(共206张PPT)
Section D Lesson 3 Getting to the Top
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ vi. 努力；奋斗
2．____________ vt. 毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏
3．____________ vt. 不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走
4．____________ n. (英式)橄榄球
5．____________ adj. 平庸的，普通的；平均的 n. 平均水平；平均数
strive
ruin
skip
rugby
average
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．极端→________ adj.极端的，极度的，极其的→________ adv.极度，极其
2．________ vi.& vt.保护，保卫→________ n．保卫；防御物→________ adj.戒备的，自卫的
3．________ adj.自私的，自私自利的→________ adj.无私的→________ adv.无私地→________ adv.自私地
extreme
extreme
extremely
defend
defence
defensive
selfish
selfless
selflessly
selfishly
4．________ v．计数→________ adj.无数的，数不尽的→________ n．柜台；计算器→________ adj.可数的→__________ adj.不可数的
5．________ vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸→________ adj.炽热的；很热的→________ adj.煮熟的
6．________ adj.长的→________ n．长度→________ v．加长；延长
7．________ vt.使受伤；伤害；损害→________ adj.受伤的→________ n．伤
count
countless
counter
countable
uncountable
boil
boiling
boiled
long
length
lengthen
injure
injured
injury
8．________ adj.正常的，平常的→________ adj.反常的；不正常的→________ adv.通常；正常情况下
9．________ n．运动员→________ n．铁人三项运动员→________ adj.体育运动的
10．academic adj.学术的→________ n．专科学院，研究机构→______________ adv.在学术上
normal
abnormal
normally
athlete
triathlete
athletic
academy
academically
push oneself to the limits
be focused on
strive for...
be left with
could have done
deep down
7．________________ 忙于做某事
8．________________ 租车
9．________________ 归结为；要点是
10．________________ 与生俱来；天生具有
11．________________ 努力；专心致志于某事
12．________________ 使与众不同
13．________________ 平庸无为
14．________________ 愿意做某事
be busy doing sth.
hire a car
boil down to sth.
be born with
apply oneself to sth.
set sb./sth. apart
being average
be willing to do sth.
桌子对面
处于……危险之中
日复一日地；每日
这么自私
这些牺牲是为什么？
无数个生日派对
巨量的；海量的
8．stay in ______________________
9．get ahead ________________
10．rather than... ________________
11．on one's own ________________
12．be committed to ________________
13．get injured ________________
14．prefer to do sth. _________________________
待在家里；不外出；待在室内
走在前面；领先
而不是……
靠某人自己
致力于
受伤
宁愿做某事，更喜欢做某事
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
reasons
fun to
danger
hard
takes
ruin
apart
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A．Olympic athletes usually push themselves to the limits.
B．Olympic athletes always miss birthday parties, ruin family holidays and skip nights out.
C．Olympic athletes are not fun to train with.
D．Olympic athletes are unwilling to share their medals.
A
2．What can we learn from the text about a professional athlete
A．He is always tired and every workout has a mental intensity that most cannot handle.
B．He may face fears and make sacrifices on a day-to-day basis.
C．He may be selfish not to have fun with families and friends.
D．He may be fun to train with and his only goal is to win medals in the games.
B
3．What can we infer from the fifth paragraph about the author
A．She's optimistic and stubborn.
B．She's determined and devoted.
C．She's hard-working and easy-going.
D．She's friendly and mild.
B
4．What takes an athlete to get to the top according to the text
A．Being willing to do that extra little bit.
B．Being injured in the training or the games.
C．Missing so much fun.
D．Winning the gold medal of the Olympics.
A
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
As one of the Olympic 1.________ (athlete), it is hard to be at the top in sport. I was pushing the limits and 2.________ (extreme) beyond what most thought were healthy. These are the fears I face as 3.________ professional athlete on a day-to-day basis. I may miss 4.________ (end) fun and make sacrifices in the daily life. For example, I have missed countless birthday parties and nights out. It may be because I was born with an enormous amount of drive and 5.____________ (determine). I have always lived my life 6.________ extremes, which is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying 7.________ (I) to.
athletes
extremes
a
endless
determination
to
myself
As an athlete, if your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform, you had better be totally 8.________ (commit) to your sport. In the words of the British triathlete Alistair Brownlee, even if it means getting injured, “I'd prefer 9.________ (have) three or four outstanding years of winning stuff than having ten years of being average.” Doing 10.________ we do as athletes sets us apart because we are willing to do that extra little bit that might take us to the top.
committed
to have
what
[教材原文]
Why do Olympic athletes push themselves to the limits①？ As one of the Olympic athletes, I miss birthday parties, ruin② family holidays and skip③ nights out, but there is a very good reason for giving up so much. “We're worried about you，” said my friend from across the table④. He was worried that I had no longer become fun to train with and that I was in danger of⑤ being left with⑥ only a world championship medal and no one to share it with 【1】．
【1】本句为主从复合句。worried后面包含两个that引导的宾语从句。第二个宾语从句中，and连接两个并列成分only...medal和no one...with作being left with 的宾语，其中不定式短语to share it with作后置定语修饰one。
I could have become⑦ angry or defensive⑧. Don't they know how hard it is to be at the top in sport 【2】？ Don't they know what it takes to get there However, deep down⑨ I knew elements⑩ of what he was saying were right 【3】. I was always tired and every workout had a mental intensity that seemed too much for most to handle. I was pushing the limits and extremes beyond what most thought were healthy.
【2】画线部分为how hard引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语。it在此为形式主语，不定式短语为真正的主语。
【3】画线部分为what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语。
These are the fears I face as a professional athlete on a day-to-day basis . Who am I doing this for How much is too much Why am I doing this How can I be so selfish ？ What are the sacrifices for
I think of countless birthday parties and nights out I have missed, ruining a family holiday in France because of the endless search for a swimming pool to train in 【4】， almost missing my brother's wedding 【5】 because I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg and driving through the “no-go” areas in order to do a group ride with the local triathletes . The list is endless.
【4】画线部分为动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰a swimming pool。
【5】画线部分为现在分词短语作结果状语。miss与其逻辑主语I之间为主谓关系。
It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination. From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play; I would get the bus on my own at ten years old and go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games; I was the only girl in a rugby club of 250 boys. I have always lived my life to extremes. Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to 【6】．
【6】本句为并列复合句。but前的分句中包含一个if引导的条件状语从句，其对应的主句为祈使句。but后的分句中包含一个no matter what引导的让步状语从句，其对应的主句中I roll为省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词way。
Being a professional athlete is no different. If you want to be an Olympic champion, it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.
Can this be overdone ？ Absolutely. But if your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform ， you had better be totally committed to your sport. In the words of the British triathlete Alistair Brownlee, even if it means getting injured 【7】， “I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff rather than have ten years of being average .”
【7】画线部分为even if引导的让步状语从句。
Doing what we do as athletes 【8】 sets us apart because we are willing to do that extra little bit that might take us to the top. It is certainly not a balanced way to live 【9】 and it is certainly not normal but those words are generally not used for anyone who is striving for greatness.
【8】画线部分为v.-ing结构作主语，其中what we do为what引导的宾语从句作Doing的宾语，what在该从句中作do的宾语。
【9】to live为动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰抽象名词way。
[汉语译文]
为什么奥林匹克运动员要将自己逼到极限呢？作为一名奥林匹克运动员，我错过生日聚会、破坏家庭旅行、放弃夜晚外出，但是放弃这么多是有非常合理的理由的。“我们很担心你，”隔着桌子坐在我对面的朋友说。他担心和我一起训练不再是一件愉悦的事情，担心我处于只剩下世界冠军的奖牌而无人可以分享的危险境地。
我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。难道他们不知道在运动中处于顶峰有多难吗？难道他们不知道到达顶峰需要付出多少吗？然而，在内心深处，我知道他说的有一些是对的。我总是疲惫不堪，每次锻炼带来的心理压力对于大多数人来说都难以应对。我把极限提升到了大多数人认为超出健康的程度。
这些是我作为一名职业运动员日常面临的恐惧。我这样做是为了谁？太多是多少？我为什么要这样做？我怎么能这么自私？这些牺牲是为什么？
我想到了曾经错过的无数个生日派对和本来可以外出的夜晚，因为一直寻找可以训练的游泳池，而破坏了一次去法国的全家旅行；因为忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车，开车闯过“禁行”区，以便和当地的铁人三项运动员组团骑行，而差点错过哥哥的婚礼。这样的事情不计其数。
归根结底，我天生就是个特别有干劲和意志力的人。我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩；十岁的时候，当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会自己乘公共汽车去游泳池游50个来回；橄榄球俱乐部里，有250个男孩，只有我一个女孩。生活中我一向把事情做到极致。你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。
做一名职业运动员也不例外。你如果想成为奥运冠军，就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争者中脱颖而出。
这过分吗？当然。但如果你的梦想是成为最棒的并站上胜利者的奖台，你最好全身心投入运动项目中。用英国铁人三项运动员阿利斯特尔·布朗利的话来说，即使这意味着要受伤，“我宁愿有三四年的胜利辉煌，而不选择十年的平庸无为。”
做运动员让我们与众不同，因为我们愿意做到那额外的一点点，以使我们走向顶峰。它当然不是一种平衡的生活方式，也肯定不寻常，但寻常、平衡那些词是不会用来形容追求伟大的人的。
[词汇注释]
①push oneself to the limits把自己逼到极限
②ruin/ ru In/vt.毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏
ruin family holidays破坏家庭旅行
③skip/skIp/vt.不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走
skip nights out放弃夜晚外出
④across the table桌子对面
⑤in danger of处于……危险之中
⑥be left with剩有，被留下(某种结果)
⑦could have done本可以做(但未做)
⑧defensive/dI fensIv/adj.
戒备的，自卫的
defend v．防御，保护；辩解
defense n．防御(能力)
⑨deep down在内心深处；实际上
⑩element/ el m nt/n.基本部分；要素
workout/w ka t/n.训练，锻炼
work out锻炼身体；解决；算出；弄懂
intensity/In tens ti/n.强度；强烈
a mental intensity心理压力
on a day-to-day basis日复一日地；每日
selfish/ selfI /adj.自私的，自私自利的
sacrifice/ s kr faIs/n.牺牲
countless/ ka ntl s/adj.无数的，数不尽的
because of由于……
be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
hire/haI /vt.租用
“no-go” areas禁行区
triathlete/traI θli t/n.铁人三项运动员
boil down to sth.归结为；要点是
boil/b Il/vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸
be born with与生俱来；天生具有
enormous/I n m s/adj. 巨大的，庞大的
an enormous amount of 巨量的；海量的
drive n．干劲
stay in待在家里
get ahead走在前面；领先
would do...rather than do...宁愿做……而不做……
on one's own靠某人自己
length/le θ/n.长度
此处的长度是指从游泳池一端至另一端的距离，所以原文中的100 lengths就是50个来回。
rugby/ r ɡbi/n.(英式)橄榄球
apply oneself to sth.努力；专心致志于某事
it's all about sb./sth.最重要的(问题)是某人/某物
set sb./sth. apart使与众不同
apart/ pɑ t/adj.& adv.分开；散开
apart from...除……之外
overdone adj.过头的，过分的
platform/ pl tf m/n.舞台；月台
be committed to致力于
in the words of sb.用某人的话来说
injured/ Ind d/adj.受伤的
get injured受伤
outstanding/a t st ndI /adj.杰出的，优秀的
average/ v rId /adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n．平均水平；平均数
be willing to do sth.愿意做某事
第一版块|核心单词
1．ruin vt.毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏；使破产 n．毁灭；废墟；破产
(教材原句)As one of the Olympic athletes, I miss birthday parties, ruin family holidays and skip nights out...
作为一名奥林匹克运动员，我错过生日聚会、破坏家庭旅行、放弃夜晚外出……
The smell ruined my appetite, and I pushed the dish away.
这味道毁了我的胃口，我把菜推开了。
Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day
谁没有收到过一封惹人心烦以至于毁了一整天的电子邮件？
It is apparent that the house was ruined beyond repair.
很明显，房屋被破坏到了无法修复的程度。
The city was in ruins and we moved into tents once more.
这座城市变得残破不堪，我们又住进了帐篷里。
Many ancient sculptures fell into ruin after the earthquake.
地震过后，许多古老的雕像都毁了。
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins.第二天，当他们回到洛克威时，他们发现他们的街区已经成了一片废墟。
[拓展] 单复数意义不同的常考词：
ruin毁灭→ruins废墟
damage损害→damages损害赔偿金
force力量→forces武装力量
instruction指导→instructions说明(书)
spirit精神→spirits情绪，心境
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The whole town __________ (ruin) by the heavy storm last night.
②Many houses were reduced to ________ (ruin) in the storm.
③He served four years in prison, emerging to find his brilliant career ________ ruins.
was ruined
ruins
in
完成句子
④To our disappointment, the bad weather ________________ (毁了我们的旅行).
⑤That mistake ____________________ (毁掉了他的机会) of getting the job.
⑥Their shape has made them less likely to ________________ (倒塌).
⑦The strong earthquake ____________________ (把这个村庄夷为平地).
ruined our journey
ruined his chance
fall into ruin
reduced the village to ruins
2．skip v．不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走；略过；跳绳 vi.快速转移 (skip—skipped—skipped) n．蹦跳
skip breakfast 不吃早饭
skip a grade 跳级
skip along 连蹦带跳地走
skip through 快速阅读；大致浏览
skip over the details 略过细节
skip school/class 逃学/逃课
skip the first chapter 跳过第一章
skip over 略过
skip rope 跳绳
Skip it! (生气地说)别提这件事！不说这个了！
Williams skipped the game to be with his wife in the hospital.
威廉姆斯为了在医院里陪他妻子而放弃了这场比赛。
We can skip over the details and concentrate on the general issues.我们可略过细节部分，而把精力集中在一般性问题上。
I skipped through the first part of the book, eager to get to the exciting bits.我只大致浏览了这本书的第一部分，急于去看那些令人激动的部分。
She skipped happily along beside me.
她连蹦带跳，高高兴兴地跟着我走。
She gave a skip and a jump and was off down the street.
她一蹦一跳就顺着马路跑了。
[拓展]
give a skip of joy 欢呼雀跃
give a skip and a jump 蹦蹦跳跳
[语境助记]
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.这些结果的含义是，为了从锻炼中获得最大的健康益处，最好先不吃东西。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The boxer gave ________ little skip as he came out of his corner.
②They saw the man with a little girl skipping ________ behind him.
写出句中skip的含义
③It is important not to skip meals.____________
④Every day we play basketball, play football, and skip rope.__________
⑤The parents want their child to skip to the second grade.____________
a
along
不吃
跳绳
略过
3．hire v．租用；租赁；雇用 n．租用；租赁；租金；被雇用的人
(教材原句)… I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg...
······我忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车·····
(1)hire a car/a room 租用一辆小汽车/租房
hire sth. out (短期)出租某物；把……出租出去
hire sth. out (to sb.) 把某物出租(给某人)
hire oneself out to sb./sth. 受雇于某人/某机构
hire sb. to do sth. 雇用某人做某事
fire sb. for sth. 因某事解雇某人
get fired 被解雇
(2)on hire 在出租，供出租
for hire 供出租，用来出租
boats for hire 可供出租的船
They hired a firm of consultants to design the new system.
他们请了一家咨询公司来设计新的系统。
Why don't you hire out your spare room to other people to earn some money
你为什么不把你多余的房间出租给别人赚点钱呢？
Farm workers used to hire themselves out for the summer.
农场工人过去经常夏天打工。
The costumes are on hire from the local theatre.
戏装可向本地剧院租用。
[比较] hire/employ/rent
(1)hire 指短期、临时或一次性“雇用;租用”，宾语可以是人，也可以是物;
(2)employ 指长时间“雇用”，宾语一般是人;
(3)rent 指长时间“出租;租用”，宾语
一般是房屋、土地等，如rent a house租用房子。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There are three small boats available hire.
② He hired (he) to work in the fields for one summer.
③David used to hire his car when he didn't need it himself.
④ The professor hired a young man (drive) for him every day.
for/on
himself
out
to drive
选词填空： hire/rent/employ
⑤I would rather have my own house than .
⑥I took my driving license with me on holiday, in case I wanted to
a car.
⑦It's standard practice for a company like this one to a security officer.
rent
hire
employ
4．boil vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸 n．沸腾 boiling adj.炽热的；很热的 boiled adj.煮熟的
(教材原句)It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination.
归根结底：我天生就是个特别有干劲儿和意志力的人。
(1)boil down to sth. 要点是；归结为
boil away 煮干
boil sth. down (to sth.) 概括；归纳；压缩
boil an egg for sb. 为某人煮鸡蛋
boil with anger/rage 十分生气
(2)boiling water 沸水
boiling point 沸点
boiled water 开水
boiling hot 滚烫的；炎热的
heat/bring sth. to the boiling point 把某物加热到沸点
(3)bring sth. to boil 把某物煮至沸腾
come to boil 开始沸腾
go off boil 不再沸腾，不如从前
put sth. onto boil 把某物烧开
Read through this passage and then boil it down to a hundred words.把这篇文章通读一遍，然后将其概括为一百字。
He was driving so fast that the engine got very hot and the water boiled away.
他开车太快，以致引擎过热，水箱里的水也烧干了。
Warm the pot by pouring in a little boiling water, and then empty it out.向壶内倒一点儿沸水把壶烫热，然后把水倒掉。
I'd like to drink a glass of cool boiled water.
我想喝一杯凉开水。
Kate's anger was reaching the boiling point.
凯特已怒不可遏了。
He played brilliantly for the first set but then went rather off the boil.他第一盘表现得非常出色，但接下来就有失水准了。
I'll put the kettle on to boil.我会放上水壶把水烧开。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①These vegetables have had all the goodness ________ (boil) out of them.
②Here's some ________ (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
③The water is ________ (boil) hot. Pour it from one cup to another repeatedly to cool it.
④You can boil the long story down ________ a few sentences and it still has the same meaning.
⑤He was so concentrated on the TV programme that he forgot the cooking and the water in the pot boiled ________．
boiled
boiled
boiling
to
away
完成句子
⑥When it _______________ (开始沸腾), reduce the heat.
comes to boil
5．length n．长度；细长的一段，一节；时间的长短 lengthen v．加长 vt.使变长
(教材原句)… I would...go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games...
……当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会……去游泳池游50个来回……
length of service 服务年限
in length 在长度上
the length of ……的长度
at (great) length (＝in detail) 最后；详尽地
at arm's length 一臂之遥；以一定距离
two metres in length＝two metres long 两米长
This room is twice the length of the kitchen.
这个房间的长度是厨房的两倍。
The pieces of wood are uneven in length and can't be used.
这些木条长短不齐，没法用。
He talked at length about his work and his family.
他详谈了他的工作和家庭。
He has to hold newspapers at arm's length to focus on the print.他必须将手臂伸直拿着报纸才能看清上面的字。
The pipe was six feet in length (＝long).管道长6英尺。
Vacations have lengthened and the work week has shortened.
假期延长了，工作周变短了。
She lengthened the skirt.她将裙子放长。
[学法点拨]
“数词＋单位量词＋in＋length/height/width/depth”相当于“数词＋单位量词＋long/high/wide/deep”。
The house is 9 metres in height, and 14 metres in length．
＝The house is 9 metres high, and 14 metres long．
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The snake usually reaches ________ length of 100 cm.
②She got a headache if she had to read for any ________ (long) of time.
③The room he has just rented is about 9 metres ________ length and 3 metres wide.
④They talked about the comedy last night ________ length that he would star in.
a
length
in
at
同义句转换
⑤The biggest is about four metres in length, weighing 500 kilogrammes.
→_________________________________，weighing 500 kilogrammes.
The biggest is about four metres long
6．apart adj.& adv.分开；散开
(教材原句)… it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.
……就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争者中脱颖而出。
come apart 破碎；破裂
keep apart 把……分开
take apart 拆开
tell apart 区分，区别
fall apart 破碎，破裂；崩溃
set apart 留出……；使不同
tear apart 撕毁，撕碎
When you're apart, you rely so heavily on the phone to keep in touch.你们要是不住在一起，就得大量地依靠电话保持联系了。
These toys aren't well made—they come apart far too easily.
这些玩具做得不好——太容易散架了。
His use of language set him apart from most other modern writers.他对语言的运用使他与其他大多数现代作家截然不同。
The child took apart the toy but he didn't know how to put them together.这个小孩把玩具拆开了，却不知道如何组装起来。
It's easy to tell my pills apart because they're all different colours.我的药片很容易区分，因为它们的颜色都不一样。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Anna did what she could to keep the marriage from falling _______．
②The child kept ________ (him) apart from other children.
apart
himself
选词填空：come/set/take/tell
③The camera just ________ apart the first time he used it.
④But even to the trained eye, two species of earthworms can be tough to ________ apart.
⑤Two rooms were ________ apart for use as libraries.
⑥He ________ apart two old chairs in order to make a sofa.
came
tell
set
took
7．average adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n．平均水平；平均数
(教材原句)… “I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff rather than have ten years of being average.”
……“我也宁愿有三四年的胜利辉煌，而不选择十年的平庸无为。”
(1)an average cost/price 平均成本/价格
a child of average intelligence 智力平常的孩子
(2)an average of 平均有……
above/below average 平均水平以上/下
on average 平均/平均来看
There was nothing special about the meal; it was average.
饭菜没什么特别，挺平常的。
The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen.
本班男生的平均年龄是十五岁。
It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed.售出一幢房子平均需要10周的时间。
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2，000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight.如今，在澳大利亚，平均而言，大多数儿童比避免超重所需的体育活动少2 000步。
Her elder brother is above average in his reading ability.
她哥哥的阅读能力在平均水平以上。
[语境助记]
The amount of snowfall this year has been below average．
今年的降雪量低于平均水平。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The province's rainfall this year is ________ average. Many plants are short of water and have been dead.
②Parents spend ________ average of $200 a year on toys for their children.
③________ average, women live between five and seven years longer than men.
below
an
On
写出句中average的词性及含义
④Their language development and reading are below average.
____________
⑤What is the average annual snowfall for this state？______________
⑥He is an average man, and there's nothing special about him.
________________
名词，平均水平
形容词，平均的
形容词，普通的
It is normal to feel nervous when you deliver a speech in public.你在公众场合演讲时感到紧张是正常的。
It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.过了几天洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。
Rainfall has been above normal this July.
今年7月份降雨量高于正常水平。
[单词积累]
ab-否定前缀(离去、相反、不)：
abuse v．& n．滥用
absorb v．吸收
[句式] It is/was normal (for sb.) to do sth.
(对某人来说)做某事是正常的。
It is/was abnormal (for sb.) to do sth.
(对某人来说)做某事是不正常的。
[比较] normal/ordinary/usual/average/common
normal：正常的—a normal working day
正常工作日
ordinary：普通的—ordinary people普通人
usual：惯常的—at the usual time/place在老时间/地点
average：普通的；平均的—an average adult普通的成年人
common：共同的，常见的—a common name常见的名字
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The rainy season in the Andes ________ (normal) starts in December.
②We must delay our journey because of the ________ (normal) weather conditions.
③My wife was delighted that things had returned ________ normal once more.
④It is normal ________ (feel) anxious about your and your family's safety.
⑤By the end of the century, the average global temperature will be 3.5 degree Celsius ________ normal.
normally
abnormal
to
to feel
above
选词填空：normal/usual/average
⑥As ________， they left the children in charge of the house.
⑦A man of ________ height donated the money to you.
⑧Everything seemed to return to ________ shortly after the frightening explosion.
usual
average
normal
第二版块|重要短语
1．stay in待在家里；不外出(in在此处是副词)
(教材原句)From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play...
我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩……
stay in one's house/home 待在某人家里
stay on 留下来继续
stay in bed 卧床
stay behind 留下
stay up late 熬夜到很晚
stay awake (＝keep awake) 保持清醒
stay (at) home (＝stay in) 待在家里
stay healthy (＝keep healthy) 保持健康
stay out 不在家
We stay in almost every night and watch television.
我们几乎每个晚上都在家里看电视。
Shall we eat out or stay in？It's up to you.
咱们是到外面吃饭还是待在家里？你决定吧。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①He found it unnecessary for us to ________________ (留下来).
②As the afternoon wore on, I found it more and more difficult to ____________________ (保持清醒).
③A survey showed people were confused about what they should eat to ________________ (保持健康).
④I used to __________________________ (熬夜到很晚) with my mom and watch movies.
stay behind
stay awake
stay healthy
stay up late
2．apply oneself to sth.努力；专心致志于某事
(教材原句)Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to.
你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。
applicant n. 申请人
application n. 申请(书)；应用
apply to 适用于；向……申请
apply...to... 把……应用于……；将……涂抹于……
apply (to sb.) for... (向某人)申请……
She could not entirely apply herself to the arrangements for her wedding.她不能全力以赴地安排自己的婚礼。
He is now applying himself to the study of traditional Chinese medical science.他现在正致力于传统中医的研究。
These regulations only apply to the younger children.
这些规定只适用于较小的儿童。
In this way they can better apply theory to practice.
这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。
Apply the paint to the prepared wood and allow it to dry.
把油漆涂在备好的木料上，让它自己晾干。
They applied to other medical institutions for assistance.
他们向其他医疗机构申请援助。
[语境助记]
There are more than 300 applications for the job in this company. In other words, more than 300 applicants have applied for the job.
这家公司已有300多份对这一工作的申请。换句话说，已经有300多名求职者申请了这份工作。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I don't think what he says ________ (apply) to you as much as to us.
②She applied ________ (she) to her new duties with great enthusiasm.
③He applied himself closely ________ the study of the English language.
applies
herself
to
完成句子
④You must ____________________ (专心致志于工作) you have to do.
⑤Find out ahead of time what regulations ________________ (适用于你的情况).
⑥Lynd and hundreds of young people like him ________________ (申请……的职位) of the typist.
⑦The new technology ________________ (已被应用于) farming.
apply yourself to the job
apply to your situation
applied for the post
has been applied to
3．be born with与生俱来；天生具有
(教材原句)It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination.
归根结底：我天生就是个特别有干劲儿和意志力的人。
be born with talent 与生俱来的天赋
be born to do/be sth. 注定要做；注定会成为
be born to a young mother 一位年轻母亲所生
be born of 出身于；源于
be born of noble parents 生于贵族之家
be born into... 生于……之家
be born blind/deaf 先天失明/失聪
be born lucky/unlucky 天生幸运/倒霉
Their child was born with a serious medical problem.
他们的孩子生来就有严重的疾病。
No one is born a winner.没有人天生就是赢家。
She was born into a wealthy family.她生在有钱人家。
Mary was born of rich parents.玛丽出身于有钱人家。
His wish to become a doctor was born of a desire to help sick people.他想成为医生是出于帮助病人的愿望。
[语境助记]
Babies who are born to very young mothers are very healthy.
年轻妈妈生的孩子非常健康。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Human beings are born ________ this ability.
②He was born ________ (be) a statesman.
③John was born ________ a poor family and had to work to support his family as a little child.
④Lang Lang was born ________ gift of playing the piano.
⑤Mary, born ________ wealthy parents, got well educated and became a famous scientist in the world.
⑥The child, born ________ a middle-age mother, is very bright.
with
to be
into
with
of
to
4．set sb./sth. apart 使与众不同
(教材原句)If you want to be an Olympic champion, it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.
如果你想成为奥运冠军，就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争中脱颖而出。
set aside 保留，储蓄；把……放到一边
set down 放下；写下
set up 竖起，搭起；建立
set about doing/set out to do 开始/着手做
set sb. a good example 为某人树立榜样
set sb. to do sth. 指派某人做某事
set sb./sth. doing sth. 使某人/某物开始做某事或处于做某事的状态
I set that apart for a special purpose.
我为了一个特殊的目的，取出了那件东西。
His far-sightedness set him apart from most of his contemporaries.
他的远见令他在大多数同辈中独树一帜。
[说明]
set sb./sth. apart作“使……与众不同；与……分别放置/隔离”用法时，常常与from连用；作“(为了某种用途而)取出，分开，保留，储备”用法时，往往与介词for连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①What sets it apart ________ hundreds of similar small French towns is the huge factory.
②We need to set out ________ (find) a solution to increasing production.
③You must set apart some money ________ the future.
④They decided to set a day apart ________ the work.
from
to find
for
for
⑤Each week she tried ________ (set) aside some US dollars ________ use back home.
⑥They set her ________ (do) the work.
⑦The teacher set the pupils ________ good example.
⑧They set the machine __________ (go).
to set
for
to do
a
going
5．push oneself to the limits把自己逼到极限
push oneself too hard 给自己太大的压力
push sb. into (doing) sth. 说服某人(做)某事
push sb. to do sth. 鞭策某人做某事
push one's way 挤过去
push up 推上去；增高，提高
push for 急切、强烈地要求，为……奋力争取
push one's buttons 使某人深有感触
push the envelope 超越界线；突破
My favourite thing to do is distance running because it's a challenge. I like to push myself to the limits and see how far I can go.
我最喜欢做的事就是长跑，因为它是一个挑战。我喜欢把自己逼到极限，看自己可以跑多远。
He's been pushing himself too hard, working 12-hour days.
他给自己的压力太大了，每天工作12小时。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My husband pushed me into ________ (leave) the job.
②The teachers pushed the students ________ (achieve).
③Shops are no longer allowed to push ________ their prices whenever they want.
④I shall really have to push ________ (me) to finish this book before the contract date.
⑤The newspaper reporters have been pushing the government ________ details.
⑥We can't push any more people ________； the bus is full！
leaving
to achieve
up
myself
for
in
6．strive for...为……而奋斗；努力争取……(strove, striven)
strive against 同……作斗争
strive to do sth. 力争做某事
strive against the stream 不随波逐流
He strove for the prize.他努力以求得奖。
He strove to win the prize.＝He strove for the prize.
他为得奖而努力拼搏。
He had to strive against fears.他必须与恐惧感抗争。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We encourage all the employees ________ (strive) for the highest standards.
②We must strive ________ (narrow) the gap between rich and poor.
to strive
to narrow
第三版块|典型句式
1．形容词＋宾语从句
(教材原句)He was worried that I had no longer become fun to train with...
他担心和我一起训练不再是一件愉悦的事情……
We're sure that they will stand by us.
我们肯定他们会支持我们。
I am certain that he will deliver on his promise.
我确信他会履行诺言。
[说明]
宾语从句分为三类：①动词的宾语从句；②介词的宾语从句；③形容词的宾语从句。
He told us that he would help us through the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中他都会帮我们忙的。
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我打扰你这么长时间。
[归纳拓展]
许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。结构：主语＋动词＋it＋形容词/名词等作宾语补足语＋宾语从句。
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.
我们认为他对每个人都说谎是不对的。
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.
他还没宣布他何时结婚。
[学法点拨]
有些形容词具有动词的含义，所以也可以带一个宾语从句。后常接宾语从句的形容词有aware、confident、delighted、disappointed、sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、sorry afraid、satisfied、surprised等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We are delighted ________ the production plan has been fulfilled ahead of schedule.
②I thought it impossible ________ he could finish this job in just two hours.
that
that
完成句子
③They are all aware ________________________ (赢得的机会很小).
④I'm very pleased ________________________ (你决定参加了).
⑤She was disappointed ______________________________ (她被公司拒绝了).
⑥I'm not certain ____________________ (他什么时候来).
⑦He is glad ________________________________________ (在他生病的时候李明去看望他).
that there is little chance to win
that you've decided to take part
that she was turned down by the company
when he will come
that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill
2．in order to用于构成目的状语
(教材原句)．..I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg and driving through the “no-go” areas in order to do a group ride with the local triathletes.
……我忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车，开车闯过“禁行”区，以便和当地的铁人三项运动员一起骑行训练。
[易错警示]
(1)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句；引导目的状语从句时必须放在主句之后，且从句谓语须有can、may、could、might等情态动词，而in order that引导目的状语从句时放在主句之前或主句之后均可。
(2)so that引导结果状语从句时， that可以省略。
(3)so that引导结果状语从句时，是指因主句的原因而产生的结果，所以从句中一般没有can/could、may/might等情态动词。比较：
I went to the lecture hall early so that I got a good seat.
我很早就去了报告厅，结果占了一个好座位。(结果)
I went the lecture hall early so that I could get a good seat.我很早就去了报告厅，以便能占个好座位。(目的)
[拓展] in order that/so that用于引导目的状语从句，从句中常含有can、may、could、might等情态动词。
他戴上了眼镜，以便看清楚它。
He put on his glasses in order to see it clearly.
＝In order to see it clearly, he put on his glasses.
＝He put on his glasses so as to see it clearly.
＝He put on his glasses in order that/so that he could see it clearly.
[说明] in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.均可在句中表示谓语动词的目的，但注意：
(1)in order to可放在句首或句中，否定形式是in order not to；
(2)so as to不可放在句首，否定形式是so as not to。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①She has turned down several invitations to star at shows
_______________________________________ (为了集中精力学习).
②What's more, ___________________________________________ (为了多了解中国文化), it is of importance for you to be aware of the content, Tang Poetry.
in order/so as to concentrate on her studies
in order to have much knowledge of Chinese culture
③The professor put on a mask ________________________ (以免被发现).
④I made the little girl stand on a chair __________________________ (好让她看得见).
⑤The student worked very hard _______________________________ (结果他被清华大学录取).
in order/so as not to be discovered
so that/in order that she could see
so that he was admitted to Qinghua University
3．would...rather than...句型
(教材原句)．..I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play...
……为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩……
[句式分析] would rather...than...，意为“更愿……而不愿……”“宁可……而不愿……”“和……相比，更愿意做……”。表主观意愿，在两者中选其一。than前后的两个相比较的部分一般是对等的，也就是我们说的平行结构。
would rather...than..., would...rather than..., rather than...would...可互换。would是情态动词，情态动词后要接动词原形。所以，当它后面接动词时，需要使用动词原形；同时，因为than前后两个相比较的部分对等，所以than后面也要接动词原形。
Tom would rather die than surrender.
＝Tom would die rather than surrender.
＝Rather than surrender, Tom would die.
汤姆宁死也不投降。
She'd rather die than give in.她宁愿死也不愿意屈服。
Would you rather go home than stay here
你宁愿回家也不愿留在这里吗？
Rather than work in factories, he would give up.
与其在工厂工作，他宁愿放弃。
I would rather go shopping by bus than by taxi.
我宁愿坐公共汽车去购物而不愿坐出租车。
Tom would rather not work in Shenzhen than in Shanghai.
汤姆宁愿不在深圳工作也不愿在上海工作。
Tom would rather have rice than noodles.
汤姆宁愿吃米饭也不愿吃面条。
[易错警示]
(1)当than前后相比较的两者使用的动词相同， than后的动词就可以省略。
(2)than前后相比较的两者要使用同类的词或词组。
(3)would rather do...than...的否定形式为在rather后加否定词not，即would rather not do...than...。
(4)在疑问句式中， would放在主语之前。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Rather than ________ (go) there by air, I'd take the slowest train.
②I would rather ________ (watch) TV at home than ________ (go) to the movies.
一句多译
我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。
③I would ________ stay at home ________ go out.
④I would ________ (stay) at home rather ________ go out.
⑤Rather than ________ (go) out, I would ________ (stay) at home.
go
watch
go
rather
than
stay
than
go
stay
4．while连接并列分句
(教材原句) … I would get the bus on my own at ten years old and go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games...
……十岁的时候，当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会自己乘公共汽车去游泳池游50个来回……
[句式分析] 句中while作并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表前后意义上的对比。如：
There's plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northeast.
东南部雨量充足，而东北部则很少下雨。
Some people believe that they can't help putting on weight as they get older, while others hold that if they stop exercising, their muscles will turn into fat.
有些人认为，随着年龄的增长，其体重会不由自主地增加，而其他人认为，如果停止锻炼，他们的肌肉会变成脂肪。
[归纳拓展]
while还有以下几种常见用法：
①只要(＝as long as)
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有空气和水，就会有生命。
②当……时，在……期间
We must have been burgled while we were asleep.我们睡着时贼一定入室盗窃了。
③虽然；尽管(＝although)(表示让步)
While I see what you say, I can't agree with you.虽然我理解你说的话，但是我不能同意。
[即学即练] 写出下面句中while的含义
①I kept watch while they slept.____________
②While (she was) listening to the radio, she fell asleep.____________
③While in the countryside, he learned to grow some crops.___________
④Some people respect him, while others despise (轻视) him.____________
当……时候
当……时候
当……时候
而，然而
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The employees in this company can ________ (租用) a dress at a minimum price.
2．Before you give the water to your baby nephew, you have to ________ (煮沸) it first.
3．The boat they hired for the weekend is ten metres in ________ (长度).
4．My best mate was told to stay in bed to rest her ________ (受伤的) back.
hire
boil
length
injured
5．The ________ (平均的) age of competitors was 52.
6．It's ________ (正常的) to feel a little depressed when someone is faced with failure.
7．The government organised ________ (自卫的) measures against the enemy.
8．The story lacked ________ (要素) of a popular soap opera.
average
normal
defensive
elements
9．The poem highlighted great ________ (强烈) of feelings.
10．You should be ashamed for your ________ (自私的) behaviour.
11．She used to ________ (牺牲) her precious time for meaningless things.
12．You can find ________ (无数的) jokes from this app.
13．Most people I know work fairly hard but my demanding boss takes it to ________ (极端).
intensity
selfish
sacrifice
countless
extremes
14．We are constantly ________ (努力) to improve our service.
15．She had a brilliant ________ (学术的) career.
16．A couple of minor mistakes ________ (毁坏) his chances of getting the job.
17．You can ________ (跳过) the next chapter if you have covered the topic in class.
striving
academic
ruined
skip
Ⅱ.短语填空
push oneself to the limits, be willing to, stay in, set sb. apart, on a day-to-day basis, be busy, apply oneself to, be committed to, strive for, be born with
1．Schools _______________ providing high quality physical and emotional education.
2．I ____________ share my tips on how to fight against the flu.
3．We must ____________ our country constantly!
4．The educationalist ____________ writing his new book for children living in the poverty.
are committed to
am willing to
strive for
is busy
5．He ____________ humour.
6．I will ____________ tonight because tomorrow is the deadline for my paper.
7．It's difficult to ____________ a task with so many distractions around me.
8．With the deadline approaching, I need to _____________________．
9．Her elegant style ____________ from other competitors.
10．The owner usually hires a manager to run the team
_____________________．
was born with
stay in
apply myself to
push myself to the limits
set her apart
on a day-to-day basis
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight when he could ________ (steal) the money and paid for a place to stay in.
have stolen
解析：由语境可知此处讲述过去的事情，且是对过去事情的假设。could have done意为“本能够做而未做”。句意：想想看他今晚本可以偷钱并找地方住下的，现在却睡在大街上。
2．No matter ________ you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.
what
解析： no matter what引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”。句意：无论你喜欢做什么，都有一种方式可以参与地球日的各种活动。
3．The parents were asked to interact with their children as they ________ (normal) would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time.
normally
解析：修饰动词要用副词。句意：父母被要求像往常一样和他们的孩子们互动，并且研究中大约有一半的孩子曾经玩过拼图游戏。
4．Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work ________！ You will feel energized all day long.
out
解析： work out锻炼。句意：把你的闹钟提前一个小时，强迫自己去锻炼！你一整天都会感到精力充沛。
5．Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters ________ (hire) to sell tickets and promote the event.
are hired
解析： hire在句中为谓语动词，主语是hire动作的承受者，描述现在的状况，故使用一般现在时的被动语态。句意：画家、数字媒体专家、摄影师、票务代理和推广人员被聘请来售票和推广这个活动。
6．Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and ________ the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.
that
解析： and连接前后两个并列的宾语从句。句意：Axani在他的帖子中写道，他并不寻求任何回报，使用额外机票的女士可以选择和他一起旅行，也可以拿着机票独自旅行。
7．This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many ________ (extreme) lonely people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating.
extremely
解析：修饰形容词lonely，要用副词。句意：这使琼斯得出结论，在他的社区中有太多极度孤独的人，他们很容易成为被欺骗的对象。
8．When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ________ (ruin).
ruins
解析： in ruins成为废墟。ruin表示“废墟”时常用复数形式。句意：第二天，他们回到洛克威时，发现他们的社区已经成为废墟。
9．The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training ________ new faces in the testing stage.
to
解析： apply...to...将……应用于……，为固定搭配。句意：该项研究表明，这些动物已经知道如何将它们在训练中学到的关于人类面孔的知识应用到测试阶段的新面孔上。
10．The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same ________ (long) of green twice in row, especially at rush hour.
length
解析： the same length相同的长度。句意：华盛顿贝尔维尤的法克托利亚大道上的交通信号灯通常不会连续两次闪烁相同长度的绿灯，尤其是在交通高峰期。
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．有些员工作出了巨大牺牲，然而另外一些员工行为却很自私。(while连接并列句)
Some employees have made great sacrifices, while others' behaviour was selfish.
2．他宁愿自己一个人处理难题而不愿告诉家人。(would do...rather than do...)
He would handle the problem on his own rather than tell his family.
3．我朋友心情沮丧的原因是出版商拒绝了他的投稿。(The reason why...)
The reason why my friend felt depressed was that the publisher rejected his contribution.
4．这位野心勃勃的商人正忙着扩大自己的生意。(be busy doing)
The ambitious businessman is busy expanding his business.
5．为了晋升，她无数个日夜都在忙着这个项目。(in order to)
In order to get promotion, she spent countless days and nights on the project.
(分值：61分)
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共3小题；每小题1分，满分3分)
1．It rained for two weeks, which completely ________ (破坏) our holiday.
2．The boy who won the scholarship was quite an ________ student.
3．The train was about to leave and I was not even on the ________．
ruined
outstanding
platform
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共7小题；每小题1分，满分7分)
1．We did many things here, such as playing basketball, playing tennis, ________ (skip) rope and so on.
2．Standards of health care have improved ________ (enormous) compared to 40 years ago.
3．If you slowly ________ (length) the run, you can slowly build up endurance (耐久力).
skipping
enormously
lengthen
4．The boy often plays a ________ (defend) game, waiting for his opponent to make a mistake.
5．Don't phone me between 8：00 and 9：00 tomorrow, for we will be attending an ________ (academy) lecture then.
6．Today Li Bai's poetry continues to be enjoyed by ________ (count) readers around the world.
7．The children were playing in the street when they caught sight of an ________ (injury) bird.
defensive
academic
countless
injured
Ⅲ.单元语法专练—单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
1．Friendship appears to be ________ unique form of human bonding.
2．Wearing masks is ________ effective way to avoid being infected with COVID-19.
3．Of the two coats, I'd choose ________ cheaper one to spare some money for a book.
4．________ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
5．Fortunately, the long and boring lecture is coming to ________ end.
a
an
the
The
an
Ⅳ.完成句子(共3小题；每小题2分，满分6分)
1．无论发生什么，他都不会放弃。(一句多译)
①____________________________， he will not give up.
②____________________________， he will not give up.
2．我专心致志于这项任务。(apply)
I ____________________________________．
3．使赖斯与大多数工程师不同的是他对创新和实践的不断渴望。
What ________ Rice ________________ most engineers is his constant desire for innovation and experiment.
No matter what happens
Whatever happens
applied myself to this task
sets
apart from
Ⅴ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
If you ever have the desire to break out into song—in the shower, in the car, maybe at your neighbor's karaoke night—you should embrace it whole-heartedly. This ancient art can not only make you feel good, it can also improve your well-being, reduce your feelings of pain, and even extend your life.
Using your voice to sing, rather than simply carry out a conversation, offers unique benefits because singing affects our bodies. Also, studies link singing with a lower heart rate, decreased blood pressure and reduced stress according to Patricia Preston Roberts, a music therapist (治疗专家).(__1__)
Singing, particularly in a group, seems to benefit the elderly particularly well. As part of a three-year study examining how singing affects the health of those aged fifty-five and older, a Senior Singers Chorus was formed by the Levine School of Music in Washington.D.C. The seniors involved in the chorus, as well as seniors in two separate arts groups about writing and painting, showed significant health improvements compared to those in the control groups (对照组). Obviously, the arts groups reported thirty fewer doctors' visit, fewer eyesight problems, less depression, and less need for medication. (__2__)
Even lead researcher Dr. Gene D. Coben, director of the Center on Aging at George Washington University, was surprised at how big an effect the seniors' arts participation had on their health. Coben said，“The average age of all the subjects was eighty. This is higher than life expectancy. So, if an effect were to be achieved, one would ordinarily expect to see less decline compared to the control group. The fact that there was so much improvement in many areas was the surprising factor.” (__3__) The seniors also noticed health improvements and they reported feeling better both in daily life and while singing.
The part of the brain that works with speech is different from the part that processes music. “People seem to enjoy doing something jointly with other people. There are a lot of facts that being socially involved is good for people with dementia (老年痴呆)，” Ballard said.
The arts are showing up as a treatment tool in hospitals across the country. (__4__) If you are thinking of volunteering, singing at a hospital may be a good choice—not only for the patients, but also for yourself.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。主要内容是论证歌唱有助于身体健康，并且作者提供了乔治·华盛顿大学的研究作为论据来证明歌唱是如何改善身体健康的。
1．Why was Coben surprised at the result of the study？( )
A．The study was not expensive as expected.
B．Arts acted as a treatment tool in hospitals.
C．People's health in the arts group improved greatly.
D．The seniors themselves noticed health improvements.
答案与解析：C 推理判断题。根据第四段的Even lead researcher Dr. Gene D. Coben, director of the Center on Aging at George Washington University，was surprised at how big an effect the seniors' arts participation had on their health.以及The seniors also noticed health improvements可知，老年人参与艺术活动对他们的健康有很大的影响，Dr. Gene D. Coben对此感到非常惊讶，并且老年人都注意到了健康状况的改善，因此推断让Coben吃惊的是艺术团体中的人们的健康状况有了很大的改善。故选C。
2．What is the author's attitude towards arts？( )
A．Doubtful. B．Positive.
C．Negative. D．Worried.
答案与解析：B 推理判断题。根据第一段的This ancient art can not only make you feel good, it can also improve your well being, reduce your feelings of pain, and even extend your life. (这种古老的艺术不仅能让你感觉良好，它还可以改善你的健康，减少你的疼痛的感觉，甚至延长寿命。)可推知，作者对待艺术的态度是积极的，故选B。
3．Where should the following sentence be put？( )
“She uses songs to help patients who suffer from a variety of problems.”
A．(1) B．(2)
C．(3) D．(4)
答案与解析：A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的Also, studies link singing with a lower heart rate, decreased blood pressure and reduced stress according to Patricia Preston Roberts, a music therapist.可知此处She指代音乐治疗师，她用歌曲来帮助患有各种疾病的病人，与上文内容联系紧密，故选A。
4．What would be the best title for the passage？( )
A．How to Avoid Getting Dementia
B．How Seniors Live a Healthy Life
C．How to Keep Our Brains Healthy
D．How Singing Improves Your Health
答案与解析：D 主旨大意题。通读全文以及根据各段主旨句可知，本文着眼于论证歌唱有助于身体健康，并且作者提供了大量的论据来证明歌唱是如何改善身体健康的，D项能够概括文章大意，故选D。
B
I was about 5 when I first heard the word “Greenland”， and my interest grew from there. Finally, after decades, I decided to go.
When I finally arrived, the place, at first glance, was clearly misnamed: The east coast of Greenland was an expanse of ice and snow, with no sign of human habitation.
One of my purposes of going to Greenland was to make contact with some native Greenlanders. I didn't know I would achieve this, but success came in an unexpected way.
When I arrived at the Illunnguujuk Hotel, where I had reserved a bed，a young couple and their baby were out front, enjoying the sun and unusual warmth. Greenlanders speak their own Inuit language and learn Danish in school, and many also speak English well. The young woman, however, was not one of these. Her English turned out to be anticlimactic．
When I identified myself, her eyes widened. Another traveller had arrived earlier and, mistaking him for me, they had given him my bed. There was no more space in the hotel. “But don't worry，” she said, as she threw herself into cleaning a tiny house the family owned. “This is for you，” she said. And as if that weren't, enough, she invited me to eat supper with her family. That evening I sat down to a dinner of fresh fish with a loving, happy native family.
When I first set foot in Greenland I found myself all but shocked by the emptiness, the vastness, and the silence. I had decided that I would probably never return. And then I was taken into this Greenlandic home. I can now say that even cold, empty, and silent scenery is worth visiting, so long as one has a warm and welcoming place to go to.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者对于格陵兰岛的认识。小时候作者一直认为格陵兰岛有许多人，直到后来作者第一次去才发现那里人很少，而且非常冷，因此对格陵兰岛印象不好，但是在酒店却感受到了格陵兰岛人的热情。
5．What may be the author's original imagination about Greenland？( )
A．Dense population.
B．Incredible silence.
C．Amazing vastness.
D．Awful weather.
答案与解析：A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容可知，作者原以为格陵兰岛上有密集的人口。故选A。
6．What does the underlined word “anticlimactic” in Paragraph 4 mean？( )
A．Simple. B．Modern.
C．Outstanding. D．Disappointing.
答案与解析：D 词义猜测题。由上文中的“... speak English well... however, was not one of these.”可推断，这位年轻女性的英语不好。由此可推知，anticlimactic应意为“令人失望的”，与D项意思一致。故选D。
7．The author lost his bed in the hotel because of ________．( )
A．the poor condition B．the high price
C．a wrong address D．a misunderstanding
答案与解析：D 细节理解题。由第五段中的“Another traveller had arrived earlier and... my bed”可知，旅店人员误将别人当成了作者。故选D。
8．What would be the best title for the passage？( )
A．A Guidebook for Greenland
B．A Cold and Warm Greenland
C．A Terrible Experience in a Hotel
D．A Childhood Dream to Come True
答案与解析：B 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是最后一段最后一句“I can now say that even cold, empty, and silent scenery is worth visiting, so long as one has a warm and welcoming place to go to.”可推知，虽然格陵兰岛外部自然环境寒冷难耐，但当地居民却很热情。B项准确概括了文章内容，适合作本文标题。故选B。
Ⅵ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
Last month, Alex posted his painting of a fox on Reddit hoping to raise money for an animal rescue group. But when a video of him working on the painting went viral with more than 44，000 “likes”， requests on social media from people hoping to buy copies of his work __1__ in. His fans were amazed when they watched him paint by holding a brush in his __2__ because he had lost the use of his hands.
Drawing and painting always came naturally to Alex. When he was a kid, he would sit down to draw something almost every day. It continued __3__ high school and college. He loved creating something with his hands.
But in 2004, Alex __4__ a rare disease that caused sensory (感觉的) loss and weakness. One day, he suddenly could not use his left hand. Then the problem spread quickly to his right hand. As the pain and numbness __5__ and more tests were done, the physicians __6__ Alex had a rare immune disorder. __7__， he was no longer able to draw, paint or play the piano. By September 2005, he had difficulty walking, as his legs and feet had also weakened. __8__， he needed a wheelchair. He had to quit his job and move to live with his parents.
Alex didn't follow his artistic dream __9__ his mother showed him some paintings created by artists who also could not use their hands and arms in 2015. He was very __10__ and then began to teach himself to paint with his mouth and to __11__ the right pressure to the canvas (画布).
Three years ago, Alex successfully had a major transplant __12__. The process of recovery is challenging but steady. With supporting aids on both legs, he is walking again without pain. Alex hopes one day he will be able to __13__ a paintbrush in his hand. If not, he will continue to __14__ his visions with his mouth.
“I have a lot to be __15__. I'm painting again; I'm walking again. Life feels really good for me right now，” Alex said.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍亚历克斯由于患病，导致感觉丧失和虚弱，他再也不能画画、绘画或弹钢琴了，最后他用嘴叼着画笔画画的视频被点赞的励志故事。
1．( )A．dropped B．poured
C．called D．burst
答案与解析：B drop 下降，减少；pour 倾泻；call 打电话；burst 爆裂。句意：但当他创作这幅画的一段视频在网上获得超过4.4万个“赞”时，社交媒体上来自愿购买他作品副本的人大量涌现。故选B。
2．( )A．hand B．foot
C．arm D．mouth
答案与解析：D hand 手；foot 脚；arm 胳膊；mouth 嘴。句意：当粉丝们看到他嘴里叼着刷子画画时，他们都惊呆了，因为他的手已经不能用了。由此可知答案为D。
3．( )A．through B．before
C．from D．upon
答案与解析：A through 通过，穿过；before 在……之前；from 从……来；upon 在……上。这种情况一直持续到高中和大学。故选A。
4．( )A．witnessed B．recognized
C．developed D．assessed
答案与解析：C witness 目睹；recognize 认识；develop 患病，发展；assess 评估。句意：但在2004年，亚历克斯患上了一种罕见的疾病，导致感觉丧失和虚弱。故选C。
5．( )A．disappeared B．attacked
C．worsened D．weakened
答案与解析：C disappear 消失；attack 攻击；worsen 恶化；weaken 变弱。句意：随着疼痛和麻木的恶化，医生们做了更多的检查，发现亚历克斯患有一种罕见的免疫紊乱。故选C。
6．( )A．predicted B．apologized
C．observed D．discovered
答案与解析：D predict 预测；apologize 道歉；observe 观察，遵守；discover 发现。句意见上题解析。故选D。
7．( )A．As a result B．On the whole
C．Without doubt D．In return
答案与解析：A as a result 结果；on the whole 大体上；without doubt 无疑地；in return 作为报答。句意：结果，他再也不能画画、绘画或弹钢琴了。故选A。
8．( )A．Occasionally B．Eventually
C．Normally D．Basically
答案与解析：B occasionally 偶尔；eventually 最后；normally 正常地；basically 基本上。句意：最终，他需要一把轮椅。故选B。
9．( ) A．unless B．once
C．although D．until
答案与解析：D unless 除非；once 一旦；although 尽管；until 直到……为止。句意：直到2015年亚历克斯的母亲给他看了一些由同样无法使用手和手臂的艺术家创作的画作时，他才开始追逐自己的艺术梦想。故选D。
10．( ) A．impressed B．sympathetic
C．confused D．sensible
答案与解析：A impressed 印象深刻的；sympathetic 同情的；confused 困惑的；sensible 明智的。句意：他印象非常深刻，然后开始自学用嘴作画，学习如何在画布上运力。故选A。
11．( )A．present B．contribute
C．apply D．adjust
答案与解析：C present 提出；contribute 贡献；apply 用力；施压；adjust 调整。句意见上题解析。apply pressure to 对……施加压力。故选C。
12．( )A．operation B．performance
C．assessment D．substitute
答案与解析：A operation 手术；performance 表现，表演；assessment 评估；substitute 代替者。句意：三年前，亚历克斯成功地进行了一次大型移植手术。故选A。
13．( )A．test out B．set aside
C．bring out D．pick up
答案与解析：D test out 试验；set aside 留出；bring out 生产；出版；pick up 拾起，拿起；偶然学到。句意：亚历克斯希望有一天他能用手拿起画笔。故选D。
14．( )A．replace B．reward
C．express D．target
答案与解析：C replace 替代；reward 奖赏；express 表达；target 把……作为攻击目标。此处是说用嘴叼画笔将他想象的东西表达出来。故选C。
15．( )A．occupied with B．concerned about
C．grateful for D．accused of
答案与解析：C be occupied with 忙于；be concerned about 关心，担忧；be grateful for 感谢；be accused of 被指控……。句意：我有很多要感激的。故选C。Section D Lesson 3 Getting to the Top
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ vi. 努力；奋斗
2．____________ vt. 毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏
3．____________ vt. 不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走
4．____________ n. (英式)橄榄球
5．____________ adj. 平庸的，普通的；平均的 n. 平均水平；平均数
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．极端→________ adj.极端的，极度的，极其的→________ adv.极度，极其
2．________ vi.& vt.保护，保卫→________ n．保卫；防御物→________ adj.戒备的，自卫的
3．________ adj.自私的，自私自利的→________ adj.无私的→________ adv.无私地→________ adv.自私地
4．________ v．计数→________ adj.无数的，数不尽的→________ n．柜台；计算器→________ adj.可数的→________ adj.不可数的
5．________ vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸→________ adj.炽热的；很热的→________ adj.煮熟的
6．________ adj.长的→________ n．长度→________ v．加长；延长
7．________ vt.使受伤；伤害；损害→________ adj.受伤的→________ n．伤
8．________ adj.正常的，平常的→________ adj.反常的；不正常的→________ adv.通常；正常情况下
9．________ n．运动员→________ n．铁人三项运动员→________ adj.体育运动的
10．academic adj.学术的→________ n．专科学院，研究机构→________ adv.在学术上
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 把自己逼到极限
2．________________ 专注于
3．________________ 为……而奋斗
4．________________ 剩有，被留下(某种结果)
5．________________ 本可以做(但未做)
6．________________ 在内心深处
7．________________ 忙于做某事
8．________________ 租车
9．________________ 归结为；要点是
10．________________ 与生俱来；天生具有
11．________________ 努力；专心致志于某事
12．________________ 使与众不同
13．________________ 平庸无为
14．________________ 愿意做某事
将英文短语译成汉语
1．across the table ________________
2．in danger of... ________________
3．on a day-to-day basis ________________
4．be so selfish ________________
5．What are the sacrifices for ________________
6．countless birthday parties ________________
7．an enormous amount of ________________
8．stay in ________________
9．get ahead ________________
10．rather than... ________________
11．on one's own ________________
12．be committed to ________________
13．get injured ________________
14．prefer to do sth. ________________
课文研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A.Olympic athletes usually push themselves to the limits.
B．Olympic athletes always miss birthday parties, ruin family holidays and skip nights out.
C．Olympic athletes are not fun to train with.
D.Olympic athletes are unwilling to share their medals.
2．What can we learn from the text about a professional athlete
A．He is always tired and every workout has a mental intensity that most cannot handle.
B．He may face fears and make sacrifices on a day-to-day basis.
C．He may be selfish not to have fun with families and friends.
D．He may be fun to train with and his only goal is to win medals in the games.
3．What can we infer from the fifth paragraph about the author
A．She's optimistic and stubborn.
B．She's determined and devoted.
C．She's hard-working and easy-going.
D．She's friendly and mild.
4．What takes an athlete to get to the top according to the text
A．Being willing to do that extra little bit.
B．Being injured in the training or the games.
C．Missing so much fun.
D．Winning the gold medal of the Olympics.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
As one of the Olympic 1.________ (athlete), it is hard to be at the top in sport. I was pushing the limits and 2.________ (extreme) beyond what most thought were healthy. These are the fears I face as 3.________ professional athlete on a day-to-day basis. I may miss 4.________ (end) fun and make sacrifices in the daily life. For example, I have missed countless birthday parties and nights out. It may be because I was born with an enormous amount of drive and 5.________ (determine). I have always lived my life 6.________ extremes, which is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying 7.________ (I) to.
As an athlete, if your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform, you had better be totally 8.________ (commit) to your sport. In the words of the British triathlete Alistair Brownlee, even if it means getting injured, “I'd prefer 9.________ (have) three or four outstanding years of winning stuff than having ten years of being average.” Doing 10.________ we do as athletes sets us apart because we are willing to do that extra little bit that might take us to the top.
教材助读·开放课堂
[教材原文]
Why do Olympic athletes push themselves to the limits①？ As one of the Olympic athletes, I miss birthday parties, ruin② family holidays and skip③ nights out, but there is a very good reason for giving up so much. “We're worried about you，” said my friend from across the table④. He was worried that I had no longer become fun to train with and that I was in danger of⑤ being left with⑥ only a world championship medal and no one to share it with 【1】．
【1】本句为主从复合句。worried后面包含两个that引导的宾语从句。第二个宾语从句中，and连接两个并列成分only...medal和no one...with作being left with 的宾语，其中不定式短语to share it with作后置定语修饰one。
I could have become⑦ angry or defensive⑧. Don't they know how hard it is to be at the top in sport 【2】？ Don't they know what it takes to get there However, deep down⑨ I knew elements⑩ of what he was saying were right 【3】. I was always tired and every workout had a mental intensity that seemed too much for most to handle. I was pushing the limits and extremes beyond what most thought were healthy.
【2】画线部分为how hard引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语。it在此为形式主语，不定式短语为真正的主语。
【3】画线部分为what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语。
These are the fears I face as a professional athlete on a day-to-day basis . Who am I doing this for How much is too much Why am I doing this How can I be so selfish ？ What are the sacrifices for
I think of countless birthday parties and nights out I have missed, ruining a family holiday in France because of the endless search for a swimming pool to train in 【4】， almost missing my brother's wedding 【5】 because I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg and driving through the “no-go” areas in order to do a group ride with the local triathletes . The list is endless.
【4】画线部分为动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰a swimming pool。
【5】画线部分为现在分词短语作结果状语。miss与其逻辑主语I之间为主谓关系。
It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination. From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play; I would get the bus on my own at ten years old and go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games; I was the only girl in a rugby club of 250 boys. I have always lived my life to extremes. Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to 【6】．
【6】本句为并列复合句。but前的分句中包含一个if引导的条件状语从句，其对应的主句为祈使句。but后的分句中包含一个no matter what引导的让步状语从句，其对应的主句中I roll为省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词way。
Being a professional athlete is no different. If you want to be an Olympic champion, it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.
Can this be overdone ？ Absolutely. But if your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform ， you had better be totally committed to your sport. In the words of the British triathlete Alistair Brownlee, even if it means getting injured 【7】， “I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff rather than have ten years of being average .”
【7】画线部分为even if引导的让步状语从句。
Doing what we do as athletes 【8】 sets us apart because we are willing to do that extra little bit that might take us to the top. It is certainly not a balanced way to live 【9】 and it is certainly not normal but those words are generally not used for anyone who is striving for greatness.
【8】画线部分为v.-ing结构作主语，其中what we do为what引导的宾语从句作Doing的宾语，what在该从句中作do的宾语。
【9】to live为动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰抽象名词way。
[汉语译文]
为什么奥林匹克运动员要将自己逼到极限呢？作为一名奥林匹克运动员，我错过生日聚会、破坏家庭旅行、放弃夜晚外出，但是放弃这么多是有非常合理的理由的。“我们很担心你，”隔着桌子坐在我对面的朋友说。他担心和我一起训练不再是一件愉悦的事情，担心我处于只剩下世界冠军的奖牌而无人可以分享的危险境地。
我本可以生气或者辩解一下的。难道他们不知道在运动中处于顶峰有多难吗？难道他们不知道到达顶峰需要付出多少吗？然而，在内心深处，我知道他说的有一些是对的。我总是疲惫不堪，每次锻炼带来的心理压力对于大多数人来说都难以应对。我把极限提升到了大多数人认为超出健康的程度。
这些是我作为一名职业运动员日常面临的恐惧。我这样做是为了谁？太多是多少？我为什么要这样做？我怎么能这么自私？这些牺牲是为什么？
我想到了曾经错过的无数个生日派对和本来可以外出的夜晚，因为一直寻找可以训练的游泳池，而破坏了一次去法国的全家旅行；因为忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车，开车闯过“禁行”区，以便和当地的铁人三项运动员组团骑行，而差点错过哥哥的婚礼。这样的事情不计其数。
归根结底，我天生就是个特别有干劲和意志力的人。我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩；十岁的时候，当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会自己乘公共汽车去游泳池游50个来回；橄榄球俱乐部里，有250个男孩，只有我一个女孩。生活中我一向把事情做到极致。你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。
做一名职业运动员也不例外。你如果想成为奥运冠军，就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争者中脱颖而出。
这过分吗？当然。但如果你的梦想是成为最棒的并站上胜利者的奖台，你最好全身心投入运动项目中。用英国铁人三项运动员阿利斯特尔·布朗利的话来说，即使这意味着要受伤，“我宁愿有三四年的胜利辉煌，而不选择十年的平庸无为。”
做运动员让我们与众不同，因为我们愿意做到那额外的一点点，以使我们走向顶峰。它当然不是一种平衡的生活方式，也肯定不寻常，但寻常、平衡那些词是不会用来形容追求伟大的人的。
[词汇注释]
①push oneself to the limits把自己逼到极限
②ruin/ ru In/vt.毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏
ruin family holidays破坏家庭旅行
③skip/skIp/vt.不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走
skip nights out放弃夜晚外出
④across the table桌子对面
⑤in danger of处于……危险之中
⑥be left with剩有，被留下(某种结果)
⑦could have done本可以做(但未做)
⑧defensive/dI fensIv/adj.
戒备的，自卫的
defend v．防御，保护；辩解
defense n．防御(能力)
⑨deep down在内心深处；实际上
⑩element/ el m nt/n.基本部分；要素
workout/w ka t/n.训练，
锻炼
work out锻炼身体；解决；算出；弄懂
intensity/In tens ti/n.强度；强烈
a mental intensity心理压力
on a day-to-day basis日复一日地；每日
selfish/ selfI /adj.自私的，自私自利的
sacrifice/ s kr faIs/n.牺牲
countless/ ka ntl s/adj.
无数的，数不尽的
because of由于……
be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
hire/haI /vt.租用
“no-go” areas禁行区
triathlete/traI θli t/n.铁人三项运动员
boil down to sth.归结为；要点是
boil/b Il/vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸
be born with与生俱来；天生具有
enormous/I n m s/adj. 巨大的，庞大的
an enormous amount of 巨量的；海量的
drive n．干劲
stay in待在家里
get ahead走在前面；领先
would do...rather than do...宁愿做……而不做……
on one's own靠某人自己
length/le θ/n.长度
此处的长度是指从游泳池一端至另一端的距离，所以原文中的100 lengths就是50个来回。
rugby/ r ɡbi/n.(英式)橄榄球
apply oneself to sth.努力；专心致志于某事
it's all about sb./sth.最重要的(问题)是某人/某物
set sb./sth. apart使与众不同
apart/ pɑ t/adj.& adv.分开；散开
apart from...除……之外
overdone adj.过头的，过分的
platform/ pl tf m/n.舞台；月台
be committed to致力于
in the words of sb.用某人的话来说
injured/ Ind d/adj.受伤的
get injured受伤
outstanding/a t st ndI /adj.杰出的，优秀的
average/ v rId /adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n．平均水平；平均数
be willing to do sth.愿意做某事
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．ruin vt.毁掉，糟蹋，毁坏；使破产 n．毁灭；废墟；破产
(教材原句)As one of the Olympic athletes, I miss birthday parties, ruin family holidays and skip nights out...
作为一名奥林匹克运动员，我错过生日聚会、破坏家庭旅行、放弃夜晚外出……
(1)ruin one's health 毁掉某人的健康
ruin
get ruined 被糟蹋/毁掉
(2)go to ruin/fall into ruin 衰落，败落；倒塌
be/lie in ruins 成为废墟；破败不堪
leave sth. in ruins 使某物成为废墟
reduce...to ruins 把……变为废墟
the ruins of... ……的遗迹
The smell ruined my appetite, and I pushed the dish away.
这味道毁了我的胃口，我把菜推开了。
Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day
谁没有收到过一封惹人心烦以至于毁了一整天的电子邮件？
It is apparent that the house was ruined beyond repair.
很明显，房屋被破坏到了无法修复的程度。
The city was in ruins and we moved into tents once more.
这座城市变得残破不堪，我们又住进了帐篷里。
Many ancient sculptures fell into ruin after the earthquake.
地震过后，许多古老的雕像都毁了。
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins.第二天，当他们回到洛克威时，他们发现他们的街区已经成了一片废墟。
[拓展] 单复数意义不同的常考词：
ruin毁灭→ruins废墟
damage损害→damages损害赔偿金
force力量→forces武装力量
instruction指导→instructions说明(书)
spirit精神→spirits情绪，心境
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The whole town ________ (ruin) by the heavy storm last night.
②Many houses were reduced to ________ (ruin) in the storm.
③He served four years in prison, emerging to find his brilliant career ________ ruins.
完成句子
④To our disappointment, the bad weather ________________ (毁了我们的旅行).
⑤That mistake ____________________ (毁掉了他的机会) of getting the job.
⑥Their shape has made them less likely to ________________ (倒塌).
⑦The strong earthquake ____________________ (把这个村庄夷为平地).
2．skip v．不做(本来应做的事)；蹦跳着走；略过；跳绳 vi.快速转移 (skip—skipped—skipped) n．蹦跳
skip breakfast 不吃早饭
skip a grade 跳级
skip along 连蹦带跳地走
skip through 快速阅读；大致浏览
skip over the details 略过细节
skip school/class 逃学/逃课
skip the first chapter 跳过第一章
skip over 略过
skip rope 跳绳
Skip it! (生气地说)别提这件事！不说这个了！
Williams skipped the game to be with his wife in the hospital.
威廉姆斯为了在医院里陪他妻子而放弃了这场比赛。
We can skip over the details and concentrate on the general issues.我们可略过细节部分，而把精力集中在一般性问题上。
I skipped through the first part of the book, eager to get to the exciting bits.我只大致浏览了这本书的第一部分，急于去看那些令人激动的部分。
She skipped happily along beside me.
她连蹦带跳，高高兴兴地跟着我走。
She gave a skip and a jump and was off down the street.
她一蹦一跳就顺着马路跑了。
[拓展]
give a skip of joy 欢呼雀跃
give a skip and a jump 蹦蹦跳跳
[语境助记]
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.这些结果的含义是，为了从锻炼中获得最大的健康益处，最好先不吃东西。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The boxer gave ________ little skip as he came out of his corner.
②They saw the man with a little girl skipping ________ behind him.
写出句中skip的含义
③It is important not to skip meals.____________
④Every day we play basketball, play football, and skip rope.____________
⑤The parents want their child to skip to the second grade.____________
3．hire v．租用；租赁；雇用 n．租用；租赁；租金；被雇用的人
(教材原句)．..I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg...……我忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车……
(1)hire a car/a room 租用一辆小汽车/租房
hire sth. out (短期)出租某物；把……出租出去
hire sth. out (to sb.) 把某物出租(给某人)
hire oneself out to sb./sth. 受雇于某人/某机构
hire sb. to do sth. 雇用某人做某事
fire sb. for sth. 因某事解雇某人
get fired 被解雇
(2)on hire 在出租，供出租
for hire 供出租，用来出租
boats for hire 可供出租的船
They hired a firm of consultants to design the new system.
他们请了一家咨询公司来设计新的系统。
Why don't you hire out your spare room to other people to earn some money
你为什么不把你多余的房间出租给别人赚点钱呢？
Farm workers used to hire themselves out for the summer.
农场工人过去经常夏天打工。
The costumes are on hire from the local theatre.
戏装可向本地剧院租用。
[拓展] hire/employ v.雇用 fire/dismiss v.解雇
[比较] hire/employ/rent
(1)hire 指短期、临时或一次性“雇用;租用”，宾语可以是人，也可以是物;
(2)employ 指长时间“雇用”，宾语一般是人;
(3)rent 指长时间“出租;租用”，宾语
一般是房屋、土地等，如rent a house租用房子。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There are three small boats available hire.
② He hired (he) to work in the fields for one summer.
③David used to hire his car when he didn't need it himself.
④ The professor hired a young man (drive) for him every day.
选词填空: hire/rent/employ
⑤I would rather have my own house than
⑥I took my driving license with me on holiday, in case I wanted to a car.
⑦It's standard practice for a company like this one to a security officer.
4．boil vi.& vt.(使)沸腾，煮沸 n．沸腾 boiling adj.炽热的；很热的 boiled adj.煮熟的
(教材原句)It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination.
归根结底：我天生就是个特别有干劲儿和意志力的人。
(1)boil down to sth. 要点是；归结为
boil away 煮干
boil sth. down (to sth.) 概括；归纳；压缩
boil an egg for sb. 为某人煮鸡蛋
boil with anger/rage 十分生气
(2)boiling water 沸水
boiling point 沸点
boiled water 开水
boiling hot 滚烫的；炎热的
heat/bring sth. to the boiling point 把某物加热到沸点
(3)bring sth. to boil 把某物煮至沸腾
come to boil 开始沸腾
go off boil 不再沸腾，不如从前
put sth. onto boil 把某物烧开
Read through this passage and then boil it down to a hundred words.把这篇文章通读一遍，然后将其概括为一百字。
He was driving so fast that the engine got very hot and the water boiled away.
他开车太快，以致引擎过热，水箱里的水也烧干了。
Warm the pot by pouring in a little boiling water, and then empty it out.向壶内倒一点儿沸水把壶烫热，然后把水倒掉。
I'd like to drink a glass of cool boiled water.
我想喝一杯凉开水。
Kate's anger was reaching the boiling point.
凯特已怒不可遏了。
He played brilliantly for the first set but then went rather off the boil.他第一盘表现得非常出色，但接下来就有失水准了。
I'll put the kettle on to boil.我会放上水壶把水烧开。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①These vegetables have had all the goodness ________ (boil) out of them.
②Here's some ________ (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
③The water is ________ (boil) hot. Pour it from one cup to another repeatedly to cool it.
④You can boil the long story down ________ a few sentences and it still has the same meaning.
⑤He was so concentrated on the TV programme that he forgot the cooking and the water in the pot boiled ________．
完成句子
⑥When it ________________________ (开始沸腾), reduce the heat.
5．length n．长度；细长的一段，一节；时间的长短 lengthen v．加长 vt.使变长
(教材原句)．..I would...go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games...……当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会……去游泳池游50个来回……
length of service 服务年限
in length 在长度上
the length of ……的长度
at (great) length (＝in detail) 最后；详尽地
at arm's length 一臂之遥；以一定距离
two metres in length＝two metres long 两米长
This room is twice the length of the kitchen.
这个房间的长度是厨房的两倍。
The pieces of wood are uneven in length and can't be used.
这些木条长短不齐，没法用。
He talked at length about his work and his family.
他详谈了他的工作和家庭。
He has to hold newspapers at arm's length to focus on the print.他必须将手臂伸直拿着报纸才能看清上面的字。
The pipe was six feet in length (＝long).管道长6英尺。
Vacations have lengthened and the work week has shortened.
假期延长了，工作周变短了。
She lengthened the skirt.她将裙子放长。
[学法点拨] “数词＋单位量词＋in＋length/height/width/depth”相当于“数词＋单位量词＋long/high/wide/deep”。
The house is 9 metres in height, and 14 metres in length．
＝The house is 9 metres high, and 14 metres long．
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The snake usually reaches ________ length of 100 cm.
②She got a headache if she had to read for any ________ (long) of time.
③The room he has just rented is about 9 metres ________ length and 3 metres wide.
④They talked about the comedy last night ________ length that he would star in.
同义句转换
⑤The biggest is about four metres in length, weighing 500 kilogrammes.
→________________________________________________________________________，
weighing 500 kilogrammes.
6．apart adj.& adv.分开；散开
(教材原句)．..it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.……就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争者中脱颖而出。
come apart 破碎；破裂
keep apart 把……分开
take apart 拆开
tell apart 区分，区别
fall apart 破碎，破裂；崩溃
set apart 留出……；使不同
tear apart 撕毁，撕碎
When you're apart, you rely so heavily on the phone to keep in touch.你们要是不住在一起，就得大量地依靠电话保持联系了。
These toys aren't well made—they come apart far too easily.
这些玩具做得不好——太容易散架了。
His use of language set him apart from most other modern writers.他对语言的运用使他与其他大多数现代作家截然不同。
The child took apart the toy but he didn't know how to put them together.这个小孩把玩具拆开了，却不知道如何组装起来。
It's easy to tell my pills apart because they're all different colours.我的药片很容易区分，因为它们的颜色都不一样。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Anna did what she could to keep the marriage from falling ________．
②The child kept ________ (him) apart from other children.
选词填空：come/set/take/tell
③The camera just ________ apart the first time he used it.
④But even to the trained eye, two species of earthworms can be tough to ________ apart.
⑤Two rooms were ________ apart for use as libraries.
⑥He ________ apart two old chairs in order to make a sofa.
7．average adj.平庸的，普通的；平均的 n．平均水平；平均数
(教材原句)．..“I'd prefer to have three or four outstanding years of winning stuff rather than have ten years of being average.”……“我也宁愿有三四年的胜利辉煌，而不选择十年的平庸无为。”
(1)an average cost/price 平均成本/价格
a child of average intelligence 智力平常的孩子
(2)an average of 平均有……
above/below average 平均水平以上/下
on average 平均/平均来看
There was nothing special about the meal; it was average.
饭菜没什么特别，挺平常的。
The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen.
本班男生的平均年龄是十五岁。
It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed.售出一幢房子平均需要10周的时间。
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2，000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight.如今，在澳大利亚，平均而言，大多数儿童比避免超重所需的体育活动少2 000步。
Her elder brother is above average in his reading ability.
她哥哥的阅读能力在平均水平以上。
[语境助记]
The amount of snowfall this year has been below average．
今年的降雪量低于平均水平。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The province's rainfall this year is ________ average. Many plants are short of water and have been dead.
②Parents spend ________ average of $200 a year on toys for their children.
③________ average, women live between five and seven years longer than men.
写出句中average的词性及含义
④Their language development and reading are below average.____________
⑤What is the average annual snowfall for this state？____________
⑥He is an average man, and there's nothing special about him.____________
8．normal adj.正常的，平常的 n．常态；通常标准
(教材原句)It is certainly not a balanced way to live and it is certainly not normal...
它当然不是一种平衡的生活方式，也肯定不寻常……
(1)quite/perfectly normal 相当/完全正常
under normal circumstances 一般情况下
(2)above/below normal 高于/低于正常水平；
通常标准之上/之下
恢复正常
normal college 师范学院
It is normal to feel nervous when you deliver a speech in public.你在公众场合演讲时感到紧张是正常的。
It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.过了几天洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。
Rainfall has been above normal this July.
今年7月份降雨量高于正常水平。
[单词积累]
ab-否定前缀(离去、相反、不)：
abuse v．& n．滥用
absorb v．吸收
[句式] It is/was normal (for sb.) to do sth.
(对某人来说)做某事是正常的。
It is/was abnormal (for sb.) to do sth.
(对某人来说)做某事是不正常的。
[比较] normal/ordinary/usual/average/common
normal：正常的—a normal working day
正常工作日
ordinary：普通的—ordinary people普通人
usual：惯常的—at the usual time/place在老时间/地点
average：普通的；平均的—an average adult普通的成年人
common：共同的，常见的—a common name常见的名字
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The rainy season in the Andes ________ (normal) starts in December.
②We must delay our journey because of the ________ (normal) weather conditions.
③My wife was delighted that things had returned ________ normal once more.
④It is normal ________ (feel) anxious about your and your family's safety.
⑤By the end of the century, the average global temperature will be 3.5 degree Celsius ________ normal.
选词填空：normal/usual/average
⑥As ________， they left the children in charge of the house.
⑦A man of ________ height donated the money to you.
⑧Everything seemed to return to ________ shortly after the frightening explosion.
第二版块|重要短语
1．stay in待在家里；不外出(in在此处是副词)
(教材原句)From a small girl, I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play...我还是个小女孩时，为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩……
stay in one's house/home 待在某人家里
stay on 留下来继续
stay in bed 卧床
stay behind 留下
stay up late 熬夜到很晚
stay awake (＝keep awake) 保持清醒
stay (at) home (＝stay in) 待在家里
stay healthy (＝keep healthy) 保持健康
stay out 不在家
We stay in almost every night and watch television.
我们几乎每个晚上都在家里看电视。
Shall we eat out or stay in？It's up to you.
咱们是到外面吃饭还是待在家里？你决定吧。
[拓展]
stay in
[即学即练] 完成句子
①He found it unnecessary for us to ________________ (留下来).
②As the afternoon wore on, I found it more and more difficult to ____________________ (保持清醒).
③A survey showed people were confused about what they should eat to ________________ (保持健康).
④I used to __________________________________ (熬夜到很晚) with my mom and watch movies.
2．apply oneself to sth.努力；专心致志于某事
(教材原句)Call it unhealthy if you want, but that is the way I roll, no matter what it is I'm applying myself to.
你若说这是一种病态也行，但这就是我的做事风格，不管做什么我都会全力以赴。
applicant n. 申请人
application n. 申请(书)；应用
apply to 适用于；向……申请
apply...to... 把……应用于……；将……涂抹于……
apply (to sb.) for... (向某人)申请……
She could not entirely apply herself to the arrangements for her wedding.她不能全力以赴地安排自己的婚礼。
He is now applying himself to the study of traditional Chinese medical science.他现在正致力于传统中医的研究。
These regulations only apply to the younger children.
这些规定只适用于较小的儿童。
In this way they can better apply theory to practice.
这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。
Apply the paint to the prepared wood and allow it to dry.
把油漆涂在备好的木料上，让它自己晾干。
They applied to other medical institutions for assistance.
他们向其他医疗机构申请援助。
[语境助记]
There are more than 300 applications for the job in this company. In other words, more than 300 applicants have applied for the job.
这家公司已有300多份对这一工作的申请。换句话说，已经有300多名求职者申请了这份工作。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I don't think what he says ________ (apply) to you as much as to us.
②She applied ________ (she) to her new duties with great enthusiasm.
③He applied himself closely ________ the study of the English language.
完成句子
④You must ________________ (专心致志于工作) you have to do.
⑤Find out ahead of time what regulations ________________ (适用于你的情况).
⑥Lynd and hundreds of young people like him ________________ (申请……的职位) of the typist.
⑦The new technology ______________ (已被应用于) farming.
3．be born with与生俱来；天生具有
(教材原句)It boils down to this: I was born with an enormous amount of drive and determination.
归根结底：我天生就是个特别有干劲儿和意志力的人。
be born with talent 与生俱来的天赋
be born to do/be sth. 注定要做；注定会成为
be born to a young mother 一位年轻母亲所生
be born of 出身于；源于
be born of noble parents 生于贵族之家
be born into... 生于……之家
be born blind/deaf 先天失明/失聪
be born lucky/unlucky 天生幸运/倒霉
Their child was born with a serious medical problem.
他们的孩子生来就有严重的疾病。
No one is born a winner.没有人天生就是赢家。
She was born into a wealthy family.她生在有钱人家。
Mary was born of rich parents.玛丽出身于有钱人家。
His wish to become a doctor was born of a desire to help sick people.他想成为医生是出于帮助病人的愿望。
[语境助记]
Babies who are born to very young mothers are very healthy.
年轻妈妈生的孩子非常健康。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Human beings are born ________ this ability.
②He was born ________ (be) a statesman.
③John was born ________ a poor family and had to work to support his family as a little child.
④Lang Lang was born ________ gift of playing the piano.
⑤Mary, born ________ wealthy parents, got well educated and became a famous scientist in the world.
⑥The child, born ________ a middle-age mother, is very bright.
4．set sb./sth. apart 使与众不同
(教材原句)If you want to be an Olympic champion, it's all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors.
如果你想成为奥运冠军，就要在训练中多付出那额外的一点点，它将使你从竞争中脱颖而出。
set aside 保留，储蓄；把……放到一边
set down 放下；写下
set up 竖起，搭起；建立
set about doing/set out to do 开始/着手做
set sb. a good example 为某人树立榜样
set sb. to do sth. 指派某人做某事
set sb./sth. doing sth. 使某人/某物开始做某事或处于做某事的状态
I set that apart for a special purpose.
我为了一个特殊的目的，取出了那件东西。
His far-sightedness set him apart from most of his contemporaries.
他的远见令他在大多数同辈中独树一帜。
[说明] set sb./sth. apart作“使……与众不同；与……分别放置/隔离”用法时，常常与from连用；作“(为了某种用途而)取出，分开，保留，储备”用法时，往往与介词for连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①What sets it apart ________ hundreds of similar small French towns is the huge factory.
②We need to set out ________ (find) a solution to increasing production.
③You must set apart some money ________ the future.
④They decided to set a day apart ________ the work.
⑤Each week she tried ________ (set) aside some US dollars ________ use back home.
⑥They set her ________ (do) the work.
⑦The teacher set the pupils ________ good example.
⑧They set the machine ________ (go).
5．push oneself to the limits把自己逼到极限
push oneself too hard 给自己太大的压力
push sb. into (doing) sth. 说服某人(做)某事
push sb. to do sth. 鞭策某人做某事
push one's way 挤过去
push up 推上去；增高，提高
push for 急切、强烈地要求，为……奋力争取
push one's buttons 使某人深有感触
push the envelope 超越界线；突破
My favourite thing to do is distance running because it's a challenge. I like to push myself to the limits and see how far I can go.
我最喜欢做的事就是长跑，因为它是一个挑战。我喜欢把自己逼到极限，看自己可以跑多远。
He's been pushing himself too hard, working 12-hour days.
他给自己的压力太大了，每天工作12小时。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My husband pushed me into ________ (leave) the job.
②The teachers pushed the students ________ (achieve).
③Shops are no longer allowed to push ________ their prices whenever they want.
④I shall really have to push ________ (me) to finish this book before the contract date.
⑤The newspaper reporters have been pushing the government ________ details.
⑥We can't push any more people ________； the bus is full！
6．strive for...为……而奋斗；努力争取……(strove, striven))
strive against 同……作斗争
strive to do sth. 力争做某事
strive against the stream 不随波逐流
He strove for the prize.他努力以求得奖。
He strove to win the prize.＝He strove for the prize.
他为得奖而努力拼搏。
He had to strive against fears.他必须与恐惧感抗争。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We encourage all the employees ________ (strive) for the highest standards.
②We must strive ________ (narrow) the gap between rich and poor.
第三版块|典型句式
1．形容词＋宾语从句
(教材原句)He was worried that I had no longer become fun to train with...
他担心和我一起训练不再是一件愉悦的事情……
We're sure that they will stand by us.
我们肯定他们会支持我们。
I am certain that he will deliver on his promise.
我确信他会履行诺言。
[说明] 宾语从句分为三类：①动词的宾语从句；②介词的宾语从句；③形容词的宾语从句。
He told us that he would help us through the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中他都会帮我们忙的。
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我打扰你这么长时间。
[归纳拓展] 许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。结构：主语＋动词＋it＋形容词/名词等作宾语补足语＋宾语从句。
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.
我们认为他对每个人都说谎是不对的。
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.
他还没宣布他何时结婚。
[学法点拨] 有些形容词具有动词的含义，所以也可以带一个宾语从句。后常接宾语从句的形容词有aware、confident、delighted、disappointed、sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、sorry afraid、satisfied、surprised等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We are delighted ________ the production plan has been fulfilled ahead of schedule.
②I thought it impossible ________ he could finish this job in just two hours.
完成句子
③They are all aware ________________________ (赢得的机会很小).
④I'm very pleased ________________________ (你决定参加了).
⑤She was disappointed ______________________________ (她被公司拒绝了).
⑥I'm not certain ____________________ (他什么时候来).
⑦He is glad ________________________________________ (在他生病的时候李明去看望他).
2．in order to用于构成目的状语
(教材原句)．..I was too busy hiring a car in downtown Johannesburg and driving through the “no-go” areas in order to do a group ride with the local triathletes.
……我忙于在约翰内斯堡市中心租车，开车闯过“禁行”区，以便和当地的铁人三项运动员一起骑行训练。
[易错警示]
(1)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句；引导目的状语从句时必须放在主句之后，且从句谓语须有can、may、could、might等情态动词，而in order that引导目的状语从句时放在主句之前或主句之后均可。
(2)so that引导结果状语从句时， that可以省略。
(3)so that引导结果状语从句时，是指因主句的原因而产生的结果，所以从句中一般没有can/could、may/might等情态动词。比较：
I went to the lecture hall early so that I got a good seat.
我很早就去了报告厅，结果占了一个好座位。(结果)
I went the lecture hall early so that I could get a good seat.我很早就去了报告厅，以便能占个好座位。(目的)
[拓展] in order that/so that用于引导目的状语从句，从句中常含有can、may、could、might等情态动词。
他戴上了眼镜，以便看清楚它。
He put on his glasses in order to see it clearly.
＝In order to see it clearly, he put on his glasses.
＝He put on his glasses so as to see it clearly.
＝He put on his glasses in order that/so that he could see it clearly.
[说明] in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.均可在句中表示谓语动词的目的，但注意：
(1)in order to可放在句首或句中，否定形式是in order not to；
(2)so as to不可放在句首，否定形式是so as not to。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①She has turned down several invitations to star at shows ____________________ (为了集中精力学习).
②What's more, ____________________ (为了多了解中国文化), it is of importance for you to be aware of the content, Tang Poetry.
③The professor put on a mask ________________________ (以免被发现).
④I made the little girl stand on a chair __________________________________ (好让她看得见).
⑤The student worked very hard ______________________________________ (结果他被清华大学录取).
3．would...rather than...句型
(教材原句)．..I would stay in at lunch time just to get ahead on class work rather than go out and play...
……为了在课业上名列前茅，午餐时间我会留下来学习而不出去玩……
[句式分析] would rather...than...，意为“更愿……而不愿……”“宁可……而不愿……”“和……相比，更愿意做……”。表主观意愿，在两者中选其一。than前后的两个相比较的部分一般是对等的，也就是我们说的平行结构。
would rather...than..., would...rather than..., rather than...would...可互换。would是情态动词，情态动词后要接动词原形。所以，当它后面接动词时，需要使用动词原形；同时，因为than前后两个相比较的部分对等，所以than后面也要接动词原形。
Tom would rather die than surrender.
＝Tom would die rather than surrender.
＝Rather than surrender, Tom would die.
汤姆宁死也不投降。
She'd rather die than give in.她宁愿死也不愿意屈服。
Would you rather go home than stay here
你宁愿回家也不愿留在这里吗？
Rather than work in factories, he would give up.
与其在工厂工作，他宁愿放弃。
I would rather go shopping by bus than by taxi.
我宁愿坐公共汽车去购物而不愿坐出租车。
Tom would rather not work in Shenzhen than in Shanghai.
汤姆宁愿不在深圳工作也不愿在上海工作。
Tom would rather have rice than noodles.
汤姆宁愿吃米饭也不愿吃面条。
[易错警示]
(1)当than前后相比较的两者使用的动词相同， than后的动词就可以省略。
(2)than前后相比较的两者要使用同类的词或词组。
(3)would rather do...than...的否定形式为在rather后加否定词not，即would rather not do...than...。
(4)在疑问句式中， would放在主语之前。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Rather than ________ (go) there by air, I'd take the slowest train.
②I would rather ________ (watch) TV at home than ________ (go) to the movies.
一句多译
我宁愿呆在家里也不出去。
③I would ________ stay at home ________ go out.
④I would ________ (stay) at home rather ________ go out.
⑤Rather than ________ (go) out, I would ________ (stay) at home.
4．while连接并列分句
(教材原句)．..I would get the bus on my own at ten years old and go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids played pool games...
……十岁的时候，当别的孩子在泳池戏水时，我会自己乘公共汽车去游泳池游50个来回……
[句式分析] 句中while作并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表前后意义上的对比。如：
There's plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northeast.
东南部雨量充足，而东北部则很少下雨。
Some people believe that they can't help putting on weight as they get older, while others hold that if they stop exercising, their muscles will turn into fat.
有些人认为，随着年龄的增长，其体重会不由自主地增加，而其他人认为，如果停止锻炼，他们的肌肉会变成脂肪。
[归纳拓展]
while还有以下几种常见用法：
①只要(＝as long as)
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有空气和水，就会有生命。
②当……时，在……期间
We must have been burgled while we were asleep.我们睡着时贼一定入室盗窃了。
③虽然；尽管(＝although)(表示让步)
While I see what you say, I can't agree with you.虽然我理解你说的话，但是我不能同意。
[即学即练] 写出下面句中while的含义
①I kept watch while they slept.____________
②While (she was) listening to the radio, she fell asleep.____________
③While in the countryside, he learned to grow some crops.____________
④Some people respect him, while others despise (轻视) him.____________
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The employees in this company can ________ (租用) a dress at a minimum price.
2．Before you give the water to your baby nephew, you have to ________ (煮沸) it first.
3．The boat they hired for the weekend is ten metres in ________ (长度).
4．My best mate was told to stay in bed to rest her ________ (受伤的) back.
5．The ________ (平均的) age of competitors was 52.
6．It's ________ (正常的) to feel a little depressed when someone is faced with failure.
7．The government organised ________ (自卫的) measures against the enemy.
8．The story lacked ________ (要素) of a popular soap opera.
9．The poem highlighted great ________ (强烈) of feelings.
10．You should be ashamed for your ________ (自私的) behaviour.
11．She used to ________ (牺牲) her precious time for meaningless things.
12．You can find ________ (无数的) jokes from this app.
13．Most people I know work fairly hard but my demanding boss takes it to ________ (极端).
14．We are constantly ________ (努力) to improve our service.
15．She had a brilliant ________ (学术的) career.
16．A couple of minor mistakes ________ (毁坏) his chances of getting the job.
17．You can ________ (跳过) the next chapter if you have covered the topic in class.
Ⅱ.短语填空
push oneself to the limits, be willing to, stay in, set sb. apart, on a day-to-day basis, be busy, apply oneself to, be committed to, strive for, be born with
1．Schools ____________ providing high quality physical and emotional education.
2．I ____________ share my tips on how to fight against the flu.
3．We must ____________ our country constantly!
4．The educationalist ____________ writing his new book for children living in the poverty.
5．He ____________ humour.
6．I will ____________ tonight because tomorrow is the deadline for my paper.
7．It's difficult to ____________ a task with so many distractions around me.
8．With the deadline approaching, I need to ____________．
9．Her elegant style ____________ from other competitors.
10．The owner usually hires a manager to run the team ____________．
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight when he could ________ (steal) the money and paid for a place to stay in.
2．No matter ________ you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.
3．The parents were asked to interact with their children as they ________ (normal) would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time.
4．Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work ________！ You will feel energized all day long.
5．Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters ________ (hire) to sell tickets and promote the event.
6．Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and ________ the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.
7．This led Jones to the conclusion that there are too many ________ (extreme) lonely people in his community, who are easy targets of cheating.
8．When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ________ (ruin).
9．The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training ________ new faces in the testing stage.
10．The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same ________ (long) of green twice in row, especially at rush hour.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．有些员工作出了巨大牺牲，然而另外一些员工行为却很自私。(while连接并列句)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．他宁愿自己一个人处理难题而不愿告诉家人。(would do...rather than do...)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．我朋友心情沮丧的原因是出版商拒绝了他的投稿。(The reason why...)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．这位野心勃勃的商人正忙着扩大自己的生意。(be busy doing)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．为了晋升，她无数个日夜都在忙着这个项目。(in order to)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Section D Lesson 3 Getting To The Top
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．strive 2.ruin 3.skip 4.rugby 5.average
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．extreme; extreme; extremely 2.defend; defence; defensive
3．selfish; selfless; selflessly; selfishly 4.count; countless; counter; countable; uncountable 5.boil; boiling; boiled
6．long; length; lengthen 7.injure; injured; injury
8．normal; abnormal; normally 9.athlete; triathlete; athletic
10．academy; academically
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．push oneself to the limits 2.be focused on 3.strive for...
4．be left with 5.could have done 6.deep down 7.be busy doing sth. 8.hire a car 9.boil down to sth. 10.be born with 11.apply oneself to sth. 12.set sb./sth. apart
13．being average 14.be willing to do sth.
1．桌子对面 2.处于……危险之中 3.日复一日地；每日 4.这么自私 5.这些牺牲是为什么？ 6.无数个生日派对 7.巨量的；海量的 8.待在家里；不外出；待在室内 9.走在前面；领先 10.而不是…… 11.靠某人自己 12.致力于 13.受伤 14.宁愿做某事，更喜欢做某事
课文研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
1．reasons 2.fun to 3.danger 4.hard 5.takes 6.ruin 7.apart
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．A 2.B 3.B 4.A
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．athletes 2.extremes 3.a 4.endless 5.determination 6.to 7.myself 8.committed 9.to have 10.what
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①was ruined ②ruins ③in ④ruined our journey
⑤ruined his chance ⑥fall into ruin ⑦reduced the village to ruins
2．①a ②along ③不吃 ④跳绳 ⑤略过
3．①for/on ②himself ③out ④to drive ⑤rent ⑥hire ⑦employ
4．①boiled ②boiled ③boiling ④to ⑤away ⑥comes to boil
5．①a ②length ③in ④at ⑤The biggest is about four metres long
6．①apart ②himself ③came ④tell ⑤set ⑥took
7．①below ②an ③On ④名词，平均水平 ⑤形容词，平均的 ⑥形容词，普通的
8．①normally ②abnormal ③to ④to feel ⑤above ⑥usual ⑦average ⑧normal
第二版块|重要短语
1．①stay behind ②stay awake ③stay healthy ④stay up late
2．①applies ②herself ③to ④apply yourself to the job ⑤apply to your situation ⑥applied for the post ⑦has been applied to
3．①with ②to be ③into ④with ⑤of ⑥to
4．①from ②to find ③for ④for ⑤to set; for ⑥to do ⑦a ⑧going
5．①leaving ②to achieve ③up ④myself ⑤for ⑥in
6．①to strive ②to narrow
第三版块|典型句式
1．①that ②that ③that there is little chance to win ④that you've decided to take part ⑤that she was turned down by the company ⑥when he will come ⑦that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill
2．①in order/so as to concentrate on her studies ②in order to have much knowledge of Chinese culture ③in order/so as not to be discovered ④so that/in order that she could see ⑤so that he was admitted to Qinghua University
3．①go ②watch; go ③rather; than ④stay; than ⑤go; stay
4．①当……时候 ②当……时候 ③当……时候 ④而，然而
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．hire 2.boil 3.length 4.injured 5.average 6.normal
7．defensive 8.elements 9.intensity 10.selfish
11．sacrifice 12.countless 13.extremes 14.striving
15．academic 16.ruined 17.skip
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．are committed to 2.am willing to 3.strive for 4.is busy
5．was born with 6.stay in 7.apply myself to 8.push myself to the limits 9.set her apart 10.on a day-to-day basis
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．解析：have stolen 由语境可知此处讲述过去的事情，且是对过去事情的假设。could have done意为“本能够做而未做”。句意：想想看他今晚本可以偷钱并找地方住下的，现在却睡在大街上。
2．解析：what no matter what引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”。句意：无论你喜欢做什么，都有一种方式可以参与地球日的各种活动。
3．解析：normally 修饰动词要用副词。句意：父母被要求像往常一样和他们的孩子们互动，并且研究中大约有一半的孩子曾经玩过拼图游戏。
4．解析：out work out锻炼。句意：把你的闹钟提前一个小时，强迫自己去锻炼！你一整天都会感到精力充沛。
5．解析：are hired hire在句中为谓语动词，主语是hire动作的承受者，描述现在的状况，故使用一般现在时的被动语态。句意：画家、数字媒体专家、摄影师、票务代理和推广人员被聘请来售票和推广这个活动。
6．解析：that and连接前后两个并列的宾语从句。句意：Axani在他的帖子中写道，他并不寻求任何回报，使用额外机票的女士可以选择和他一起旅行，也可以拿着机票独自旅行。
7．解析：extremely 修饰形容词lonely，要用副词。句意：这使琼斯得出结论，在他的社区中有太多极度孤独的人，他们很容易成为被欺骗的对象。
8．解析：ruins in ruins成为废墟。ruin表示“废墟”时常用复数形式。句意：第二天，他们回到洛克威时，发现他们的社区已经成为废墟。
9．解析：to apply...to...将……应用于……，为固定搭配。句意：该项研究表明，这些动物已经知道如何将它们在训练中学到的关于人类面孔的知识应用到测试阶段的新面孔上。
10．解析：length the same length相同的长度。句意：华盛顿贝尔维尤的法克托利亚大道上的交通信号灯通常不会连续两次闪烁相同长度的绿灯，尤其是在交通高峰期。
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．Some employees have made great sacrifices, while others' behaviour was selfish.
2．He would handle the problem on his own rather than tell his family.
3．The reason why my friend felt depressed was that the publisher rejected his contribution.
4．The ambitious businessman is busy expanding his business.
5．In order to get promotion, she spent countless days and nights on the project.
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