不愿意的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The next morning, everyone in the family came to know about the ________ (usual) guest.
②____________ usual, the generous gentleman gave a lot of new books to this school.
③It is usual for him ________ (go) to the office on foot.
完成句子
④The participants waited outside the cafe ________________ (像往常一样).
unusual
As　
to go　
as usual
2．mass adj.大量的，大规模的；民众的　n．团，块，堆；大量，许多；群众
(教材原句)These include the third mass extinction...
这其中包括第三次大灭绝……
(1)on a mass scale 大规模地
mass production 大批量生产
the mass market 大众市场
the mass media 大众传媒
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
a mass protest 大规模抗议
(2)a mass of/masses of 大量的
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众
These instruments have already gone into mass production.
这些仪器已经大规模投入生产。
Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale．[“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，由于宾语较长，将宾补(possible)移到了宾语(machines that...)之前]最近的发展使能够大规模打印、烹饪和供应食物的机器成为可能。
The cold air masses are moving from Siberia towards Inner Mongolia.冷气团正由西伯利亚向内蒙古移动。
A mass of flowers appeared in my vision and the air was filled with pleasing sweetness.
大片鲜花映入眼帘，空气中弥漫着迷人的甜味。
[误区警示]　
“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于of后面的名词。
A mass of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往希望工程。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Masses of evidence ________ (show) that the major cause of the accident is his carelessness, and a mass of citizens ________ (be) in favour of this idea.
②Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and __________________ (大量的) color.
shows
are　
masses of/a mass of　
写出句中mass的词性及含义
③We can hardly do without the help of the masses.____________
④Large masses of cloud was moving towards here.______________
⑤The advertising agency intended the advertisement to target a mass audience.______________
名词，群众　
名词，团，堆　
形容词，大量的
3．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的；多变的　vary v．变化，不同，相异　various adj.各种各样的,variety n．种类；多样化
(教材原句)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
灭绝的原因各不相同。
(1)varied opinions 各种不同的意见
a wide and varied selection of cheeses
种类繁多的可供选择的奶酪
a full and varied life 丰富多彩的生活
(2)vary between... and... 在两种情况之间变化；在
两种事物之间存在差异
vary from... to... 从……到……不等/变化
vary in colour 颜色各异
vary with the season 随季节而变迁
opinions vary 众说纷纭
(3)for various reasons 由于多种原因
(4)varieties of 各种各样的
a great/wide variety of 多种多样的
People in modern times are trying to have a varied and balanced diet to improve their living quality.
现代人正在努力尝试多样化、均衡的饮食，以提高生活质量。
It's essential that your diet is varied and balanced.
关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。
Her feelings varied between joy and fear as she watched him fight.她在观看他打拳击的时候，时而喜悦，时而担心。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
从绿色到蓝色，海洋的颜色不尽相同，这取决于浮游植物的类型和浓度。
He decided to leave school for various reasons.
由于各种各样的原因，他决定离开学校。
[拓展]　vary in在……方面不同
vary with随……而变化
vary according to...根据……而变化
vary from place to place因地而异
vary from person to person因人而异
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The theme park features ____________ (vary) entertainment, attracting ________ (variety) of tourists.
②These cars vary ________ size, price, colour and so on.
③The importance of being an Olympian will vary ________ athlete to athlete.
④The meaning of silence ________ (vary) among cultural groups.
varied/various
varieties　
in　
from　
varies　
一句多译
他在他的花园里种植了各种各样的花。
⑤______________________________________________________
⑥______________________________________________________
⑦______________________________________________________
The flowers he grows in his garden vary.　
He grows various flowers in his garden.
He grows a variety of/varieties of flowers in his garden.
4．decrease n．减少；减少的量　vi & vt.减少　同义词：reduce， fall　反义词：increase， rise
(教材原句)… the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
……海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。
(1)a decrease in... ……的减少
on the decrease 在减少
a decrease of 40 percent 40%的降幅
(2)decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease by... 减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease in... 在……方面减少
a decreasing population 逐渐减少的人口
decrease the amount of fat 减少脂肪的摄入量
A local newspaper remarked that crime was on the decrease.
一家地方报纸评论说犯罪活动在减少。
There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors.
来访者数量持续减少。
The oil price has a decrease of 35 percent.
油价出现了35%的降幅。
Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.消极的自我对话会损害自信心，降低自尊心。
The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.今年新生人数从210减少到160。
Car sales have decreased by 20 percent this year.
今年的汽车销量下降了20%。
In order to keep healthy, we should decrease the amount of fat and increase the amount of exercise.
为了保持健康，我们应该减少脂肪的摄入量，增加锻炼量。

[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The number of people commenting on the matter is ________ the decrease.
②Fatal road accidents ____________ (decrease) in frequency over recent years.
③The number of the audience who took part in the activity decreased ________ 20% ________ over 1，000.
汉译英
④这种鸟的数量在逐年减少。
on
have decreased　
by
to
This species of bird is decreasing in number every year./The number of this species of bird is on the decrease every year.
5．blame vt.责怪，指责；把……归咎于　n．责备；过失
(教材原句)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次，应归咎于人类活动。
(1)blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
blame sb. for... 因……而指责某人；
把……归咎于某人
be to blame (for sth.)＝accept/take/bear the blame for...
应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备(主动形式表示被动意义)
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for 对……负责；承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.
把某事归咎于某人
If you lose your job, you'll only have yourself to blame.
如果你丢掉工作，你只能责怪你自己。
The scientists believe that rising sea surface temperatures are to blame for the damage to the marine ecosystem.
科学家们认为不断上升的海面温度是海洋生态系统破坏的罪魁祸首。
Many times it's our parents who take the blame for what should have been taken by ourselves.(it is...who强调句式；should have done表示本该做的事情)
很多时候父母承担了本该由我们自己来承担的责任。
He tried to put/lay the blame on someone else.
他试图把责任推到别人头上。
[归纳拓展]　
与blame sb. for...结构类似的搭配还有：
thank sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而感谢某人
admire sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而赞赏某人
praise sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而表扬某人
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①You can't blame the rise in prices ________ the government.
②There is a sense in which we are all to blame ________ the tragedy.
on
for　
完成句子
③I'm not going to sit around and ________________________ (为……承担责任) a mistake he made.
④If I mess up, I must accept that and not try to ___________________ (把责任推到……身上) others.
take the blame for　
put the blame on　
一句两译
被污染的水是这种疾病传播的罪魁祸首。
⑤_______________________________________________(blame v．)
⑥_______________________________________________(blame n．)
The polluted water was to blame for the spread of the disease.　
The polluted water took the blame for the spread of the disease.
6．affect vt.影响；(感情上)深深打动，使悲伤(或怜悯等)；(疾病)侵袭，使感染
(教材原句)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
affect sb. greatly 对某人影响很大
affect one's decision 影响某人的决定
be affected by 被……感动/影响
be greatly/deeply affected 很/深受感动
be affected by heat/cold 中暑/着凉
affected areas 疫区；受影响地区
An unhappy home environment can affect children's behaviour.不幸的家庭环境可能对孩子的行为造成影响。
Looking at family photos and possessions that affected him, he actively recalled the best and worst moments he shared with his family.(现在分词短语作伴随状语，表达的动作伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生)
看着让他感动的家庭照片和物品，他主动回忆起和家人在一起的最美好和最糟糕的时刻。
This disease affects millions of people in the world every year.这种病每年都使世界上数百万人受到感染。
[拓展]　
affection n．喜爱，钟爱；(pl.)爱情
have/show/develop (an) affection for
深爱着……/表达/培养对……的好感
Every mother has an affection for her children.每个母亲都爱她的孩子。
influence sb./sth.影响某人/某事
have a bad influence on对……有负面影响
have an effect/impact on对……有影响
[即学即练]　写出句中affect的含义
①She was affected to tears by their performance.____________
②These viruses affect children and are highly infectious.____________
③More than seven million people have been affected by drought.______
感动
使感染
影响　
单句语法填空
④People of different ages and genders show ________ (affect) in different ways.
⑤Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing ________ (affect) performance.
affection
affects
7．endangered adj.濒危的　endanger vt.危害；危及；使处于险境
(教材原句)For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.
例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
(1)endangered animals/plants 濒危动/植物
an endangered species 濒危物种
the endangered languages 濒临灭绝的语言
a reserve for endangered species 一个濒危物种保护区
preserve endangered species from extinction 保护濒危物种不灭绝
(2)endanger one's life 危及某人生命
endanger one's health 危害健康
endanger the species 危及物种
endanger one's future 危及某人的未来
This rare bird has become an endangered species.
这种稀有鸟类已成为濒临灭绝的物种。
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their reproduction.
克里斯和蒂姆在一家动物园工作，帮助濒危的鹤繁衍后代。
Pollution endangers our health.污染危害我们的健康。
Development of the area would endanger wildlife.
这一地区的发展将会危及野生动物。
That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company.那一个失误严重危及了公司的未来。
[拓展]　danger n．危险
be in danger处于危险中
out of danger脱离危险
in danger of extinction有灭绝的危险
The plant is now in danger of extinction because of the loss of its habitat.
由于栖息地的丧失，这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①As is known to all, the panda is ________ danger of becoming extinct.
②Levels of waste from the factory may be ________ danger to public health.
③The society was set up to preserve ________ (endanger) species from extinction.
in
a　
endangered
完成句子
④Poisonous gas blows off and _______________________ (危及生命) of hundreds of people.
⑤Nature reserves have protected ________________________ (许多濒危动物) from decreasing in number.
endangers the lives　
many endangered animals
8．restore vt.(使)恢复；修复，复原；归还
(教材原句)To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them...
为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物……
restore order 恢复秩序
restore harmony 恢复和谐
restore the old town square 整修古镇广场
restore documents 恢复文件
restore production 恢复生产
restore buildings 修复建筑物
restore belief/faith in 恢复对……的信任
restore one's vision/confidence 恢复视力/信心
restore one's sight 恢复某人的视力
The old painting was damaged in the flood and had to be painstakingly restored.
那幅古画在洪水中遭到毁坏，必须精心修复。
Her friend's kindness has restored her faith in human nature.她朋友的善意使她恢复了对人性的信心。
We will restore her to health but it may take time.
我们会让她恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。
[拓展]　
restore sth. to sth.
使某物恢复到某种状态
restore to life苏醒过来
restore to恢复到
be restored to health恢复健康
restore her to health使她康复
be restored to被还原/恢复到……
be restored to sb.被归还给某人
restoration n．恢复；归还
await restoration等待修复
carry out/undertake restoration进行修复
under restoration修复中
in need of restoration需要修复
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①His recent success has helped to restore his faith ________ his own ability.
②The ________ (restore) to the castle took a year and cost a lot of money.
完成句子
③In a few minutes Tom ______________________ (慢慢苏醒过来).
④We all sincerely hope that the patient will soon __________________ (恢复健康).
in
restoration
slowly restored to life　
be restored to health
第二版块|重要短语
1．die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
(教材原句)How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out
到现在为止，地球上有多少次生物几乎灭绝？
die away (声音、风或光)逐渐消失；逐渐减弱
die down (火、兴奋程度等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off 相继死去，先后死去
die from/of 因……而死
be dying for/to do sth. 极想要某物/渴望做某事
His shine will not die out even though several decades have passed by.即使时光流转几十载，他的光芒也未消失。
This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。
[易混比较]
①die out(物种等)灭绝；(风俗等)消失→侧重“消失，消亡”
②die away(声音、光线、风等)逐渐减弱
The wind died away at dusk.黄昏时风逐渐减弱了。
③die down(火、掌声等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息
The fire had died down and the cabin was getting cold.
火已经熄了，小屋渐渐变冷了。
The noise has died down．喧闹声逐渐消失了。
④die off(家庭、种族等)相继死去→有个递减的次序
Many trees are dying off for lack of water.
由于缺水，许多树相继枯死。
[语境助记]　
The deer in the forest are all dying off from disease.森林中的鹿一个接一个地病死了。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Their food ran out and they eventually died ________ hunger.
②The trees have been dying ________ during the severe winter, and there are few left.
③Now that the cheers had died ________， the circus tent seemed oddly quiet.
④Traditional grocers' shops are fast dying ________ now that there are so many supermarkets.
of/from
off　
away　
out
2．wipe out消灭；彻底摧毁；擦掉，擦净；抹去；去除
(教材原句)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.
物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
He tried to wipe out the memory of his unhappy childhood.
他试图抹去对不幸童年的回忆。
In order to find ways to wipe out flies, the biologist has spent 33 years watching their behaviour.为了找到消灭苍蝇的方法，这位生物学家花了33年时间观察苍蝇的习性。
wipe away 擦去；除去(眼泪等)
wipe...off... 把……从……擦掉
wipe the sweat from her face 擦去她脸上的汗水
wipe sth. with sth. 用……擦……
wipe sth. from one's mind/memory 把某事从某人心里/记忆中抹去
wipe the floor with sb. (在比赛或辩论中)把某人打得一败涂地；痛骂某人
She stood up to wipe the sweat off her face.
她站起来擦掉脸上的汗水。
—Do you really think we will win the football match on Saturday
—Yes, we'll wipe the floor with them!
——你真的认为我们星期六将赢得这场足球赛吗？
——是的，我们将彻底战胜他们！
[拓展]　
(1)wipe还可以在其宾语后接dry, clean等形容词充当补足语来构成复合宾语。
wipe sth. clean/dry把某物擦干净/擦干
Please wipe your hands dry.
请把你的手擦干。
(2)wipe用作名词，表示“擦、拭、揩、抹”等动作，既可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
[即学即练]　写出句中wipe out的含义
①Make sure the inside of the pot is thoroughly wiped out.____________
②We are ready to wipe out anyone who dares to invade us.___________
③The campaign to wipe out waste launched out.____________
④Running could help wipe out the tired feelings.____________
擦净　
消灭
扫除
去除
3．be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
(教材原句)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.
当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。
at the risk of 冒着……的风险
put sb. at risk 使某人处于危险中
run/take the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
take/run a risk/risks 冒险
increase/reduce the risk of doing sth. 增加/减少做某事的风险
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
risk one's life to do sth. 冒生命危险做某事
Falling victim to passive smoking, women and children are more at risk.
沦为吸二手烟的受害者，妇女和儿童受到香烟的危害更严重。
Father has a big family to support, so he can't risk losing his job to pursue his dream.
父亲有一个大家庭要养活，所以他不能冒着失去工作的风险去追梦。
[语境助记]　
By no means should the students take the risk of being punished to cheat in the exam.(带有否定意义的短语置于句首，句子应该用部分倒装)学生绝不应该冒着被处罚的风险在考试中作弊。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Young people may risk ________ (go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
②For every farm job that is lost, two or three other jobs in the area ________ (put) at risk.
going　
are put　
完成句子
③Are you prepared to ______________ (冒险旅行) without an armed guard
④You will ________________ (冒险) by investing all your money in one field.
risk travelling
take a risk
第三版块|典型句式
1．the reason＋why引导的定语从句
(教材原句)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. 这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
That is the reason why he raised the question.
那就是他提出这个问题的原因。
We don't know the reason why they have broken up with each other.我们不知道他们的关系为何破裂。

The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late.
他上学迟到的原因是他起床晚了。
He was late for school. This was because he got up late.
他上学迟到了。这是因为他起床晚了。
He got up late. This was why he was late for school.
他起床晚了。这是他上学迟到的原因。
[误区警示]　
(1)在reason作先行词的定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作状语，一般用why引导定语从句，或用for which替换；若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用that/which，作宾语时可省略。
This is the reason why I have come so far to look for you.
这就是我远道而来找你的原因。
I think it's the reason which made me have that character.
我想这就是让我拥有那种性格的原因。
(2)当reason作主语且被定语从句修饰时，其后的表语从句通常用that不用because。(如例 )
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He fell asleep during the lecture. This was ________ he got bored with it.
②The reason ________ he missed the bus was ________ he got up late.
③He failed the exam again. The reason was ________ he was too careless.
because　
why
that　
that　
同义句转换
④He was too nervous and embarrassed. That is why he failed in the interview.
⑤You're so late and I'd like to know the reason.
⑥I got up late, and that was the reason why I missed the bus.
The reason why he failed in the interview is that he was too nervous and embarrassed.　
I'd like to know the reason why you're so late.　
The reason why I missed the bus was that I got up late.
2．现在分词短语作后置定语
We are going to reduce the number of trees being cut down.
我们要减少被砍伐树木的数量。
I'm not interested in the question being discussed.
我对正在讨论的问题不感兴趣。
[学法点拨]　
现在分词的被动形式being done作定语只能置于被修饰的名词后，表示一个正在进行的被动动作，相当于一个谓语动词是现在进行时或过去进行时
Did you see that boy being questioned by the police
＝Did you see that boy who was being questioned by the police
你看见那个受警察盘问的男孩了吗？
The meeting being held now is very important.
＝The meeting which is being held now is very important.
现在正在召开的会议很重要。
[误区警示]　现在分词的被动式、过去分词与动词不定式的被动式作定语的区别：
①现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语表示被动动作正在发生。
The stadium being built now will be the biggest one in our city.
现在正在建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
②过去分词(done)作定语，表示被动动作已完成。
The stadium built last year is the biggest one in our city.
去年建造的体育场是我们市最大的一个。
③动词不定式的被动式(to be done)作定语表示被动动作将要发生。
The stadium to be built next year will be the biggest one in our city.明年将要建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The man ______________ (follow) by security guards is our chairman.
②We are invited to a party __________ (hold) in our club next Friday.
③The play _______________ (produce) now aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
(being) followed　
to be held　
being produced
用非谓语动词进行同义句转换
④This was one of the experiments which were being carried out in the country.
→_________________________________________________________
⑤The man who is sitting at the back is Mr Smith.
→_________________________________________________________
⑥The room is empty except for a bookshelf which stands in the corner.
→_________________________________________________________
This was one of the experiments being carried out in the country.
The man sitting at the back is Mr Smith.　
The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing in the corner.
3．含蓄条件句
(教材原句)Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
Without your help, we wouldn't have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不会取得这么大的成就。
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们现在还在工作。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码；否则我们就会给他打电话了。
[说明]　
(1)虚拟语气句中，有时虚拟条件不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是通过某些词和短语引出或只暗含在上下文中，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句表示的虚拟条件都可以用if从句替换。
①含蓄条件可通过介词或介词短语without、with、but for(要不是)等体现。
With her help(＝If I had her help), I would do the experiment well.假如有她的帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。
②含蓄条件可通过连接词or或副词otherwise体现。
I was busy that day. Otherwise (＝If I had not been busy that day) I would have come to help you.我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。
It is just as well that we didn't leave any later or we'd have missed the feast.
幸好我们没有晚些离开，要不然我们就错过这场盛宴了。
③含蓄条件暗含在上下文中。
Don't bother to read all the papers; it would take too long.
别费事去读所有这些文件了；那会太耗时间的。(暗含If you read all the papers)
＋have done
(2)含蓄条件句中注意其主句谓语动词的形式：
·与现在或将来事实相反：would/could/might/should＋do
·与过去事实相反：would/could/might/should
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①But ________ my teacher's help, I couldn't have been a professional painter and owned my gallery.
②________ your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
③We lost our way in that small village；otherwise we
__________________________ (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
for
Without　
would/could/should/might have visited　
完成句子
④I forget where I read the article, or I ________________________ (会给你看看它的).
⑤Any person who had behaved in that way ______________________ (会被开除).
would show it to you　
would have been dismissed
汉译英
⑥假如没有空气，地球上将没有生命。
___________________________________________________________
Without air, there would be no life on the earth.
4．There be...句型的变式There have been...
(教材原句)In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。
[说明]　
(1)there be 句型表示存在，它有各种时态，如：
①一般现在时：there is/are
②一般过去时：there was/were
③一般将来时：there will be
④过去将来时：there would be
⑤现在完成时：there has/have been
⑥过去完成时：there had been
(2)there be 句型的其他情况
①There be/lie/stand/appear/remain...结构。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山顶上有座庙。
②There be＋主语＋doing/done/to do...
[特别提示]　
在这个结构中，主语与作定语的分词若构成主动关系，则用doing；若构成被动关系，则用done; to do表将来。
There are many experts evaluating this system.
有许多专家正在评估这一体系。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①As long as there have been codes, people have tried ________ (break) them.
②There is a castle ________ (build) in the 11th century as part of the defensive line against enemies.
③Soon there ________ (will) be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
to break　
built　
would
④There ________ (be) a few things we need to discuss.
⑤There ____________ (exist) a close relationship between families and their milkmen.
⑥There are a lot of things ________ (do) before the ship makes its first voyage.
are
existed/exists
to do
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．How could the blood flow ________ (影响) brain's regular activity
2．The Chinese government wants to conserve these ________(濒危的) birds.
3．He was an ________ (不同寻常的) man with outstanding business talents.
4．It has ________ (大量) of flowers normally each year.
5．The forms of art are countless and ________ (多种多样的).
affect　
endangered
unusual
masses
varied
6．His extraordinary success has helped to ________ (使恢复) his faith in his own ability.
7．It is recognised that the ________ (太阳的) system is made up of a star and eight planets.
8．Old people don't like to________ (改变) their annoying habits.
9．That could ________ (降低) costs and increase production of wheat.
10．Don't cast the ________ (指责) on others rudely.
restore
solar
vary　
decrease　
blame
Ⅱ.短语填空
vary from...to..., decrease...to, be known as, die out, wipe out, be to blame, be at risk, a mass of
1．Florida ________________ an energy and green industry outstanding leader throughout the world.
2．Cherries ________ in color ________ almost black ________ yellow constantly.
3．Neither the players nor the coach ________________ for the loss of the championship.
is known as　
vary
from
to
is to blame　
4．We are ready at all times to ________________ any enemy persistently who dares to come.
5．On the desk of my niece is________________ books and papers.
6．The number of independent agricultural firms ________________ from 198 ________ 96.
7．The disease is difficult to handle, and all children under five _______．
8．Those species inadaptable to switching conditions may _________．
wipe out　
a mass of　
decreases
to　
are at risk
die out
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old ________ risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
at　
解析： at risk of有……的风险。句意：在年轻人无法负担离开家的费用和老年人有孤独的风险的情况下，更多的家庭选择住在一起。
2．The workers were not better organised, otherwise they
____________________ (accomplish) the task in half the time.
would have accomplished　
解析：表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done表示“本来能够做某事”。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。
3．The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due ________ a sudden heavy storm.
to　
解析： due to由于。句意：由于一场突然的强暴风雨，船长被建议返航。
4．As a businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel ________ (affect), customers can also drive you mad.
affection
解析：　feel (an) affection喜欢。句意：作为一个女商人，我非常关心我的顾客。但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾客也可以让你发疯。
5．That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones ________ (assist) the crews' efforts.
assisting　
解析：此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”构成的with复合结构。宾语drones与宾补assist之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式。句意：那可能是危险的工作，可以通过无人机协助工作人员的工作来避免。
6．Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic ________ (pollute).
pollution　
解析： plastic pollution塑料污染。句意：塑料吸管绝不是塑料污染的最大来源。
7．Who is ________ (blame) for the problem of robocalls
to blame　
解析： be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任。句意：骚扰电话的问题由谁承担责任？
8．After a serious flu outbreak wipes ________ 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.
out　
解析： wipe out彻底毁灭。句意：在一场严重的流感暴发导致99.4%的世界人口消失之后，一场正义与邪恶之间的战争在那些留下的人当中展开。
9．The prey species they directly attack will die ________．
out　
解析： die out“灭绝，消失”。句意：它们直接攻击的猎物种类将会灭绝。
10．Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up ________ 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages.
to　
解析： up to“高达，多达”。句意：有些乐曲可以持续40分钟，需要翻多达50页，包括重复段落的回旋。
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Many people think the hot weather
________________________________ (是缺水的部分原因).
2．It is necessary to adjust our mood before exams because
_____________________ (我们可能无法像往常一样做得好) under stress.
is partly to blame for the water shortage　
we may not do well as usual　
3．These opinions will change with time, and ____________________ (根据地域不同而改变).
4．Their love for motherland was so deep and _____________________ (无法抹去).
5．His speech was so impressive that it was several minutes before the applause __________________ (平息下来).
vary from place to place　
impossible to wipe out　
died down
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共4小题；每小题1分，满分4分)
1．An unhappy home environment can ________ (影响) a child's behaviour.
2．The measures are intended to ________ (恢复) public confidence in the economy.
3．The authority determined to save the ________ to prevent them from going extinct.
4．All cars will be powered by electricity, ________ energy or wind in the future city.
affect
restore
species
solar
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)
1．The shop sells ________ (variety) of toys that attract lots of children.
2．The number of the workers in that factory is ________ the decrease.
3．The managing director was to blame ________ the accident, although it was not really his fault.
4．What should be done to punish people who do harm to the ________ (endanger) animals
5．You should thank those who oppose you because they give you a(n) ________ (usual) opportunity for growth.
varieties
on
for
endangered
unusual
Ⅲ.单元语法专练—单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
1．There are one hundred people in the museum, about one-third of ________ belong to one group.
2．You will mainly learn Chinese food ________ is deeply loved by Chinese people.
whom　
which/that　
3．I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, ________ was a big challenge for me.
4．There is nothing we can do to help Linda, ________ circumstances are beyond our control.
5．These are the texts to be reviewed, all of ________ are intended for the coming exams.
which　
whose
which
Ⅳ.完成句子/句型转换(共3小题；每小题2分，满分6分)
1．我们学生进行自我反思是很重要的。
________________________ we students should conduct self-reflection.
2．它的利润增长速度是一般公司的4倍。(一句多译)
①Its profits are rising __________________ those of the average company. (than)
②Its profits are rising __________________ those of the average company. (as... as)
It is important that
four times faster than　
four times as fast as
3．The study (书房) is the place where I often have talks with my father.(句型转换)
→The study is the place _____________ I often have talks with my father.
in which
Ⅴ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
In the short time Steve and Zach had been inside their tent packing their tools, wind-blown flame had skipped from the top of one tree to another. The long dry summer had turned the forest into a tinderbox.
“Let's go! We can make it back to the river we crossed today！” Steve kept Brady on the lead and their heads down against the fire-wind. But Brady barked a sharp warning. Ahead of them lay a thick curtain of smoke across the track. They would never make it through that. The dog was pulling at his lead trying to draw them away from the smoke, and yet Steve was uneasy. It seemed to him that they were moving away from the river.
Suddenly, Zach cried. “Zach！” Steve shouted. “Are you OK Where are you？” Then Brady pulled Steve down a sharp slope (斜坡). At its base, Zach was rubbing his ankle.
As Steve helped his friend to his feet, Brady lifted his head and snuffed (嗅) the smoke-laden wind. Next moment, the dog bounded away and disappeared. The boys shouted for him, but he didn't come back. Steve couldn't blame Brady for panicking. He himself wanted to run even though he didn't have a clue which way to.
Steve and Zach hadn't gone far when there was a familiar bark, and Brady came bounding, stopped directly in front of Steve and hit him with his head, pushing him back toward the slope they'd just climbed. But Steve didn't get it. Then Brady grabbed the boy's jeans and started pulling. The message was clear, but Steve hesitated. Of course he remembered Brady saving his uncle's life when the dog was much younger. Was he still sharp enough to get them through this
Nearby, a pine went up in a whoosh of smoke. Brady pulled again, urgently. “OK, the big guy，” Steve gritted his teeth (咬紧牙关). Brady led them back down the slope and into the trees. Not far from them fire was touching underbrush. Several times the big dog stopped. Often he changed directions. Steve was so tired that he just wanted to rest, but Brady wouldn't have it. The dog bullied both boys into going on. Steve had no idea how long they'd walked. He was almost numb when he heard it—the wonderful sound of rushing water!
【语篇解读】　
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Steve和Zach在森林宿营时遇到大火，他们的狗Brady竭尽全力救二人脱险的经历。
1．What happened to Steve and Zach at first？(　　)
A．They got injured.
B．They lost their dog.
C．They were trapped.
D．They became separated.
答案与解析：D　细节理解题。根据第三段Suddenly, Zach cried.“Zach！” Steve shouted.“Are you OK Where are you？”Then Brady pulled Steve down a sharp slope (斜坡). At its base, Zach was rubbing his ankle.可知二人分开了。
2．Brady ran away to ________．(　　)
A．seek help B．find a way out
C．rescue Zach D．escape
答案与解析：B　推理判断题。根据最后两段内容可知Brady凭借自己的敏锐为Steve和Zach寻找到了去河边的安全通道。
3．How did Steve feel after Brady pulled his jeans？(　　)
A．Uneasy. B．Impatient.
C．Numb. D．Uncertain.
答案与解析：D　细节理解题。根据第五段中But Steve didn't get it. Then Brady grabbed the boy's jeans and started pulling. The message was clear, but Steve hesitated.可知Steve犹豫不决。
4．The passage basically describes ________．(　　)
A．an adventure B．an exploration
C．an escape game D．a training program
答案与解析：A　推理判断题。根据全文内容可知这是一个冒险经历。
B
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。晚上睡前喝一杯热牛奶有助于睡眠是一个常识，那么睡前喝在夜间收集的牛奶对睡眠有哪些影响呢？让我们一起来看看研究者的新发现吧。
5．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk _____．(　　)
A．started sleep more easily
B．were more anxious
C．were less active
D．woke up later
答案与解析：B　推理判断题。根据第四段“Those given night milk...during daytime”可知，喝了白天挤出来的牛奶的老鼠更活跃，也很少焦虑。
6．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text？(　　)
A．It's been tested on mice for ten times.
B．It can make people more energetic.
C．It exists in milk in great amount.
D．It's used in sleeping drugs.
答案与解析：D　推理判断题。根据第六段第一句“...taking melatonin...at night”可知，安眠类药品里含有褪黑激素。故选D。
7．What can be a suitable title for the text？(　　)
A．Night Milk and Sleep
B．Fat, Sugar and Health
C．An Experiment on Mice
D．Milk Drinking and Health
答案与解析：A　标题概括题。本文主要介绍了喝晚上挤出来的牛奶对睡眠的好处，因为晚上挤出来的牛奶中含有更多的褪黑激素，所以喝晚上挤出来的牛奶有助于睡眠，还能减轻身体负担。故A项“晚上挤出来的牛奶和睡眠”最能概括文章主旨，适合作标题。故选A。
8．How does the author support the theme of the text？(　　)
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By providing research results.
答案与解析：D　写作手法题。本文先用睡前喝牛奶有助睡眠这一传统观点引出主题，即睡前喝晚上挤出来的牛奶不仅有助睡眠，还能减轻身体负担，然后引用了具体的研究结果来进一步论证主题，阐释观点。故选D。
Ⅵ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
Savannah Phillips sat into her window seat on a United Airlines flight to Illinois. She __1__ at her seatmate. He was in his 60s and was busy texting. The words were __2__ large and the screen was bright, making it easy for Phillips to __3__ what he was tapping out：“Hey Babe, I'm sitting next to a smelly fatty.”
“It was like confirmation of the negative __4__ I think about myself per day，” the 33-year-old mother wrote in a Facebook post after the flight. Soon tears __5__ down her cheeks as she hugged the cabin wall tightly.
Sitting a row __6__ them was Chase Irwin. He could see the man's texts and Phillips. “I __7__ her looking at his phone. I was sick to my stomach. I could not have this guy sit next to her and her thinking he's __8__ her，” he told Nashville's News Channel 5.
__9__， Irwin had unfastened his seat belt and was hovering (徘徊) over the texter. “Hey, I need to talk to you，” Irwin told him. “We are __10__ seats, now.” When the texter asked __11__. Irwin said, “You're texting about her, and I'm not __12__ that.”
The texter __13__ quickly. Irwin sat beside Phillips and was soon cheering up his new seatmate.
“He encouraged me not to let that guy get to me and that everything was going to be __14__，” Phillips wrote. And he was right. She and Irwin spent the rest of the flight chatting like old friends.
With her __15__ in humanity restored, Phillips wrote on Facebook, “The flight attendant told him that he was her hero. He was mine, too.”　　　　
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Savannah Phillips在飞往Illinois的飞机上，无意间看到邻座发短信称她为臭胖子，这让她感到非常痛苦。Savannah后排的乘客Irwin看到了这一切，然后将座位换到了她的旁边来鼓励她的故事。
1．(　　)A．stared B．guessed
C．glanced D．wondered
答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“The words were ________ large and the screen was bright”可知，Phillips瞥见了邻座手机上的信息。glance意为“瞥见”，符合语境。故选C。
2．(　　)A．unusually B．strongly
C．preciously D．attractively
答案与解析：A　考查副词辨析。根据语境可知，男人手机的字体特别大。unusually意为“特别地，不寻常地”，符合语境。故选A。
3．(　　)A．watch B．master
C．read D．predict
答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。根据上文中的“The words were ________ large and the screen was bright”可知，男人手机上的字体很大且屏幕很亮，因此Phillips很容易看到邻座屏幕上的字。read意为“读取”，符合语境。故选C。
4．(　　)A．effects B．things
C．characters D．actions
答案与解析：B　考查名词辨析。根据语境可知，男人的话就像Phillips每天对自己的消极看法的证据。thing意为“事情”，符合语境。故选B。
5．(　　)A．streamed B．jumped
C．followed D．wandered
答案与解析：A　考查动词辨析。根据上文中的“tears”及语境可知，泪水沿着她的面颊流了下来。stream意为“流”，符合语境。故选A。
6．(　　)A．outside B．beyond
C．across D．behind
答案与解析：D　考查介词辨析。根据第三段第二句“He could see the man's texts and Phillips.”可推知，Irwin坐在他们后排。behind意为“在……后”，符合语境。故选D。
7．(　　)A．imagined B．prevented
C．noticed D．left
答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。根据第三段第二句“He could see the man's texts and Phillips.”可知，Irwin注意到Phillips在看那个男人的手机。notice意为“注意到”，符合语境。故选C。
8．(　　)A．getting hold of B．taking control of
C．taking advantage of D．making fun of
答案与解析：D　考查动词短语辨析。根据第一段最后一句中的“I'm sitting next to a smelly fatty”可知，那个邻座男人在嘲笑Phillips。make fun of意为“嘲笑”，符合语境。故选D。
9．(　　)A．Instantly B．Hesitantly
C．Cautiously D．Proudly
答案与解析：A　考查副词辨析。根据下文中的“Irwin had unfastened his seat belt”及语境可知，Irwin立即采取了行动。instantly意为“迅速地”，符合语境。故选A。
10．(　　)A．fixing B．designing
C．switching D．cleaning
答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。根据第五段第二句中的“Irwin sat beside Phillips”可知，Irwin与男子换了座位。switch意为“交换”，符合语境。故选C。
11．(　　) A．how B．why
C．when D．what
答案与解析：B　考查连词辨析。根据下文中的“Irwin said，‘You're texting about her’”可知，Irwin解释了他换座位的原因。由此可推知，对方在询问Irwin换座的原因。故选B。
12．(　　) A．breaking up with B．putting up with
C．coming up with D．keeping up with
答案与解析：B　考查动词短语辨析。根据第三段最后一句中的“I could not have this guy sit next to her”可知，Irwin无法容忍这个男人的行为。put up with意为“忍受”，符合语境。故选B。
13．(　　) A．reacted B．replied
C．agreed D．shook
答案与解析：C　考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“Irwin sat beside Phillips”可知，那个男人同意了换座。agree意为“同意”，符合语境。故选C。
14．(　　) A．beautiful B．gone
C．possible D．fine
答案与解析：D　考查形容词辨析。根据语境可知，Irwin在鼓励Phillips，一切都会好起来，fine意为“好的”，符合语境。故选D。
15．(　　) A．faith B．value
C．gratitude D．achievement
答案与解析：A　考查名词辨析。根据最后一段最后一句“He was mine, too.”可知，Irwin的举动使Phillips对人性重拾了信心。faith意为“信心”，符合语境。故选A。