Section F 单元语法专项——限制性和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。非限制性定语从句是一种比较特殊的定语从句，有其自身的特征。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与主句的关系非常密切，不用逗号和主句隔开。它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况；如果去掉，就会影响句子意思的完整性。
·A doctor is a person who looks after people's health．医生就是负责人们健康的人。
【学法点拨】
如果去掉who looks after people's health，就成了“A doctor is a person.(医生是人)”，完全失去了原句的意义
·This is the school where Tom studied.
这就是汤姆就读过的学校。
·I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
·This is the diamond ring (that/which) she referred to.这就是她提到过的那枚钻石戒指。
二、非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句的基本特征
非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句那样紧密，只是对先行词作附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚完整。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时常常不译作定语，而是译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句。
·Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于第二次世界大战的。
·Milla, who is a distant relative of mine, studies at Yale University now.米拉是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在在耶鲁大学学习。
2．非限制性定语从句的使用情况
(1)当关系代词指代整个主句的内容时，用非限制性定语从句(用which或as引导)。
·The heavy rain lasted for half a month, which caused the flood.大雨持续了半个月，引发了水灾。
·The film is very instructive, as most audience say.正如大多数观众所说，这部电影很有教育意义。
(2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句。
·The moon, which is about 384，400 kilometres away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.月球离地球大约384 400千米远，它创造了很多美好的故事。
·We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is one of the greatest physicists in the world.
我们都尊重阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，他是世界上最伟大的物理学家之一。
(3)当先行词指某人的亲属(例如son、daughter、father、mother、wife等)时，具有唯一性和确定性，用非限制性定语从句。
·My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手。他正准备去加拿大演出。
(4)当关系代词前有some/many/few/a few/little/a little/none/much/most/half of等时，多用非限制性定语从句。
·I know three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
我认识三名外籍老师，其中两名来自加拿大。
·There is too much information on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
因特网上信息太多，其中一些不可靠。
[即学即练1]
①They will fly to Washington，________ they plan to stay for two or three days.
②The air quality in the city, ________ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
③He may win the competition, in ________ case he is likely to get into the national team.
④In our class there are 46 students, half of ________ wear glasses.
⑤By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, above ________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
⑥My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him.
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 不同 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
I still remember the teacher who taught us English．我仍记得教我们英语的那位老师。 I still remember the English teacher, who taught us a lot．我仍记得那位英语老师，他/她教了我们很多东西。
作用 不同 修饰限制(只可修饰先行词) 补充说明(对先行词或主句进行补充说明)
It is the tree I planted three years ago．这是我三年前栽种的那棵树。(不是其他的树) It is a tree, which I planted three years ago．这是一棵树，我三年前栽种的它。(补充说明树栽种的时间)
意义 不同 是先行词不可缺少的定语，省略后，句子意义不完整 只是对先行词或整个主句的附加说明，省略后，主句意义仍完整、明确
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。
关系 词不同 作宾语时可省略，可用that, why 作宾语时不可省略，不可用that，用for which代替why
Everything (that) you do or say is reflective of your personality.你的一言一行都体现你的个性。 (that在从句中作宾语，可省略) That evening, which I will tell you more about it later, I ended up working very late.结果那天晚上我工作到很晚，稍后我会告诉你更多关于那晚的事。(which在从句中作宾语，不可省略)
译法 不同 通常译成先行词的定语 通常译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句
He is the man who lives next to me．他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 He is a generous man, who lives next to me．他是一个慷慨的人，住在我隔壁。
四、which和as引导的非限制性定语从句
which和as引导非限制性定语从句的情况特别常见，需要总体把握和区分。
1．which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词可以是整个主句或主句的一部分，它引导的句子不可以位于句首
(1)The man was unable to earn enough money, which allowed him to support his family.那个人无法赚到足够让他得以养活家人的钱。(which指代enough money，不是money，更不是整个主句)
(2)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。(which指代形容词短语completely trusted)
(3)She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。(which指代形容词短语patient towards the children)
(4)He changed his mind again, which made us all angry.他又改变了主意，这使得我们大家都很生气。(which指代整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语)
2．as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句
as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词就是整个主句，它在定语从句中作主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句前，也可以位于主句后，还可以位于主句中间。
·As everybody knows, Shakespeare was a great English writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位伟大的英国作家。(从句在主句之前，as作从句的宾语)
·Tom is a brave boy, as is described in the report.汤姆是一个勇敢的男孩，这正如在报道中描述的那样。(从句在主句之后，as作从句的主语)
·The project, as we had expected, got along well.正如我们所预料的那样，工程进展顺利。(从句在主句中间，as作从句的宾语)
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常见的固定表达：
as we all know众所周知
as I can remember正如我所记得的
as often happens这经常发生
as we expect正如我们预料的那样
as you see如你所见
as has been said before如前所述
as is well known众所周知
as is expected正如预料的那样
as can be seen看得出来
as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
as has been said above如上所述
as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
as is often the case这是常有的事
[即学即练2]
①________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
②There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science.
③A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
④He was educated at the local high school, after ________ he went to Peking University.
⑤Rome can be pricey for travellers, ________ is why many choose to stay in a hostel.
⑥He also asked for unwanted bikes, ________ he would repair again for free.
五、非限制性定语从句的理解和翻译
前面指出，非限制性定语从句可以按照并列句理解和翻译，还可以按照状语从句理解和翻译。为了理解方便，我们称之为“定语从句的形式，状语从句的意义”。这样的表达在英语中是很常见的。
1．非限制性定语从句，按照条件状语从句理解和翻译
The same thing, which happened twenty years ago, would lead to disaster.
＝The same thing would lead to disaster if it happened twenty years ago.
同样一件事情，如果发生在20年前，将会导致灾难。
2．非限制性定语从句，按照原因状语从句理解和翻译
He is a kind man, who is always ready to help others.
＝He is a kind man because he is always ready to help others.
他是一个好人，因为他总是乐于助人。
3．非限制性定语从句，按照让步状语从句理解和翻译
Mr Smith insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
＝Mr Smith insisted on building another house though he had no use for it.
史密斯先生坚持再盖一幢房子，尽管他不需要。
4．非限制性定语从句，按照目的状语从句理解和翻译
He wishes to write an article, which will attract public attention to the matter.
＝He wishes to write an article so that it will attract public attention to the matter.
他想写篇文章，以便引起公众对此事的关注。
5．非限制性定语从句，按照结果状语从句理解和翻译
My car broke down halfway, which caused me to come late.
＝My car broke down halfway so that it caused me to come late.
我的车在半路上出了故障，结果我来晚了。
6．非限制性定语从句，按照时间状语从句理解和翻译
I saw Mr Smith, who was wandering on the street.
＝I saw Mr Smith when he was wandering on the street.
史密斯先生在街上闲逛的时候，我看到了他。
六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的正确选择
语法规定，没有连词而用逗号连接两个句子被视为错误，这里涉及非限制性定语从句的正确使用。我们经常会见到这样的句子：
1．He has two daughters, both of them are doctors.(误)
他有两个女儿，都是医生。
2．I picked up the apples, some of them were rotten.(误)
我捡起苹果，有些是烂的。
3．He was seriously ill, this made us very worried.(误)
他病得很重，这使我们很担心。
以上句子都用了逗号，使用了缺少连词的并列句，这就是我们常说的“逗号句”。改正如下：
(一)使用非限制性定语从句，变成复合句：
1．He has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, some of which were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, which made us very worried.
(二)在原句基础上加并列连词，变成并列句：
1．He has two daughters, and both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, but some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, and this made us very worried.
(三)变成两个简单句：
1．He has two daughters. Both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples. Some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill. This made us very worried.
[即学即练3]
①She brought three friends with her, none of ________ I had ever met before.
②The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of ________ were made of small diamonds.
③For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, of ________ New York is an example.
④The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of ________ are beyond our control.
⑤It is reported that two schools, both of ________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
⑥We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people, most of ________ are healthy.
⑦The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people, many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
⑧Last week, only two people came to look at the house, and neither of ________ wanted to buy it.
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1．The Animal Protection Committee claims that those ________ are cruel to animals will be condemned and punished.
2．A drug is a chemical ________ is given to people in order to treat or prevent an illness or disease.
3．A memorial is a structure ________ is built in order to remind people of a famous person or event.
4．Afterwards he moved to a historic temple, ________ was located in a quiet, scenic valley.
5．A thunderstorm is a storm ________ is accompanied by thunder and lightning and a lot of heavy rain.
6．Regular exercise strengthens the heart, ________ reduces the risk of heart attacks.
7．When you are affected by something ________ doesn't suit you, you will resist it.
8．An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject ________ is written by a student or writer.
9．I told him about many activities in ________ I was involved.
10．For instance, organic farming is simply farming ________ no chemicals and pesticides are used.
11．________ is often the case, a person ________ becomes annoyed is full of anger.
12．A decade is a period of ten years, especially the period ________ begins with a year ending in 0.
13．________ we know, gas is a substance like air ________ is neither liquid nor solid.
14．Cancer is a serious disease ________ cells in a person's body increase rapidly in an abnormal way.
15．The man is hard of hearing, ________ is related to his disability.
16．Action ________ is wasteful uses too much of something valuable such as time, money, or energy.
17．Things ________ are innovative will surely be new and original.
18．A collection of things is a group of similar things ________ you have deliberately acquired, usually over a period of time.
19．People ________ are anxious may be nervous or worried about something.
20．A traffic jam is a jam ________ a long line of vehicles are stuck because there is too much traffic.
1．Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe (探测器), China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
2．Dr. Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
3．Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
4．Time flying quickly, the activity was over. But it was a meaningful day, ________ we learn a lot from it.
5．In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life, many of us find comfort in the natural world.
6．Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realise how cheap it can be to eat out.
7．Kate，________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
8．I was in the middle of the Amazon with my wife, ________ was there as a medical researcher.
9．Thank you for your letter, ________ really made me happy.
10．She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.
11．I decided that if I learned of a company ________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
12．In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
13．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
14．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
15．That summer, ________ the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practised passing and kicking the football.
Ⅱ.语法填空
Sustainable tourism, 1.________ is becoming increasingly popular nowadays, is not just about seeing the sights. It is also about connecting with people and their cultures, 2.________ makes a positive impact on the places 3.________ we visit and enhances opportunities for the future. So, how can we be sustainable tourists
It is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. Getting to a tourist destination by airplane, 4.________ greatly increases our carbon footprint, has a huge impact on the global environment. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport to the place 5.________ is not faraway. When at the hotel, we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption 6.________ is not necessary. We also need to protect the local culture 7.________ has been passed down for thousands of years. When visiting temples or churches, 8.________ a strict dress code may be required, we should dress appropriately. While travelling, we should respect the right to privacy, 9.________ should be protected. We must ask for permission before taking pictures of the local people, 10.________ may make a living by selling handmade items.
In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect—for nature, culture and people.
Section F 单元语法专项——限制性和非限制性定语从句
[即学即练1]
①where ②as ③which ④whom ⑤which
⑥which
[即学即练2]
①As ②as ③as ④which ⑤which ⑥which
[即学即练3]
①whom ②which ③which ④which ⑤which ⑥whom
⑦whom ⑧them
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1．who 2.which/that 3.which/that 4.which 5.which/that 6.which 7.that 8.which/that 9.which 10.where
11．As; who/that 12.which/that 13.As; which/that
14．where 15.which 16.that/which 17.which/that
18．which/that 19.who/that 20.where
1．where 2.whose 3.which 4.when 5.when 6.that/who 7.whose 8.who 9.which 10.which 11.that/which 12.whose 13.who 14.that 15.when
Ⅱ.语法填空
1．which 2.which 3.that/which 4.which 5.which/that
6．which/that 7.which/that 8.where 9.which 10.who
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共41张PPT)
Section F 单元语法专项
——限制性和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。非限制性定语从句是一种比较特殊的定语从句，有其自身的特征。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与主句的关系非常密切，不用逗号和主句隔开。它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况；如果去掉，就会影响句子意思的完整性。
·A doctor is a person who looks after people's health．医生就是负责人们健康的人。
【学法点拨】
如果去掉who looks after people's health，就成了“A doctor is a person.(医生是人)”，完全失去了原句的意义
·This is the school where Tom studied.
这就是汤姆就读过的学校。
·I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
·This is the diamond ring (that/which) she referred to.这就是她提到过的那枚钻石戒指。
二、非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句的基本特征
非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句那样紧密，只是对先行词作附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚完整。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时常常不译作定语，而是译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句。
·Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于第二次世界大战的。
·Milla, who is a distant relative of mine, studies at Yale University now.米拉是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在在耶鲁大学学习。
2．非限制性定语从句的使用情况
(1)当关系代词指代整个主句的内容时，用非限制性定语从句(用which或as引导)。
·The heavy rain lasted for half a month, which caused the flood.大雨持续了半个月，引发了水灾。
·The film is very instructive, as most audience say.正如大多数观众所说，这部电影很有教育意义。
(2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句。
·The moon, which is about 384，400 kilometres away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.月球离地球大约384 400千米远，它创造了很多美好的故事。
·We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is one of the greatest physicists in the world.
我们都尊重阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，他是世界上最伟大的物理学家之一。
(3)当先行词指某人的亲属(例如son、daughter、father、mother、wife等)时，具有唯一性和确定性，用非限制性定语从句。
·My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手。他正准备去加拿大演出。
(4)当关系代词前有
some/many/few/a few/little/a little/none/much/most/half of等时，多用非限制性定语从句。
·I know three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
我认识三名外籍老师，其中两名来自加拿大。
·There is too much information on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
因特网上信息太多，其中一些不可靠。
[即学即练1]
①They will fly to Washington，________ they plan to stay for two or three days.
②The air quality in the city, ________ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
③He may win the competition, in ________ case he is likely to get into the national team.
where
as
which
④In our class there are 46 students, half of ________ wear glasses.
⑤By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, above ________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
⑥My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him.
whom
which
which
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式
不同 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
I still remember the teacher who taught us English．我仍记得教我们英语的那位老师。 I still remember the English teacher, who taught us a lot．我仍记得那位英语老师，他/她教了我们很多东西。
作用
不同 修饰限制(只可修饰先行词) 补充说明(对先行词或主句进行补充说明)
It is the tree I planted three years ago．这是我三年前栽种的那棵树。(不是其他的树) It is a tree, which I planted three years ago．这是一棵树，我三年前栽种的它。(补充说明树栽种的时间)
意义
不同 是先行词不可缺少的定语，省略后，句子意义不完整 只是对先行词或整个主句的附加说明，省略后，主句意义仍完整、明确
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。
关系
词不同 作宾语时可省略，可用that, why 作宾语时不可省略，不可用that，用for which代替why
Everything (that) you do or say is reflective of yourpersonality.你的一言一行都体现你的个性。
(that在从句中作宾语，可省略) That evening, which I will tell you more about it later, I ended up working very late.结果那天晚上我工作到很晚，稍后我会告诉你更多关于那晚的事。(which在从句中作宾语，不可省略)
译法
不同 通常译成先行词的定语 通常译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句
He is the man who lives next to me．他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 He is a generous man, who lives next to me．他是一个慷慨的人，住在我隔壁。
四、which和as引导的非限制性定语从句
which和as引导非限制性定语从句的情况特别常见，需要总体把握和区分。
1．which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词可以是整个主句或主句的一部分，它引导的句子不可以位于句首
(1)The man was unable to earn enough money, which allowed him to support his family.那个人无法赚到足够让他得以养活家人的钱。(which指代enough money，不是money，更不是整个主句)
(2)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。(which指代形容词短语completely trusted)
(3)She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。(which指代形容词短语patient towards the children)
(4)He changed his mind again, which made us all angry.他又改变了主意，这使得我们大家都很生气。(which指代整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语)
2．as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句
as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词就是整个主句，它在定语从句中作主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句前，也可以位于主句后，还可以位于主句中间。
·As everybody knows, Shakespeare was a great English writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位伟大的英国作家。(从句在主句之前，as作从句的宾语)
·Tom is a brave boy, as is described in the report.汤姆是一个勇敢的男孩，这正如在报道中描述的那样。(从句在主句之后，as作从句的主语)
·The project, as we had expected, got along well.正如我们所预料的那样，工程进展顺利。(从句在主句中间，as作从句的宾语)
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常见的固定表达：
as we all know众所周知
as I can remember正如我所记得的
as often happens这经常发生
as we expect正如我们预料的那样
as you see如你所见
as has been said before如前所述
as is well known众所周知
as is expected正如预料的那样
as can be seen看得出来
as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
as has been said above如上所述
as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
as is often the case这是常有的事
[即学即练2]
①________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
②There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science.
③A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
As
as
as
④He was educated at the local high school, after ________ he went to Peking University.
⑤Rome can be pricey for travellers, ________ is why many choose to stay in a hostel.
⑥He also asked for unwanted bikes, ________ he would repair again for free.
which
which
which
五、非限制性定语从句的理解和翻译
前面指出，非限制性定语从句可以按照并列句理解和翻译，还可以按照状语从句理解和翻译。为了理解方便，我们称之为“定语从句的形式，状语从句的意义”。这样的表达在英语中是很常见的。
1．非限制性定语从句，按照条件状语从句理解和翻译
The same thing, which happened twenty years ago, would lead to disaster.
＝The same thing would lead to disaster if it happened twenty years ago.
同样一件事情，如果发生在20年前，将会导致灾难。
2．非限制性定语从句，按照原因状语从句理解和翻译
He is a kind man, who is always ready to help others.
＝He is a kind man because he is always ready to help others.
他是一个好人，因为他总是乐于助人。
3．非限制性定语从句，按照让步状语从句理解和翻译
Mr Smith insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
＝Mr Smith insisted on building another house though he had no use for it.
史密斯先生坚持再盖一幢房子，尽管他不需要。
4．非限制性定语从句，按照目的状语从句理解和翻译
He wishes to write an article, which will attract public attention to the matter.
＝He wishes to write an article so that it will attract public attention to the matter.
他想写篇文章，以便引起公众对此事的关注。
5．非限制性定语从句，按照结果状语从句理解和翻译
My car broke down halfway, which caused me to come late.
＝My car broke down halfway so that it caused me to come late.
我的车在半路上出了故障，结果我来晚了。
6．非限制性定语从句，按照时间状语从句理解和翻译
I saw Mr Smith, who was wandering on the street.
＝I saw Mr Smith when he was wandering on the street.
史密斯先生在街上闲逛的时候，我看到了他。
六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的正确选择
语法规定，没有连词而用逗号连接两个句子被视为错误，这里涉及非限制性定语从句的正确使用。我们经常会见到这样的句子：
1．He has two daughters, both of them are doctors.(误)
他有两个女儿，都是医生。
2．I picked up the apples, some of them were rotten.(误)
我捡起苹果，有些是烂的。
3．He was seriously ill, this made us very worried.(误)
他病得很重，这使我们很担心。
以上句子都用了逗号，使用了缺少连词的并列句，这就是我们常说的“逗号句”。改正如下：
(一)使用非限制性定语从句，变成复合句：
1．He has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, some of which were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, which made us very worried.
(二)在原句基础上加并列连词，变成并列句：
1．He has two daughters, and both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, but some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, and this made us very worried.
(三)变成两个简单句：
1．He has two daughters. Both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples. Some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill. This made us very worried.
[即学即练3]
①She brought three friends with her, none of ________ I had ever met before.
②The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of ________ were made of small diamonds.
③For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, of ________ New York is an example.
④The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of ________ are beyond our control.
whom
which
which
which
⑤It is reported that two schools, both of ________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
⑥We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people, most of ________ are healthy.
⑦The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people, many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
⑧Last week, only two people came to look at the house, and neither of ________ wanted to buy it.
which
whom
whom
them
who
which/that
which/that
4．Afterwards he moved to a historic temple, ________ was located in a quiet, scenic valley.
5．A thunderstorm is a storm ________ is accompanied by thunder and lightning and a lot of heavy rain.
6．Regular exercise strengthens the heart, ________ reduces the risk of heart attacks.
7．When you are affected by something ________ doesn't suit you, you will resist it.
which
which/that
which
that
8．An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject ________ is written by a student or writer.
9．I told him about many activities in ________ I was involved.
10．For instance, organic farming is simply farming ________ no chemicals and pesticides are used.
11．________ is often the case, a person ________ becomes annoyed is full of anger.
12．A decade is a period of ten years, especially the period ________ begins with a year ending in 0.
which/that
which
where
As
who/that
which/that
13．________ we know, gas is a substance like air ________ is neither liquid nor solid.
14．Cancer is a serious disease ________ cells in a person's body increase rapidly in an abnormal way.
15．The man is hard of hearing, ________ is related to his disability.
16．Action ________ is wasteful uses too much of something valuable such as time, money, or energy.
17．Things ________ are innovative will surely be new and original.
As
which/that
where
which
that/which
which/that
18．A collection of things is a group of similar things ________ you have deliberately acquired, usually over a period of time.
19．People ________ are anxious may be nervous or worried about something.
20．A traffic jam is a jam ________ a long line of vehicles are stuck because there is too much traffic.
which/that
who/that
where
where
whose
which
4．Time flying quickly, the activity was over. But it was a meaningful day, ________ we learn a lot from it.
5．In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life, many of us find comfort in the natural world.
6．Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realise how cheap it can be to eat out.
7．Kate，________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
when
when
that/who
whose
8．I was in the middle of the Amazon with my wife, ________ was there as a medical researcher.
9．Thank you for your letter, ________ really made me happy.
10．She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.
11．I decided that if I learned of a company ________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
12．In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
who
which
which
that/which
whose
13．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
14．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
15．That summer, ________ the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practised passing and kicking the football.
who
that
when
Ⅱ.语法填空
Sustainable tourism, 1.________ is becoming increasingly popular nowadays, is not just about seeing the sights. It is also about connecting with people and their cultures, 2.________ makes a positive impact on the places 3.________ we visit and enhances opportunities for the future. So, how can we be sustainable tourists
which
which
that/which
It is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. Getting to a tourist destination by airplane, 4.________ greatly increases our carbon footprint, has a huge impact on the global environment. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport to the place 5.________ is not faraway. When at the hotel, we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption 6.________ is not necessary. We also need to protect the local culture 7.________ has been passed down for thousands of years. When visiting temples or churches, 8.________ a strict dress code may be required, we should dress appropriately. While travelling, we should respect the right to privacy, 9.________ should be protected. We must ask for permission before taking pictures of the local people, 10.________ may make a living by selling handmade items.
In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect—for nature, culture and people.
which
which/that
which/that
which/that
where
which
who
