(共145张PPT)
Section A Welcome to the unit & Reading
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地
2．____________ adj. 海外的，国外的
adv. 在海外，向国外
3．____________ n. 地区，区域；行政区
4．____________ n. 大陆，陆地，洲
5．____________ num. 一百万；许多，大量
6．____________ n. 生物多样性
soil
overseas
region
continent
million
biodiversity
7．____________ n. (pl. species) 种，物种
8．____________ n. 坚果
9．____________ n. 野生动植物，野生生物
10．____________ prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上
11．____________ n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，广泛的
12．____________ adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的
13．____________ adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的
n. 生计，谋生；生活方式
species
nut
wildlife
beneath
mass
towering
living
14．____________ n. 昆虫
15．____________ n. 碳
16．____________ n. 氧，氧气
17．____________ n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vt.& vi. 有影响；冲击
18．____________ vt.& n. 损坏，破坏，损害，伤害
insect
carbon
oxygen
impact
damage
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．& vt.伤害，损害→________ adj.有害的→________ adj.无害的
2．________ n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长→________ adj.& adv.长的；长期地→________ vt.& vi.(使)延长，(使)变长
3．________ n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→________ adj.各种各样的→________ v．相异，变化，多变
harm
harmful
harmless
length
long
lengthen
variety
various
vary
4．________ vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→________ n．幸存→________ n．幸存者
5．________ n．营养素，营养物→________ n．营养；营养学→________ adj.有营养的
6．________ vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→________ vi.出现→___________ n．消失；消亡
7．_________ n．农业，农学→__________ adj.农业的，农艺的
8．___________ n．灭绝，绝种→________ adj.灭绝的，绝种的
survive
survival
survivor
nutrient
nutrition
nutritious
disappear
appear
disappearance
agriculture
agricultural
extinction
extinct
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．______________________ 是……的家园/栖息地
2．______________________ 根据……判断
3．______________________ 大量的，大片的
4．______________________ 充满，到处都是(活的或动的东西)
5．______________________ 保持……的微妙平衡
6．______________________ 超过，很，非常
7．______________________ 以……为食
8．______________________ 相应地，转而
9．______________________ 被称作……
10．_____________________ 由于，因为
be home to...
judge from/by...
a sea of
alive with
maintain the fine balance of...
more than
feed on...
in turn
be known as...
due to
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest ________________________ China.
2．亚马孙雨林得名自亚马孙河。亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
The Amazon River, ________________________ the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
is more than half the size of
from which
3．随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
______________ the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
As
Ⅰ.语篇结构
答案：①Plant diversity and the different levels of the rainforest
②Animal diversity and a food chain
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．According to the text, which of the following statements is true
A．The Amazon rainforest plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem.
B．The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, which are all on the North American continent.
C．The Amazon rainforest covers an area of around 6 million square kilometres, which is more than half the size of China.
D．The Amazon rainforest, from which the river gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length.
答案：C
2．How many plant species can be found in the Amazon rainforest
A．About 1，300. B．Over 40，000.
C．Around 400. D．About 390，000.
答案：B
3．Why has about 17 per cent of the rainforest disappeared over the past 50 years
A．The balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem disappeared.
B．Animals were hunted and plants were damaged.
C．This forest's food chain was damaged.
D．The impact of human activities continues to grow.
答案：D
4．Where is the passage probably taken from
A．A documentary. B．A novel.
C．A guidebook. D．A newspaper.
答案：A
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
As the 1.________ (large) rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest plays an important part 2.________ maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem. The Amazon River, from 3.________ the rainforest gets its name, supports many different ecosystems, 4.________ (give) this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth.
From the tall and ancient Brazil nut trees to the water lilies, the forest's different levels provide food and shelter for 5.________ great variety of wildlife.
largest
in
which
giving
a
The Amazon rainforest is also home to more than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals. For example, the jaguar, close to extinction in other areas, can 6.________ (find) here.
7.________ (know) as the “lungs of the planet”， the Amazon rainforest 8.________ (breathe) life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. 9.________，17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human 10.________ (activity) such as agriculture and cattle farming.
be found
Known
breathes
However
activities
[词汇注释]
①ecosystem/'i k s st m/n.生态系统
②overseas/ v 'si z/adj.海外的，国外的
adv.在海外，向国外
③region/'ri d n/n.地区，区域；行政区
④continent/'k nt n nt/n.大陆，陆地，洲
⑤million/'m lj n/num.一百万；许多，大量
millions of数百万的……
⑥length/le θ/n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
⑦biodiversity/ ba da 'v s ti/n．生物多样性
⑧species/'spi i z/n．(pl.species)种，物种
known species已知物种
⑨brazil nut巴西坚果
nut/n t/n.坚果
⑩water lily睡莲
lily/'l li/n.百合(花)
lie down on躺在……上
unbelievable adj.难以置信的；惊人的
variety/v 'ra ti/n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
wildlife/'wa ldla f/n.野生动植物，野生生物
beneath/b 'ni θ/prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上
mass/m s/n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的
towering/'ta r /adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的
hardwood/'hɑ dw d/n.阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材)
living/'l v /adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n．生计，谋生；生活方式
living things生物
mammal/'m ml/n.哺乳动物
jaguar/'d ɡju (r)/n.美洲豹，美洲虎
spot n．斑点；污点；地点 v．看见；看出；注意到；发现
survive/s 'va v/vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难
feed on以……为食
frog/fr ɡ/n.蛙，青蛙
in turn相应地，转而
insect/' nsekt/n.昆虫
a tiny army of一小群……
army [熟词生义]n.大批；大群
microorganism/ ma kr -' ɡ n z m/n．微生物
break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)
nutrient/'nju tri nt/n.营养素，营养物
breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力
carbon/'kɑ b n/n.碳
oxygen/' ks d n/n.氧，氧气
thus/ s/adv.因此，从而；这样
irreplaceable adj.(因贵重或独特)不能替代的
disappear/ d s 'p (r)/vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪
due/dju /to由于，因为
agriculture/' ɡr k lt (r)/n.农业，农学
cattle/'k tl/n.牛
有些集合名词如cattle, police, people等作主语时，通常被看作复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
impact/' mp kt/n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞/ m'p kt/vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
have an impact on对……有影响
extinction/ k'st k n/n.灭绝，绝种
damage/'d m d /vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
[教材原文]
The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure
Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem①.
The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas② region③ of France, all on the South American continent④.
With an area of around 6 million⑤ square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name[1], is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑥—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity⑦ on the Earth: one in ten known species⑧ in the world can be found here.
[1]“介词from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代The Amazan River
Of the 390，000 plant species known to us, more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon. This tall and ancient brazil nut⑨ tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies⑩ are big enough to lie down on . The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife . At the bottom, there is a system of roots beneath the ground. Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor [2]. The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves. Then there are the towering ancient hardwoods ， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.
[2]介词短语位于句首引起的全部倒装句
More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals hide among the jungle's plant life. This jaguar is one example. It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots . While a significant number of jaguars survive here [3], they are only one element of this forest's food chain. They feed on at least 87 species, including frogs . These frogs, in turn ， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit [4]. When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
[3]while引导让步状语从句
[4]which引导定语从句，修饰insects
The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen . Thus ， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”. Moreover, the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
[汉语译文]
亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏
欢迎来到丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，处处可闻各种动物的声音。这里是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西和秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长大约100千米。这条河从高山流向海洋，沿途维系着多种不同的生态系统。它们赋予这片区域地球上最丰富的生物多样性：全世界十分之一的已知物种都可以在这里找到。
在人类已知的390 000种植物种中，在亚马孙可以找到40 000多种。这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用；这些睡莲(叶片)大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次养活的野生动物种类多到难以置信。最底层是地下的根系。往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。再往上一层由低矮的阔叶植物组成。然后是那些离地数米之高的大树的树冠。雨林的每一层都自成一个小世界，成为各种生物的家园。
1 300多种鸟和400多种哺乳动物藏身于这片丛林的植被中。这只美洲豹就是个例子。它黄棕色的皮毛上遍布着黑点。尽管这里生存着数量可观的美洲豹，但它们仅仅是雨林食物链上的一环。它们捕食的物种至少有87种，其中包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙的食物，是以树叶和水果为食的昆虫。美洲豹死亡后，一小群微生物会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。
亚马孙雨林通过固定碳(二氧化碳——译者注)，并生成占全球总量20%以上的氧气，来为地球注入活力。因此，它也常常被称作“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林还是食用物种和药用物种的宝库。然而，这些无可取代的动植物面临的一个主要威胁就是：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，大约17%的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害 harmful adj.有害的 harmless adj.无害的
This event didn't harm his image.
这次事件没有损害他的形象。
Don't harm your eyes by reading in the poor light.
不要在太暗的光线下看书，以免伤害你的眼睛。
Fruit juices can be harmful to children's teeth.
果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
Too loud music can be harmful to our ears, so when listening to music, you shouldn't turn up the volume too high.
太吵的音乐对我们的耳朵有害，所以当你听音乐的时候，不应该把声音调得太高。
辨析比较
易混词 区别
harm 多指给人的肉体或精神带来的伤害。
Now that we have realized the great harm caused by pollution, we should take measures to prevent it.
既然我们已经意识到了污染带来的极大危害，我们就应该采取措施阻止它。
injury 多指对身体、名誉等的伤害，尤指意外事故中的“伤害”。
He got serious injuries in the accident.
他在那起事故中受伤严重。
wound 多指战斗、攻击中所造成的“伤，伤口”或心灵上的“创伤”。
The nurse cleaned the knife wound.
护士清洗了刀伤伤口。
hurt 可作名词或动词，多指对心灵或感情的“伤害”。
There was hurt and real anger in her voice.
她的声音里有难过，也有真正的愤怒。
语境助记
This object gives off harmful gases, which may do harm to/be harmful to our health. You'd better make the object harmless before you use it.
这个物体发出有害的气体，这些气体可能对我们的健康有害。你最好在用之前让它变得无害。
即学即练 单句语法填空/一句多译
①Coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be ________ (harm) to your body.
②The children are prevented ________ eating sweets by their father because they do harm ________ their teeth.
③珍妮似乎焦虑不安，不想伤害她的妈妈。
Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to _______________________．(harm v．)
＝Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to ____________________________
________．(harm n．)
harmful
from
to
harm her mother
do her mother harm/do harm to her
mother
2 more than
(1)“more than＋数字”意为“超过，多于”，相当于over。此时more than的反义短语为less than(少于，不超过)。
I have known David for more than 20 years.
我认识戴维已经有20多年了。
More than ten students have made this suggestion.
超过10个学生提出过这个建议。
(2)“more than＋n.”结构中意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。
For many people, fishing is more than a sport; it is an art.
对很多人来说，钓鱼不只是一项运动，还是一门艺术。
(3)“more than＋adj./adv./v.”结构中意为“非常，很”，相当于very (much)。
Lisa was more than sad to see her friend off at the airport.
丽萨很伤心地在机场送别她的朋友。
I'm sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements.
我确信，那边的条件会大大满足你的需要。
(4)“more than＋句子(句中常含有can或could)”中意为“非……所能……，是……难以……的”。
The beauty of the West Lake is more than I can imagine.
西湖之美是我难以想象的。
The heat there was more than he could stand.
那里的高温是他难以忍受的。
特别提示
“more than one＋可数名词单数”意为“不止一个……”，在语意上虽表示复数概念，但作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。有相同用法的还有many a(许多)。
More than one student in that school was admitted to Peking University this year.
今年那所学校不止一个学生被北京大学录取了。
即学即练 判断下列句子中more than的含义
①Up to now more than five cities have been struck by the sudden typhoon.________________
②—Do you need a hand, Tom
—Yes, the job is more than I can do myself.________________
③Not surprisingly, I am more than excited to know that World Animal Protection is going to get some volunteers in China.________________
④China Daily is more than a newspaper; it also helps us improve our English.________________
超过，多于
非……所能
非常
不只是，不仅仅是
3 shelter n．[U]遮蔽；居所，庇护 [C]遮蔽物；庇护处 vt.保护；掩蔽；收留 vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
(1)under the shelter of sth. 在某物的庇护/遮蔽/掩蔽下
take shelter from... 躲避……
(2)shelter from... 躲避……
shelter...from... 保护……免受……
We made a dash through the rain to the bus shelter.
我们冒雨冲进公共汽车候车亭。
They enjoyed their picnic under the shelter of the tree.
他们在树荫下享受野餐。
We took shelter from the storm in a barn.
我们在谷仓里躲避暴风雨。
We sat in the shade of a large tree, sheltering from the sun.
我们坐在一棵大树的树荫下，避免被晒到。
They got lost in the forest and couldn't find a place to shelter themselves from wind and rain.
他们在森林里迷路了，而且他们找不到遮风挡雨的地方。
语境助记
Food, clothing, fuel and shelter are the four most basic human needs.
食品、衣物、燃料和住所是人类最基本的四种需求。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Some parents are just too protective. They want to shelter their kids ________ every kind of danger.
②She used an umbrella to take shelter ________ the burning sun.
③My mother, who had a ________ (shelter) upbringing (抚育), has fantastic memories of childhood.
from
from
sheltered
4 variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.
与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.
不同文化的群体对沉默的理解不同。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
海洋的颜色在绿色到蓝色之间变化，这取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。
Typing patterns vary from person to person.
打字模式因人而异。
No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.
不管你喜欢做什么，都有办法参与到地球日的各种活动中去。
特别提示
a variety of/varieties of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词。后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式，偶尔也可用单数形式；the variety of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
语境助记
A variety of flowers are on show here.
各种各样的花在这里展出。
The variety of his books is astonishing.
他的书种类之多让人惊叹。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①The students in my class come from a ________ (various) of different backgrounds.
②It is so convenient to live here because you can choose ________ (vary) ways of getting to different attractions.
③There are ________ (vary) kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.
④CCM organizes a ________ (vary) of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and ________ (vary) groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
variety
various
various
variety
various
5 mass adj.大批的，广泛的 n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群
a mass of/masses of 大量(的)，许多(的)
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众；平民百姓
get close to the masses 接近群众
have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础
on a mass scale 大规模地
the mass media 大众传播媒介
mass production 批量生产
a mass marketing campaign 大规模营销活动
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
Their latest product is aimed at the mass market.
他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。
A mass of books/Masses of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往了希望工程。
The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
天空中乌云密布。
The reforms are supported by the mass of the population.
改革得到了大多数人的支持。
特别提示
a mass of/masses of后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以of后名词所表达的意义而定。但在there be句型中，可根据就近原则，确定谓语动词的形式。
即学即练 完成句子
①He was popular with the rich but failed to win the support of ________________ (民众).
②The reforms are unpopular with ____________________ (大多数教师).
③Now that you have ______________ (一大堆的工作) to do, you don't have to help me with the housework.
④Some countries are faced with ________________________________ (大批人失业的问题).
the masses
the mass of teachers
masses of work
the problem of mass unemployment
6 living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的(反义词dead) n．生计，谋生；生活方式
(1)living things 生物
living languages 现用语言
the living room 客厅
living conditions 生活状况
(2)earn one's living/earn a living/make a living 谋生
everyday living 日常生活
healthy living 健康的生活方式
standards of living/living standards 生活水平
the cost of living 生活费用
He's one of the greatest living composers.
他是仍然健在的最伟大的作曲家之一。
It's said that there are more than five thousand living languages in the world.
据说世界上在使用的语言有五千多种。
She earns her living as a part-time tutor.
她靠做兼职家庭教师来维持生计。
My father never talked about what he did to make a living.
我父亲从不谈他是做什么来谋生的。
Average wages have increased in line with the cost of living.
平均工资随着生活费用的提高而上涨了。
比较
·alive“活着的；有活力的”，可作表语、后置定语或补语。
·living“活着的”，与alive同义，可作表语或前置定语。
·live“活的”，一般不指人，通常作前置定语；还可指“现场直播的”。
·lively“充满活力的，生动有趣的”，可指人或物，作定语或表语。
即学即练 完成句子
①You can't expect to ____________________________________ (谋生) from your painting.
②Mr. Smith did all he could to improve his family's __________________________________ (生活水平).
③With the price rising so quickly, I find 1，000 yuan a month can hardly cover __________________ (生活费用).
earn/make a living/earn your living
living standards/standards of living
the cost of living
7 survive vi.生存，存活；继续存在 vt.幸存，幸免于难；艰难渡过；比……活(或存在)得时间长
(1)survive the disaster/war/attack/earthquake/flood/fire
在灾难/战争/袭击/地震/洪水/火灾中幸免于难
survive the crisis/hardship 渡过危机/艰难困苦
a way to survive 生存方式
struggle to survive 艰难地维持生计
(2)survive on... 依靠……生存下来
(3)survive sb. by＋时间段 比某人多活……
survival skills 生存技能
the survival of the fittest 适者生存
survival n. 生存；幸存
survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
Ancient farming methods still survived in the Middle East at that time.
当时在中东，古老的耕作方式依然存在。
She was the only person to survive the accident.
她是这次事故的唯一幸存者。
Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
很多鸟死于这次严冬。
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake. She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried. I think her survival was a real wonder.
这个小女孩是这场大地震的唯一幸存者。她告诉记者她在被掩埋的日子里只能依靠很少的食物生存。我想她的生还真的是一个奇迹。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①It's said that the famous artist survived his wife ________ two years.
②The doctor gave him a one-in-ten chance of ________ (survive).
③Of the six people injured in the crash, only two ________ (survive).
④Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to search for ________ (survive) in an earthquake.
⑤I don't know how you all manage to survive ________ your husband's salary.
⑥________________ (survive) that night, we were confident that everything else would be all right.
by
survival
survived
survivors
on
Having survived
8 in turn相应地，转而，反过来；轮流
in one's turn 轮到某人；接着
by turns 轮流地，交替地
take turns to do sth./(at/in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
take a turn for the worse/better (情况)恶化/好转
wait one's turn 等着轮到某人
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论是建立在实践的基础上，反过来为实践服务。
The children called out their names in turn.
孩子们依次自报姓名。
It will be in Tom's turn to be on duty tomorrow.
明天轮到汤姆值日。
We take turns making/to make dinner.
我们轮流做饭。
It's your turn to clean the blackboard.
轮到你擦黑板了。
特别提示
by turns是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①We clean the classroom every week ________ turn.
②________ is my turn to clean the room.
③They took turns ______________ (look) after their parents.
④It's my turn ________ (deliver) a speech in public.
⑤They took care of their sick father ________ turns.
in
It
to look/looking
to deliver
by
9 break down
(1)(机器或车辆)出故障，坏掉
Our car broke down all of a sudden on the road.
我们的车突然在路上出了故障。
(2)(身体)垮掉，被搞垮
If Tim carries on working like this, he'll break down sooner or later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，他的身体迟早会垮掉。
(3)(讨论、谈判等)失败；破裂
She was unwilling to stay in America after her marriage broke down.
在她的婚姻破裂后，她就不愿意待在美国了。
(4)(使)分解
Enzymes in the stomach break our food down into useful substances.
胃中的酶把我们的食物分解成有用的物质。
(5)消除，驱除(人与人之间的隔阂等)
It takes a long time to break down prejudices.
消除偏见需要很长的时间。
语境助记
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
早上我们到达工作地点时发现有人在(前一天)晚上闯进了办公室。
The police came and broke up the crowds.
警察来了，把人群驱散了。
归纳拓展
break away (from)脱离，背叛
break out爆发
break in打断(谈话)；插话；破门而入(不及物)
break through突破；克服
break into破门而入；突然开始(笑、唱等)
break up解散；结束；分手
即学即练 判断下列句中break down的含义
①Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.________________
②Let's break down the project into smaller parts in order to deal with them one by one.__________________
③Men are left idle when machines break down.________________
④You will break down if you take on more work than you can.________________
⑤Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.________________
消除
将……分成若干部分
出故障
身体垮掉
失败，破裂
10 due adj.应付的，到期的；预定的，预期发生(到达的)；应支付，应给予
(1)due to 由于，因为(to是介词)
due to sth./sb. 由于某物/某人
due to lack of experience 由于缺少经验
due to the fact that... 由于……
(2)be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事(to为不定式符号)
be due to sb. 应付给/应给予某人(to为介词)
be due for sth. 应得到某物
The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.
这项工程由于缺乏政府的资助而不得不中止。
Ann and her husband became homeless due to their wrong investment.
安和她的丈夫因为他们的投资失误而变得无家可归。
Please make sure you return the book before it's due.
请确保在到期前还书。
She is due to complete her studies and graduate later this year.
她预计今年晚些时候就要完成学业并毕业了。
Have they been paid the money that is due to them
他们应得的钱付给他们了吗？
即学即练 判断下列句子中due的含义/单句语法填空
①The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days a week, often long into the night.________________
②The train due to arrive at 10 am was put off for 2 hours because of the storm.________________
③It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due ________ concerns about increased screen time.
④He is making preparations for the English speaking contest which is due ________ (take) place next week.
到期的
预定的
to
to take
11 impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
(1)have/make a great/deep impact on/upon 对……有重大/深远影响
have no impact on/upon 对……没有影响
the impact of... ……的影响
(2)the impact of sth. on/upon... 某物对……的影响
(3)be impacted by 受到……影响
The teacher's words always have a deep impact on the future of the students.
老师的话总会对学生的将来产生深远影响。
We become to realize the environmental impact of tourism.
我们逐渐意识到旅游业对环境的影响。
Her father's death impacted greatly on/upon her childhood years.
父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。
归纳拓展 表示“影响”的其他短语：
have an/no effect/influence on sb./sth.对……有/无影响
make a/no difference to sb./sth.对……有/无影响
influence/affect sb./sth.影响某人/某物
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Every teardown has ________ impact on the look and feel of a community.
②One of the most basic core values is honesty. It ________ (impact) our entire life: our jobs, our relationships, our own feelings about ourselves and the actions we take.
③We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact ________ our lives in many ways.
an
impacts
on/upon
12 build up逐渐增加；增强……的体质；创建，开发
build up one's vocabulary 扩大词汇量
build up one's strength 增强体力
build up one's confidence (in) 增强(对……的)信心
build oneself up 增强体质
I'm very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up.
看到你的词汇量在逐渐增加，我很高兴。
Ross took 20 years to build up his business.
罗斯花了20年的时间创业。
Their achievements have built up my confidence and determination in my career.
他们取得的成就增强了我对事业的信心和决心。
He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up one's strength, but it can also build up one's confidence.
他已经创办了一家非常成功的企业，现在他又在练习中国功夫。在他看来，练习中国功夫不仅能增强体魄，而且还能增强自信。
拓展
build up表“建立，建造，建设”时，常指建造较大的物体；还可以指树立威信、名望等。
build up one's business创立某人的事业
build up fame建立名声
即学即练 判断下列句子中build up的含义/完成句子
①For all these years I have been working for others. I hope I'll build up my own business some day.________________
②Outdoor activities are really helpful in building up my body and enriching my school life.________________
③If you don't express your feelings, sadness and anger can build up.________________
④要花好几十年的时间来逐步达到所需要的教育和发展水平。
It would take many decades to ________________ the level of education and sophistication required.
创建
增强……的体质
逐渐增加
build up
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。)
[句式分析] 句中的“is more than half the size of”为倍数表达法。
倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达法有以下几种：
(1)A＋be＋倍数＋the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/...＋of＋B
This mountain is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。
(2)A＋be＋倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than＋B
My room is twice larger than yours.
我的房间比你的房间大两倍。
(3)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋B
This tree is three times as tall as that one.
这棵树的高度是那棵树的三倍。
(4)A＋be＋倍数＋what从句
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
特殊提示
(1)对于这几种倍数表达法，我们需要注意的是倍数的位置；倍数部分也可用分数、百分数代替。
(2)表达倍数时，两倍常用twice或double，三倍及三倍以上常用“基数词＋times”。
即学即练 单句语法填空/单句写作
①It's said that the power plant is now twice ________ large as what it was.
②Sound travels about four times ________ (fast) in water than in air.
③这条河的长度是那条河的四倍。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________．
as
faster
This river is four times as long as that one./This river is four times the length of that
one./This river is three times longer than that one.
2 (教材原句)The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。)
[句式分析] 该句为主从复合句，主干是The Amazon River is close to 6，400 kilometres in length。“from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词The Amazon River，在从句中作宾语。100 kilometres longer than...属于“倍数表达法”。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
使用“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句时要注意以下几点：
(1)在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词一般用whom(先行词指人)或which(先行词指物)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，用that/who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。
The colourless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。
This is the teacher from whom we've learnt a lot.
这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。
Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to？
你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？
The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
我的朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。
(3)介词的确定要遵循三点原则：①根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；②根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；③根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？
你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？(on the day)
He was generous with his time to help me study, for which I was grateful.
我很感激他花很多时间帮助我学习。(be grateful for sth.感激某事)
The theory, on which my opinions are based, consists of three parts.
我的观点所依据的理论包括三个部分。(be based on依据……)
(4)某些在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when，where，why互换。
I shall never forget the days during which(＝when) we studied in the library together.
我永远也不会忘记我们一起在图书馆学习的那些日子。
I have never been to the places in which(＝where) the Indians live.
我从未去过那些印第安人居住的地方。
I'd like you to explain the reason for which(＝why) you were absent.
我想让你解释一下你缺席的原因。
语境助记
①This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
②This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①It is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
②Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
③They also had a small pond ________ which they raised fish.
④He was educated at a local grammar school, ________ which he went to the University of Cambridge.
whom
which
in
after
⑤The reason ________ which he was late was that something was wrong with his bike on the way.
⑥Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基础的) skill __________ school education depends on.
for
that/which
3 （教材原句）As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
[句式分析] 本句中as引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作的同时性。
as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句，可以换成when，意思是“当……时候”。此外，as还有“正当；随着；一边……一边……”的意思。
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
正当我下公交车时，我看到了彼得。
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。
He whistled as he had a bath.他一边洗澡，一边吹口哨。
as还可以连接下列从句：
(1)as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。
You can't start working as you haven't recovered.
你还不能开始工作，因为你还没有康复。
(2)as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”(从句须倒装)。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
(3)as引导方式状语从句，意为“以……方式”。
Do in Rome as the Romans do.[谚]入乡随俗。
(4)as引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。
Try to come as early as Mary (comes).尽量和玛丽一样早来。
(5)as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。
As is known to us all, every coin has two sides.
众所周知，事物都有两面性。
语境助记
When I came home from school, I saw my mother was doing housework.
当我放学回到家的时候，看到妈妈正在做家务。
即学即练 完成句子
①_____________________ (随着温度的升高), the volume of water becomes greater.
②His eyesight became worse __________________ (随着他变老).
③______________ (尽管天很热), the migrant farmers are busy decorating the buildings.
④_________________________ (如上所述), the doves released at the opening ceremony stand for peace.
As the temperature rises
as he grew older
Hot as it is
As is mentioned above
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There has been a rise in the need for mirrors in this region on a ________ (广泛的) scale.
2．Some ________ (高大的) dams measuring more than 200 meters in height promote the project of controlling rivers.
3．I've seen the popularity of football in different nations and different ________ (洲).
4．The huge wooden engine with a ________ (长度) of 20 meters earned a reputation.
mass
towering
continents
length
5．Among a wide ________ (不同种类) of art works, the one by Peter seems to be more eye-catching.
6．Try to select products that do the least ________ (危害) to the environment.
7．Neat work environment has an ________ (影响) on your efficiency.
8．With more and more forests cut down, a strong current can wash away the ________ (土壤).
9．Even if we can not save every endangered ________ (物种), it is our duty to do whatever we can to protect them.
variety
harm
impact
soil
species
10．As you have previously known, food banks and ________ (庇护处) are short-staffed during holidays.
11．The skinny frog was caught up in the hole and felt something solid ________ (在……下面) its feet.
12．The volunteers dream of observing that ________ (野生动物) is living in peace.
13．Accustomed to the ________ (气候) in the countryside, the band prefers not to move to the city.
14．In the end, the hotel chains failed to ________ (幸存) the crisis.
shelters
beneath
wildlife
climate
survive
15．The ________ (昆虫) can take on the color of its surroundings on special occasions.
16．The snack is packed with fiber, a ________ (营养素) known for keeping you full.
17．He earned his ________ (生计) by growing cash crops.
18．Unfortunately, the glaciers are rapidly ____________ (消失).
19．Coal-fired electricity has the largest negative effect on birds, killing nearly 8 ________ (一百万) annually.
insect
nutrient
living
disappearing
million
20．In the annual report, he pointed out that the benefit which the reservoir brought to the villagers was not limited to __________ (农业).
21．The fire engine is under repair for the ________ (损坏) caused by the crash.
22．I was once under the mistaken impression that we have nothing to do with species ________ (灭绝).
23．The well-educated young generation are heading for remote ________ (地区) to chase their dream.
24．Mary is good at making our messy office neat again. ________ (因此), she is popular with us.
agriculture
damage
extinction
regions
Thus
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．On no occasion will the actress miss a chance to improve herself so as to ____________ the character she plays.
2．They argue that where to settle down _____________ their business and their children's education.
breathe life into
has an impact on
3．I do think we should think of more approaches to ____________ the shy girl's confidence.
4．Drug abuse is anything but fun and ____________ individuals and society.
5．Thanks to the superb performance of the band, the Globe ____________ the sound of music last night.
6．It makes us feel merry to lie on the grass beneath ____________ white clouds.
building up
does harm to
was alive with
a mass of
7．All the complaints to the delivery company are ____________ the delay of the packages.
8．The achievement in ____________ the trade barrier between the two parts is extremely eye-catching.
9．He spends too much time in running the convenience store, and this ____________ affects his leisure-time activities.
10．Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ______________ the local environment.
due to
breaking down
in turn
cause damage to
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．A teenager carrying a lantern is also sheltering ________ the rain at that moment.
2．My mum spends a fortune to prepare ________ (variety) of tasty and healthy meals for our big family.
3．It is advisable to settle down on Qianmen Street which is 800 meters in ________ (long).
4．As there was one apple left, the thirsty boys had to bite it ________ turn.
from
varieties
length
in
5．At present, several beer companies are fighting for ________ (survive).
6．Seriously affected by human activities, many wild animals are in danger of ________ (extinct) currently.
7．Since my wife decided to lose weight, pork _____________ (disappear) from my family menus.
8．I was close to ________ (throw) plastic stuff when my little son rushed in and carefully put it into his bedroom.
9．He is anything but ordinary. Actually, he is a man of ________ (tower) abilities.
survival
extinction
has disappeared
throwing
towering
10．Masses of ________ (harm) acid clouds float everywhere causing violent chain reactions to break out.
11．At dawn we set off for our destination but our car broke ________ halfway.
12．The tree at the entrance has become home ________ several birds, so we can't cut it down.
13．The flood resulted in the _______________ (disappear) of my licence plate.
14．I am sure such a light rain will have no impact ________ our decoration work.
15．Robots can be a convenient helper in our life and improve the ________ (live) standards of people.
harmful
down
to
disappearance
on/upon
living
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．天气太热了，我们所能做的就是找个阴凉的地方躲避太阳。
It was so hot that all we could do was look for a shady place to ___________ the sun.(shelter v．)
2．有些人担心旅游业的迅速发展可能会破坏当地环境。
Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might _____________________ the local environment.(damage n．)
shelter from
cause/do damage to
3．位于湖中央的这个岛是各种各样候鸟的落脚地。
Located in the centre of the lake, the island ________________________ migrant birds.(home; variety)
4．现在这个村庄的人口数量是十年前的五倍。
The population now in this village is _______________ it was ten years ago.(倍数表达法)
5．湿地是多种野生动物生存的自然环境。
The wetlands are the natural environment, ________________________________．(介词＋关系代词)
is home to a variety of
five times what
in which a huge variety of wildlife lives
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
The endangered pandas in the Qinling Mountains might face a new threat (威胁): the loss of their food, bamboo, which makes up 99% of their meals.
Adult pandas spend most of the time eating bamboo and have to take in at least 40 pounds a day to stay healthy. However, a new study warned that they might soon find their food gone because most of the bamboo in the Qinling Mountains might disappear by the end of the century as a result of the rising temperature.
A team made up of researchers has studied the effects of climate change on the bamboo in the Qinling Mountains. They have found that bamboo is very sensitive to climate change. “80% to 100% of the bamboo will be gone if the average temperature increases by 3.5 degrees Centigrade worldwide by the end of the century，” said Liu Jianguo, one of the report's authors. He added, “This is how much the temperature will rise by 2100 even if all countries keep their promises in the Paris Agreement. But you know what is happening around the world.”
In recent years, China has been trying its best to protect the endangered pandas by setting up more and bigger nature reserves (保护区).
“But it is far from enough and the endangered pandas need cooperation from the rest of the world, because their future is not just in the hands of the Chinese，” said Shirley Martin from World Wildlife Fund but not a member of the team.
The Qinling Mountains are home to about 345 pandas. That is about 18% of the China's wild panda population. In addition, about 375 are living in research centers and zoos in China．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了生活在秦岭的大熊猫可能将面临一个新的威胁：其赖以生存的竹子可能会因为气温升高而消失。
1．What can we learn from the first paragraph？( )
A．Lots of the bamboo in the Qinling Mountains will probably disappear.
B．The Qinling Mountains cannot provide enough bamboo for the pandas.
C．Pandas in the Qinling Mountains are just threatened with the loss of food.
D．Pandas have already eaten 99% of the bamboo in the Qinling Mountains.
答案：A
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的内容可知，秦岭地区大熊猫赖以生存的竹子可能会大量消失。故选A。
2．What did Liu Jianguo mean？( )
A．China needs more help from World Wildlife Fund.
B．The current climate is not suitable for bamboo any more.
C．China is making great efforts to protect the pandas.
D．It is difficult to prevent the temperature from rising by 3.5 ℃.
答案：D
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中他所说的话可知，他认为即使所有国家都严格遵守其在《巴黎协定》中的承诺，到2100年全球气温仍将上升3.5摄氏度。故选D。
3．How many wild pandas are there in China？( )
A．About 345. B．About 720.
C．About 1，900. D．About 2，275.
答案：C
解析：考查简单计算。根据最后一段中的“The Qinling Mountains are home to about 345 pandas. That is about 18% of the China's wild panda population”可得出，中国野生大熊猫总数约为1 900只。故选C。
4．Which can be the best title for the text？( )
A．The Disappearance of Bamboo
B．Necessity of Changing Pandas' Food
C．Efforts Made to Save Pandas
D．A New Threat Faced by Pandas
答案：D
解析：考查主旨大意。文章开篇点明主题，秦岭地区的大熊猫可能面临新的威胁——其赖以生存的竹子可能消失。故D项最符合题意。
B
A study has found that a lifetime of regular exercise and activity can slow down the aging process (衰老过程). Researchers say that getting older should not necessarily mean becoming weaker or sicker. Their research shows that the devotion to a life of movement and exercise may help us live not only longer, but also more healthily.
For their study, the researchers studied two groups. The first group was made up of 125 non-professional cyclists between the ages of 55 and 79. This group included 84 healthy men and 41 healthy women. This group was called the “cyclists”．
Researchers then found 130 people to make up the second group. Within this group, 75 people were aged from 57 to 80. The other 55 were between the ages of 20 and 36. The people in this group were also healthy, but they did not exercise regularly. This group was called the “non-exercisers”. Smokers, heavy drinkers of alcohol and people with other health issues were not included in the study.
Then, researchers gave both groups a series of tests. They tested their muscle mass (肌肉质量), muscular strength, percentage of body fat and the strength of their immune systems (免疫系统). Then the researchers compared the results of the two groups.
Results showed that the cyclists did not experience body changes usually regarded as a normal aging process. For example, they did not lose muscle mass or muscular strength. Also, their body fat did not increase with age.
The researchers also found something they had not expected. The study showed that the immune systems of the cyclists did not age either.
The researchers advise us all to find the exercise that we like in our lives.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了一项研究发现终身规律锻炼可减缓衰老过程。
5．How did the researchers carry out the study？( )
A．By comparison. B．Through discussion.
C．By imagination. D．By reasoning.
答案：A
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段至第六段可知，研究人员设立了两个对比小组并比较了两组的结果，即研究人员通过比较来进行研究。故A选项正确。
6．Which of the following is a result of the research？( )
A．The cyclists kept thin.
B．The non-exercisers gained weight easily.
C．The cyclists' muscles remained strong with age.
D．The non-exercisers usually had health problems.
答案：C
解析：考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Results showed that the cyclists did not experience body changes...they did not lose muscle mass or muscular strength”可知，研究结果显示，骑自行车的人没有随着年龄的增长而失去肌肉质量和肌肉力量，也就是说骑自行车的人的肌肉依然保持强健。故C选项正确。
7．Which is an unexpected result for the researchers？( )
A．The cyclists had the normal aging process.
B．The cyclists' immune systems didn't age.
C．The cyclists lost nearly all their fat.
D．Everyone needed exercise in their lives.
答案：B
解析：考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段可知，令研究人员没有想到的是，骑自行车的人的免疫系统也没有老化。故B选项正确。
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text？( )
A．Healthy People Need More Exercise
B．Take Exercise: the Harder, the Better
C．Cycling Is the Best Way to Prevent Aging
D．A Lifetime of Exercise Slows the Aging Process
答案：D
解析：考查主旨大意。根据第一段第一句“A study has found that a lifetime of regular exercise and activity can slow down the aging process (衰老过程)”以及下文内容可知，本文主要说的是一项研究发现终身有规律地运动可以减缓衰老过程。故D选项最适合作为本文标题。
Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
As our Earth's temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected effects on our world's forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skins to __1__ the loss of water, and this, in turn, slows down the __2__ of photosynthesis (光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a __3__ death rate.
Climate change also increases the __4__ of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to __5__， and in some cases, the forests are __6__ permanently.
Trees that are stressed are also __7__ to attacks by bacteria (细菌). In tropical forests, vines that use the trees as __8__ can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients. Finally, humans have __9__ the forest landscape through logging. When trees are replanted on the soil, they will never grow as large as the __10__ trees that were cut down.
As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change, __11__ the variety of those systems. __12__， some endangered species are unable to __13__ and die. Old-growth forests are disappearing in all regions of our world.
When forests die, younger forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller __14__ poor vegetation (植被). With trees dying increasingly and continuously, will future generations __15__ out on the wonders of forests
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了地球变暖对世界上森林资源带来的一系列变化：树木的死亡率升高，干旱和野火发生的概率升高，森林的消亡，还有物种的灭绝。
1．( )
A．protect B．prevent
C．save D．free
答案：B
解析：当温度上升时，树木就会把它们的皮闭合起来以防止温度升高带来的水分的流失，转而又减缓了光合作用的进程。故选B。
2．( )
A．movement B．situation
C．process D．operation
答案：C
解析：减缓的是光合作用的进程。process过程，进程，符合此处的语境。故选C。
3．( )
A．higher B．firmer
C．lighter D．smaller
答案：A
解析：这些树长得更矮，生长缓慢，死亡率更高。故选A。
4．( )
A．choice B．measure
C．qualification D．chance
答案：D
解析：根据本段的内容，主要讲述野火发生后，森林系统的变化，可知温度变化也会增加干旱和野火发生的概率。the chance of……的概率，……的可能性，故选D。
5．( )
A．grow B．rescue
C．recover D．decline
答案：C
解析：野火发生后森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复。recover恢复。故选C。
6．( )
A．ignored B．lost
C．hurt D．left
答案：B
解析：野火发生后森林系统需要一段时间才能恢复，甚至有一些森林永久地消失了。故选B。
7．( )
A．accessible B．enjoyable
C．acceptable D．favorable
答案：A
解析：在野火中受到影响的树也容易受到细菌的攻击。be accessible to容易接近的，容易进入的。故选A。
8．( )
A．attention B．command
C．trust D．support
答案：D
解析：在热带森林中，以树木为支撑物的藤本植物，经常会使树木窒息还会掠夺树木的营养。故选D。
9．( )
A．frightened B．paid
C．ruined D．Wasted
答案：C
解析：最后，人类通过伐木也毁掉了森林景观。故选C。
10．( )
A．common B．original
C．distant D．strong
答案：B
解析：当在土壤上重新种植树木时，它们永远不会长得像原来被砍倒的树那么大。original原本的。故选B。
11．( )
A．affecting B．improving
C．forgetting D．reflecting
答案：A
解析：随着这些森林的消失，曾经称之为“家园”的物种被迫改变，这影响了系统的多样性。故选A。
12．( )
A．Besides B．Surprisingly
C．Otherwise D．Unfortunately
答案：D
解析：根据上文内容，森林系统发生了改变，可知一些濒危的物种不能适应，因此灭绝，这是很不幸的。故选D。
13．( )
A．devote B．keep
C．adapt D．lead
答案：C
解析：and连接的词在词性和词义上保持一致。由后面的die“死亡”可知此处应选adapt“适应”。故选C。
14．( )
A．due to B．in addition to
C．instead of D．in spite of
答案：A
解析：当森林消失了，在同一地区重新建立的森林会由于植被不良而变得更弱、更小。due to由于。故选A。
15．( )
A．pass B．miss
C．break D．bring
答案：B
解析：作者在思索：随着树木不断地消失，我们的子孙后代是否会失去森林的奇迹？miss out on错过机会；错失……。故选B。Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Section A Welcome to the unit & Reading
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地
2．____________ adj. 海外的，国外的
adv. 在海外，向国外
3．____________ n. 地区，区域；行政区
4．____________ n. 大陆，陆地，洲
5．____________ num. 一百万；许多，大量
6．____________ n. 生物多样性
7．____________ n. (pl. species) 种，物种
8．____________ n. 坚果
9．____________ n. 野生动植物，野生生物
10．____________ prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上
11．____________ n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，广泛的
12．____________ adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的
13．____________ adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的
n. 生计，谋生；生活方式
14．____________ n. 昆虫
15．____________ n. 碳
16．____________ n. 氧，氧气
17．____________ n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞
vt.& vi. 有影响；冲击
18．____________ vt.& n. 损坏，破坏，损害，伤害
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．& vt.伤害，损害→________ adj.有害的→________ adj.无害的
2．________ n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长→________ adj.& adv.长的；长期地→________ vt.& vi.(使)延长，(使)变长
3．________ n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→________ adj.各种各样的→________ v．相异，变化，多变
4．________ vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→________ n．幸存→________ n．幸存者
5．________ n．营养素，营养物→________ n．营养；营养学→________ adj.有营养的
6．________ vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→________ vi.出现→________ n．消失；消亡
7．________ n．农业，农学→________ adj.农业的，农艺的
8．________ n．灭绝，绝种→________ adj.灭绝的，绝种的
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 是……的家园/栖息地
2．________________ 根据……判断
3．________________ 大量的，大片的
4．________________ 充满，到处都是(活的或动的东西)
5．________________ 保持……的微妙平衡
6．________________ 超过，很，非常
7．________________ 以……为食
8．________________ 相应地，转而
9．________________ 被称作……
10．________________ 由于，因为
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest ________________________ China.
2．亚马孙雨林得名自亚马孙河。亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
The Amazon River, ________________________ the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
3．随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
______________ the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.语篇结构
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．According to the text, which of the following statements is true
A．The Amazon rainforest plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem.
B．The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, which are all on the North American continent.
C．The Amazon rainforest covers an area of around 6 million square kilometres, which is more than half the size of China.
D．The Amazon rainforest, from which the river gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length.
2．How many plant species can be found in the Amazon rainforest
A．About 1，300. B．Over 40，000.
C．Around 400. D．About 390，000.
3．Why has about 17 per cent of the rainforest disappeared over the past 50 years
A．The balance of protecting the animals' ecosystem disappeared.
B．Animals were hunted and plants were damaged.
C．This forest's food chain was damaged.
D．The impact of human activities continues to grow.
4．Where is the passage probably taken from
A．A documentary. B．A novel.
C．A guidebook. D．A newspaper.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
As the 1.________ (large) rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest plays an important part 2.________ maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem. The Amazon River, from 3.________ the rainforest gets its name, supports many different ecosystems, 4.________ (give) this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth.
From the tall and ancient Brazil nut trees to the water lilies, the forest's different levels provide food and shelter for 5.________ great variety of wildlife. The Amazon rainforest is also home to more than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals. For example, the jaguar, close to extinction in other areas, can 6.________ (find) here.
7.________ (know) as the “lungs of the planet”， the Amazon rainforest 8.________ (breathe) life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. 9.________，17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human 10.________ (activity) such as agriculture and cattle farming.
教材助读·开发课堂
[词汇注释]
①ecosystem/'i k s st m/n.生态系统
②overseas/ v 'si z/adj.海外的，国外的
adv.在海外，向国外
③region/'ri d n/n.地区，区域；行政区
④continent/'k nt n nt/n.大陆，陆地，洲
⑤million/'m lj n/num.一百万；许多，大量
millions of数百万的……
⑥length/le θ/n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
⑦biodiversity/ ba da 'v s ti/n．生物多样性
⑧species/'spi i z/n．(pl.species)种，物种
known species已知物种
⑨brazil nut巴西坚果
nut/n t/n.坚果
⑩water lily睡莲
lily/'l li/n.百合(花)
lie down on躺在……上
unbelievable adj.难以置信的；惊人的
variety/v 'ra ti/n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
wildlife/'wa ldla f/n.野生动植物，野生生物
beneath/b 'ni θ/prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上
mass/m s/n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的
towering/'ta r /adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的
hardwood/'hɑ dw d/n.阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材)
living/'l v /adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n．生计，谋生；生活方式
living things生物
mammal/'m ml/n.哺乳动物
jaguar/'d ɡju (r)/n.美洲豹，美洲虎
spot n．斑点；污点；地点 v．看见；看出；注意到；发现
survive/s 'va v/vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难
feed on以……为食
frog/fr ɡ/n.蛙，青蛙
in turn相应地，转而
insect/' nsekt/n.昆虫
a tiny army of一小群……
army [熟词生义]n.大批；大群
microorganism/ ma kr -' ɡ n z m/n．微生物
break down使分解(为)，使变化(成)
nutrient/'nju tri nt/n.营养素，营养物
breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力
carbon/'kɑ b n/n.碳
oxygen/' ks d n/n.氧，氧气
thus/ s/adv.因此，从而；这样
irreplaceable adj.(因贵重或独特)不能替代的
disappear/ d s 'p (r)/vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪
due/dju /to由于，因为
agriculture/' ɡr k lt (r)/n.农业，农学
cattle/'k tl/n.牛
有些集合名词如cattle, police, people等作主语时，通常被看作复数，谓语动词用复数形式。
impact/' mp kt/n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞/ m'p kt/vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
have an impact on对……有影响
extinction/ k'st k n/n.灭绝，绝种
damage/'d m d /vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
[教材原文]
The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure
Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem①.
The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas② region③ of France, all on the South American continent④. With an area of around 6 million⑤ square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name[1], is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑥—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity⑦ on the Earth: one in ten known species⑧ in the world can be found here.
[1]“介词from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代The Amazan River
Of the 390，000 plant species known to us, more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon. This tall and ancient brazil nut⑨ tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies⑩ are big enough to lie down on . The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife . At the bottom, there is a system of roots beneath the ground. Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor [2]. The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves. Then there are the towering ancient hardwoods ， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.
[2]介词短语位于句首引起的全部倒装句
More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals hide among the jungle's plant life. This jaguar is one example. It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots . While a significant number of jaguars survive here [3], they are only one element of this forest's food chain. They feed on at least 87 species, including frogs . These frogs, in turn ， feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit [4]. When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
[3]while引导让步状语从句
[4]which引导定语从句，修饰insects
The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen . Thus ， it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”. Moreover, the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
[汉语译文]
亚马孙雨林：大自然的宝藏
欢迎来到丛林，这是一片绿色的海洋，处处可闻各种动物的声音。这里是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的雨林，它在维系地球生态系统的微妙平衡上扮演着举足轻重的角色。
亚马孙雨林穿过包括巴西和秘鲁在内的八个国家，以及一块法国的海外领地，都位于南美洲大陆。亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长大约100千米。这条河从高山流向海洋，沿途维系着多种不同的生态系统。它们赋予这片区域地球上最丰富的生物多样性：全世界十分之一的已知物种都可以在这里找到。
在人类已知的390 000种植物种中，在亚马孙可以找到40 000多种。这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的坚果我们可以食用；这些睡莲(叶片)大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次养活的野生动物种类多到难以置信。最底层是地下的根系。往上是阴暗森林地表厚实的落叶层。再往上一层由低矮的阔叶植物组成。然后是那些离地数米之高的大树的树冠。雨林的每一层都自成一个小世界，成为各种生物的家园。
1 300多种鸟和400多种哺乳动物藏身于这片丛林的植被中。这只美洲豹就是个例子。它黄棕色的皮毛上遍布着黑点。尽管这里生存着数量可观的美洲豹，但它们仅仅是雨林食物链上的一环。它们捕食的物种至少有87种，其中包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙的食物，是以树叶和水果为食的昆虫。美洲豹死亡后，一小群微生物会助力其尸体的分解，让营养素重回土壤之中。
亚马孙雨林通过固定碳(二氧化碳——译者注)，并生成占全球总量20%以上的氧气，来为地球注入活力。因此，它也常常被称作“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林还是食用物种和药用物种的宝库。然而，这些无可取代的动植物面临的一个主要威胁就是：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，大约17%的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害 harmful adj.有害的 harmless adj.无害的
This event didn't harm his image.
这次事件没有损害他的形象。
Don't harm your eyes by reading in the poor light.
不要在太暗的光线下看书，以免伤害你的眼睛。
Fruit juices can be harmful to children's teeth.
果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
Too loud music can be harmful to our ears, so when listening to music, you shouldn't turn up the volume too high.
太吵的音乐对我们的耳朵有害，所以当你听音乐的时候，不应该把声音调得太高。
辨析比较
易混词 区别
harm 多指给人的肉体或精神带来的伤害。 Now that we have realized the great harm caused by pollution, we should take measures to prevent it. 既然我们已经意识到了污染带来的极大危害，我们就应该采取措施阻止它。
injury 多指对身体、名誉等的伤害，尤指意外事故中的“伤害”。 He got serious injuries in the accident. 他在那起事故中受伤严重。
wound 多指战斗、攻击中所造成的“伤，伤口”或心灵上的“创伤”。 The nurse cleaned the knife wound. 护士清洗了刀伤伤口。
hurt 可作名词或动词，多指对心灵或感情的“伤害”。 There was hurt and real anger in her voice. 她的声音里有难过，也有真正的愤怒。
语境助记
This object gives off harmful gases, which may do harm to/be harmful to our health. You'd better make the object harmless before you use it.
这个物体发出有害的气体，这些气体可能对我们的健康有害。你最好在用之前让它变得无害。
即学即练 单句语法填空/一句多译
①Coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be ________ (harm) to your body.
②The children are prevented ________ eating sweets by their father because they do harm ________ their teeth.
③珍妮似乎焦虑不安，不想伤害她的妈妈。
Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to ______________________．(harm v．)
＝Jenny seems anxious and doesn't want to ______________________．(harm n．)
2 more than
(1)“more than＋数字”意为“超过，多于”，相当于over。此时more than的反义短语为less than(少于，不超过)。
I have known David for more than 20 years.
我认识戴维已经有20多年了。
More than ten students have made this suggestion.
超过10个学生提出过这个建议。
(2)“more than＋n.”结构中意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。
For many people, fishing is more than a sport; it is an art.
对很多人来说，钓鱼不只是一项运动，还是一门艺术。
(3)“more than＋adj./adv./v.”结构中意为“非常，很”，相当于very (much)。
Lisa was more than sad to see her friend off at the airport.
丽萨很伤心地在机场送别她的朋友。
I'm sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements.
我确信，那边的条件会大大满足你的需要。
(4)“more than＋句子(句中常含有can或could)”中意为“非……所能……，是……难以……的”。
The beauty of the West Lake is more than I can imagine.
西湖之美是我难以想象的。
The heat there was more than he could stand.
那里的高温是他难以忍受的。
特别提示
“more than one＋可数名词单数”意为“不止一个……”，在语意上虽表示复数概念，但作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。有相同用法的还有many a(许多)。
More than one student in that school was admitted to Peking University this year.
今年那所学校不止一个学生被北京大学录取了。
即学即练 判断下列句子中more than的含义
①Up to now more than five cities have been struck by the sudden typhoon.________________
②—Do you need a hand, Tom
—Yes, the job is more than I can do myself.________________
③Not surprisingly, I am more than excited to know that World Animal Protection is going to get some volunteers in China.________________
④China Daily is more than a newspaper; it also helps us improve our English.________________
3 shelter n．[U]遮蔽；居所，庇护 [C]遮蔽物；庇护处 vt.保护；掩蔽；收留 vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
(1)under the shelter of sth. 在某物的庇护/遮蔽/掩蔽下
take shelter from... 躲避……
(2)shelter from... 躲避……
shelter...from... 保护……免受……
We made a dash through the rain to the bus shelter.
我们冒雨冲进公共汽车候车亭。
They enjoyed their picnic under the shelter of the tree.
他们在树荫下享受野餐。
We took shelter from the storm in a barn.
我们在谷仓里躲避暴风雨。
We sat in the shade of a large tree, sheltering from the sun.
我们坐在一棵大树的树荫下，避免被晒到。
They got lost in the forest and couldn't find a place to shelter themselves from wind and rain.
他们在森林里迷路了，而且他们找不到遮风挡雨的地方。
语境助记
Food, clothing, fuel and shelter are the four most basic human needs.
食品、衣物、燃料和住所是人类最基本的四种需求。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Some parents are just too protective. They want to shelter their kids ________ every kind of danger.
②She used an umbrella to take shelter ________ the burning sun.
③My mother, who had a ________ (shelter) upbringing (抚育), has fantastic memories of childhood.
4 variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.
与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.
不同文化的群体对沉默的理解不同。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
海洋的颜色在绿色到蓝色之间变化，这取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。
Typing patterns vary from person to person.
打字模式因人而异。
No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.
不管你喜欢做什么，都有办法参与到地球日的各种活动中去。
特别提示
a variety of/varieties of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词。后接可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式，偶尔也可用单数形式；the variety of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
语境助记
A variety of flowers are on show here.
各种各样的花在这里展出。
The variety of his books is astonishing.
他的书种类之多让人惊叹。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①The students in my class come from a ________ (various) of different backgrounds.
②It is so convenient to live here because you can choose ________ (vary) ways of getting to different attractions.
③There are ________ (vary) kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.
④CCM organizes a ________ (vary) of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and ________ (vary) groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
5 mass adj.大批的，广泛的 n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群
a mass of/masses of 大量(的)，许多(的)
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众；平民百姓
get close to the masses 接近群众
have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础
on a mass scale 大规模地
the mass media 大众传播媒介
mass production 批量生产
a mass marketing campaign 大规模营销活动
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
Their latest product is aimed at the mass market.
他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。
A mass of books/Masses of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往了希望工程。
The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
天空中乌云密布。
The reforms are supported by the mass of the population.
改革得到了大多数人的支持。
特别提示
a mass of/masses of后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以of后名词所表达的意义而定。但在there be句型中，可根据就近原则，确定谓语动词的形式。
即学即练 完成句子
①He was popular with the rich but failed to win the support of ________________ (民众).
②The reforms are unpopular with ____________________ (大多数教师).
③Now that you have __________________________________ (一大堆的工作) to do, you don't have to help me with the housework.
④Some countries are faced with ________________________________ (大批人失业的问题).
6 living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的(反义词dead) n．生计，谋生；生活方式
(1)living things 生物
living languages 现用语言
the living room 客厅
living conditions 生活状况
(2)earn one's living/earn a living/make a living 谋生
everyday living 日常生活
healthy living 健康的生活方式
standards of living/living standards 生活水平
the cost of living 生活费用
He's one of the greatest living composers.
他是仍然健在的最伟大的作曲家之一。
It's said that there are more than five thousand living languages in the world.
据说世界上在使用的语言有五千多种。
She earns her living as a part-time tutor.
她靠做兼职家庭教师来维持生计。
My father never talked about what he did to make a living.
我父亲从不谈他是做什么来谋生的。
Average wages have increased in line with the cost of living.
平均工资随着生活费用的提高而上涨了。
比较
·alive“活着的；有活力的”，可作表语、后置定语或补语。
·living“活着的”，与alive同义，可作表语或前置定语。
·live“活的”，一般不指人，通常作前置定语；还可指“现场直播的”。
·lively“充满活力的，生动有趣的”，可指人或物，作定语或表语。
即学即练 完成句子
①You can't expect to ____________________________________ (谋生) from your painting.
②Mr. Smith did all he could to improve his family's __________________________________ (生活水平).
③With the price rising so quickly, I find 1，000 yuan a month can hardly cover ______________________________________________ (生活费用).
7 survive vi.生存，存活；继续存在 vt.幸存，幸免于难；艰难渡过；比……活(或存在)得时间长
(1)survive the disaster/war/attack/earthquake/flood/fire
在灾难/战争/袭击/地震/洪水/火灾中幸免于难
survive the crisis/hardship 渡过危机/艰难困苦
a way to survive 生存方式
struggle to survive 艰难地维持生计
(2)survive on... 依靠……生存下来
(3)survive sb. by＋时间段 比某人多活……
survival skills 生存技能
the survival of the fittest 适者生存
survival n. 生存；幸存
survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
Ancient farming methods still survived in the Middle East at that time.
当时在中东，古老的耕作方式依然存在。
She was the only person to survive the accident.
她是这次事故的唯一幸存者。
Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
很多鸟死于这次严冬。
The little girl was the only survivor who survived the strong earthquake. She told the reporter that she had to survive on little food during the days when she was buried. I think her survival was a real wonder.
这个小女孩是这场大地震的唯一幸存者。她告诉记者她在被掩埋的日子里只能依靠很少的食物生存。我想她的生还真的是一个奇迹。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①It's said that the famous artist survived his wife ________ two years.
②The doctor gave him a one-in-ten chance of ________ (survive).
③Of the six people injured in the crash, only two ________ (survive).
④Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to search for ________ (survive) in an earthquake.
⑤I don't know how you all manage to survive ________ your husband's salary.
⑥________________ (survive) that night, we were confident that everything else would be all right.
8 in turn相应地，转而，反过来；轮流
in one's turn 轮到某人；接着
by turns 轮流地，交替地
take turns to do sth./(at/in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
take a turn for the worse/better (情况)恶化/好转
wait one's turn 等着轮到某人
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论是建立在实践的基础上，反过来为实践服务。
The children called out their names in turn.
孩子们依次自报姓名。
It will be in Tom's turn to be on duty tomorrow.
明天轮到汤姆值日。
We take turns making/to make dinner.
我们轮流做饭。
It's your turn to clean the blackboard.
轮到你擦黑板了。
特别提示
by turns是“交替；轮流”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；如果表示“按顺序”则应该用in turn。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①We clean the classroom every week ________ turn.
②________ is my turn to clean the room.
③They took turns ________ (look) after their parents.
④It's my turn ________ (deliver) a speech in public.
⑤They took care of their sick father ________ turns.
9 break down
(1)(机器或车辆)出故障，坏掉
Our car broke down all of a sudden on the road.
我们的车突然在路上出了故障。
(2)(身体)垮掉，被搞垮
If Tim carries on working like this, he'll break down sooner or later.
如果蒂姆继续这样工作，他的身体迟早会垮掉。
(3)(讨论、谈判等)失败；破裂
She was unwilling to stay in America after her marriage broke down.
在她的婚姻破裂后，她就不愿意待在美国了。
(4)(使)分解
Enzymes in the stomach break our food down into useful substances.
胃中的酶把我们的食物分解成有用的物质。
(5)消除，驱除(人与人之间的隔阂等)
It takes a long time to break down prejudices.
消除偏见需要很长的时间。
语境助记
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night.
早上我们到达工作地点时发现有人在(前一天)晚上闯进了办公室。
The police came and broke up the crowds.
警察来了，把人群驱散了。
归纳拓展
break away (from)脱离，背叛
break out爆发
break in打断(谈话)；插话；破门而入(不及物)
break through突破；克服
break into破门而入；突然开始(笑、唱等)
break up解散；结束；分手
即学即练 判断下列句中break down的含义
①Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination.________________
②Let's break down the project into smaller parts in order to deal with them one by one.________________
③Men are left idle when machines break down.________________
④You will break down if you take on more work than you can.________________
⑤Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.________________
10 due adj.应付的，到期的；预定的，预期发生(到达的)；应支付，应给予
(1)due to 由于，因为(to是介词)
due to sth./sb. 由于某物/某人
due to lack of experience 由于缺少经验
due to the fact that... 由于……
(2)be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事(to为不定式符号)
be due to sb. 应付给/应给予某人(to为介词)
be due for sth. 应得到某物
The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.
这项工程由于缺乏政府的资助而不得不中止。
Ann and her husband became homeless due to their wrong investment.
安和她的丈夫因为他们的投资失误而变得无家可归。
Please make sure you return the book before it's due.
请确保在到期前还书。
She is due to complete her studies and graduate later this year.
她预计今年晚些时候就要完成学业并毕业了。
Have they been paid the money that is due to them
他们应得的钱付给他们了吗？
即学即练 判断下列句子中due的含义/单句语法填空
①The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days a week, often long into the night.________________
②The train due to arrive at 10 am was put off for 2 hours because of the storm.________________
③It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due ________ concerns about increased screen time.
④He is making preparations for the English speaking contest which is due ________ (take) place next week.
11 impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击
(1)have/make a great/deep impact on/upon 对……有重大/深远影响
have no impact on/upon 对……没有影响
the impact of... ……的影响
(2)the impact of sth. on/upon... 某物对……的影响
(3)be impacted by 受到……影响
The teacher's words always have a deep impact on the future of the students.
老师的话总会对学生的将来产生深远影响。
We become to realize the environmental impact of tourism.
我们逐渐意识到旅游业对环境的影响。
Her father's death impacted greatly on/upon her childhood years.
父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。
归纳拓展 表示“影响”的其他短语：
have an/no effect/influence on sb./sth.对……有/无影响
make a/no difference to sb./sth.对……有/无影响
influence/affect sb./sth.影响某人/某物
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Every teardown has ________ impact on the look and feel of a community.
②One of the most basic core values is honesty. It ________ (impact) our entire life: our jobs, our relationships, our own feelings about ourselves and the actions we take.
③We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact ________ our lives in many ways.
12 build up逐渐增加；增强……的体质；创建，开发
build up one's vocabulary 扩大词汇量
build up one's strength 增强体力
build up one's confidence (in) 增强(对……的)信心
build oneself up 增强体质
I'm very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up.
看到你的词汇量在逐渐增加，我很高兴。
Ross took 20 years to build up his business.
罗斯花了20年的时间创业。
Their achievements have built up my confidence and determination in my career.
他们取得的成就增强了我对事业的信心和决心。
He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up one's strength, but it can also build up one's confidence.
他已经创办了一家非常成功的企业，现在他又在练习中国功夫。在他看来，练习中国功夫不仅能增强体魄，而且还能增强自信。
拓展
build up表“建立，建造，建设”时，常指建造较大的物体；还可以指树立威信、名望等。
build up one's business创立某人的事业
build up fame建立名声
即学即练 判断下列句子中build up的含义/完成句子
①For all these years I have been working for others. I hope I'll build up my own business some day.________________
②Outdoor activities are really helpful in building up my body and enriching my school life.________________
③If you don't express your feelings, sadness and anger can build up.________________
④要花好几十年的时间来逐步达到所需要的教育和发展水平。
It would take many decades to ________________ the level of education and sophistication required.
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
[句式分析] 句中的“is more than half the size of”为倍数表达法。
倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达法有以下几种：
(1)A＋be＋倍数＋the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/...＋of＋B
This mountain is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。
(2)A＋be＋倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than＋B
My room is twice larger than yours.
我的房间比你的房间大两倍。
(3)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋B
This tree is three times as tall as that one.
这棵树的高度是那棵树的三倍。
(4)A＋be＋倍数＋what从句
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
特殊提示
(1)对于这几种倍数表达法，我们需要注意的是倍数的位置；倍数部分也可用分数、百分数代替。
(2)表达倍数时，两倍常用twice或double，三倍及三倍以上常用“基数词＋times”。
即学即练 单句语法填空/单句写作
①It's said that the power plant is now twice ________ large as what it was.
②Sound travels about four times ________ (fast) in water than in air.
③这条河的长度是那条河的四倍。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 (教材原句)The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6 400千米，比长江还长约100千米。
[句式分析] 该句为主从复合句，主干是The Amazon River is close to 6，400 kilometres in length。“from＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词The Amazon River，在从句中作宾语。100 kilometres longer than...属于“倍数表达法”。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
使用“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句时要注意以下几点：
(1)在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词一般用whom(先行词指人)或which(先行词指物)。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
在限制性定语从句中，介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不能省略；但若介词后置，则可用that代替which，用that/who代替whom，也可省略关系代词。
The colourless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。
This is the teacher from whom we've learnt a lot.
这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。
Do you know the girl to whom our teacher is talking
＝Do you know the girl (that/who/whom) our teacher is talking to？
你认识正和我们老师谈话的那个女孩吗？
The school in which my friend once studied is very famous.
＝The school (that/which) my friend once studied in is very famous.
我的朋友曾经就读的那所学校很有名。
(3)介词的确定要遵循三点原则：①根据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；②根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定介词；③根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time？
你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？(on the day)
He was generous with his time to help me study, for which I was grateful.
我很感激他花很多时间帮助我学习。(be grateful for sth.感激某事)
The theory, on which my opinions are based, consists of three parts.
我的观点所依据的理论包括三个部分。(be based on依据……)
(4)某些在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语的“介词＋关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when，where，why互换。
I shall never forget the days during which(＝when) we studied in the library together.
我永远也不会忘记我们一起在图书馆学习的那些日子。
I have never been to the places in which(＝where) the Indians live.
我从未去过那些印第安人居住的地方。
I'd like you to explain the reason for which(＝why) you were absent.
我想让你解释一下你缺席的原因。
语境助记
①This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.
这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。
②This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①It is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.
②Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
③They also had a small pond ________ which they raised fish.
④He was educated at a local grammar school, ________ which he went to the University of Cambridge.
⑤The reason ________ which he was late was that something was wrong with his bike on the way.
⑥Some experts think reading is the fundamental (基础的) skill ________ school education depends on.
3 （教材原句）As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer， we are left with a question： can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？随着人类活动影响的不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？
[句式分析] 本句中as引导时间状语从句，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作的同时性。
as引导的时间状语从句
as引导时间状语从句，可以换成when，意思是“当……时候”。此外，as还有“正当；随着；一边……一边……”的意思。
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
正当我下公交车时，我看到了彼得。
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。
He whistled as he had a bath.他一边洗澡，一边吹口哨。
as还可以连接下列从句：
(1)as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。
You can't start working as you haven't recovered.
你还不能开始工作，因为你还没有康复。
(2)as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”(从句须倒装)。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但他懂得很多。
(3)as引导方式状语从句，意为“以……方式”。
Do in Rome as the Romans do.[谚]入乡随俗。
(4)as引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。
Try to come as early as Mary (comes).尽量和玛丽一样早来。
(5)as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。
As is known to us all, every coin has two sides.
众所周知，事物都有两面性。
语境助记
When I came home from school, I saw my mother was doing housework.
当我放学回到家的时候，看到妈妈正在做家务。
即学即练 完成句子
①__________________________________________________ (随着温度的升高), the volume of water becomes greater.
②His eyesight became worse ____________________________________ (随着他变老).
③____________________________ (尽管天很热), the migrant farmers are busy decorating the buildings.
④______________________________________ (如上所述), the doves released at the opening ceremony stand for peace.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．There has been a rise in the need for mirrors in this region on a ________ (广泛的) scale.
2．Some ________ (高大的) dams measuring more than 200 meters in height promote the project of controlling rivers.
3．I've seen the popularity of football in different nations and different ________ (洲).
4．The huge wooden engine with a ________ (长度) of 20 meters earned a reputation.
5．Among a wide ________ (不同种类) of art works, the one by Peter seems to be more eye-catching.
6．Try to select products that do the least ________ (危害) to the environment.
7．Neat work environment has an ________ (影响) on your efficiency.
8．With more and more forests cut down, a strong current can wash away the ________ (土壤).
9．Even if we can not save every endangered ________ (物种), it is our duty to do whatever we can to protect them.
10．As you have previously known, food banks and ________ (庇护处) are short-staffed during holidays.
11．The skinny frog was caught up in the hole and felt something solid ________ (在……下面) its feet.
12．The volunteers dream of observing that ________ (野生动物) is living in peace.
13．Accustomed to the ________ (气候) in the countryside, the band prefers not to move to the city.
14．In the end, the hotel chains failed to ________ (幸存) the crisis.
15．The ________ (昆虫) can take on the color of its surroundings on special occasions.
16．The snack is packed with fiber, a ________ (营养素) known for keeping you full.
17．He earned his ________ (生计) by growing cash crops.
18．Unfortunately, the glaciers are rapidly ________ (消失).
19．Coal-fired electricity has the largest negative effect on birds, killing nearly 8 ________ (一百万) annually.
20．In the annual report, he pointed out that the benefit which the reservoir brought to the villagers was not limited to ________ (农业).
21．The fire engine is under repair for the ________ (损坏) caused by the crash.
22．I was once under the mistaken impression that we have nothing to do with species ________ (灭绝).
23．The well-educated young generation are heading for remote ________ (地区) to chase their dream.
24．Mary is good at making our messy office neat again. ________ (因此), she is popular with us.
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．On no occasion will the actress miss a chance to improve herself so as to ____________ the character she plays.
2．They argue that where to settle down ____________ their business and their children's education.
3．I do think we should think of more approaches to ____________ the shy girl's confidence.
4．Drug abuse is anything but fun and ____________ individuals and society.
5．Thanks to the superb performance of the band, the Globe ____________ the sound of music last night.
6．It makes us feel merry to lie on the grass beneath ____________ white clouds.
7．All the complaints to the delivery company are ____________ the delay of the packages.
8．The achievement in ____________ the trade barrier between the two parts is extremely eye-catching.
9．He spends too much time in running the convenience store, and this ____________ affects his leisure-time activities.
10．Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ____________ the local environment.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．A teenager carrying a lantern is also sheltering ________ the rain at that moment.
2．My mum spends a fortune to prepare ________ (variety) of tasty and healthy meals for our big family.
3．It is advisable to settle down on Qianmen Street which is 800 meters in ________ (long).
4．As there was one apple left, the thirsty boys had to bite it ________ turn.
5．At present, several beer companies are fighting for ________ (survive).
6．Seriously affected by human activities, many wild animals are in danger of ________ (extinct) currently.
7．Since my wife decided to lose weight, pork ________ (disappear) from my family menus.
8．I was close to ________ (throw) plastic stuff when my little son rushed in and carefully put it into his bedroom.
9．He is anything but ordinary. Actually, he is a man of ________ (tower) abilities.
10．Masses of ________ (harm) acid clouds float everywhere causing violent chain reactions to break out.
11．At dawn we set off for our destination but our car broke ________ halfway.
12．The tree at the entrance has become home ________ several birds, so we can't cut it down.
13．The flood resulted in the ________ (disappear) of my licence plate.
14．I am sure such a light rain will have no impact ________ our decoration work.
15．Robots can be a convenient helper in our life and improve the ________ (live) standards of people.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．天气太热了，我们所能做的就是找个阴凉的地方躲避太阳。
It was so hot that all we could do was look for a shady place to ________________ the sun.(shelter v．)
2．有些人担心旅游业的迅速发展可能会破坏当地环境。
Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ________________ the local environment.(damage n．)
3．位于湖中央的这个岛是各种各样候鸟的落脚地。
Located in the centre of the lake, the island ______________________________ migrant birds.(home; variety)
4．现在这个村庄的人口数量是十年前的五倍。
The population now in this village is ________________________________________ it was ten years ago.(倍数表达法)
5．湿地是多种野生动物生存的自然环境。
The wetlands are the natural environment, ________________________________________．(介词＋关系代词)
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（一）
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Section A Welcome to the unit & Reading
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．soil 2.overseas 3.region 4.continent 5.million 6．biodiversity 7.species 8.nut 9.wildlife 10.beneath 11.mass 12.towering 13.living 14.insect 15．carbon 16.oxygen 17.impact 18.damage
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．harm; harmful; harmless 2.length; long; lengthen 3．variety; various; vary 4.survive; survival; survivor 5．nutrient; nutrition; nutritious 6.disappear; appear; disappearance 7.agriculture; agricultural 8.extinction; extinct
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．be home to... 2.judge from/by... 3.a sea of 4.alive with 5.maintain the fine balance of... 6.more than 7．feed on... 8.in turn 9.be known as... 10.due to
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．is more than half the size of 2.from which 3.As
文本研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.语篇结构
①Plant diversity and the different levels of the rainforest
②Animal diversity and a food chain
Ⅱ.根据课文内容选择正确答案
1．C 2. B 3. D 4. A
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．largest 2.in 3.which 4.giving 5.a 6.be found 7．Known 8.breathes 9.However 10.activities
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①harmful ②from; to ③harm her mother; do her mother harm/do harm to her mother
2．①超过，多于 ②非……所能 ③非常 ④不只是，不仅仅是
3．①from ②from ③sheltered
4．①variety ②various ③various ④variety; various
5．①the masses ②the mass of teachers ③masses of work ④the problem of mass unemployment
6．①earn/make a living/earn your living ②living standards/standards of living ③the cost of living
7．①by ②survival ③survived ④survivors ⑤on ⑥Having survived
8．①in ②It ③to look/looking ④to deliver ⑤by
9．①消除 ②将……分成若干部分 ③出故障 ④身体垮掉 ⑤失败，破裂
10．①到期的 ②预定的 ③to ④to take
11．①an ②impacts ③on/upon
12．①创建 ②增强……的体质 ③逐渐增加 ④build up
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①as ②faster ③This river is four times as long as that one./This river is four times the length of that one./This river is three times longer than that one.
2．①whom ②which ③in ④after ⑤for ⑥that/which
3．①As the temperature rises ②as he grew older ③Hot as it is ④As is mentioned above
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．mass 2.towering 3.continents 4.length 5.variety 6．harm 7.impact 8.soil 9.species 10.shelters 11．beneath 12.wildlife 13.climate 14.survive 15.insect 16．nutrient 17.living 18.disappearing 19.million 20．agriculture 21.damage 22.extinction 23.regions 24.Thus
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．breathe life into 2.has an impact on 3.building up 4．does harm to 5.was alive with 6.a mass of 7.due to 8.breaking down 9.in turn 10.cause damage to
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．from 2.varieties 3.length 4.in 5.survival 6．extinction 7.has disappeared 8.throwing 9.towering 10.harmful 11.down 12.to 13.disappearance 14．on/upon 15.living
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．shelter from 2.cause/do damage to 3.is home to a variety of 4.five times what 5.in which a huge variety of wildlife lives
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