Section E Writing Workshop, Viewing Workshop & Reading Clubs 1～2
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 论说文；散文
2．____________ n. 机构；研究院 vt. 制定；创立
3．____________ n. 药物，药材；毒品 v. 用药麻醉
4．____________ n. 委员会
5．____________ n. 谷，山谷
6．____________ n. 家禽肉，家禽
7．____________ n. 庙宇，寺院
8．____________ 孔子
9．____________ n. 反对者；对手，敌手
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．器官→________ adj.不使用化肥的，有机的，绿色的
2．________ vt.包含，需要→________ adj.有关联的；涉及的→________ n．参与；加入
3．________ n．化学品→________ adj.化学的→________ n．化学→________ n．化学家
4．________ n．情景；场面；现场；景色→________ adj.景色优美的→________ n．风景；景色
5．________ n．历史，历史学→________ adj.古老的；历史上重要的→________ adj.和历史有关的
6．________ n．农业→________ adj.农业的
7．memory n．记忆，记忆力；回忆→________ adj.纪念的，追悼的 n．纪念物；纪念馆；纪念碑→________ adj.难忘的，值得回忆的→________ vt.记住，熟记
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 另一方面
2．________________ 对……有消极/负面影响
3．________________ 使用很多化学品/药物
4．________________ 概括，总结
________________ 总之，总而言之，概括地说
5．________________ 对……无害
6．________________ 是……的家园/原产地
7．________________ 农业地区
8．________________ 世界森林的破坏
9．________________ 受……的威胁，存在……隐患
将英文短语译成汉语
1．be cruel to ________________
2．for instance ________________
3．claim that... ________________
4．in addition to ________________
5．be located in ________________
6．(be) surrounded by ________________
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．involve vt.包含，需要；牵涉；影响；使卷入；参与 involvement n．卷入，插手 involved adj.参与；作为一部分；有关联；关系密切；复杂难解的
(教材原句)Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs.
工厂化农业包括在建筑物内饲养农场动物以增加肉或蛋的产量。
involve doing sth. 包括/需要做某事
involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人参与(做)某事
involve oneself in sth. 参与某事
involve (sb.) doing sth. 需要(某人)做某事
be/get/become involved
involvement in... 参与……
accuse sb. of involvement in sth. 指控某人参与某事
suspect sb. of involvement in sth. 怀疑某人参与某事
deny involvement in sth. 否认参与某事
involvement from... 来自……的参与
involvement of sb. in sth. 某人对某事的参与
This book involves 5 units, including a revision unit.
这本书共有5个单元，其中包括一个复习单元。
The operation involves putting a small tube into the patient's heart.该手术包括将一根小管子放入病人的心脏。
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.我更喜欢让学生积极参与学习的教学方法。
Shall I tell you about some of the activities that volunteers get involved in？我可以告诉你一些志愿者参与的活动吗？
All who participated have gained a practical outcome from getting involved.
所有的参与者都从这次参加的活动中获得了一种实际效果。
She first became involved with the organization in 1998.
她于1998年首次参与该组织的活动。
The project needs full involvement from all members of the group.这一项目需要小组全体成员全力参与。
The involvement of parents in their children's education greatly promote their children's progress in study.
父母对儿女教育的参与极大地促进了孩子们在学习上的进步。
[误区警示]
形容词involved作定语，位置不同，词义不同。
作前置定语：an involved story
一个复杂的故事
作后置定语：the people involved
所涉及的人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They are very seriously concerned about the problems ________ (involve).
②The job involves ________ (travel) abroad for three months each year.
③Students should involve themselves ________ a variety of community activities.
④Patients should be aware of the risks involved ________ this treatment.
完成句子
⑤How many vehicles ________________ (涉及) the crash
2．cruel adj.残忍的，残酷的
(教材原句)On the other hand, opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
另一方面，工厂化农业的反对者说这对动物来说很残忍。
be cruel to 对……残酷
It is cruel to do sth. 做某事是残忍的。
a cruel
I can't stand people who are cruel to animals.
我无法容忍虐待动物的人。
It's extremely cruel to perform an experiment on live animals.对活体动物进行实验是一件极其残忍的事情。
People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause extraordinary pain.人们经常认为搬弄是非者无伤大雅，但是残忍的谎言能够引起异常的痛苦。
[拓展] cruelly adv.残酷地
cruelty n．残酷；残忍；残暴；残暴的行为
She couldn't bear to see animals treated cruelly．(残忍对待)她不忍见动物受虐待。
He catches birds only to let them go when he realises the cruelty involved.(only to do表示意想不到的结果)
他抓住了鸟儿，当意识到其中的残忍时，他却又放它们走。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Don't you think it's cruel ________ (cage) a creature up
②The boy's stepmother ________ (cruel) treated him and sold him to a landlord.
③It was the most extreme example of ________ (cruel) to animals I had ever seen.
完成句子
④A mother who ____________________ (对……残忍) her child is unnatural.
3claim v．声称；断言；主张；索取；夺去(生命) n．声称；主张；断言；索赔
(教材原句)People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress.
为动物权利而战的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。
claim that... 声称……
claim to
claim sth. back 要回某物
claim to be... 声明是……
claim a major breakthrough 宣布一项重大突破
claim on 向……索赔
claim sb.'s life 要某人的命，夺去某人的生命
It is/was claimed that... 有人声称……，据说……
make a claim 提出索赔
make a claim (on...) for sth. 因某事(向……)提出索赔
He claims to have met the president, but I don't believe him.他声称见过总统，但我不相信他的话。
They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease.
他们声称已经发现了治疗此病的一种药物。
Heart disease is the biggest killer, claiming about 180，000 lives a year.心脏病是头号杀手，每年夺去约18万条生命。
It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.据说有些医生每周工作80小时。
The publisher doesn't claim to be an expert.
那位出版商不敢自称为专家。
Scientists are claiming a major break-through in the fight against cancer.科学家们宣称攻克癌症已有重大的突破。
After her house was destroyed in the storm, she made a claim on her insurance company.
她的房子在暴风雨中被毁后，她向保险公司提出索赔。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Since the criminal sets fire to your goods, you can make a claim ________ damage.
②If the shop won't give me a replacement TV, I'll claim my money ________.
③It is claimed ________ they have found mysterious creatures with sharp teeth in the cave.
完成句子
④If any of the articles is damaged during moving, you may ___________________________ (索赔补偿金) on our department.
⑤________________________________ (据称) the company is responsible for the pollution in the river.
4．sum vt.概括，总结 n．金额，款项；总数
(教材原句)To sum up, despite producing cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves.总之，尽管能生产廉价的食品，工厂化农业对地球和动物本身都是有害的。
sum up 概括，总结
to sum up 总之
a sum of 一笔(款项)；许多，大量
the sum of... ……的数目；……的总和
in sum＝in short, in brief, in a word总之
a large sum of money 一大笔钱
the sum of $200 200美元的金额
You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech.
你只能用100词来概括他的讲话。
To sum up, it is an amazing film which is suitable for both children and adults.(to sum up在句中作状语，相当于短语in sum、in summary)
总而言之，这是一部既适合儿童又适合成人的精彩电影。
She left a large sum of money in her will to found a charity.她在遗嘱中留下一大笔钱以建一家慈善机构。
[语境助记]
They noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol.他们注意到与单个的符号相比较，那些猴子往往低估了一个总和。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The court allowed each child ________ sum of money for clothing.
②We can sum ________ the main point of the lesson in three sentences.
完成句子
③__________________ (总之), in a world of constant change, one should never cease to learn.
④He has been anxious because he was fined ____________________ (一笔) money for breaking the traffic rules and __________________________ (……的数目) money comes to $1，000.
5．carve v．雕，刻；切割；奋斗取得
(教材原句)There are narrow alleys, pretty streams, small stone bridges and houses with carved doors and painted windows.有狭窄的小巷、美丽的小溪、小石桥以及有雕花门和彩绘窗的房子。
carve sth. on... 在……上刻上某物
carve... from... 用……雕刻……
carve out a career 闯出一片天地
carve sth. out of... 用……雕刻成某物
carve out 开辟(道路)；获得(名誉、地位等)
carve up ①瓜分；分割；②分赃
carve... in sth.(＝carve sth. into...) 把某物雕刻成……
The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.
这座雕像是用整块石料雕成的。
The figure of the dog is carved from a piece of wood.
这只狗的形象是用一块木头雕刻成的。
He carved the figure of a man in the stone.
＝He carved the stone into the figure of a man.
他把那块石头雕成人形。
Mother carved the meat into slices.母亲将肉切成薄片。
Work hard, and you are sure to carve out a career.
努力吧，你一定会闯出一片天地的。
The dark days when the imperialists could carve up Africa at will are gone.
帝国主义可以任意瓜分非洲那暗无天日的时代过去了。
[词语积累]
carving n．雕刻品；雕刻；雕刻术
wood/root/stone carvings木/根/石雕
carved in stone铁定的，铁板钉钉的
[语境助记] Some tourists carved their names on the stones of the Great Wall, which was great damage to the cultural heritage．(非限制性定语从句，补充说明主句产生的影响，可用于社会类话题的议论文中)有些游客在长城的石头上刻自己的名字，这是对这一文化遗迹的巨大破坏。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He carved the wood ________ the shape of a bird.
②He carved ________ a place for himself in the engineering business.
完成句子
③Man's earliest tools ________________ (用……雕刻) stone and bones.
④She ____________________ (开创了成功的事业) in the business industry.
6．scenic adj.景色优美的 scene n．情景；场面；现场；景色 scenery n．风景；景色
(教材原句)Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 九寨沟风景名胜区
a scenic spot 名胜
a scenic area 风景区
scenic beauty 美丽的风景
a scenic resort 旅游胜地
on the scene 在现场；当场
at the scene (of...) 在(……)现场
battle scenes 战斗场面
scenes of joy 一派欢乐的场面
the scene of the accident/crime 事故/犯罪现场
It is such a beautiful place that definitely deserves its rank among China's top scenic spots.(that引导结果状语从句)
它真是一个非常美丽的地方，绝对值得列入中国顶级风景名胜区行列。
The night scene in West Lake was quite fantastic.
西湖的夜景绝佳。
Nowadays the priority for travelling has shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
现在旅游的重点已经从购物转向了美食和风景。
[比较] scene n．(普通名词)展现于眼前的风景，不限于自然的风景，也可指施工的场面，或事故的现场。
scenery n．(集体名词)不是特别的或具体的风景，而是该地区整体的风景。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The ________ (scene) spot is on northwestern outskirts of Beijing.
②She was being chatted up by a youth when I arrived ________ the scene.
完成句子
③Stone Forest is a famous national ________________ (名胜).
④Investigators are now ______________________ (在现场), searching for clues.
7．historic adj.古老的；历史上重要的；历史上著名的，历史上的，有历史意义的 historical adj.和历史有关的；历史上出现过的；有关历史的 history n．历史，历史学
a historic building/monument/event
有历史意义的建筑/纪念碑/大事
a historic occasion/decision/visit/victory
历史性的时刻/决定/访问/胜利
historical documents/records/research
史学文献/记载/研究
a historical novel/film/site 历史小说/影片/遗迹
a historical play 一部历史剧
a historical figure 一个历史人物
We should take more care of our historic buildings.
我们应该更加爱护有历史意义的建筑。
China's recovery of Hong Kong was a historic event.
香港回归中国是一件具有历史意义的大事。
Chinese Dragon Boat Festival has a history of over 2，000 years.中国的端午节有两千多年的历史。
[比较] historic/historical
historic指历史上有名的、具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的；
a historic novel一部有历史意义的小说
historical指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
a historical novel一部历史小说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①You must place these events in their ________ (history) context.
②The article claims that not all ________(history) events are ________ (history).
完成句子
③The paper analysed ______________ (历史背景) to the war.
④It is a great pleasure and privilege to welcome you here today to ______________________ (这个具有历史意义的时刻).
8．memorial n．纪念馆；纪念碑；纪念物 adj.(对逝者)纪念的，追悼的 memory n．记忆力；记忆；纪念
a war memorial 阵亡将士纪念碑
a memorial to victims 遇难者的纪念碑
a lasting memorial to a remarkable woman
对一位杰出女性的永久纪念
a memorial ceremony 纪念仪式
a memorial service 追悼会
loss of memory 失忆
recite sth. from memory 凭记忆把……背出来
impress sth./oneself on one's memory
使某人把……铭记在心
in memory of... 为了纪念……
have a good/bad memory 记忆力好/差
have a good memory for... 善于记……
The statue is a lasting memorial to those who died in the war.这座雕像是对那些在战争中死去的人们的永久纪念。
This statue was erected in memory of Mr. Shao Yifu.
竖这个铜像是为了纪念邵逸夫先生。
He impressed its importance on my memory.
他让我深深记住了它的重要性。
[词语积累]
war memorial 战争纪念碑
national memorial 国家纪念碑
public memorial 公共纪念碑
The memorial stands where the two roads meet. 纪念碑矗立在两条路的交会处。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①A ________ (memory) to the dead soldiers was set up.
②The president today unveiled (为……揭幕) a memorial ________ those who died in the war against Japan.
③Most people start ________ (loss) their memory as they get older.
④I have a good memory ________ faces.
⑤We held a memorial ceremony ________ memory of the dead in the war against USA.
9．agricultural adj.农业的 agriculture n．农业
agricultural land 农田
traditional agricultural societies 传统的农业社会
agricultural production 农业生产
agricultural pollution 农业污染
modern agriculture 现代农业
ecological agriculture 生态农业
organic agriculture 有机农业
develop agriculture 发展农业
the development of agriculture 农业的发展
work in agriculture 从事农业
depend on agriculture 依靠农业
Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides.有机农场不使用像杀虫剂之类的农药。
Even if this method of time-keeping is novel in its particulars , early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena.即使这种计时方法在其细节上是新颖的，但早期农业社会也将时间与自然现象联系起来。
50% of the country's population depends on agriculture.
该国50%的人口以农业为主。
[语境助记] The loss of glaciers due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.(a threat to...对……的威胁)
由全球变暖导致的冰川消失对农业构成了巨大的威胁。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Only 30% of the country's population ________________ (从事) agriculture; others work in the cities.
②The family don't depend only on conventional agriculture. They are dependent on ______________________ (有机农业).
③Because of ______________________ (农业污染), many farmers' grains can't be sold on the market.
单句语法填空
④Many farmers take actions to protect their agricultural land ________ pollution.
第二版块|重要短语
1．for instance 例如，比如 instance n．例子，实例；情况
(教材原句)For instance, many farm animals are kept in small spaces where they can hardly move.例如，许多农场动物被饲养在狭小的空间里，在那里它们几乎不能移动。
Some birds, penguins, for instance, can not fly at all.
有的鸟，比如企鹅，根本不能飞。
For instance, the moon is the earth's satellite.
举个例子说，月亮是地球的卫星。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for instance.这份报告不完整；例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。(＝for example)
in most instances 在大多数情况下
at the instance of 应……之请，经……提议
in this instance 在此情况下
in the first instance 首先；第一
This problem seemed to be complex in the first instance, but it could be easily solved.
这个问题乍一看似乎很复杂，但其实很容易解决。
It is not always helpful to draw analogies, but in this instance it is useful.
进行类比并非总能有助益，但在这种情况下还是有用的。
At the instance of local authorities, we attend the meeting about economy.应当局之邀，我们出席了这次经济会议。
The method you taught me is very useful in work in most instances.你教给我的方法大多数情况下在工作中是很有用处的。
[注意]
for instance与for example同义，在举例说明某人论点或情况时，二者通用，但take... for example是固定用法，不能用for instance。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Offices can easily become more environmentally friendly by, ________ instance, using recycled paper.
②There are many ________ (instance) of good people and good deeds in our factory.
③________ this instance, the best solution is to send a quick apology to explain your awkwardness.
完成句子
④________________________________ (应北京大学之请) we'll attend the conference tomorrow.
⑤If you wish to join the club, you should apply to the secretary ________________ (首先).
2．get rid of摆脱；除去
(教材原句)It's not likely for humans to get rid of roads, power or pipelines now.
现在人类不太可能摆脱道路、电力或输送管线。
get rid of 摆脱……(表动作)
be rid of 摆脱……(表状态)
What does the author suggest people do to get rid of boredom？作者建议人们做什么来摆脱无聊？
She was glad to be rid of him.她很高兴摆脱了他。(状态)
He is rid of the bad habit.他克服了那个坏习惯。(状态)
How to get rid of these things is a big problem.
如何清除这些东西是个大问题。(动作)
英语中v.＋sb.＋of＋sth.结构短语小结
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人某病
remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
convince sb. of sth.使某人相信某事
accuse sb. of sth.指控某人某事
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某事物
break sb. of sth.使某人改掉某事物
clear sb. of sth.消除/清除某人的……
cheat sb. of sth.骗取某人某物
[拓展]
rid (rid, ridded, rid; ridding) vt.使摆脱；使……解除，从……中消除(坏的或有害的东西)
rid... of...使……摆脱或除去……
rid oneself of使自己摆脱……
We should take measures to rid the town of mice.我们应该采取措施消灭城里的老鼠。
He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.他想把秘密说出来让自己得到解脱。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The owner needs to get rid ________ the car for financial reasons.
②Why couldn't he ever rid ________ (he) of those thoughts, those worries
完成句子
③They are trying to ________________ (摆脱) the air pollution problems.
3．turn on突然攻击；打开，发动；取决于；使兴奋
(教材原句)So why is nature beginning to turn on us
那么，为什么大自然开始攻击我们呢？
turn around 转身；好转
turn in 上交；交还
turn off 关掉；关闭
turn to 转向；求助于
turn down 关小，调低；拒绝
turn into 变成
turn out 证明是，结果是
His normally gentle dog turned on him and bit him in the leg.他那只平日很温顺的狗这次突然发作并咬了他的腿。
Please turn on the light for me; it's getting dark.
请帮我把灯打开；天要黑了。
The success of a picnic usually turns on the weather.
野餐是否尽兴通常取决于天气。
[语境助记] It takes a really special kind of teacher to turn on these disappointed students.需要一位确实具有特殊才干的教师来使这些感到失望的学生振作起来。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The tap won't turn ________， and there is water all over the floor.
②You should read the manual before you turn ________ the new machine.
③He said he was a doctor; but later he turned ________ to be a cheat.
④Why was I turned ________ for the job Is it because I'm a woman
⑤ Is it possible for such a person to turn himself ________ a good writer
第三版块|典型句式
1．现在完成进行时
(教材原句)Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America.
各地的暴风雨也越来越严重，更多的飓风袭击了美国和中美洲。
We have been studying here for two years.
我们在这儿已经学习两年了。
Tom's hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.汤姆的手很脏，他一直在修汽车。
[说明] (1)定义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，到现在有可能已经结束，也有可能还要继续下去。
(2)现在完成进行时的构成：has/have＋been＋动词的现在分词。
(3)现在完成进行时常表示以下几个方面的含义：
①未完结性
She has been working on painting for six years.
她画画已经6年了。
②刚完结性
Why are your clothes so dirty What have you been doing
你的衣服怎么这么脏？你干什么了？
③连续性或重复性
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。(重复性)
④表示感彩
I have been wanting to see you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事情。
(4)这种时态多用持续性动词，如live、learn、stay、sit、wait、stand、study等，常与all this time、this month、all night、all the morning、recently等状语以及以since和for表示的时间段连用。,[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Chinese people ________ (come) here for more than a hundred years.
②—Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and ________ (write) his essay there ever since.
完成句子
③—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We ______________________ (一直在这里等待) for more than two hours.
④I ______________________________ (一直在学英语) since three years ago.
2．with复合结构
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a tree.
由于很累，吉姆背靠着一棵树睡得很熟。
It is bad manners to talk with your mouth full.
嘴里塞满东西说话是不礼貌的。
[学法点拨] with复合结构构成：with＋宾语＋宾补。该结构常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等，也可在句中作定语。其具体形式主要有：
with＋宾语＋
With the window open and the light on, my daughter fell asleep on the sofa.开着窗，亮着灯，我女儿在沙发上睡着了。
The boy stood there with his head down.
这个男孩低头站在那儿。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到王宫。
With his work finished, he went home earlier than usual.
工作结束后，他比平常早回家了。
With lots of work to do, I don't know if I will have time to go out.有很多工作要做，我不知道我是否有时间出去。
With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to.
由于孩子们在上学，所以当想度假时我们也不能去度假。
He died with his daughter a schoolgirl.
他在他女儿是个学生的时候去世了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes ________ (fix) on the ceiling.
②With a lot of problems ________ (settle), I can't go skating with you.
③How I wish every family had a large house with a garden with beautiful flowers ________ (grow) in it!
④A young lady came up to me ________ some literature books in her hand.
用with复合结构完成句子
⑤__________________________________________ (有很多事情需要处理), I can't go on holiday.
⑥Do you know the lady ____________________________ (怀里抱着一个婴儿)？
3．that引导表语从句
(教材原句)The main argument for factory farming is that, apart from being a lot cheaper than traditional or organic farming, it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion, according to the United Nations.据联合国统计，支持工厂化农业的主要论点是除了比传统或有机农业便宜很多之外，它为已经达到70亿的世界人口提供了更多的食物。
[句子分析] 本句是一个“主＋系＋表”结构的复合句。The main argument for factory farming为整句的主语，is为系动词，其后面是由that引导的一个表语从句。
[归纳总结] 表语从句是名词性从句的一种，表语从句位于系动词之后，可分为两类：“系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句”和“系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型从句”。
①系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句
The fact is that we have no idea how to solve this problem.事实就是我们不知道如何解决这个问题。
The reality is that the party must be cancelled because of the storm.现实就是因为暴风雨这个聚会必须得取消了。
②系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型或whether从句
The question is whether they will help us.
问题是他们会不会帮我们。
The problem is why she didn't go back home directly.
问题是为什么她没直接回家。
[说明] what引导表语从句时有一定的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分；that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，也无任何意义。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The amazing thing about the spring is ________ the colder the temperature gets, the hotter the spring!
②That can be annoying—that's ________ some people feel sick.
③Robinson suggested that may be ________ parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.
④What I'm hoping to accomplish is ________ my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.
4．although引导让步状语从句
(教材原句)In my opinion, we should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.在我看来，我们应该尽量减少这种农业，尽管我们将不得不为我们的蛋类和肉类花更多的钱。
[句子分析] 句中although意为“尽管，虽然，即使”，引导让步状语从句。此时，通常可与though互换。
Although/Though Mary loved flowers, neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
虽然玛丽喜欢花，但她和她的丈夫都不是因为是园丁而出名。
[比较] although引导让步状语从句时，从句用正常语序。
though引导让步状语从句时，从句可以倒装也可以不倒装。用倒装语序时，作表语的形容词或名词提至句首。
as引导让步状语从句时，从句要用倒装语序，把表语、状语或谓语动词中的实义动词提至句首。作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，要省略冠词。
Young though she is, she has travelled to many countries to put on shows.她尽管年轻，但已到过很多国家进行演出。
Pop star as/though she is, she still needs to improve.
尽管她是个流行歌手，她仍需要提高。
Fail as/though I did, I would never give up.
尽管我失败了，但我仍不放弃。
Try as you may, you will never succeed.
你尽管试，但决不会成功。
[归纳拓展] 引导让步状语的连词(词组)主要有：though、although、while、as、even if、even though、whether...or...、no matter＋疑问词，疑问词-ever、regardless of＋名词/名词短语/名词性从句、in spite of、despite。
[误区警示] although/though/as均可引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可与yet，still等连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Hard ________ she tried to make the kids concentrate, the thunder won the battle for their attention.
②________ she works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.
③Much ________ she thanks him from her deep heart, she doesn't like the man to become her boyfriend.
完成句子
④虽然他还是个孩子，但他知道如何帮助他人。
____________________________， he knew how to help others.
句子转换
⑤Although he is only a child, yet he knows a lot.
→________________________， yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
5．现在分词短语作结果状语
(教材原句)In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured.
2017年4月，哥伦比亚莫科阿市发生山体滑坡，造成多人死伤。
[句子分析] 本句主语是the city of Mocoa，谓语是被动语态形式was hit by a landslide; leaving...是现在分词短语表示结果。
现在分词短语作结果状语的用法总结
(1)语法意义：表示意料之中或自然而然的结果。现在分词短语前面有时候可以用thus以示强调。
(2)逻辑主语：句子的主语或现在分词前的整个句子。当现在分词短语的逻辑主语为前面的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
(3)时态特征：现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，因此作结果状语的现在分词只用一般式。
(4)位置：多置于句末，且其前多用逗号隔开。
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
[误区警示] 现在分词放在句末表示结果与only＋不定式放在句末表示结果状语的区别是：
(1)动词不定式短语作结果状语时多描述意料之外的或者是不愿意看到的结果，其前多用only修饰。
He hurried to school, only to be told “it was Sunday”．
他急急忙忙赶往学校，结果被告知是星期天。(出乎意料)
(2)现在分词短语放在句末往往表示自然而然或意料之中的结果。如：
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.八十多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种流行的运动。(意料之中)
[语境助记] The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary．(句子主语the cooling wind与make之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语)
凉爽的风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，没有必要吹空调了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
②Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ________ (find) it didn't fit.
③She worked from the early morning until midnight, ________ (make) her feel exhausted all over herself.
句子转换(用上现在分词作状语)
④I got up late today, which made me late for class again.
→I got up late today, ______________________________．
⑤The teacher sent the sick child to hospital, which left us waiting in the classroom for her.
→The teacher sent the sick child to hospital, ____________________．
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I will recommend some ________ (风景优美的) spots to see here regularly.
2．Chemical products were used liberally over ________ (农业的) land.
3．This ________ (委员会) selected the plan that seemed most practical.
4．After the fire, nothing remained of the magnificent buildings of the historic ________ (寺院).
5．Countless people took part in the ________ (悼念的) service.
6．The unusual statue was ________ (雕刻) out of a single piece of stone.
7．I watched the climbers come down into the scenic ________ (山谷).
8．He was devoted to many activities, for ________ (例子), swimming, dancing and painting.
9．The founder has ________ (声称) responsibility for the bomb explosion.
10．The whole food chain is affected by the overuse of ________ (化学品) in agriculture.
11．This ________ (药品) will be useful to thousands of affected people.
12．You have only 100 words in which to ________ (概括) up his motivating speech.
13．The ________ (有机的) fertiliser can keep the soil from being destroyed.
14．Giving informative advice at the right time has to ________ (需要) a great deal of intelligence.
15．Our ________ (学院) has recycled a great many instruments.
16．He was committed and concentrating on judging how to defeat his ________ (对手).
17．A mother who is ________ (残忍的) to her child is unusual.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be cruel to, have an impact on, be isolated from, be located in, a memorial to, be home to, on a grand scale , result in, for instance, to sum up, involve spending, according to, suffer from, in addition to, on the other hand
1．The building opened in 1971 is ____________ John Kennedy, the thirty-fifth determined president.
2．The new institute ____________ a beautiful seaside city.
3．Such a war could ____________ the use of chemical and biological weapons.
4．Africa ____________ as many as half the world's rhinos.
5．We should apply ourselves to popularising science ____________．
6．____________the assessor's statement, the fire damage was not enormous.
7．____________ my weekly wage, I got a lot of innovative tips.
8．____________， many women are anxious to go out to work.
9．The leadership was not so bad that he could not ____________ the slaves.
10．This will ____________ how the millionaire divides his money among different countries and stocks.
11．Well, ____________， what is the message that you are striving to get across
12．There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, ____________， training annoyed lions.
13．To sum up, the virus may ____________ the blood during the first few days of infection.
14．Nicky's job as a public relations director ____________ extremely a lot of time with other people.
15．Refugees settling in Britain ____________ a number of unusual problems.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．Everyone can play a part in ________ (reduce) waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat.
2．The dancer's incredible performance had the audience on its feet ________ (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
3．In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the ________ (history) environment that is created for them.
4．Even though we live in a high-tech age, it's still impossible ________ (predict) the weather accurately.
5．From now on, you're going to have to stay ________ from salty food.
6．All who participated have gained a positive outcome from getting ________ (involve).
7．________ addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
8．The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and ________ (locate) at Roma Street station.
9．Many companies are suffering ________ a lack of skilled staff.
10．The institute will be located ________ the old city.
11．The memorial ________ those who had died in the war was influential.
12．Scientists are aware that evolution applies ________ a grand scale to all life.
13．These exercises will result ________ your being able to hit the ball quite incredibly.
14．Soil consists of varied ________ (chemistry) substances.
15．The tourist area is dotted with historic and ________ (scene) attractions.
16．The drought has severely affected ________ (agriculture) production.
17．The test will involve ________ (answer) questions about consumers.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。
My advice is ________________________ to him.
2．虽然我的小汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。
__________________________， I don't want to buy a new one.
3．我认为他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。
I thought he was making fun of me and ran faster than ever, __________________________ quite out of breath.
4．Students should ____________________________ (参与社区活动) where they can gain experience for growth.
5．______________________ (在这种情况下), the best solution is to send a quick apology.
6．The question that makes them puzzled is how they can __________________________ (消除这个地区的空气污染).
7．It was not long before a helicopter ______________________________ (到达现场) to save the survivors of the plane crash.
8．The Great Wall built over two thousand years ago ________________________________ (具有重要的历史研究价值).
Section E Writing Workshop, Viewing Workshop & Reading Clubs 1～2
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．essay 2.institute 3.drug 4.committee 5.valley
6．poultry 7.temple 8.Confucius 9.opponent
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．organ; organic 2.involve; involved; involvement
3．chemical; chemical; chemistry; chemist 4.scene; scenic; scenery 5.history; historic; historical 6.agriculture; agricultural 7.memorial; memorable; memorize
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．on the other hand 2.have a negative impact on 3.use a lot of chemicals/drugs 4.sum up; to sum up 5.do no harm to
6．be home to 7.agricultural areas 8.the destruction of the world's forests 9.at risk from
1．对……残忍 2.例如 3.声称…… 4.除……之外(还有) 5．位于，坐落于 6.被……环绕/包围
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①involved ②travelling ③in ④with ⑤were involved in
2．①to cage ②cruelly ③cruelty ④is cruel to
3．①for ②back ③that ④make a claim for compensation ⑤It is claimed that
4．①a ②up ③To sum up/In sum/In summary ④a sum of; the sum of
5．①into ②out ③were carved from ④carved out a successful career
6．①scenic ②on ③scenic spot ④at the scene
7．①historical ②historical; historic ③the historical background ④this historic occasion
8．①memorial ②to ③to lose ④for ⑤in
9．①work in ②organic agriculture ③agricultural pollution
④from
第二版块|重要短语
1．①for ②instances ③In ④At the instance of Beijing University ⑤in the first instance
2．①of ②himself ③get rid of
3．①off ②on ③out ④down ⑤into
第三版块|典型句式
1．①have been coming ②has been writing ③have been waiting here ④have been learning English
2．①fixed ②to settle ③growing ④with ⑤With many things to deal with ⑥with a baby in her arms
3．①that ②why ③because ④that
4．①though/as ②Although/Though ③though/as ④Child as/though he was ⑤Though he is only a child; Child though he is only; Child as he is only
5．①allowing ②to find ③making ④making me late for class again ⑤leaving us waiting in the classroom for her
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．scenic 2.agricultural 3.committee 4.temple 5.memorial
6．carved 7.valley 8.instance 9.claimed 10.chemicals 11.drug 12.sum 13.organic 14.involve 15.institute 16.opponent 17.cruel
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．a memorial to 2.is located in 3.result in 4.is home to 5.on a grand scale 6.According to 7.In addition to 8.On the other hand 9.be cruel to 10.have an impact on 11.to sum up 12.for instance 13.be isolated from 14.involves spending 15.suffered from
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．reducing 2.clapping 3.historical 4.to predict 5.away
6．involved 7.In 8.is located 9.from 10.in 11.to
12．on 13.in 14.chemical 15.scenic 16.agricultural
17．answering
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．that you should go to apologise
2．Although my car is very old
3．reaching the schoolyard
4．involve themselves in community activities
5．In this instance
6．get rid of the air pollution in the area
7．arrived on the scene
8．is of historical importance
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共160张PPT)
Section E Writing Workshop,
Viewing Workshop & Reading Clubs 1～2
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 论说文；散文
2．____________ n. 机构；研究院 vt. 制定；创立
3．____________ n. 药物，药材；毒品 v. 用药麻醉
4．____________ n. 委员会
5．____________ n. 谷，山谷
essay
institute
drug
committee
valley
6．____________ n. 家禽肉，家禽
7．____________ n. 庙宇，寺院
8．____________ 孔子
9．____________ n. 反对者；对手，敌手
poultry
temple
Confucius
opponent
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．器官→________ adj.不使用化肥的，有机的，绿色的
2．________ vt.包含，需要→________ adj.有关联的；涉及的→____________ n．参与；加入
3．________ n．化学品→________ adj.化学的→________ n．化学→________ n．化学家
organ
organic
involve
involved
involvement
chemical
chemical
chemistry
chemist
4．________ n．情景；场面；现场；景色→________ adj.景色优美的→________ n．风景；景色
5．________ n．历史，历史学→________ adj.古老的；历史上重要的→________ adj.和历史有关的
6．________ n．农业→________ adj.农业的
7．memory n．记忆，记忆力；回忆→________ adj.纪念的，追悼的 n．纪念物；纪念馆；纪念碑→________ adj.难忘的，值得回忆的→________ vt.记住，熟记
scene
scenic
scenery
history
historic
historical
agriculture
agricultural
memorial
memorable
memorize
on the other hand
have a negative impact on
use a lot of chemicals/drugs
sum up
to sum up
5．________________ 对……无害
6．________________ 是……的家园/原产地
7．________________ 农业地区
8．__________________________ 世界森林的破坏
9．________________ 受……的威胁，存在……隐患
do no harm to
be home to
agricultural areas
the destruction of the world's forests
at risk from
对……残忍
例如
声称……
除……之外(还有)
位于，坐落于
被……环绕/包围
第一版块|核心单词
1．involve vt.包含，需要；牵涉；影响；使卷入；参与 involvement n．卷入，插手 involved adj.参与；作为一部分；有关联；关系密切；复杂难解的
(教材原句)Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs.
工厂化农业包括在建筑物内饲养农场动物以增加肉或蛋的产量。
involvement in... 参与……
accuse sb. of involvement in sth. 指控某人参与某事
suspect sb. of involvement in sth. 怀疑某人参与某事
deny involvement in sth. 否认参与某事
involvement from... 来自……的参与
involvement of sb. in sth. 某人对某事的参与
This book involves 5 units, including a revision unit.
这本书共有5个单元，其中包括一个复习单元。
The operation involves putting a small tube into the patient's heart.该手术包括将一根小管子放入病人的心脏。
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.我更喜欢让学生积极参与学习的教学方法。
Shall I tell you about some of the activities that volunteers get involved in？我可以告诉你一些志愿者参与的活动吗？
All who participated have gained a practical outcome from getting involved.
所有的参与者都从这次参加的活动中获得了一种实际效果。
She first became involved with the organization in 1998.
她于1998年首次参与该组织的活动。
The project needs full involvement from all members of the group.
这一项目需要小组全体成员全力参与。
The involvement of parents in their children's education greatly promote their children's progress in study.
父母对儿女教育的参与极大地促进了孩子们在学习上的进步。
[误区警示]
形容词involved作定语，位置不同，词义不同。
作前置定语：an involved story
一个复杂的故事
作后置定语：the people involved
所涉及的人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They are very seriously concerned about the problems ________ (involve).
②The job involves ________ (travel) abroad for three months each year.
③Students should involve themselves ________ a variety of community activities.
④Patients should be aware of the risks involved ________ this treatment.
完成句子
⑤How many vehicles ________________ (涉及) the crash
involved
travelling
in
with
were involved in
2．cruel adj.残忍的，残酷的
(教材原句)On the other hand, opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
另一方面，工厂化农业的反对者说这对动物来说很残忍。
I can't stand people who are cruel to animals.
我无法容忍虐待动物的人。
It's extremely cruel to perform an experiment on live animals.对活体动物进行实验是一件极其残忍的事情。
People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause extraordinary pain.人们经常认为搬弄是非者无伤大雅，但是残忍的谎言能够引起异常的痛苦。
[拓展] cruelly adv.残酷地
cruelty n．残酷；残忍；残暴；残暴的行为
She couldn't bear to see animals treated cruelly．(残忍对待)她不忍见动物受虐待。
He catches birds only to let them go when he realises the cruelty involved.(only to do表示意想不到的结果)
他抓住了鸟儿，当意识到其中的残忍时，他却又放它们走。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Don't you think it's cruel ________ (cage) a creature up
②The boy's stepmother ________ (cruel) treated him and sold him to a landlord.
③It was the most extreme example of ________ (cruel) to animals I had ever seen.
完成句子
④A mother who ____________________ (对……残忍) her child is unnatural.
to cage
cruelly
cruelty
is cruel to
claim sth. back 要回某物
claim to be... 声明是……
claim a major breakthrough 宣布一项重大突破
claim on 向……索赔
claim sb.'s life 要某人的命，夺去某人的生命
It is/was claimed that... 有人声称……，据说……
make a claim 提出索赔
make a claim (on...) for sth. 因某事(向……)提出索赔
He claims to have met the president, but I don't believe him.他声称见过总统，但我不相信他的话。
They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease.
他们声称已经发现了治疗此病的一种药物。
Heart disease is the biggest killer, claiming about 180，000 lives a year.心脏病是头号杀手，每年夺去约18万条生命。
It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.据说有些医生每周工作80小时。
The publisher doesn't claim to be an expert.
那位出版商不敢自称为专家。
Scientists are claiming a major break-through in the fight against cancer.科学家们宣称攻克癌症已有重大的突破。
After her house was destroyed in the storm, she made a claim on her insurance company.
她的房子在暴风雨中被毁后，她向保险公司提出索赔。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Since the criminal sets fire to your goods, you can make a claim ________ damage.
②If the shop won't give me a replacement TV, I'll claim my money ________.
③It is claimed ________ they have found mysterious creatures with sharp teeth in the cave.
for
back
that
完成句子
④If any of the articles is damaged during moving, you may
_____________________________ (索赔补偿金) on our department.
⑤_________________________ (据称) the company is responsible for the pollution in the river.
make a claim for compensation
It is claimed that
4．sum vt.概括，总结 n．金额，款项；总数
(教材原句)To sum up, despite producing cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves.总之，尽管能生产廉价的食品，工厂化农业对地球和动物本身都是有害的。
sum up 概括，总结
to sum up 总之
a sum of 一笔(款项)；许多，大量
the sum of... ……的数目；……的总和
in sum＝in short, in brief, in a word总之
a large sum of money 一大笔钱
the sum of $200 200美元的金额
You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech.
你只能用100词来概括他的讲话。
To sum up, it is an amazing film which is suitable for both children and adults.(to sum up在句中作状语，相当于短语in sum、in summary)
总而言之，这是一部既适合儿童又适合成人的精彩电影。
She left a large sum of money in her will to found a charity.她在遗嘱中留下一大笔钱以建一家慈善机构。
[语境助记]
They noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol.他们注意到与单个的符号相比较，那些猴子往往低估了一个总和。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The court allowed each child ________ sum of money for clothing.
②We can sum ________ the main point of the lesson in three sentences.
a
up
完成句子
③______________________________ (总之), in a world of constant change, one should never cease to learn.
④He has been anxious because he was fined _________ (一笔) money for breaking the traffic rules and ____________ (……的数目) money comes to $1，000.
To sum up/In sum/In summary
a sum of
the sum of
5．carve v．雕，刻；切割；奋斗取得
(教材原句)There are narrow alleys, pretty streams, small stone bridges and houses with carved doors and painted windows.
有狭窄的小巷、美丽的小溪、小石桥以及有雕花门和彩绘窗的房子。
carve sth. on... 在……上刻上某物
carve... from... 用……雕刻……
carve out a career 闯出一片天地
carve sth. out of... 用……雕刻成某物
carve out 开辟(道路)；获得(名誉、地位等)
carve up ①瓜分；分割；②分赃
carve... in sth.(＝carve sth. into...) 把某物雕刻成……
The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.
这座雕像是用整块石料雕成的。
The figure of the dog is carved from a piece of wood.
这只狗的形象是用一块木头雕刻成的。
He carved the figure of a man in the stone.
＝He carved the stone into the figure of a man.
他把那块石头雕成人形。
Mother carved the meat into slices.母亲将肉切成薄片。
Work hard, and you are sure to carve out a career.
努力吧，你一定会闯出一片天地的。
The dark days when the imperialists could carve up Africa at will are gone.
帝国主义可以任意瓜分非洲那暗无天日的时代过去了。
[词语积累]
carving n．雕刻品；雕刻；雕刻术
wood/root/stone carvings木/根/石雕
carved in stone铁定的，铁板钉钉的
[语境助记]
Some tourists carved their names on the stones of the Great Wall, which was great damage to the cultural heritage．(非限制性定语从句，补充说明主句产生的影响，可用于社会类话题的议论文中)有些游客在长城的石头上刻自己的名字，这是对这一文化遗迹的巨大破坏。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He carved the wood ________ the shape of a bird.
②He carved ________ a place for himself in the engineering business.
完成句子
③Man's earliest tools ________________ (用……雕刻) stone and bones.
④She ____________________ (开创了成功的事业) in the business industry.
into
out
were carved from
carved out a successful career
6．scenic adj.景色优美的 scene n．情景；场面；现场；景色 scenery n．风景；景色
(教材原句)Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area
九寨沟风景名胜区
a scenic spot 名胜
a scenic area 风景区
scenic beauty 美丽的风景
a scenic resort 旅游胜地
on the scene 在现场；当场
at the scene (of...) 在(……)现场
battle scenes 战斗场面
scenes of joy 一派欢乐的场面
the scene of the accident/crime 事故/犯罪现场
It is such a beautiful place that definitely deserves its rank among China's top scenic spots.(that引导结果状语从句)
它真是一个非常美丽的地方，绝对值得列入中国顶级风景名胜区行列。
The night scene in West Lake was quite fantastic.
西湖的夜景绝佳。
Nowadays the priority for travelling has shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
现在旅游的重点已经从购物转向了美食和风景。
[比较]
scene n．(普通名词)展现于眼前的风景，不限于自然的风景，也可指施工的场面，或事故的现场。
scenery n．(集体名词)不是特别的或具体的风景，而是该地区整体的风景。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The ________ (scene) spot is on northwestern outskirts of Beijing.
②She was being chatted up by a youth when I arrived ________ the scene.
完成句子
③Stone Forest is a famous national ________________ (名胜).
④Investigators are now ______________________ (在现场), searching for clues.
scenic
on
scenic spot
at the scene
7．historic adj.古老的；历史上重要的；历史上著名的，历史上的，有历史意义的 historical adj.和历史有关的；历史上出现过的；有关历史的 history n．历史，历史学
a historic building/monument/event
有历史意义的建筑/纪念碑/大事
a historic occasion/decision/visit/victory
历史性的时刻/决定/访问/胜利
historical documents/records/research
史学文献/记载/研究
a historical novel/film/site 历史小说/影片/遗迹
a historical play 一部历史剧
a historical figure 一个历史人物
We should take more care of our historic buildings.
我们应该更加爱护有历史意义的建筑。
China's recovery of Hong Kong was a historic event.
香港回归中国是一件具有历史意义的大事。
Chinese Dragon Boat Festival has a history of over 2，000 years.
中国的端午节有两千多年的历史。
[比较] historic/historical
historic指历史上有名的、具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的；
a historic novel一部有历史意义的小说
historical指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
a historical novel一部历史小说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①You must place these events in their ________ (history) context.
②The article claims that not all ________(history) events are ________ (history).
historical
historical
historic
完成句子
③The paper analysed ______________________ (历史背景) to the war.
④It is a great pleasure and privilege to welcome you here today to ___________________________ (这个具有历史意义的时刻).
the historical background
this historic occasion
8．memorial n．纪念馆；纪念碑；纪念物 adj.(对逝者)纪念的，追悼的 memory n．记忆力；记忆；纪念
a war memorial 阵亡将士纪念碑
a memorial to victims 遇难者的纪念碑
a lasting memorial to a remarkable woman
对一位杰出女性的永久纪念
a memorial ceremony 纪念仪式
a memorial service 追悼会
loss of memory 失忆
recite sth. from memory 凭记忆把……背出来
impress sth./oneself on one's memory
使某人把……铭记在心
in memory of... 为了纪念……
have a good/bad memory 记忆力好/差
have a good memory for... 善于记……
The statue is a lasting memorial to those who died in the war.这座雕像是对那些在战争中死去的人们的永久纪念。
This statue was erected in memory of Mr. Shao Yifu.
竖这个铜像是为了纪念邵逸夫先生。
He impressed its importance on my memory.
他让我深深记住了它的重要性。
[词语积累]
war memorial 战争纪念碑
national memorial 国家纪念碑
public memorial 公共纪念碑
The memorial stands where the two roads meet. 纪念碑矗立在两条路的交会处。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①A ________ (memory) to the dead soldiers was set up.
②The president today unveiled (为……揭幕) a memorial ________ those who died in the war against Japan.
③Most people start ________ (loss) their memory as they get older.
④I have a good memory ________ faces.
⑤We held a memorial ceremony ________ memory of the dead in the war against USA.
memorial
to
to lose
for
in
9．agricultural adj.农业的 agriculture n．农业
agricultural land 农田
traditional agricultural societies 传统的农业社会
agricultural production 农业生产
agricultural pollution 农业污染
modern agriculture 现代农业
ecological agriculture 生态农业
organic agriculture 有机农业
develop agriculture 发展农业
the development of agriculture 农业的发展
work in agriculture 从事农业
depend on agriculture 依靠农业
Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides.有机农场不使用像杀虫剂之类的农药。
Even if this method of time-keeping is novel in its particulars , early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena.即使这种计时方法在其细节上是新颖的，但早期农业社会也将时间与自然现象联系起来。
50% of the country's population depends on agriculture.
该国50%的人口以农业为主。
[语境助记]
The loss of glaciers due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.(a threat to...对……的威胁)
由全球变暖导致的冰川消失对农业构成了巨大的威胁。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Only 30% of the country's population ________________ (从事) agriculture; others work in the cities.
②The family don't depend only on conventional agriculture. They are dependent on ______________________ (有机农业).
③Because of ______________________ (农业污染), many farmers' grains can't be sold on the market.
单句语法填空
④Many farmers take actions to protect their agricultural land ________ pollution.
work in
organic agriculture
agricultural pollution
from
第二版块|重要短语
1．for instance 例如，比如 instance n．例子，实例；情况
(教材原句)For instance, many farm animals are kept in small spaces where they can hardly move.
例如，许多农场动物被饲养在狭小的空间里，在那里它们几乎不能移动。
Some birds, penguins, for instance, can not fly at all.
有的鸟，比如企鹅，根本不能飞。
For instance, the moon is the earth's satellite.
举个例子说，月亮是地球的卫星。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for instance.这份报告不完整；例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。(＝for example)
in most instances 在大多数情况下
at the instance of 应……之请，经……提议
in this instance 在此情况下
in the first instance 首先；第一
This problem seemed to be complex in the first instance, but it could be easily solved.
这个问题乍一看似乎很复杂，但其实很容易解决。
It is not always helpful to draw analogies, but in this instance it is useful.
进行类比并非总能有助益，但在这种情况下还是有用的。
At the instance of local authorities, we attend the meeting about economy.应当局之邀，我们出席了这次经济会议。
The method you taught me is very useful in work in most instances.你教给我的方法大多数情况下在工作中是很有用处的。
[注意]
for instance与for example同义，在举例说明某人论点或情况时，二者通用，但take... for example是固定用法，不能用for instance。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Offices can easily become more environmentally friendly by, ________ instance, using recycled paper.
②There are many ________ (instance) of good people and good deeds in our factory.
③________ this instance, the best solution is to send a quick apology to explain your awkwardness.
for
instances
In
完成句子
④________________________________ (应北京大学之请) we'll attend the conference tomorrow.
⑤If you wish to join the club, you should apply to the secretary ________________ (首先).
At the instance of Beijing University
in the first instance
2．get rid of摆脱；除去
(教材原句)It's not likely for humans to get rid of roads, power or pipelines now.
现在人类不太可能摆脱道路、电力或输送管线。
get rid of 摆脱……(表动作)
be rid of 摆脱……(表状态)
What does the author suggest people do to get rid of boredom？作者建议人们做什么来摆脱无聊？
She was glad to be rid of him.她很高兴摆脱了他。(状态)
He is rid of the bad habit.他克服了那个坏习惯。(状态)
How to get rid of these things is a big problem.
如何清除这些东西是个大问题。(动作)
英语中v.＋sb.＋of＋sth.结构短语小结
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人某病
remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
convince sb. of sth.使某人相信某事
accuse sb. of sth.指控某人某事
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某事物
break sb. of sth.使某人改掉某事物
clear sb. of sth.消除/清除某人的……
cheat sb. of sth.骗取某人某物
[拓展]
rid (rid, ridded, rid; ridding) vt.使摆脱；使……解除，从……中消除(坏的或有害的东西)
rid... of...使……摆脱或除去……
rid oneself of使自己摆脱……
We should take measures to rid the town of mice.我们应该采取措施消灭城里的老鼠。
He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.他想把秘密说出来让自己得到解脱。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The owner needs to get rid ________ the car for financial reasons.
②Why couldn't he ever rid ________ (he) of those thoughts, those worries
完成句子
③They are trying to ________________ (摆脱) the air pollution problems.
of
himself
get rid of
3．turn on突然攻击；打开，发动；取决于；使兴奋
(教材原句)So why is nature beginning to turn on us
那么，为什么大自然开始攻击我们呢？
turn around 转身；好转
turn in 上交；交还
turn off 关掉；关闭
turn to 转向；求助于
turn down 关小，调低；拒绝
turn into 变成
turn out 证明是，结果是
His normally gentle dog turned on him and bit him in the leg.
他那只平日很温顺的狗这次突然发作并咬了他的腿。
Please turn on the light for me; it's getting dark.
请帮我把灯打开；天要黑了。
The success of a picnic usually turns on the weather.
野餐是否尽兴通常取决于天气。
[语境助记]
It takes a really special kind of teacher to turn on these disappointed students.
需要一位确实具有特殊才干的教师来使这些感到失望的学生振作起来。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The tap won't turn ________， and there is water all over the floor.
②You should read the manual before you turn ________ the new machine.
③He said he was a doctor; but later he turned ________ to be a cheat.
④Why was I turned ________ for the job Is it because I'm a woman
⑤ Is it possible for such a person to turn himself ________ a good writer
off
on
out
down
into
第三版块|典型句式
1．现在完成进行时
(教材原句)Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America.
各地的暴风雨也越来越严重，更多的飓风袭击了美国和中美洲。
We have been studying here for two years.
我们在这儿已经学习两年了。
Tom's hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.汤姆的手很脏，他一直在修汽车。
[说明]
(1)定义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，到现在有可能已经结束，也有可能还要继续下去。
(2)现在完成进行时的构成：has/have＋been＋动词的现在分词。
(3)现在完成进行时常表示以下几个方面的含义：
①未完结性
She has been working on painting for six years.
她画画已经6年了。
②刚完结性
Why are your clothes so dirty What have you been doing
你的衣服怎么这么脏？你干什么了？
③连续性或重复性
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。(重复性)
④表示感彩
I have been wanting to see you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事情。
(4)这种时态多用持续性动词，如live、learn、stay、sit、wait、stand、study等，常与all this time、this month、all night、all the morning、recently等状语以及以since和for表示的时间段连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Chinese people _________________ (come) here for more than a hundred years.
②—Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and __________________ (write) his essay there ever since.
have been coming
has been writing
完成句子
③—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We ______________________ (一直在这里等待) for more than two hours.
④I ______________________________ (一直在学英语) since three years ago.
have been waiting here
have been learning English
2．with复合结构
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a tree.
由于很累，吉姆背靠着一棵树睡得很熟。
It is bad manners to talk with your mouth full.
嘴里塞满东西说话是不礼貌的。
With the window open and the light on, my daughter fell asleep on the sofa.开着窗，亮着灯，我女儿在沙发上睡着了。
The boy stood there with his head down.
这个男孩低头站在那儿。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到王宫。
With his work finished, he went home earlier than usual.
工作结束后，他比平常早回家了。
With lots of work to do, I don't know if I will have time to go out.有很多工作要做，我不知道我是否有时间出去。
With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to.
由于孩子们在上学，所以当想度假时我们也不能去度假。
He died with his daughter a schoolgirl.
他在他女儿是个学生的时候去世了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes ________ (fix) on the ceiling.
②With a lot of problems ________ (settle), I can't go skating with you.
③How I wish every family had a large house with a garden with beautiful flowers ________ (grow) in it!
④A young lady came up to me ________ some literature books in her hand.
fixed
to settle
growing
with
用with复合结构完成句子
⑤_____________________________ (有很多事情需要处理), I can't go on holiday.
⑥Do you know the lady ____________________________ (怀里抱着一个婴儿)？
With many things to deal with
with a baby in her arms
3．that引导表语从句
(教材原句)The main argument for factory farming is that, apart from being a lot cheaper than traditional or organic farming, it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion, according to the United Nations.
据联合国统计，支持工厂化农业的主要论点是除了比传统或有机农业便宜很多之外，它为已经达到70亿的世界人口提供了更多的食物。
[句子分析]
本句是一个“主＋系＋表”结构的复合句。The main argument for factory farming为整句的主语，is为系动词，其后面是由that引导的一个表语从句。
[归纳总结] 表语从句是名词性从句的一种，表语从句位于系动词之后，可分为两类：“系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句”和“系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型从句”。
①系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句
The fact is that we have no idea how to solve this problem.事实就是我们不知道如何解决这个问题。
The reality is that the party must be cancelled because of the storm.现实就是因为暴风雨这个聚会必须得取消了。
②系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型或whether从句
The question is whether they will help us.
问题是他们会不会帮我们。
The problem is why she didn't go back home directly.
问题是为什么她没直接回家。
[说明]
what引导表语从句时有一定的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分；that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，也无任何意义。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The amazing thing about the spring is ________ the colder the temperature gets, the hotter the spring!
②That can be annoying—that's ________ some people feel sick.
③Robinson suggested that may be ________ parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.
④What I'm hoping to accomplish is ________ my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.
that
why
because
that
4．although引导让步状语从句
(教材原句)In my opinion, we should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.
在我看来，我们应该尽量减少这种农业，尽管我们将不得不为我们的蛋类和肉类花更多的钱。
[句子分析] 句中although意为“尽管，虽然，即使”，引导让步状语从句。此时，通常可与though互换。
Although/Though Mary loved flowers, neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
虽然玛丽喜欢花，但她和她的丈夫都不是因为是园丁而出名。
[比较] although引导让步状语从句时，从句用正常语序。
though引导让步状语从句时，从句可以倒装也可以不倒装。用倒装语序时，作表语的形容词或名词提至句首。
as引导让步状语从句时，从句要用倒装语序，把表语、状语或谓语动词中的实义动词提至句首。作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，要省略冠词。
Young though she is, she has travelled to many countries to put on shows.她尽管年轻，但已到过很多国家进行演出。
Pop star as/though she is, she still needs to improve.
尽管她是个流行歌手，她仍需要提高。
Fail as/though I did, I would never give up.
尽管我失败了，但我仍不放弃。
Try as you may, you will never succeed.
你尽管试，但决不会成功。
[归纳拓展]
引导让步状语的连词(词组)主要有：though、although、while、as、even if、even though、whether...or...、no matter＋疑问词，疑问词-ever、regardless of＋名词/名词短语/名词性从句、in spite of、despite。
[误区警示]
although/though/as均可引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可与yet，still等连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Hard ________ she tried to make the kids concentrate, the thunder won the battle for their attention.
②______________ she works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.
③Much ________ she thanks him from her deep heart, she doesn't like the man to become her boyfriend.
though/as
Although/Though
though/as
完成句子
④虽然他还是个孩子，但他知道如何帮助他人。
____________________________， he knew how to help others.
句子转换
⑤Although he is only a child, yet he knows a lot.
→________________________， yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
Child as/though he was
Though he is only a child
Child though he is only
Child as he is only
5．现在分词短语作结果状语
(教材原句)In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured.
2017年4月，哥伦比亚莫科阿市发生山体滑坡，造成多人死伤。
[句子分析] 本句主语是the city of Mocoa，谓语是被动语态形式was hit by a landslide; leaving...是现在分词短语表示结果。
现在分词短语作结果状语的用法总结
(1)语法意义：表示意料之中或自然而然的结果。现在分词短语前面有时候可以用thus以示强调。
(2)逻辑主语：句子的主语或现在分词前的整个句子。当现在分词短语的逻辑主语为前面的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
(3)时态特征：现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，因此作结果状语的现在分词只用一般式。
(4)位置：多置于句末，且其前多用逗号隔开。
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
[误区警示] 现在分词放在句末表示结果与only＋不定式放在句末表示结果状语的区别是：
(1)动词不定式短语作结果状语时多描述意料之外的或者是不愿意看到的结果，其前多用only修饰。
He hurried to school, only to be told “it was Sunday”．
他急急忙忙赶往学校，结果被告知是星期天。(出乎意料)
(2)现在分词短语放在句末往往表示自然而然或意料之中的结果。如：
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.八十多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种流行的运动。(意料之中)
[语境助记]
The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary．(句子主语the cooling wind与make之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语)
凉爽的风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，没有必要吹空调了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
②Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ________ (find) it didn't fit.
③She worked from the early morning until midnight, ________ (make) her feel exhausted all over herself.
allowing
to find
making
句子转换(用上现在分词作状语)
④I got up late today, which made me late for class again.
→I got up late today, ______________________________．
⑤The teacher sent the sick child to hospital, which left us waiting in the classroom for her.
→The teacher sent the sick child to hospital,
____________________________________．
making me late for class again
leaving us waiting in the classroom for her
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I will recommend some ________ (风景优美的) spots to see here regularly.
2．Chemical products were used liberally over ________ (农业的) land.
3．This ________ (委员会) selected the plan that seemed most practical.
4．After the fire, nothing remained of the magnificent buildings of the historic ________ (寺院).
scenic
agricultural
committee
temple
5．Countless people took part in the ________ (悼念的) service.
6．The unusual statue was ________ (雕刻) out of a single piece of stone.
7．I watched the climbers come down into the scenic ________ (山谷).
8．He was devoted to many activities, for ________ (例子), swimming, dancing and painting.
9．The founder has ________ (声称) responsibility for the bomb explosion.
memorial
carved
valley
instance
claimed
10．The whole food chain is affected by the overuse of ________ (化学品) in agriculture.
11．This ________ (药品) will be useful to thousands of affected people.
12．You have only 100 words in which to ________ (概括) up his motivating speech.
13．The ________ (有机的) fertiliser can keep the soil from being destroyed.
chemicals
drug
sum
organic
14．Giving informative advice at the right time has to ________ (需要) a great deal of intelligence.
15．Our ________ (学院) has recycled a great many instruments.
16．He was committed and concentrating on judging how to defeat his ________ (对手).
17．A mother who is ________ (残忍的) to her child is unusual.
involve
institute
opponent
cruel
Ⅱ.短语填空
be cruel to, have an impact on, be isolated from, be located in, a memorial to, be home to, on a grand scale , result in, for instance, to sum up, involve spending, according to, suffer from, in addition to, on the other hand
1．The building opened in 1971 is ____________ John Kennedy, the thirty-fifth determined president.
2．The new institute ____________ a beautiful seaside city.
a memorial to
is located in
3．Such a war could ____________ the use of chemical and biological weapons.
4．Africa ____________ as many as half the world's rhinos.
5．We should apply ourselves to popularising science ____________．
6．____________the assessor's statement, the fire damage was not enormous.
result in
is home to
on a grand scale
According to
7．____________ my weekly wage, I got a lot of innovative tips.
8．____________________， many women are anxious to go out to work.
9．The leadership was not so bad that he could not ____________ the slaves.
10．This will ____________________ how the millionaire divides his money among different countries and stocks.
11．Well, ____________， what is the message that you are striving to get across
In addition to
On the other hand
be cruel to
have an impact on
to sum up
12．There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, ____________， training annoyed lions.
13．To sum up, the virus may _______________ the blood during the first few days of infection.
14．Nicky's job as a public relations director ____________ extremely a lot of time with other people.
15．Refugees settling in Britain ____________ a number of unusual problems.
for instance
be isolated from
involves spending
suffered from
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．Everyone can play a part in ________ (reduce) waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat.
2．The dancer's incredible performance had the audience on its feet ________ (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
3．In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the ________ (history) environment that is created for them.
reducing
clapping
historical
4．Even though we live in a high-tech age, it's still impossible ________ (predict) the weather accurately.
5．From now on, you're going to have to stay ________ from salty food.
6．All who participated have gained a positive outcome from getting ________ (involve).
7．________ addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
to predict
away
involved
In
8．The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and ________ (locate) at Roma Street station.
9．Many companies are suffering ________ a lack of skilled staff.
10．The institute will be located ________ the old city.
11．The memorial ________ those who had died in the war was influential.
12．Scientists are aware that evolution applies ________ a grand scale to all life.
is located
from
in
to
on
13．These exercises will result ________ your being able to hit the ball quite incredibly.
14．Soil consists of varied ________ (chemistry) substances.
15．The tourist area is dotted with historic and ________ (scene) attractions.
16．The drought has severely affected ____________ (agriculture) production.
17．The test will involve ___________ (answer) questions about consumers.
in
chemical
scenic
agricultural
answering
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。
My advice is ________________________ to him.
2．虽然我的小汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。
__________________________， I don't want to buy a new one.
that you should go to apologise
Although my car is very old
3．我认为他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。
I thought he was making fun of me and ran faster than ever,
______________________________quite out of breath.
4．Students should __________________________________ (参与社区活动) where they can gain experience for growth.
reaching the schoolyard
involve themselves in community activities
5．______________________ (在这种情况下), the best solution is to send a quick apology.
6．The question that makes them puzzled is how they can ________________________________ (消除这个地区的空气污染).
7．It was not long before a helicopter ________________________ (到达现场) to save the survivors of the plane crash.
8．The Great Wall built over two thousand years ago
________________________________ (具有重要的历史研究价值).
In this instance
get rid of the air pollution in the area
arrived on the scene
is of historical importance
Ⅰ.单词拼写(共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分)
1．Scientists have found that there are mountains and ________ (山谷) on the moon.
2．He defeated all his ________ (对手) in this election and became the new president.
3．In addition, they also ________ (雕，刻) words or figures on the wooden chairs.
valleys
opponents
carve
4．The ________ was founded in 1997, and has made remarkable achievements since then.
5．We are conducting a survey of consumers' attitudes towards _______ food now.
institute
organic
Ⅱ.单句语法填空(共6小题；每小题1分，满分6分)
1．The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to check our ________ (claim), and to judge our actions.
2．These bags are generally recyclable, but ________ (billion) of them are thrown away every year.
claims
billions
3．Today the remains of ancient Rome have become a ________ (scene) spot to tourists from all over the world.
4．________ (cruel) to animals should be severely punished.
5．The job involves me ______________ (travel) all over the country.
6．From 2004 to 2013, __________ (agriculture) land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.
scenic
Cruelty
traveling/travelling
agricultural
Ⅲ.选词填空(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
for instance, to sum up, apart from, suffer from, as a result of
1．____________ a few grammatical mistakes, your composition is well written.
2．Millions will face starvation next year ____________ the drought.
Apart from
as a result of
3．Many people ____________ mental illness at some point in their lives.
4．Well, ____________， what is the message that you are trying to get across
5．There are a number of improvements; ____________， both mouse buttons can now be used.
suffer from
to sum up
for instance
Ⅳ.完成句子/句型转换(共4小题；每小题2分，满分8分)
1．我想要感谢史密斯教授，如果没有他的帮助，我不会取得这么大的进步。
I wish to thank Professor Smith, __________________________ I would never have made so great progress.(读后续写—人物描写)
2．无论我们遇到什么困难，他都会毫不犹豫地来帮助我们。
____________________________， he doesn't hesitate to come to our aid.
without whose help
Whatever difficulties we come across
3．虽然有雾，但是飞机照常起飞了。(一句多译)
①The plane took off as usual __________________________. (despite)
②____________________________， the plane took off as usual. (although)
4．This university that was founded in 1900 is one of the most famous universities in the world.(句型转换)
→_______________________， this university is one of the most famous universities in the world.
despite the fog
Although it was foggy
Founded in 1900
Ⅴ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Blood Falls are at the tip of a giant glacier in Antarctica. As its name suggests, the icy face of Blood Falls is red—but not from blood. Instead, the water gets its color because it's rich in iron. When the water comes out from its underground beginnings, the iron is exposed to the air and quickly forms the red rust.
A scientist recently studied the rusty water and came up with some surprising results. The water that feeds Blood Falls probably comes from a salty underground lake. It's home to microbes that surprisingly don't need oxygen to survive.
“This salty lake is a sort of time capsule，” said Jill Mikucki, who led the study. When she and her team studied the water, they found no oxygen but lots of iron. They suspected that the underwater lake formed when a giant glacier, now 1，300 feet thick, moved over the salty lake at least 1.5 million years ago. This trapped the water and everything in it in an oxygen-free environment.
Unlike human beings and most other forms of life, the microbes from Blood Falls don't need oxygen to live. Instead, they are able to exist using the iron.
The study gives us more information about our own planet. It may be useful in other scientific areas—like the search for life on other planets. If scientists find living things on the Earth that live on iron instead of oxygen, researchers might have a better idea of where to look for life elsewhere.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家在南极洲发现了神奇的、富含铁元素的“血瀑布”，此次发现提供给我们许多有关地球的信息，这对地球生命的研究也许具有划时代的意义。
1．For what do Blood Falls get the name？( )
A．They are rich in oxygen.
B．They reflect their red surroundings.
C．Their water rich in iron is red.
D．They are composed of blood.
答案与解析：C 推理判断题。由第一段中的Instead, the water gets its color because it's rich in iron. When the water comes out from its underground beginnings, the iron is exposed to the air and quickly forms the red rust.可以判断，“血瀑布”之所以有此名是因为水里富含铁元素，而铁暴露在空气中，很快就会形成红色的铁锈。
2．What probably made Jill Mikucki most surprised？( )
A．The discovery of a salty underground lake.
B．Microbes that don't need oxygen to survive.
C．The movement of a giant glacier.
D．The color of Blood Falls.
答案与解析：B 细节理解题。由第二段中的．..surprisingly don't need oxygen to survive.并结合第三段可知，这些微生物不需要氧气就能生存，这一点令她感到惊奇。
3．Why did Jill Mikucki believe this salty lake is a sort of time capsule？( )
A．Because it was formed by a giant glacier.
B．Because it could be used to study life on other planets.
C．Because it was home to special microbes.
D．Because it was formed more than 1.5 million years ago.
答案与解析：D 推理判断题。由第三段中的They suspected that the underwater lake formed when a giant glacier, now 1，300 feet thick, moved over the salty lake at least 1.5 million years ago.可以得出正确选项。
4．What do the microbes from Blood Falls live on？( )
A．Air. B．Water.
C．Iron. D．Oxygen.
答案与解析：C 细节理解题。由第四段中的Instead, they are able to exist using the iron.可知这些微生物依靠铁元素生存。
B
“You can use me as a last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more：Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章记述了作者请一位家长做志愿者的故事。文章侧重社会服务和人际沟通素养的培养。
5．What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1？( )
A．She knows little about the club.
B．She isn't good at sports.
C．She just doesn't want to volunteer.
D．She's unable to meet her schedule.
答案与解析：C 推理判断题。本题题干意为：从第一段那位家长的回答中我们可以推断出关于她的什么？文章中，那位家长的回答是“你可以把我作为最后一个选择，如果没有其他人愿意当志愿者，那么我就做”。根据其回答可以知道，她其实是不太愿意做志愿者的，故C项正确。
6．What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean？( )
A．Encourage teamwork. B．Appeal to feelings.
C．Promote good deeds. D．Provide advice.
答案与解析：B 词义猜测题。本题题干意为：第二段中的画线短语“tug at the heartstrings”的意思是什么？根据上下文可知，此处表示“我”又试了一次，这回开始打感情牌。画线短语意为“触动心弦”，故B项正确。A：鼓励团队合作；C：促进良好行为；D：提供建议。
7．What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3？( )
A．She gets interested in lacrosse.
B．She is proud of her kids.
C．She'll work for another season.
D．She becomes a good helper.
答案与解析：D 推理判断题。本题题干意为：从第三段中，我们能够得知那位家长的什么情况？在文章的第三段，作者记述了那位家长在活动中所做的事情，即安排饮食计划、发送邮件、募集资金等，她成了团队中一个重要的成员。因此D项(她成了一个好助手)正确。
8．Why does the author like doing volunteer work？( )
A．It gives her a sense of duty.
B．It makes her very happy.
C．It enables her to work hard.
D．It brings her material rewards.
答案与解析：B 推理判断题。本题题干意为：为什么作者喜欢做志愿工作？根据文章倒数第二段中的“Connecting to the community...provides a real joy”以及“Volunteering just feels so good.”可知，作者认为，做志愿工作能让她开心。故B项正确。A：这给予她一种责任感；C：这让她能努力工作；D：这给她带来了物质上的回报。
Ⅵ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Sleeping in class prevents you from paying attention to the teacher as well as stops you from learning about the material that is being taught. 1(____) It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes. There are a number of different tricks you can use to try to stay awake.
Get a full night's sleep on school nights. It is reported that teenagers may need more sleep than adults. 2(____) This is a key part to staying awake in class. If you are not tired, you are unlikely to fall asleep.
Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious food. 3(____) If you get hungry or tired in the middle of the day, try eating a healthy snack like a piece of fruit or some biscuits.
4(____) If you are actively engaged in the information the teacher is presenting, you are less likely to doze off. Taking notes, asking questions and otherwise getting involved in classroom activities and discussions will make you far less likely to doze off.
Contact your doctor in order to rule out medical conditions that can cause you to fall asleep. 5(____) Prescription drugs may also cause sleepiness as a side effect, so discuss any medicine you are taking with your doctor.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。课堂上睡觉会妨碍你听讲。弄清楚你课上睡觉的原因并改变这种状况对你的学习非常重要。文章就“如何应对上课睡觉以保持头脑清醒”提供了几种有效的方法。
A．Get involved during class.
B．Early to bed, early to rise.
C．Sleeping more helps a lot in your study.
D．It can also get you in trouble with your teachers.
E．It can provide you with enough protein to fuel your body.
F．Go to bed earlier and make sure you get as many hours of sleep as your body needs.
G．If you have a medical condition that is causing you to fall asleep in class, it will need to be treated by a professional.
1．答案与解析：D 本空前一句介绍了上课睡觉的害处。根据D选项中的also可以判断，此选项也在讲上课睡觉的影响，故D选项符合前后逻辑，内容上也相关，故选D。
2．答案与解析：F 该空所在段落主题句为第一句话，即“上学时的晚上要得到充足的睡眠”，故F项与本段主题相符。
3．答案与解析：E 由本段主题Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious food.可以判断，该空所表达意思与饮食营养有关，故选E项。
4．答案与解析：A 根据文章特点可以判断此空为祈使句，并且是本段主题句。再根据本段内容可以判断应选A，即“积极参与课堂”。
5．答案与解析：G 根据本段语境为药物导致睡眠可以判断G项为最佳选项。
