(共106张PPT)
Section B Grammar and usage &
Integrated skills
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 温室，暖房
2．____________ n. 气体；煤气；汽油
3．____________ n. 旱灾，久旱
4．____________ n. 小册子
5．____________ n. 地带，地区；腰带；传送带
6．____________ n. 奖章，勋章
7．____________ n. 形象；图像；意象
greenhouse
gas
drought
brochure
belt
medal
image
8．____________ n. 鲨鱼
9．____________ n. 鲸
10．____________ n．(pl.____________) 鹿
11．____________ vt.& vi. 跟踪，追踪
n. 足迹，踪迹；小道，轨道；跑道；路线
12．____________ n. 生活环境，栖息地
13．____________ adv. 无处，哪里都不
14．____________ n. 海豚
shark
whale
deer
deer
track
habitat
nowhere
dolphin
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.全球的；全面的→__________ n．全球化→________ n．地球；地球仪
2．__________ n．应用，运用；申请→________ vt.& vi.申请→________ n．申请者
3．__________ n. 组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理→________ vt.组织→________ adj.有组织的→________ n．组织者
4．________ adv.绝对地，完全地；极其→________ adj.绝对的，完全的
global
globalization
globe
application
apply
applicant
organization
organize
organized
organizer
absolutely
absolute
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．__________________ 省略；遗漏；排除；忽视
2．__________________ 温室气体
3．__________________ 想出，想到
4．__________________ 需求，需要
5．__________________ 专心于/致力于……
6．__________________ 要是……将会怎么样/如果……怎么办
7．__________________ 阻止某人做某事
leave out
greenhouse gases
come up with
call for
be devoted to...
what if...
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
8．___________________ 将……分成……
9．___________________ 报名(参加课程)
10．___________________ 突然记起(或想到)
11．___________________ 对……有破坏性的影响
12．___________________ 远离……；远非……
13．___________________ 采取行动做某事
14．___________________ 非常重要
15．___________________ 号召某人做某事
divide...into...
sign up (for sth.)
spring to mind
have damaging effects on
far from
take action to do sth.
be of great importance
call on sb. to do sth.
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
I wish we ________ also ________ something to help.
2．随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
As the human population continues to grow, _____________________________．
could
do
so does the effect we have on animals
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 come up with想出，想到(同义短语：put forward)
come up with an idea 想出主意
come up with a suggestion/solution 想出建议/解决办法
come up with a better plan 提出更好的计划
come up 表示(问题、建议、计划等)被提出；被提及
Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials.
我们班想出了这一点子，以更好地利用旧材料。
Next you need to come up with a name for your band—something that is unusual.
接下来，你们需要给你们的乐队想出一个名字，一个与众不同的名字。
The subject came up in our conversation.
我们的谈话中提到了这个话题。
A good idea came up at the meeting.
一个好主意在会上被提了出来。
特别提示
(1)come up with及物动词短语，人作主语；
(2)come up(被提到)不及物动词短语，物作主语；
(3)两者都不能用于被动语态。
比较
·come up with表示“想出，想到”，及物动词短语，主语通常是人，后接计划、建议等。
·come up表示“(问题、建议、计划等)被提出”，不及物动词短语，表示被动意义。(无被动语态和进行时态)
即学即练 完成句子
①After a day's careful thought, he ________________ (想出) a good solution.
②It is certain that the question will ________________ (被提出) at the meeting.
came up with
come up
2 call for(公开)要求；需要；前往接(某人)
call for an end to sth. 呼吁停止某事
call for hard work 需要努力工作
call for prompt action 需要立即行动
call for sb. 去接某人
call on sb. 拜访某人；号召某人
call up 给……打电话；使回忆起；使想起；征召入伍
call in 召集；请来
call off 取消
call at a place 到某地作短暂访问
A well-written composition calls for good choice of words and clear organization among other things.
此外，一篇好的作文需要好的选词和清晰的结构。
The public are calling for an end to air pollution.
公众呼吁结束空气污染。
The President delivered a speech to call on all ethnic groups to make efforts and work together to build a prosperous and powerful country.
主席发表了讲话，呼吁各民族共同努力，共同建设一个繁荣富强的国家。
His aunt's letters call up his beautiful days when they used to live together in his hometown.
他姨妈的信让他想起过去他们在家乡一起生活的美好时光。
Your mother is very ill. Call in a doctor at once.
你妈妈病得很严重。马上请医生来。
It was decided to call off the search when there was no hope of finding the missing child alive.
在没有希望找到那名失踪的孩子生还时，决定停止搜寻。
联想拓展
call n．①(鸟兽的)叫声；(唤起注意的) 喊声
a call for help呼救声
②通话make a call打电话
③要求；需求；号召；呼吁
There are pressing calls on the resources of the government.
目前对政府资源有迫切的需求。
即学即练 完成句子
①The sound of happy laughter ________________ (使回忆起) memories of his childhood.
②The government ________________ (号召) the youth to donate their blood voluntarily.
③He is ill; you should ________________ (请来) a doctor right away.
④Since the weather is bad, let's ________________ (取消) the trip.
⑤A truck driver used his CB radio ________________ (呼救).
called up
calls on
call in
call off
to call for help
3 application n．应用程序，应用软件(缩略形式为app)；申请(表)；用途；应用；敷用；施用
(1)an application of... ……的应用
an application for... 对……的申请
a letter of application 申请信
an application form 申请表
make an application to...for... 向……申请……
(2)apply vi. 申请；请求
vt. 应用，运用；敷，涂
vi.& vt. (对……)适用
apply for 申请
apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心于/致力于(做)某事(to是介词)
apply...to... 把……应用于……；把……敷到……上
apply to 适用于
(3)applicant n. 申请人
Her application for the membership of the organization was approved.
她要加入该组织的申请通过了。
With repeated application of weed killer, the weeds were overcome.
通过反复施用除草剂，杂草得以根除。
I made an application to the bank for a loan.
我向银行申请了贷款。
We've applied to the government for a home improvement fund.
我们已经向政府申请了房屋修缮的拨款。
Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.
在接下来的几个月里，他专心致志地改进技术。
Modern technology has been widely applied to the production of traditional Chinese medicine.
现代技术已经被广泛应用于中药的生产中。
语境助记
Many applicants filled in the application forms to apply to the company for the job.
许多申请者填写了申请表向公司申请这份工作。
Some cyclists think that traffic laws do not apply to them. It is not true, however.
一些骑自行车的人认为交通法不适用于他们，然而这是不对的。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①He made an application ________ the company for promotion.
②Please clean the wound with a clean cloth and then apply the medicine ________ it.
③I would like to apply ________ the membership of our school English club.
④The old man manages to enrich his own cultural life, applying himself to ________________ (learn) painting.
⑤The job drew a good many ________________ (apply) to take part in the interview.
to
to
for
learning
applicants
4 track vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪 n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线
track down 追踪到，追查到
railway tracks 铁路轨道
keep track of 了解……的动态；与……保持联系
lose track of 不了解……的动态；与……失去联系
on the track 在轨道上
be on the right/wrong track 思路正确/错误
back on track 重新步入正轨
track and field events 田径赛事
on the track of 跟踪，追赶，尾随
In three years, a satellite system is expected to be able to track airplanes, making sure that they are never lost again.
三年内，预计卫星系统将能够追踪飞机，确保它们不再失踪。
We set off once more, along a rough mountain track.
我们沿着一条崎岖的山间小路再度出发。
From now on I am going to keep track of every cent we spend.
从现在开始我要了解我们的每一分钱都花在哪里了。
I enjoyed the game so much that I lost track of time.
我玩游戏玩得太尽兴，都忘记了时间。
Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
跟踪北极熊数量的现代方法从20世纪80年代中期才开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续进行是昂贵的。
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I tried to get my life back ________ the track after the accident.
②He followed the ________ (track) of a car to the edge of the lake.
③How effectively it is working can ____________ (track) by monitoring someone's heart rate as he breathes in and out.
④The police have ____________________ (失去线索) the criminals.
⑤My mother is trying______________ (了解……的动态) the money we're spending.
on
tracks
be tracked
lost track of
to keep track of
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)I wish we could also do something to help.我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
[句式分析] 本句是主从复合句，主句为I wish，后面的部分为其宾语从句。其中could表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。
wish＋虚拟语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气表示一种虚拟愿望。其形式如下：
I wish I had been at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼的，但那时我在纽约出差。
I wish I were an astronaut travelling in space in a spaceship.
我希望我是一名宇航员，乘坐宇宙飞船漫游太空。
I wish that someday I could live on the moon.
我希望有一天我能住到月球上。
主句表达的愿望 从句中谓语动词形式
与过去事实相反的愿望 had＋过去分词
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be通常用were，有时也可用was)
与将来事实相反的愿望 would/should/could/might＋动词原形
提示
wish后的虚拟语气往往译为“但愿……，要是……就好了”， if only后的虚拟语气和wish后的虚拟语气结构一样，译法一样。
特别提示
wish后的宾语从句用虚拟
hope 后的宾语从句不用虚拟
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ________ (dance) as well as her.
②How I wish I ________ (sleep) longer this morning, but I had to get up and go to school.
③I wish that we ________ (can) go with my brother when he flies to England next week.
④I wish I ________ (be) a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
⑤I wish I ________ (can) help my dad to support the family when I grow up.
danced
had slept
could
were
could
2 (教材原句)As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.
随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。)
[句式分析] 这是一个主从复合句，主句是so引导的倒装句，目的是强调人类对动物的影响在日益增加，相当于the effect we have on animals continues to grow as well。
(1)so＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语
该句式表示前面肯定的情况也适用于后面的人或物，表示“某人/某物也这样”。
Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports.
步行和骑自行车就算，校内体育活动也算。
They can leave now, and so can we.
他们现在可以离开了，我们也可以。
Tom is an engineer. So am I．
汤姆是一位工程师。我也是。
(2)“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语”，表示“某人/某物也不这样”。
She shouldn't have yelled at you; neither/nor should I.
她不应该对你大喊大叫，我也不应该(对你大喊大叫)。
(3)如果前面句子的谓语既有肯定又有否定，或者形式不同，就用句型So it is/was with...或It is/was the same with...。
Henry is very clever but he doesn't work hard at his lessons. So it is with his little brother./It is the same with his little brother.
亨利很聪明，但是不努力学习。他的弟弟也是。
特别提示
“so＋同一主语＋be动词/情态动词/助动词”意为“……的确如此”，表示对前面的话加以确认或强调。
语境助记
①—Tom has made rapid progress recently.
汤姆最近进步很快。
—So he has and so have you.
的确如此，你也一样。
②—It was very cold yesterday.
昨天很冷。
—So it was.的确如此。
③—You forgot to close the door.
你忘了关门。
—Oh, so I did.
哦，我确实忘关了。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Nancy had a great time at the party. ________ did her husband.
②Society has changed, and so ________ the people in it.
③He didn't go to the cinema last night, and _________ did I.
④Yesterday I went shopping, and so ________ my best friend.
⑤My father is a teacher and so ________ my mother.
So
have
neither/nor
did
is
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．To our amazement, there were a variety of activities to choose from on these ________ (小册子).
2．If such packaging is burnt, it will certainly give off __________ (温室) gases.
3．Mr. White is ________ (绝对地) a towering figure in our department.
4．The ____________ (组织) has donated a big fortune to the areas hit hard by the disaster.
5．Temperature rising is one of the main impacts of ________ (全球的) warming.
brochures
greenhouse
absolutely
organization
global
6．Would you mind helping me fill in the _________ (申请) form at your convenience
7．Knowing we couldn't get back along the original ________ (路线), I couldn't stop my tears flowing.
8．There is a shelter nearby; otherwise people might have ________ (无处) to hide when it rains.
9．This plan to protect ________ (鲸) is made on an annual basis.
10．Before these animals became extinct, they had been once driven out of their ____________ (栖息地).
application
track
nowhere
whales
habitats
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The invention would have a wide range of __________ (apply) in industry in the near future.
2．Volunteers came up ________ a practical idea and formed a human chain to rescue precious items from the burning house.
3．How I wish I __________ (refuse) to sell that old apartment downtown 3 years ago!
4．Taking part in a dragon boat race can be an ________ (absolute) amazing experience.
applications
with
had refused
absolutely
5．The Great Barrier Reef has suffered damage due to ________ (globe) warming.
6．The higher position you take in the ___________ (organize), the more duty you will undertake.
7．Don't forget to call up the patent office before ________ (apply) for any sort of patent.
8．The job calls ________ much previous experience; thus, you are at a disadvantage.
global
organizations
applying
for
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空(有两项为多余选项)
come up, call for, spring to mind, leave out, keep away from, clean up, sign up, far from
1．Look out! ________________ the house, of which the roof is under repair.
2．As soon as the project ____________ at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention.
3．If you refer to “Hawaii”， a vision of pretty beaches and blue seas may ____________．
Keep away from
came up
spring to mind
4．Check your package carefully to make sure you don't ____________ any things you will need during the trip.
5．Did you predict that many students would ____________ for the dance competition
6．This play is ____________ a success due to the famous actress's absence.
leave out
sign up
far from
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．在过去的三个月里，学生们被提供了大量的课后活动。(a wide variety of, in the last/past...)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．政府的这项政策对农业的影响最为显著。(nowhere位于句首的倒装句， agriculture)
__________________________________________________________
A wide variety of activities after class have been offered to students in the last/past three months.
Nowhere is the effect of this government policy more apparent than in agriculture.
3．没有更多的浪漫故事浮现在脑海中，年轻的作家有点儿失望。(romantic, spring to mind)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．警方决心在任何情况下都要追踪罪犯。(track down, on any occasion)
_____________________________________________________
With no more romantic stories springing to mind, the young writer was a little disappointed.
The police are determined to track down the criminals on any occasion.
5．这位专家的创意启发了他，学生们也受到了启发。(inspire, creative, so＋助动词＋主语)
___________________________________________________
He was inspired by the expert's creative idea and so were the students.
英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。
一、词法的省略
(一)冠词的省略
1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？
Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。
[误区警示] 用and连接两个名词时，如果两个名词前只有一个冠词，通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物；如果两个名词前都有冠词，则通常指两个不同的人或事物。
He is the gardener and gatekeeper.
他是园丁兼门卫。
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.
他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。
2．在as/though引导的状语从句倒装结构中，当句首是名词时，要省略冠词
Child as he is, he knows a lot about English literature.
尽管他是个孩子，但他很了解英国文学。
Star though she is, the girl always remains modest.
尽管这个女孩是个明星，但她始终保持谦逊。
3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词
The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.
正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)
She was appointed director of the commercial organization.
她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)
4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略
He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。
5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the
The hungry young man eats most.
这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。
(二)常见介词的省略
1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略
The big fire lasted (for) several hours.
那场大火持续了几个小时。
I haven't heard from him for a long time.
我很长时间没收到他的来信了。
For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2．of的省略
of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。
The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.
这两双鞋号码一样大。
3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象
常用的这类短语或句式有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
做某事有困难
spend/waste...(in) doing sth.
花费/浪费……做某事
There's no use/good (in) doing sth.
做某事没有用/好处。
There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.
做某事没有意义。
There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。
stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事
end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束……
be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
(三)连词和从句引导词的省略
1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略
He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel.
他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。
2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词
Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month
你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？
3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词
He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。
The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.
花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。
Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.
既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。
Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.他是否参加会议还不知道。
(四)动词不定式的省略
1．动词不定式to的省略
(1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。
We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.我们最好尽早完成任务。
Why not turn it into a game instead
为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？
(2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。
What do you like to do except swim
除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。
(3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。
[误区警示] 如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.
他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。
(4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。
The manager made the workers work day and night.
＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.
经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。
(5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.
我本应该放了那只鸟的。
All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.我能做的就是承认并改正错误。
(6)help后可带to，也可省略to。
Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage
你能帮我搬一下行李吗？
2．不定式符号后动词的省略
(1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。
Mike lied to us but he did not want to.
迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。
(2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.她想来，但她的父母不允许。
If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。
(3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。
—Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？
—No, and I don't want to be.
我不是，而且我也不想当校长。
[误区警示] ①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。
—Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？
—I'm glad to.我想去。
②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？
—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。
二、句法的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
(一)简单句的省略
1．祈使句中常省略主语you
Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.
在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。
Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。
2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略
What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！
How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！
3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分
—(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？
—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。
(Is there) Anything else to say
还有别的要说吗？
(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。
[误区警示] 在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。
①—Who did it？谁做的？
—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)
②—What did you get？你拿了什么？
—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)
③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？
—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)
④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语)
⑤—What kind of pencil do you want
你想要哪种铅笔？
—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)
(二)并列句中的省略
1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分
Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。
2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略
His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。
三、状语从句中的省略
在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。
1．时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.
她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.
我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。
As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.林肯年轻时当过店员。
2．条件状语从句中的省略
条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。
He will come if (he is) asked.
如果叫他来，他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.
如果有必要，两点给我打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
如果有可能，和我一起来吧。
3．让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。
Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。
4．比较状语从句中的省略
She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。
5．方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。
She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.
她谈话似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.
他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
6．其他特殊情况
(1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。
There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.
有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。
(2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。
Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.
如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Although ________ (order) to stop, the driver kept on driving as fast as he could.
2．He succeeded in solving all the problems as ________ (expect).
3．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not ________ (make) it more difficult.
4．He had a wonderful childhood when ________ (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
ordered
expected
to make
travelling
5．When ________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy got a chance to become famous.
6．Though ________ (tire), they went on working in order to finish the task on time.
7．Some diseases are not at all dangerous if ________ (treat) in time.
8．________ (be) I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
9．First degree burns turn white when ________ (press).
10．What I want to do is ________ (have) a good rest.
offered
tired
treated
Were
pressed
have
11．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
12．Anyone, once ________ (test) positive for novel corona flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
so
tested
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．过马路时要小心汽车。
Look out for cars ________________________．
2．正如计划的一样，他们按时出席了会议。
They attended the meeting on time ___________________________．
3．他比预料的晚回来三天。
He came back three days later ________________________________．
when crossing the road/street
as planned
than expected
4．“明天天会放晴吗？”“我希望那样。”
—Will it clear up tomorrow
—I __________________________．
5．如果可能的话，我们上午10点在你的办公室见面好吗？
________________， shall we meet you in your office at 10 a．m.
6．普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。
Ordinary soap, ________________， can deal with bacteria effectively.
hope so
If possible
used correctly
7．为了安全，老师们建议家长不要允许自己12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。
Teachers recommend parents ________________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
8．你无法想象我们在暴风雪中步行回家费了多大的劲。
You can't imagine what difficulty we had ________________ in the snowstorm.
not allow
walking home
9．这块木板的一面应该漆成黄色，另一面漆成白色。
One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________________．
10．你应该在这次会议上保持沉默，除非邀请你发言。
___________________， you should remain silent at the conference.
the other white
Unless invited to speak
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Fabien Cousteau was born with deep love for the ocean. His grandfather and his father were ocean explorers and documentary filmmakers. Fabien spent his early years on his grandfather's ships. Today, Fabien follows in his family's footsteps to protect the planet's endangered marine (海洋的) life. With his vast knowledge and experience, he tries to strike a balance between environmental problems and market economies.
Fabien is well known for his study of sharks. During 2000～2002, he created a TV special called Attacks of the Mystery Shark on the basis of the shark attacks that occurred along the New Jersey shoreline in the summer of 1916. Then in 2003～2006, with the help of a large crew, Fabien created a shark submarine that enabled him to put himself inside the shark world, providing people with a rare view of the mysterious and often misunderstood creatures.
For the next four years, Fabien was part of a series called Ocean Adventures, which offered a rare look at some of the most fantastic marine species and the environment.
In 2010, Fabien started “Plant A Fish”， a nonprofit organization to help restore local water ecosystems by replanting key marine species. The foundation is still in progress now and its final goal is to plant 1 billion “fish” worldwide.
In 2014, Fabien and his team spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans. Fabien's Mission 31 broke new ground by going deeper, longer and further, exposing (暴露) the world to the adventure and the mystery of what lies beneath.
In 2016, he established the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center to provide children around the world with the opportunity to learn about the oceans and get in touch with ocean explorers directly through social media．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。Fabien Cousteau因研究鲨鱼而出名，他继承家人的事业致力于保护濒临灭绝的海洋生物，试图在环境保护和市场经济之间寻求平衡。
1．What is Fabien doing nowadays？( )
A．Exploring creatures through local water systems.
B．Making popular science fiction films.
C．Protecting the environment while seeking the market economy.
D．Protecting social media's safety.
答案：C
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Today, Fabien follows in his family's footsteps to protect the planet's endangered marine (海洋的) life. With his vast knowledge and experience, he tries to strike a balance between environmental problems and market economies”可知，Fabien目前致力于保护濒临灭绝的海洋生物，试图在环境问题和市场经济之间寻求平衡。故选C。
2．How is Paragraph 2 developed？( )
A．By providing facts.
B．By offering analyses.
C．By making comparisons.
D．By drawing conclusions.
答案：A
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“During 2000～2002, he created a TV special...Then in 2003～2006, with the help of a large crew, Fabien created a shark submarine”可知，作者通过提供事实描述来展开文章第二段。故选A。
3．What can we learn about Fabien from the text？( )
A．Fabien's “Plant A Fish” has already achieved its final goal.
B．Fabien's Mission 31 broke the record of former ocean explorations.
C．Fabien's TV special about sharks is based on his childhood experiences.
D．It took Fabien four years to produce Ocean Adventures all on his own.
答案：B
解析：考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Fabien's Mission 31 broke new ground by going deeper, longer and further, exposing (暴露) the world to the adventure and the mystery of what lies beneath”可知，Fabien的Mission 31把海底的奇遇和神秘展示给了世人，实现了新的突破。由此可推知，Fabien的Mission 31打破了以前海洋探险的记录。故选B。
B
It was dinner time for the Rangers, a group of mostly indigenous (本地的) Australians who had spent a long day cleaning up the polluted beaches of the continent's northern coast. Soon they would eat freshly caught fish and seafood cooked under the stars on an open fire, as their ancestors did.
The Rangers are of more than 100 indigenous groups spread across Australia who have taken on the job of protecting the land of their forefathers. In Arnhem Land, they are the protectors of 3，300 square miles of land and seA． They comb the beaches by hand, picking up as much rubbish as possible. The task is very difficult as each day it delivers waves of new rubbish.
For the Rangers, cleaning the beaches is more than a vacation. For a person whose culture is strongly tied to the land, protecting the environment is equal to preserving their history.
However, colonization forcefully broke their connection to the land generations ago. Indigenous people were displaced and their cultural practices were outlawed. Tens of thousands of years of traditional land management ended, and as a result many parts of the country now face serious disasters from invasive plant and animal species, bush fires and land mismanagement.
In recent years, the government has restored more than 20 percent of Australia's land to indigenous owners. Since 2007, the Indigenous Rangers Organizations have been at work protecting this land.
Luck, one of the few non-Indigenous employees working with the Rangers, said the combination of old and new techniques and an appreciation for the culture of indigenous workers have been critical to the program's success.
“You are working with staff who see the world differently from you, so there is a much higher focus on the cultural aspects of work and life，” he said.
“Being a ranger is a source of confidence. You feel strong，” said Terence, a senior ranger. “Here we still live on the land. The culture is still alive.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了澳大利亚土著人Rangers捡垃圾、保护环境的事件。对这些土著人来说，保护环境就等于保护他们的历史和文化。
4．What did Indigenous Australians live on in the past？( )
A．Rubbish picked up by hand.
B．Protecting the land.
C．Catching the fish and seafood.
D．Invasive plants and animals.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Soon they would eat freshly caught fish and seafood cooked under the stars on an open fire, as their ancestors did. (很快，他们就能像他们的祖先一样，吃到新鲜捕捞的和在星空下明火上烤的鱼和海鲜)”可知澳大利亚土著居民过去以捕鱼和打捞海鲜为生。故选C。
5．What do the Rangers think of cleaning the beaches？( )
A．It's a job of their ancestors.
B．It's just a vacation.
C．It's a difficult task.
D．It's preserving their culture.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。由文章第三段中“For a person whose culture is strongly tied to the land, protecting the environment is equal to preserving their history.”可知他们认为清理海滩就是保护他们的文化。故选D。
6．Why has the government restored the land to indigenous owners？( )
A．The polluted land needs better management.
B．Their cultural practices were outlawed.
C．The people were too strong.
D．The land belongs to them.
答案：A
解析：细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Tens of thousands of years of traditional land management ended, and as a result many parts of the country now face serious disasters from invasive plant and animal species, bush fires and land mismanagement. (……许多地区现在面临着来自入侵动植物物种、丛林火灾和土地管理不善的严重灾难)”可知政府要将土地归还给原住居民是由于被污染的土地需要他们更好地管理。故选A。
7．What can we learn from the last three paragraphs？( )
A．Not many employees are the Indigenous Australians.
B．Culture is important to the Indigenous Australians.
C．Their new techniques are successful.
D．Both Luck and Terence are rangers.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。由文章后三段可知文化对澳大利亚土著居民很重要。故选B。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Summer vacation is just around the corner. 1(____) It's great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there's nothing to do during the summer holidays.
The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. 2(____) Pets, clothes, pop music, dancing groups, sports, or making things The list is endless.
Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. 3(____) All you need are three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you.
4(____) You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That'll keep you busy for ages.
At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little or big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!
Now you have just about everything you need except membership cards. These are very important and again you can spend a lot of time making them. 5(____) Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself That will make the membership card really look like one.
Once you get started you'll think of loads of more interesting things to do!
A．That's easy.
B．Enjoy your own club!
C．What are you interested in
D．Invite a designer to join you.
E．Then you need to pick a name for your club.
F．Use a crayon to make a special design.
G．One of the best things you can possibly do is start your own club.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在暑假期间如何建立自己的俱乐部。
1．答案：G
解析：根据空后的“It's great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there's nothing to do during the summer holidays”以及下文中的club可知应选G，表示暑假时你可以建立自己的俱乐部。
2．答案：C
解析：根据下文中的“Pets, clothes, pop music, dancing groups, sports, or making things The list is endless”可知，这里是想表达“你对什么感兴趣”，故选C。
3．答案：A
解析：根据空前一句和下文中的“All you need are three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you”可知应选A，表示找到一些朋友加入你的俱乐部是容易的。
4．答案：E
解析：根据下文中的“You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up”可知，E项“然后你需要为你的俱乐部选个名字”符合语境。
5．答案：F
解析：根据上文中的“you can spend a lot of time making them”和下文中的“Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself That will make the membership card really look like one”可知，F项“用彩笔来制作一个特殊的图案”符合语境。Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 温室，暖房
2．____________ n. 气体；煤气；汽油
3．____________ n. 旱灾，久旱
4．____________ n. 小册子
5．____________ n. 地带，地区；腰带；传送带
6．____________ n. 奖章，勋章
7．____________ n. 形象；图像；意象
8．____________ n. 鲨鱼
9．____________ n. 鲸
10．____________ n．(pl.____________) 鹿
11．____________ vt.& vi. 跟踪，追踪
n. 足迹，踪迹；小道，轨道；跑道；路线
12．____________ n. 生活环境，栖息地
13．____________ adv. 无处，哪里都不
14．____________ n. 海豚
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.全球的；全面的→________ n．全球化→________ n．地球；地球仪
2．________ n．应用，运用；申请→________ vt.& vi.申请→________ n．申请者
3．________ n. 组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理→________ vt.组织→________ adj.有组织的→________ n．组织者
4．________ adv.绝对地，完全地；极其→________ adj.绝对的，完全的
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 省略；遗漏；排除；忽视
2．________________ 温室气体
3．________________ 想出，想到
4．________________ 需求，需要
5．________________ 专心于/致力于……
6．________________ 要是……将会怎么样/如果……怎么办
7．________________ 阻止某人做某事
8．________________ 将……分成……
9．________________ 报名(参加课程)
10．________________ 突然记起(或想到)
11．________________ 对……有破坏性的影响
12．________________ 远离……；远非……
13．________________ 采取行动做某事
14．________________ 非常重要
15．________________ 号召某人做某事
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
I wish we ________ also ________ something to help.
2．随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
As the human population continues to grow, ________________________________________________________________．
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 come up with想出，想到(同义短语：put forward)
come up with an idea 想出主意
come up with a suggestion/solution 想出建议/解决办法
come up with a better plan 提出更好的计划
come up 表示(问题、建议、计划等)被提出；被提及
Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials.
我们班想出了这一点子，以更好地利用旧材料。
Next you need to come up with a name for your band—something that is unusual.
接下来，你们需要给你们的乐队想出一个名字，一个与众不同的名字。
The subject came up in our conversation.
我们的谈话中提到了这个话题。
A good idea came up at the meeting.
一个好主意在会上被提了出来。
特别提示
(1)come up with及物动词短语，人作主语；
(2)come up(被提到)不及物动词短语，物作主语；
(3)两者都不能用于被动语态。
比较
·come up with表示“想出，想到”，及物动词短语，主语通常是人，后接计划、建议等。
·come up表示“(问题、建议、计划等)被提出”，不及物动词短语，表示被动意义。(无被动语态和进行时态)
即学即练 完成句子
①After a day's careful thought, he ________________ (想出) a good solution.
②It is certain that the question will ________________ (被提出) at the meeting.
2 call for(公开)要求；需要；前往接(某人)
call for an end to sth. 呼吁停止某事
call for hard work 需要努力工作
call for prompt action 需要立即行动
call for sb. 去接某人
call on sb. 拜访某人；号召某人
call up 给……打电话；使回忆起；使想起；征召入伍
call in 召集；请来
call off 取消
call at a place 到某地作短暂访问
A well-written composition calls for good choice of words and clear organization among other things.
此外，一篇好的作文需要好的选词和清晰的结构。
The public are calling for an end to air pollution.
公众呼吁结束空气污染。
The President delivered a speech to call on all ethnic groups to make efforts and work together to build a prosperous and powerful country.
主席发表了讲话，呼吁各民族共同努力，共同建设一个繁荣富强的国家。
His aunt's letters call up his beautiful days when they used to live together in his hometown.
他姨妈的信让他想起过去他们在家乡一起生活的美好时光。
Your mother is very ill. Call in a doctor at once.
你妈妈病得很严重。马上请医生来。
It was decided to call off the search when there was no hope of finding the missing child alive.
在没有希望找到那名失踪的孩子生还时，决定停止搜寻。
联想拓展
call n．①(鸟兽的)叫声；(唤起注意的) 喊声
a call for help呼救声
②通话make a call打电话
③要求；需求；号召；呼吁
There are pressing calls on the resources of the government.
目前对政府资源有迫切的需求。
即学即练 完成句子
①The sound of happy laughter ________________ (使回忆起) memories of his childhood.
②The government ________________ (号召) the youth to donate their blood voluntarily.
③He is ill; you should ________________ (请来) a doctor right away.
④Since the weather is bad, let's ________________ (取消) the trip.
⑤A truck driver used his CB radio ________________ (呼救).
3 application n．应用程序，应用软件(缩略形式为app)；申请(表)；用途；应用；敷用；施用
(1)an application of... ……的应用
an application for... 对……的申请
a letter of application 申请信
an application form 申请表
make an application to...for... 向……申请……
(2)apply vi. 申请；请求
vt. 应用，运用；敷，涂
vi.& vt. (对……)适用
apply for 申请
apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请某物
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 专心于/致力于(做)某事(to是介词)
apply...to... 把……应用于……；把……敷到……上
apply to 适用于
(3)applicant n. 申请人
Her application for the membership of the organization was approved.
她要加入该组织的申请通过了。
With repeated application of weed killer, the weeds were overcome.
通过反复施用除草剂，杂草得以根除。
I made an application to the bank for a loan.
我向银行申请了贷款。
We've applied to the government for a home improvement fund.
我们已经向政府申请了房屋修缮的拨款。
Over the next months, he applied himself to improving the technique.
在接下来的几个月里，他专心致志地改进技术。
Modern technology has been widely applied to the production of traditional Chinese medicine.
现代技术已经被广泛应用于中药的生产中。
语境助记
Many applicants filled in the application forms to apply to the company for the job.
许多申请者填写了申请表向公司申请这份工作。
Some cyclists think that traffic laws do not apply to them. It is not true, however.
一些骑自行车的人认为交通法不适用于他们，然而这是不对的。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①He made an application ________ the company for promotion.
②Please clean the wound with a clean cloth and then apply the medicine ________ it.
③I would like to apply ________ the membership of our school English club.
④The old man manages to enrich his own cultural life, applying himself to ________________ (learn) painting.
⑤The job drew a good many ________________ (apply) to take part in the interview.
4 track vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪 n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线
track down 追踪到，追查到
railway tracks 铁路轨道
keep track of 了解……的动态；与……保持联系
lose track of 不了解……的动态；与……失去联系
on the track 在轨道上
be on the right/wrong track 思路正确/错误
back on track 重新步入正轨
track and field events 田径赛事
on the track of 跟踪，追赶，尾随
In three years, a satellite system is expected to be able to track airplanes, making sure that they are never lost again.
三年内，预计卫星系统将能够追踪飞机，确保它们不再失踪。
We set off once more, along a rough mountain track.
我们沿着一条崎岖的山间小路再度出发。
From now on I am going to keep track of every cent we spend.
从现在开始我要了解我们的每一分钱都花在哪里了。
I enjoyed the game so much that I lost track of time.
我玩游戏玩得太尽兴，都忘记了时间。
Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
跟踪北极熊数量的现代方法从20世纪80年代中期才开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续进行是昂贵的。
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I tried to get my life back ________ the track after the accident.
②He followed the ________ (track) of a car to the edge of the lake.
③How effectively it is working can ____________ (track) by monitoring someone's heart rate as he breathes in and out.
④The police have ________________________ (失去线索) the criminals.
⑤My mother is trying ____________________________________________ (了解……的动态) the money we're spending.
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)I wish we could also do something to help.我希望我们也能做点儿事情来帮忙。
[句式分析] 本句是主从复合句，主句为I wish，后面的部分为其宾语从句。其中could表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。
wish＋虚拟语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气表示一种虚拟愿望。其形式如下：
主句表达的愿望 从句中谓语动词形式
与过去事实相反的愿望 had＋过去分词
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be通常用were，有时也可用was)
与将来事实相反的愿望 would/should/could/might＋动词原形
I wish I had been at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼的，但那时我在纽约出差。
I wish I were an astronaut travelling in space in a spaceship.
我希望我是一名宇航员，乘坐宇宙飞船漫游太空。
I wish that someday I could live on the moon.
我希望有一天我能住到月球上。
提示
wish后的虚拟语气往往译为“但愿……，要是……就好了”， if only后的虚拟语气和wish后的虚拟语气结构一样，译法一样。
特别提示
wish后的宾语从句用虚拟
hope 后的宾语从句不用虚拟
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I ________ (dance) as well as her.
②How I wish I ________ (sleep) longer this morning, but I had to get up and go to school.
③I wish that we ________ (can) go with my brother when he flies to England next week.
④I wish I ________ (be) a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
⑤I wish I ________ (can) help my dad to support the family when I grow up.
2 (教材原句)As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.
随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
[句式分析] 这是一个主从复合句，主句是so引导的倒装句，目的是强调人类对动物的影响在日益增加，相当于the effect we have on animals continues to grow as well。
(1)so＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语
该句式表示前面肯定的情况也适用于后面的人或物，表示“某人/某物也这样”。
Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports.
步行和骑自行车就算，校内体育活动也算。
They can leave now, and so can we.
他们现在可以离开了，我们也可以。
Tom is an engineer. So am I．
汤姆是一位工程师。我也是。
(2)“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/连系动词be＋主语”，表示“某人/某物也不这样”。
She shouldn't have yelled at you; neither/nor should I.
她不应该对你大喊大叫，我也不应该(对你大喊大叫)。
(3)如果前面句子的谓语既有肯定又有否定，或者形式不同，就用句型So it is/was with...或It is/was the same with...。
Henry is very clever but he doesn't work hard at his lessons. So it is with his little brother./It is the same with his little brother.
亨利很聪明，但是不努力学习。他的弟弟也是。
特别提示
“so＋同一主语＋be动词/情态动词/助动词”意为“……的确如此”，表示对前面的话加以确认或强调。
语境助记
①—Tom has made rapid progress recently.
汤姆最近进步很快。
—So he has and so have you.
的确如此，你也一样。
②—It was very cold yesterday.
昨天很冷。
—So it was.的确如此。
③—You forgot to close the door.
你忘了关门。
—Oh, so I did.
哦，我确实忘关了。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Nancy had a great time at the party. ________ did her husband.
②Society has changed, and so ________ the people in it.
③He didn't go to the cinema last night, and ________ did I.
④Yesterday I went shopping, and so ________ my best friend.
⑤My father is a teacher and so ________ my mother.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．To our amazement, there were a variety of activities to choose from on these ________ (小册子).
2．If such packaging is burnt, it will certainly give off ________ (温室) gases.
3．Mr. White is ________ (绝对地) a towering figure in our department.
4．The ________ (组织) has donated a big fortune to the areas hit hard by the disaster.
5．Temperature rising is one of the main impacts of ________ (全球的) warming.
6．Would you mind helping me fill in the ________ (申请) form at your convenience
7．Knowing we couldn't get back along the original ________ (路线), I couldn't stop my tears flowing.
8．There is a shelter nearby; otherwise people might have ________ (无处) to hide when it rains.
9．This plan to protect ________ (鲸) is made on an annual basis.
10．Before these animals became extinct, they had been once driven out of their ____________ (栖息地).
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The invention would have a wide range of ________ (apply) in industry in the near future.
2．Volunteers came up ________ a practical idea and formed a human chain to rescue precious items from the burning house.
3．How I wish I ________ (refuse) to sell that old apartment downtown 3 years ago!
4．Taking part in a dragon boat race can be an ________ (absolute) amazing experience.
5．The Great Barrier Reef has suffered damage due to ________ (globe) warming.
6．The higher position you take in the ________ (organize), the more duty you will undertake.
7．Don't forget to call up the patent office before ________ (apply) for any sort of patent.
8．The job calls ________ much previous experience; thus, you are at a disadvantage.
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空(有两项为多余选项)
come up, call for, spring to mind, leave out, keep away from, clean up, sign up, far from
1．Look out! ________________ the house, of which the roof is under repair.
2．As soon as the project ____________ at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention.
3．If you refer to “Hawaii”， a vision of pretty beaches and blue seas may ____________．
4．Check your package carefully to make sure you don't ____________ any things you will need during the trip.
5．Did you predict that many students would ____________ for the dance competition
6．This play is ____________ a success due to the famous actress's absence.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．在过去的三个月里，学生们被提供了大量的课后活动。(a wide variety of, in the last/past...)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．政府的这项政策对农业的影响最为显著。(nowhere位于句首的倒装句， agriculture)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．没有更多的浪漫故事浮现在脑海中，年轻的作家有点儿失望。(romantic, spring to mind)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．警方决心在任何情况下都要追踪罪犯。(track down, on any occasion)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．这位专家的创意启发了他，学生们也受到了启发。(inspire, creative, so＋助动词＋主语)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
语法精讲①
英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。
一、词法的省略
(一)冠词的省略
1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？
Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。
[误区警示] 用and连接两个名词时，如果两个名词前只有一个冠词，通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物；如果两个名词前都有冠词，则通常指两个不同的人或事物。
He is the gardener and gatekeeper.
他是园丁兼门卫。
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.
他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。
2．在as/though引导的状语从句倒装结构中，当句首是名词时，要省略冠词
Child as he is, he knows a lot about English literature.
尽管他是个孩子，但他很了解英国文学。
Star though she is, the girl always remains modest.
尽管这个女孩是个明星，但她始终保持谦逊。
3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词
The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.
正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)
She was appointed director of the commercial organization.
她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)
4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略
He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。
5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the
The hungry young man eats most.
这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。
(二)常见介词的省略
1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略
The big fire lasted (for) several hours.
那场大火持续了几个小时。
I haven't heard from him for a long time.
我很长时间没收到他的来信了。
For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2．of的省略
of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。
The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.
这两双鞋号码一样大。
3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象
常用的这类短语或句式有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
做某事有困难
spend/waste...(in) doing sth.
花费/浪费……做某事
There's no use/good (in) doing sth.
做某事没有用/好处。
There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.
做某事没有意义。
There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。
stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事
end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束……
be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
(三)连词和从句引导词的省略
1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略
He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel.
他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。
2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词
Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month
你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？
3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词
He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。
The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.
花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。
Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.
既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。
Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.他是否参加会议还不知道。
(四)动词不定式的省略
1．动词不定式to的省略
(1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。
We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.我们最好尽早完成任务。
Why not turn it into a game instead
为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？
(2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。
What do you like to do except swim
除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。
(3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。
[误区警示] 如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.
他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。
(4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。
The manager made the workers work day and night.
＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.
经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。
(5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.
我本应该放了那只鸟的。
All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.我能做的就是承认并改正错误。
(6)help后可带to，也可省略to。
Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage
你能帮我搬一下行李吗？
2．不定式符号后动词的省略
(1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。
Mike lied to us but he did not want to.
迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。
(2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.她想来，但她的父母不允许。
If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。
(3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。
—Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？
—No, and I don't want to be.
我不是，而且我也不想当校长。
[误区警示] ①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。
—Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？
—I'm glad to.我想去。
②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？
—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。
二、句法的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
(一)简单句的省略
1．祈使句中常省略主语you
Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.
在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。
Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。
2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略
What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！
How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！
3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分
—(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？
—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。
(Is there) Anything else to say
还有别的要说吗？
(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。
[误区警示] 在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。
①—Who did it？谁做的？
—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)
②—What did you get？你拿了什么？
—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)
③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？
—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)
④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语)
⑤—What kind of pencil do you want
你想要哪种铅笔？
—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)
(二)并列句中的省略
1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分
Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。
2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略
His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。
三、状语从句中的省略
在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。
1．时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.
她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.
我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。
As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.林肯年轻时当过店员。
2．条件状语从句中的省略
条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。
He will come if (he is) asked.
如果叫他来，他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.
如果有必要，两点给我打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
如果有可能，和我一起来吧。
3．让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。
Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。
4．比较状语从句中的省略
She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。
5．方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。
She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.
她谈话似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.
他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
6．其他特殊情况
(1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。
There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.
有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。
(2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。
Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.
如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Although ________ (order) to stop, the driver kept on driving as fast as he could.
2．He succeeded in solving all the problems as ________ (expect).
3．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not ________ (make) it more difficult.
4．He had a wonderful childhood when ________ (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
5．When ________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy got a chance to become famous.
6．Though ________ (tire), they went on working in order to finish the task on time.
7．Some diseases are not at all dangerous if ________ (treat) in time.
8．________ (be) I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
9．First degree burns turn white when ________ (press).
10．What I want to do is ________ (have) a good rest.
11．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
12．Anyone, once ________ (test) positive for novel corona flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．过马路时要小心汽车。
Look out for cars ________________________．
2．正如计划的一样，他们按时出席了会议。
They attended the meeting on time __________________________________．
3．他比预料的晚回来三天。
He came back three days later ____________________________________．
4．“明天天会放晴吗？”“我希望那样。”
—Will it clear up tomorrow
—I __________________________．
5．如果可能的话，我们上午10点在你的办公室见面好吗？
________________， shall we meet you in your office at 10 a．m.
6．普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。
Ordinary soap, ________________， can deal with bacteria effectively.
7．为了安全，老师们建议家长不要允许自己12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。
Teachers recommend parents ________________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
8．你无法想象我们在暴风雪中步行回家费了多大的劲。
You can't imagine what difficulty we had ________________ in the snowstorm.
9．这块木板的一面应该漆成黄色，另一面漆成白色。
One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ________________．
10．你应该在这次会议上保持沉默，除非邀请你发言。
________________， you should remain silent at the conference.
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（二）
Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．greenhouse 2.gas 3.drought 4.brochure 5.belt 6．medal 7.image 8.shark 9.whale 10.deer; deer 11．track 12.habitat 13.nowhere 14.dolphin
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．global; globalization; globe
2．application; apply; applicant
3．organization; organize; organized; organizer
4．absolutely; absolute
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．leave out 2.greenhouse gases 3.come up with 4.call for 5．be devoted to... 6.what if... 7.stop sb. (from) doing sth. 8.divide...into... 9.sign up (for sth.) 10.spring to mind 11.have damaging effects on 12.far from 13.take action to do sth. 14.be of great importance 15.call on sb. to do sth.
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．could; do 2.so does the effect we have on animals
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①came up with ②come up
2．①called up ②calls on ③call in ④call off ⑤to call for help
3．①to ②to ③for ④learning ⑤applicants
4．①on ②tracks ③be tracked ④lost track of ⑤to keep track of
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①danced ②had slept ③could ④were ⑤could
2．①So ②have ③neither/nor ④did ⑤is
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．brochures 2.greenhouse 3.absolutely 4.organization 5．global 6.application 7.track 8.nowhere 9.whales 10.habitats
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．applications 2.with 3.had refused 4.absolutely 5．global 6.organizations 7.applying 8.for
Ⅲ.用方框内短语的适当形式填空
1．Keep away from 2.came up 3.spring to mind 4．leave out 5.sign up 6.far from
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．A wide variety of activities after class have been offered to students in the last/past three months.
2．Nowhere is the effect of this government policy more apparent than in agriculture.
3．With no more romantic stories springing to mind, the young writer was a little disappointed.
4．The police are determined to track down the criminals on any occasion.
5．He was inspired by the expert's creative idea and so were the students.
语法精讲① 省略
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．ordered 2.expected 3.to make 4.travelling 5.offered 6．tired 7.treated 8.Were 9.pressed 10.have 11.so 12.tested
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．when crossing the road/street 2.as planned 3.than expected 4.hope so 5.If possible 6.used correctly 7.not allow 8.walking home 9.the other white 10.Unless invited to speak
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