Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 青霉素，盘尼西林
2．____________ n. 霉菌；模具；类型
vt. 浇铸；塑造
3．____________ n. 细菌(sing. ____________)
4．____________ n. 意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇
5．____________ n. 闪电
6．____________ n. 学说，理论，原理；看法，意见
7．____________ n. 雷雨；雷暴
8．____________ n. 带子，丝带；带状物
9．____________ n. 金属
10．____________ adj. 突出的
n. 突出的人(或物)
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→________ adj.附近的；四周的→________ n.[pl.]环境；周围的事物
2．________ vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→________ n.表明；象征
3．________ adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→________ n．智力，智慧；悟性
4．________ (AmE ________) vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
5．________ n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者→________ adj.政治(上)的；对政治感兴趣的→________ n.政策，方针
6．________ n．电，电能→________ adj.电的，发电的，电动的→________ adj.电的；与电有关的
7．________ vt.& vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管
8．________ n．突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击 vi.& vt.砸，砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．________________ 偶然，意外地
2．________________ 把……制成……
3．________________ 引起某人的注意
4．________________ 远非，完全不是
5．________________ 锻炼；进展；解决(问题)；计算出
6．________________ 通过，穿过；经受，经历，检查
7．________________ 提出，提议；将……提前
8．________________ 旨在做某事，力争做某事
9．________________ 对……感兴趣
10．________________ (以某种方式)发生；离开；爆炸；(电灯)熄灭；(电)中断；停止运动
11．________________ 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
12．________________ 显示，展示；炫耀，卖弄
13．________________ 非常有趣地
14．________________ 亲身感受
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。”
________________， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
2．然后他将一把金属钥匙系在丝带和风筝线相连的地方。
Then he attached a metal key ________________________________．
3．然而，有些人质疑他是否真地做了这个实验，他们争论说，如果他真地做了，他会受到致命的电击。
However, some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment, arguing that if ______________________________________________________________________．
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围 surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 surroundings n．[pl.]环境
(1)surround...with... 用……围绕……
surround yourself with sb./sth. 和某人/某事物在一起，与某人/某事物为伍
be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围
(2)the surrounding area 周围地区
the surrounding countryside 附近的乡村
(3)in... surroundings 在……环境中
Our house is surrounded by/with trees, so we can enjoy their shade in summer.
我们的房子被树木环绕，所以夏天我们可以在树荫下乘凉。
Surrounded by a thick forest, the ancient city hadn't been discovered until the 1990s.
由于被茂密的森林环绕，这座古城直到20世纪90年代才被发现。
The house surrounded by the police belongs to a rich man.
这座被警察包围了的房子属于一个有钱人。
Recently, she moved to a new house. Surrounded by mountains, her house is very beautiful. She is very satisfied with the surrounding scenery and will soon adapt herself to the new surroundings.
最近，她搬了新家。她的家被群山环绕着，非常美丽。她对周围的风景很满意，她很快就会适应新环境。
特别提示
surrounded by/with可在句中作状语、定语或宾语补足语，surround与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
即学即练 用surround的适当形式填空
①He likes to live in the ________ which are quiet and beautiful. So last month he bought a big new house in the countryside, which is ________ by many big trees. The ________ scenery is also very nice. He is very satisfied with the new house.
②The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which ________ by a high wire fence.
③________ by green mountains and located at the foot of Lushan Mountain, it is a famous tourist attraction.
2 by accident 偶然，意外地
quite/completely by accident 完全是偶然
whether by accident or design 不知是偶然还是有意安排
by chance＝by accident＝accidentally 偶然，意外地
by design＝on purpose 故意地
It is no accident that... ……绝非偶然。
Be sure to remember that success in your life doesn't happen by accident；it's actually the result of your hard work.
切记你人生中的成功不是偶然发生的，它实际上是你努力工作的结果。
I found the long lost wedding ring by accident when I was cleaning the room.
我在打扫房间时，意外地发现了这枚丢失很久的婚戒。
It happened, whether by accident or design, that Steve and I were the last people to leave.
不知是偶然还是有意安排，史蒂夫和我是最后离开的人。
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①You sometimes hurt your family members or friends ________ accident but I'm sure you don't hurt them ________ purpose.
②This species did not disappear ________ accident and it was due to human activities.
③你认为他没有露面纯属巧合还是有心为之？
Do you think that he didn't turn up ________________________________or ____________________？
3 favour vt.较喜欢；有利于 n．[C]恩惠，帮助；[U]赞同，支持 favourable adj.赞同的；有利的 favourite adj.特别受喜爱的
(1)do sb. a favour 帮某人一个忙
(2)ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙
(3)in favour of 赞成，支持
(4)in one's favour 对某人有利
fall/go out of favour 失宠
out of favour (with sb.) 失宠(于某人)，不受(某人的)欢迎
She always felt that her parents favoured her brother.
她总觉得父母偏爱弟弟。
The warm climate favours many types of tropical plants.
温暖的气候对多种热带植物生长有利。
Could you do me a favour—would you feed my cat this weekend
你能帮我个忙——这周末帮我喂猫吗？
I am in favour of exercise, but it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
我赞成运动，但是在就寝之前运动绝不是一个好主意。
This applicant has a lot in her favour, especially her experience of teaching.
这位求职者有很多优势，尤其是她执教的经历。
The disease spreads quickly under favourable conditions.
这种病在合适的条件下会传播得很快。
特别提示
“favourable adj. 特别受喜爱的”没有比较级和最高级．
即学即练 用favour的相关短语完成句子
①How is everything going I am writing to ask you to ______________________ (帮我个忙).
②They were excited because the score was 3～1 ________________________ (对他们有利).
③A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city were ________________________________ (支持) the proposal for health care reform.
④The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. ________________________________ (请求……帮忙) the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
4 charge vt.& vi.充电；装(子弹)，填满，收费，要价；控告 n．[C，U]要价，收费 vt.& n．[C，U]控告；指控；责备 n．[U]掌管，主管
(1)get charged 充电
charge... for... 为……而向……收费
charge sb. some money for... 为……向某人收钱
charge for... 收……的费用
free of charge (＝for free) 免费
have the battery charged 给电池充电
charge the gun with shot 把枪装上子弹
charge the battery 给电池充电
(2)charge sb. with (doing) sth.
＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告/指控某人(做)某事
on a charge (of sth.) (因某事)被指控
(3)in charge 负责，主管，掌管；看管
in full charge 负全责
in charge of... 主管/负责……(表状态，主语通常为人)
in the charge of sb.(＝in sb.'s charge) 由某人掌管(主语通常为物)
take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作)
It's not working—I don't think the battery is charging.
它不管用——我觉得电池没有在充电。
I wonder how much you charge for your service.
我想知道你们收取多少服务费。
The restaurant charged us 400 yuan for the wine.
这家餐厅收了我们400元的酒水钱。
If you buy this machine, the delivery will be free of charge.
如果你买这台机器，我们将免费送货。
The newspaper charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes.
这家报社指控她将公司的钱挪作私用。
He has been arrested on a charge of theft.他因盗窃罪而被捕。
I'm not in charge of the project. Mr Brown is the person in charge. 我不负责这个工程。布朗先生是负责人。
语境助记
①The boss asked John to take charge of the company for a few days while he was away. 老板请约翰在他离开的几天里掌管公司。
②This factory is in the charge of Mr Green.
格林先生负责这家工厂。
即学即练 判断下列句子中的charge的词性和含义/单句语法填空/结合charge的用法完成句子
①The restaurant has a minimum charge of $50 per person, so the four of us need to pay at least $200.________________
②If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡ 5 is charged for the production of a replacement card.________________
③The phone won't work if it isn't charged.________________
④Two men have been charged in connection with the attack.________________
⑤We won't charge customers ________ on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi.
⑥The court charged him ________ carrying dangerous products.
⑦Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free ________ charge.
⑧这台手术是由一位来自北京的专家负责做的。
The operation was ________________________________ an expert from Beijing.
⑨在她负责之前，公司运营得很糟糕。
The company was badly operated before she _____________________________________ it.
5 go off (以某种方式)发生；爆炸；开火；(警报器等)突然发出巨响；(电灯)熄灭，(电)中断，停止运行；(食物、食料)变质；离开(尤指去做某事)
The vote went off all right.
投票进行得十分顺利。
This robot is designed to take apart bombs that may go off.
设计这种机器人就是用来拆除那些可能爆炸的炸弹的。
I overslept this morning because my alarm clock didn't go off.
今天早晨我睡过了头，因为我的闹钟没有响。
The street lights will go on when it gets dark and go off at midnight.
街灯在天黑时会亮起，午夜熄灭。
The central heating in the building goes off at 10 pm.
大楼的中央供暖系统晚上10点停止运行。
You'd better put the fish in the fridge, or it will soon go off in this hot weather.
你最好把鱼肉放在冰箱里，否则天气这么热，它很快就会变质。
My parents both retired and went off to lead an easy life in the countryside.
我父母都退休了，去乡下过安逸的生活。
即学即练 选出能替换画线部分的词语/完成句子
①Before I went off to go to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom.(got away/got over)________________
②Take the chicken out of the oven when the timer goes off. (rings out/hangs out)________________
③The whole village fell into total darkness when the lights went off. (went out/cut off)________________
④He sold the vegetables at half price rather than let them go off. (go bad/go well)________________
⑤There was a huge bang outside, for fireworks were going off in the sky. (expanding/exploding)________________
⑥整个会议按照我们的计划进行。
The whole conference ________________________________ just as we had planned.
6 show off显示，炫耀，卖弄
show up 如约赶到；露面
show sth. to sb. 给某人看某物
show through (从某物)透出；(从某事)显露
show sb. around... 带领某人参观……
show sb. in 领某人进来
show sb. out 领某人出去
show sb. to/into 领某人去/进入……
show one's face 露面，出现
show sb. the door 对某人下逐客令
He likes to show off how well he speaks French.
他喜欢炫耀他的法语讲得有多好。
You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym.如果你知道有人在健身房等你，你就会去。
即学即练 完成句子
①我很高兴带领你参观一下我们的学校。
I shall be delighted to ________________________ our school.
②服务员把我们带到我们的座位。
The waiter ________ us ________ our seats.
③我们被领进等候室。
We were ________________ the waiting room. 第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”,正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。”
[句式分析] 句中“As Louis Pasteur said”为定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)as用作关系代词时，可以引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”，as在从句中作宾语或主语，从句的位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开。
As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.”
正如维克多·雨果曾说：“笑声如暖阳，驱走人们脸上的寒冷冬意。”(As在从句中作宾语，指代的是“Laughter is...the human face”)
As is well known to all, the famous American writer, Mark Twain, wrote many humorous stories. 众所周知，著名的美国作家马克·吐温写了很多幽默的故事。(As在从句中作主语，指代的是“the famous American writer...stories”)
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下搭配：
as is well known to all(＝as we all know) 众所周知
as you can see 正如你所看见的
as everybody knows 正如每个人所了解的那样
as is reported 如报道所说
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as is supposed 如所料想的
as is hoped 正如所希望的
as has been said before 如前所述
As we all know, Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer.
众所周知，鲁迅是—位伟大的中国作家。
辨析比较 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
关系代词 意义 先行词 从句位置
as 正如，就像 整个主句 句首、句中或句末
which 这一点，这/那 名词、名词性短语或整个主句 句中或句末
She is very patient, as is shown in her work.
她很有耐心，正如她在工作中表现出来的那样。
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
②She and her family bicycle to work, ________________helps them keep fit.
③________________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
④________________ is well known to all, light travels faster than sound.
⑤众所周知，在家吃饭比在餐馆吃饭健康得多，也更便宜。
____________________________________________________________， eating at home is much healthier and less costly than eating in a restaurant.
⑥正如所希望的那样，玛丽获得了一等奖。
______________________________， Mary has won the first prize.
⑦正如你所看到的，孩子们很受激励，也满怀热情地去阅读所有这些书。
__________________________________________________， the children are really encouraged, and they are also enthusiastic about reading all of these books.
2 (教材原句)Then he attached a metal key where the ribbon and kite line joined. ,然后他将一把金属钥匙系在丝带和风筝线相连的地方。
[句式分析] 此处为where引导的地点状语从句，修饰动词attached。
where引导的地点状语从句
where引导地点状语从句时为从属连词，在从句中作状语，意为“在……的地方”。where引导的地点状语从句用于对主句中的谓语动词进行说明，where前面没有表示地点的名词。where引导的地点状语从句可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后。
Make marks where you have questions.在你有疑问的地方做标记。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在一个气候温和的地方。
辨析比较
where引导的定语从句/where引导的地点状语从句
从句类型 区别
where引导 的定语从句 where为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语，其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where可以换成“介词＋which”结构。 Is there a shop around where(＝in which)we can buy some fruit？附近有没有一家我们可以买到一些水果的商店？
where引导的 地点状语从句 where为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句用于对主句中的谓语动词进行说明，where前面没有表示地点的名词。 The school was built where there had once been a park. 学校建在一座公园的旧址上。
即学即练 判断下面句子中where引导的从句类型/完成句子
①Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks．________________
②You should put the dictionary where you can find it easily．________________
③Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn't get a taxi where the bus had dropped her．________________
④如果衣服不适合您，请放回原处。
If the clothes don't fit you, please ________________________．(where)
3 (教材原句)However, some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment, arguing that if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock.
然而，有些人质疑他是否真的做了这个实验，他们争论说，如果他真的做了，他会受到致命的电击。
[句式分析] 句中“if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock”为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
If I had seen him yesterday, I would have told him the news.
我如果昨天见到他的话，就会把这个消息告诉他。(事实是我昨天没有见到他)
If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station.
我们如果知道她昨天到，就可以到车站接她了。(事实是我们不知道她昨天到)
归纳拓展 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句
语法意义：表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句谓语的形式：过去式(be动词通常用were)
主句谓语的形式：would/could/should/might＋动词原形
语境助记
If I were you, I wouldn't do it like that.
假如我是你的话，我就不会那样做。
If I had enough money, I might buy myself a computer. 如果我有足够的钱，我会给自己买一台电脑。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①You didn't let me drive. If we ________ (drive) in turn, you wouldn't have got so tired.
②If the new safety system ________(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
③We ________________ (be) back in the hotel now if you hadn't lost the map.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I should have c________ my cellphone last night. Now the battery is running out.
2．When it comes to renewable energy, what occurs to me is s________ energy.
3．It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research ________(表明) that the numbers have been rising for some time.
4．The ________(事故) was similar to the one that happened in 2021.
5．Two people got trapped in the lift this morning when the ________ (电) was cut off.
6．While all the desserts are pretty good, the clear ________ (突出的物) is the lemon pie.
7．The factory is ________ (环绕) by electric fencing.
8．The investigator is charged with being one-sided and ________ (偏袒) the offender.
9．People agree with the ________ (理论) that lightning is actually electricity.
10．We live surrounded by loud planes, trucks and ________ (电动的) tools.
11．It shows that she is intelligent and reliable enough to be in ________ (掌管).
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．Naomi was ____________ her happy marriage.
2．I had to attend the conference on her behalf on Tuesday because she couldn't ____________．
3．Her career took off ____________ in 1986 when she set up her own business.
4．His wisdom ____________ during the process of conducting this experiment.
5．____________ charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free of charge.
6．A clear majority of judges were ____________ that intelligent robot.
7．You should be aware that success is not something that happens ____________．
8．Whoever is ____________ the organization is expected to come up with a practical plan to overcome the present difficulty.
9．____________ a variety of beautiful flowers, our school looks more charming in summer.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．I always dream of having a house ________ by trees, flowers and grass. If I can live in such beautiful ________， I must feel happy every day. As we know, the ________ things can always have an effect on our mood. (surround)
2．I'm not going there again—they charged me $ 10 ________ a cup of coffee!
3．You were charged ________ ignoring your duty. Who accused you ________ such a crime
4．If they ________ (consider) everything, they would not have made such a mistake.
5．________ I explained on the phone, your request would be discussed at the next meeting.
6．There was a very naughty boy in the nursery and a teacher who was generally very confident with the children was asked to take charge ________ him.
7．I am ________ favour of your suggestion that we should spend more time on this project.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．湖边树木环绕，很多游客在这里拍照。
The lake __________________________________________ trees and many visitors take photos here.(surround)
2．约翰，坐在我能看见你的地方。
John, sit ________________________________．(where引导的地点状语从句)
3．正如报纸上所报道的那样，两国之间的会谈进行得很顺利。
__________________________________________ in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are going smoothly. (as引导的非限制性定语从句)
4．如果我们没有做充分的准备，这次会议是不会这么成功的。
________________________________________， the conference wouldn't have been so successful.(虚拟语气)
语法精讲④
1．动词-ed形式作定语
(1)及物动词的-ed形式作定语：被修饰词与动词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系且表示动作已经完成，或只有被动意义。
Tom drank some boiled water and hurried to school. 汤姆喝了一些白开水，就匆匆忙忙朝学校赶去。(表示被动和完成)
He is a teacher respected by all the students.
他是一位受所有学生尊敬的老师。(只表示被动)
(2)不及物动词的-ed形式作定语：不及物动词没有被动语态，因此作定语时只表示动作的完成，不表示被动；且只作前置定语。
When I woke up the next morning. I found the ground was covered with fallen leaves. 当我第二天早上醒来时，发现地上全是落叶。(只表示完成)
(3)动词-ed形式作定语的位置
①单个的动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，但left只作后置定语。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那个碎了的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The books left are for my students.
剩下的书是给我的学生的。
②动词-ed形式短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词之后，其作用相当于—个定语从句。
我从图书馆里借了一本马克·吐温写的书。
I borrowed a book written by Mark Twain from the library.
＝I borrowed a book which/that was written by Mark Twain from the library.
[特别提示] 单个的动词-ed形式修饰something, everything, anything, nothing, nobody等复合不定代词或those等指示代词时，要放在这些词的后面。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
Is there anything unfinished
还有什么没有完成的吗？
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Today I tried cooking a simple dish myself. I like eating ________ (fry) tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.
②The beautiful long branches ________ (cover) with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
③Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially ________ (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
④Earth Day, ________ (mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
2．动词-ed形式作状语
(1)过去分词作状语的语法意义
动词-ed形式作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况；一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。构成动词-ed形式的动词与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动动作的完成。
Built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful.
这座房子是30年前建造的，它看起来很漂亮。
Encouraged by what the teacher said，the student decided to work even harder. 在老师的话的鼓励下，那名学生决定更加努力地学习。
(2)动词-ed形式作状语的句法功能
①动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。可以扩展为相应的状语从句或者并列句。可以置于句首、句中或句末，一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开。
功能 用法及例句
时间状语 通常放在句首，可转换为when, while, after等引导的时间状语从句。 Discussed many times(＝After they were discussed many times), the problems were settled at last. 多次讨论后，这些问题终于解决了。 Lost in the mountains for a week(＝After they were lost in the mountains for a week), the two students were finally rescued by the local police. 在山区迷路一个星期后，这两名学生终于被当地警方救了出来。
原因状语 一般置于句首，相当于as, since, because等引导的原因状语从句。 Deeply moved by the story(＝Because they were deeply moved by the story)，the children began to cry.由于被这个故事深深地感动，孩子们开始哭了起来。 Attracted by the beauty of nature(＝As she was attracted by the beauty of nature), the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. 由于被大自然的美所吸引，这个来自伦敦的女孩决定在这个农场再待两天。
条件状语 通常放在句首，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。 Once published (＝Once it is published), the dictionary will be very popular. 一旦出版，这本词典将大受欢迎。 Given another chance (＝If he is given another chance)，he will do better. 如果再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
让步状语 一般放在句首，有时也放在句末，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。 Laughed at by many people(＝Although he was laughed at by many people), he still continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 Defeated by his opponent (＝Although he was defeated by his opponent), he never gave up any hope. 他尽管被对手击败了，但是从没放弃任何希望。
伴随状语、 方式状语 作伴随状语或方式状语的动词-ed形式没有对应的状语从句，但可转化为并列分句。 The old man walked into the room，supported by his son.(＝The old man walked into the room and he was supported by his son. ) 这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。 The lady returned home，followed by Holmes.(＝The lady returned home and she was followed by Holmes.) 这位女士回家了，福尔摩斯跟在她后面。
②动词-ed形式作状语时，可根据需要在其前面加上while, when, before, after, since, until, once, though, although, unless, as if, as though, even if, even though等词或短语。
Unless constantly repeated, the English words are easily forgotten.
这些英语单词很容易被忘记，除非不断重复(记忆)。
When asked why she came here，the girl kept silent. 当有人问她为什么来这里时，那个女孩保持沉默。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①________ (publish) in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.
②Technological innovations, ________ (combine) with good marketing，will promote the sales of these products.
③________ (complete) in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
④Steve arrived and sat in the front row, ________ (surround) by his family.
3．动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
(1)构成动词-ed形式的动词与宾语之间的关系
①及物动词的-ed形式用作宾语补足语时，宾语是构成动词-ed形式的动词的逻辑宾语，宾语和构成动词-ed形式的动词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
I want the letter posted.
我想把这封信寄出去。
②少数不及物动词如go, fall等的动词-ed形式作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作已完成。因此，宾语与构成动词-ed形式的动词之间不存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
She found her necklace gone on her way home.
她在回家的路上发现她的项链不见了。
③动词seat, hide, dress等的动词-ed形式作宾语补足语一般表示状态，而不表示被动意义。
When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
我进来时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
(2)动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的情况
①用在动词keep, leave等的后面作宾语补足语表示状态。
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
不要让窗户一直像这样破着。
②用在使役动词have, get, make等的后面作宾语补足语。
He had the walls painted this morning.
他今天早上给墙刷了漆。
Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
亚历山大试图使他的工作得到医学界的认可。
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
我提高了嗓门以便被听到。
③用在感官(短语)动词watch，notice，see，hear，listen to，feel等的后面作宾语补足语。
When we got to school, we saw the door locked.
当我们到学校时，我们看见门锁着。
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain.
我们可以听到大雨拍打窗户的声音。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
②This actor often has the first two tricks ________ (plan) before performing, and then goes for whatever.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism.
2．When ________ (ask) for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
3．________ (found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
4．Ordinary soap, ________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
5．Clearly and thoughtfully ________ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
6．People read newspapers and magazines to keep themselves ________ (inform) of what is going on in the world outside.
7．He was quite excited at the news ________ (announce) by his class teacher.
8．Life is a journey ________ (fill) with hardships, joys and special moments.
9．We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, ________ (surround) by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
10．Video games can be a poor influence if ________ (leave) in the wrong hands.
11．In art criticism, you must imagine that the artist has a secret message ________ (hide) within the work.
12．The students spent the whole afternoon clearing the ________ (fall) leaves away.
Ⅱ.结合动词-ed形式的用法改写下列句子
1．When I got into the office, I found that Mr Green was buried in his work without noticing my arrival.
→When I got into the office, ________________________ without noticing my arrival.
2．When he was asked about his address, the boy didn't respond.
→______________________________， the boy didn't respond.
3．This film, which is intended for kids under 13, is on at the local cinema these days.
→This film, ________________________， is on at the local cinema these days.
4．The witnesses who were questioned by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
→The witnesses ____________________________ gave very different descriptions of the fight.
Ⅲ.结合动词-ed形式的用法完成句子
1．从月球上看时，地球是很漂亮的。
____________________________， the Earth is very beautiful.
2．昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些客人是谁？
Who were the guests ________________________ last night
3．辛苦努力后，经理看到许多新产品被研发出来了，他很满意。
After hard work, the manager was satisfied to ________________________________________________________________．
温馨提示：请完成课时作业（十一）
Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．penicillin 2.mould 3.bacteria bacterium 4.accident 5.lightning 6.theory 7.thunderstorm 8.ribbon 9.metal 10．standout
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．surround; surrounding; surroundings 2.indicate; indication 3．intelligent; intelligence 4.favour; favor 5.politician; political; policy 6.electricity; electric; electrical 7.charge 8.bang
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．by accident 2.make...into... 3.catch the attention of sb. 4.far from 5.work out 6.go through 7.put forward 8．aim to do sth. 9.take an interest in 10.go off 11.with a bang 12.show off 13.with great interest 14.get a taste of
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．As Louis Pasteur said
2．where the ribbon and kite line joined
3．he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock
核心突破·互动探究
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1．①surroundings; surrounded; surrounding ②was surrounded ③Surrounded
2．①by; on ②by ③by accident/by chance; by design/on purpose
3．①do me a favour ②in their favour ③in favour of ④Asking a favour of
4．①n.收费 ②vt.收费，要价 ③vt.充电 ④vt.控告，指控 ⑤for ⑥with ⑦of ⑧in the charge of ⑨took charge of/was in charge of
5．①got away ②rings out ③went out ④go bad ⑤exploding ⑥went off
6．①show you around ②showed; to ③shown into
第二版块|重点句型解构
1．①which ②which ③As ④As ⑤As we all know/As is well known to all ⑥As is hoped ⑦As you can see
2．①定语从句 ②地点状语从句 ③地点状语从句 ④put them where they were
3．①had driven ②had been put ③would/could/should/might be
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．charged 2.solar 3.indicates 4.accident 5.electricity 6.standout 7.surrounded 8.favouring 9.theory 10．electric 11.charge
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．showing off 2.show up 3.with a bang 4.stood out 5．Far from 6.in favour of 7.by accident 8.in charge of 9.Surrounded with
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．surrounded; surroundings; surrounding 2.for 3.with; of 4．had considered 5.As 6.of 7.in
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．is surrounded with/by 2.where I can see you 3．As is reported 4.If we hadn't made full preparations
语法精讲④ 动词-ed形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
1．①fried ②covered ③designed ④marked
2．①Published ②combined ③Completed ④surrounded
3．①decorated ②planned
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．called 2.asked 3.Founded 4.used 5.written 6．informed 7.announced 8.filled 9.surrounded 10．left 11.hidden 12.fallen
Ⅱ.结合动词-ed形式的用法改写下列句子
1．I found Mr Green buried in his work
2．When asked about his address
3．intended for kids under 13
4．questioned by the police just now
Ⅲ.结合动词-ed形式的用法完成句子
1．Seen from the moon
2．invited to your party
3．see many new products developed
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共104张PPT)
Section B Grammar and usage
& Integrated skills
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____________ n. 青霉素，盘尼西林
2．____________ n. 霉菌；模具；类型
vt. 浇铸；塑造
3．____________ n. 细菌(sing. ____________)
4．____________ n. 意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇
5．____________ n. 闪电
penicillin
mould
bacteria
bacterium
accident
lightning
6．____________ n. 学说，理论，原理；看法，意见
7．____________ n. 雷雨；雷暴
8．____________ n. 带子，丝带；带状物
9．____________ n. 金属
10．____________ adj. 突出的
n. 突出的人(或物)
theory
thunderstorm
ribbon
metal
standout
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关→___________ adj.附近的；四周的→___________ n.[pl.]环境；周围的事物
2．________ vt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→________ n.表明；象征
3．________ adj.有才智的，聪明的；有智力的→__________ n．智力，智慧；悟性
4．________ (AmE ________) vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n．帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒
surround
surrounding
surroundings
indicate
indication
intelligent
intelligence
favour
favor
5．________ n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者→________ adj.政治(上)的；对政治感兴趣的→________ n.政策，方针
6．________ n．电，电能→________ adj.电的，发电的，电动的→________ adj.电的；与电有关的
7．________ vt.& vi. 充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满 n．收费；控告；谴责；掌管
8．________ n．突然的巨响；猛敲，猛击 vi.& vt.砸，砰地关上；猛摔；碰撞
politician
political
policy
electricity
electric
electrical
charge
bang
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．__________________ 偶然，意外地
2．__________________ 把……制成……
3．__________________ 引起某人的注意
4．__________________ 远非，完全不是
5．__________________ 锻炼；进展；解决(问题)；计算出
6．__________________ 通过，穿过；经受，经历，检查
7．__________________ 提出，提议；将……提前
by accident
make...into...
catch the attention of sb.
far from
work out
go through
put forward
8．________________ 旨在做某事，力争做某事
9．________________ 对……感兴趣
10．________________ (以某种方式)发生；离开；爆炸；(电灯)熄灭；(电)中断；停止运动
11．________________ 很成功；引人注目，有强烈影响
12．________________ 显示，展示；炫耀，卖弄
13．________________ 非常有趣地
14．________________ 亲身感受
aim to do sth.
take an interest in
go off
with a bang
show off
with great interest
get a taste of
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。”
________________， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”
2．然后他将一把金属钥匙系在丝带和风筝线相连的地方。
Then he attached a metal key ________________________________．
3．然而，有些人质疑他是否真地做了这个实验，他们争论说，如果他真地做了，他会受到致命的电击。
However, some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment, arguing that if
_________________________________________________．
As Louis Pasteur said
where the ribbon and kite line joined
he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock
第一版块|重点词汇诠释
1 surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围 surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 surroundings n．[pl.]环境
(1)surround...with... 用……围绕……
surround yourself with sb./sth. 和某人/某事物在一起，与某人/某事物为伍
be surrounded by/with... 被……环绕/包围
(2)the surrounding area 周围地区
the surrounding countryside 附近的乡村
(3)in... surroundings 在……环境中
Our house is surrounded by/with trees, so we can enjoy their shade in summer.
我们的房子被树木环绕，所以夏天我们可以在树荫下乘凉。
Surrounded by a thick forest, the ancient city hadn't been discovered until the 1990s.
由于被茂密的森林环绕，这座古城直到20世纪90年代才被发现。
The house surrounded by the police belongs to a rich man.
这座被警察包围了的房子属于一个有钱人。
Recently, she moved to a new house. Surrounded by mountains, her house is very beautiful. She is very satisfied with the surrounding scenery and will soon adapt herself to the new surroundings.
最近，她搬了新家。她的家被群山环绕着，非常美丽。她对周围的风景很满意，她很快就会适应新环境。
特别提示
surrounded by/with可在句中作状语、定语或宾语补足语，surround与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
即学即练 用surround的适当形式填空
①He likes to live in the ____________ which are quiet and beautiful. So last month he bought a big new house in the countryside, which is _________ by many big trees. The ___________ scenery is also very nice. He is very satisfied with the new house.
②The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which ____________ by a high wire fence.
③_________ by green mountains and located at the foot of Lushan Mountain, it is a famous tourist attraction.
surroundings
surrounded
surrounding
was surrounded
Surrounded
2 by accident 偶然，意外地
quite/completely by accident 完全是偶然
whether by accident or design 不知是偶然还是有意安排
by chance＝by accident＝accidentally 偶然，意外地
by design＝on purpose 故意地
It is no accident that... ……绝非偶然。
Be sure to remember that success in your life doesn't happen by accident；it's actually the result of your hard work.
切记你人生中的成功不是偶然发生的，它实际上是你努力工作的结果。
I found the long lost wedding ring by accident when I was cleaning the room.
我在打扫房间时，意外地发现了这枚丢失很久的婚戒。
It happened, whether by accident or design, that Steve and I were the last people to leave.
不知是偶然还是有意安排，史蒂夫和我是最后离开的人。
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①You sometimes hurt your family members or friends ________ accident but I'm sure you don't hurt them ________ purpose.
②This species did not disappear ________ accident and it was due to human activities.
③你认为他没有露面纯属巧合还是有心为之？
Do you think that he didn't turn up _______________________or ____________________？
by
on
by
by accident/by chance
by design/on purpose
3 favour vt.较喜欢；有利于 n．[C]恩惠，帮助；[U]赞同，支持 favourable adj.赞同的；有利的 favourite adj.特别受喜爱的
(1)do sb. a favour 帮某人一个忙
(2)ask sb. a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙
(3)in favour of 赞成，支持
(4)in one's favour 对某人有利
fall/go out of favour 失宠
out of favour (with sb.) 失宠(于某人)，不受(某人的)欢迎
She always felt that her parents favoured her brother.
她总觉得父母偏爱弟弟。
The warm climate favours many types of tropical plants.
温暖的气候对多种热带植物生长有利。
Could you do me a favour—would you feed my cat this weekend
你能帮我个忙——这周末帮我喂猫吗？
I am in favour of exercise, but it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
我赞成运动，但是在就寝之前运动绝不是一个好主意。
This applicant has a lot in her favour, especially her experience of teaching.
这位求职者有很多优势，尤其是她执教的经历。
The disease spreads quickly under favourable conditions.
这种病在合适的条件下会传播得很快。
特别提示
“favourable adj. 特别受喜爱的”没有比较级和最高级．
即学即练 用favour的相关短语完成句子
①How is everything going I am writing to ask you to ______________________ (帮我个忙).
②They were excited because the score was 3～1 ________________________ (对他们有利).
do me a favour
in their favour
③A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city were ________________________________ (支持) the proposal for health care reform.
④The deep, gentle voice helped calm the nervous girl. ________________________________ (请求……帮忙) the President of the United States was no casual matter, especially for a seventeen-year-old girl.
in favour of
Asking a favour of
4 charge vt.& vi.充电；装(子弹)，填满，收费，要价；控告 n．[C，U]要价，收费 vt.& n．[C，U]控告；指控；责备 n．[U]掌管，主管
(1)get charged 充电
charge... for... 为……而向……收费
charge sb. some money for... 为……向某人收钱
charge for... 收……的费用
free of charge (＝for free) 免费
have the battery charged 给电池充电
charge the gun with shot 把枪装上子弹
charge the battery 给电池充电
(2)charge sb. with (doing) sth.
＝accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 控告/指控某人(做)某事
on a charge (of sth.) (因某事)被指控
(3)in charge 负责，主管，掌管；看管
in full charge 负全责
in charge of... 主管/负责……(表状态，主语通常为人)
in the charge of sb.(＝in sb.'s charge) 由某人掌管(主语通常为物)
take charge of... 掌管/负责……(表动作)
It's not working—I don't think the battery is charging.
它不管用——我觉得电池没有在充电。
I wonder how much you charge for your service.
我想知道你们收取多少服务费。
The restaurant charged us 400 yuan for the wine.
这家餐厅收了我们400元的酒水钱。
If you buy this machine, the delivery will be free of charge.
如果你买这台机器，我们将免费送货。
The newspaper charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes.
这家报社指控她将公司的钱挪作私用。
He has been arrested on a charge of theft.他因盗窃罪而被捕。
I'm not in charge of the project. Mr Brown is the person in charge. 我不负责这个工程。布朗先生是负责人。
语境助记
①The boss asked John to take charge of the company for a few days while he was away. 老板请约翰在他离开的几天里掌管公司。
②This factory is in the charge of Mr Green.
格林先生负责这家工厂。
即学即练 判断下列句子中的charge的词性和含义/单句语法填空/结合charge的用法完成句子
①The restaurant has a minimum charge of $50 per person, so the four of us need to pay at least $200.________________
②If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡ 5 is charged for the production of a replacement card.________________
③The phone won't work if it isn't charged.________________
n.收费
vt.收费，要价
vt.充电
④Two men have been charged in connection with the attack.________________
⑤We won't charge customers ________ on-site parking and provide high-speed Wi-Fi.
⑥The court charged him ________ carrying dangerous products.
⑦Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free ________ charge.
vt.控告，指控
for
with
of
⑧这台手术是由一位来自北京的专家负责做的。
The operation was ________________________________ an expert from Beijing.
⑨在她负责之前，公司运营得很糟糕。
The company was badly operated before she _____________________________________ it.
in the charge of
took charge of/was in charge of
5 go off (以某种方式)发生；爆炸；开火；(警报器等)突然发出巨响；(电灯)熄灭，(电)中断，停止运行；(食物、食料)变质；离开(尤指去做某事)
The vote went off all right.
投票进行得十分顺利。
This robot is designed to take apart bombs that may go off.
设计这种机器人就是用来拆除那些可能爆炸的炸弹的。
I overslept this morning because my alarm clock didn't go off.
今天早晨我睡过了头，因为我的闹钟没有响。
The street lights will go on when it gets dark and go off at midnight.
街灯在天黑时会亮起，午夜熄灭。
The central heating in the building goes off at 10 pm.
大楼的中央供暖系统晚上10点停止运行。
You'd better put the fish in the fridge, or it will soon go off in this hot weather.
你最好把鱼肉放在冰箱里，否则天气这么热，它很快就会变质。
My parents both retired and went off to lead an easy life in the countryside.
我父母都退休了，去乡下过安逸的生活。
即学即练 选出能替换画线部分的词语/完成句子
①Before I went off to go to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom.(got away/got over)________________
②Take the chicken out of the oven when the timer goes off. (rings out/hangs out)________________
③The whole village fell into total darkness when the lights went off. (went out/cut off)________________
got away
rings out
went out
④He sold the vegetables at half price rather than let them go off. (go bad/go well)________________
⑤There was a huge bang outside, for fireworks were going off in the sky. (expanding/exploding)________________
⑥整个会议按照我们的计划进行。
The whole conference ________________________________ just as we had planned.
go bad
exploding
went off
6 show off显示，炫耀，卖弄
show up 如约赶到；露面
show sth. to sb. 给某人看某物
show through (从某物)透出；(从某事)显露
show sb. around... 带领某人参观……
show sb. in 领某人进来
show sb. out 领某人出去
show sb. to/into 领某人去/进入……
show one's face 露面，出现
show sb. the door 对某人下逐客令
He likes to show off how well he speaks French.
他喜欢炫耀他的法语讲得有多好。
You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym.如果你知道有人在健身房等你，你就会去。
即学即练 完成句子
①我很高兴带领你参观一下我们的学校。
I shall be delighted to ________________________ our school.
②服务员把我们带到我们的座位。
The waiter ________ us ________ our seats.
③我们被领进等候室。
We were ________________ the waiting room.
show you around
showed
to
shown into
第二版块|重点句型解构
1 (教材原句)As Louis Pasteur said, “Fortune favours the prepared mind.”,正如路易·巴斯德所说：“运气眷顾有准备的人。”
[句式分析] 句中“As Louis Pasteur said”为定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)as用作关系代词时，可以引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”，as在从句中作宾语或主语，从句的位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开。
As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.”
正如维克多·雨果曾说：“笑声如暖阳，驱走人们脸上的寒冷冬意。”(As在从句中作宾语，指代的是“Laughter is...the human face”)
As is well known to all, the famous American writer, Mark Twain, wrote many humorous stories. 众所周知，著名的美国作家马克·吐温写了很多幽默的故事。(As在从句中作主语，指代的是“the famous American writer...stories”)
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句时常用于以下搭配：
as is well known to all(＝as we all know) 众所周知
as you can see 正如你所看见的
as everybody knows 正如每个人所了解的那样
as is reported 如报道所说
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as is supposed 如所料想的
as is hoped 正如所希望的
as has been said before 如前所述
As we all know, Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer.
众所周知，鲁迅是—位伟大的中国作家。
辨析比较 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
She is very patient, as is shown in her work.
她很有耐心，正如她在工作中表现出来的那样。
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。
关系代词 意义 先行词 从句位置
as 正如，就像 整个主句 句首、句中或句末
Which 这一点，这/那 名词、名词性短语或整个主句 句中或句末
即学即练 单句语法填空/完成句子
①Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
②She and her family bicycle to work, ________________helps them keep fit.
③________________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
④________________ is well known to all, light travels faster than sound.
which
which
As
As
⑤众所周知，在家吃饭比在餐馆吃饭健康得多，也更便宜。
___________________________________________________________， eating at home is much healthier and less costly than eating in a restaurant.
⑥正如所希望的那样，玛丽获得了一等奖。
______________________________， Mary has won the first prize.
⑦正如你所看到的，孩子们很受激励，也满怀热情地去阅读所有这些书。
__________________________________________________， the children are really encouraged, and they are also enthusiastic about reading all of these books.
As we all know/As is well known to all
As is hoped
As you can see
2 (教材原句)Then he attached a metal key where the ribbon and kite line joined. ,然后他将一把金属钥匙系在丝带和风筝线相连的地方。
[句式分析] 此处为where引导的地点状语从句，修饰动词attached。
where引导的地点状语从句
where引导地点状语从句时为从属连词，在从句中作状语，意为“在……的地方”。where引导的地点状语从句用于对主句中的谓语动词进行说明，where前面没有表示地点的名词。where引导的地点状语从句可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后。
Make marks where you have questions.在你有疑问的地方做标记。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在一个气候温和的地方。
辨析比较
where引导的定语从句/where引导的地点状语从句
从句类型 区别
where引导
的定语从句 where为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语，其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where可以换成“介词＋which”结构。
Is there a shop around where(＝in which)we can buy some fruit？附近有没有一家我们可以买到一些水果的商店？
where引导的
地点状语从句 where为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句用于对主句中的谓语动词进行说明，where前面没有表示地点的名词。
The school was built where there had once been a park. 学校建在一座公园的旧址上。
即学即练 判断下面句子中where引导的从句类型/完成句子
①Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks．________________
②You should put the dictionary where you can find it easily．________________
③Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn't get a taxi where the bus had dropped her．________________
④如果衣服不适合您，请放回原处。
If the clothes don't fit you, please ________________________．(where)
定语从句
地点状语从句
地点状语从句
put them where they were
3 (教材原句)However, some people questioned whether he had actually done the experiment, arguing that if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock.
然而，有些人质疑他是否真的做了这个实验，他们争论说，如果他真的做了，他会受到致命的电击。)
[句式分析] 句中“if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock”为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station.
我们如果知道她昨天到，就可以到车站接她了。(事实是我们不知道她昨天到)
归纳拓展 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句
语法意义：表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句谓语的形式：过去式(be动词通常用were)
主句谓语的形式：would/could/should/might＋动词原形
语境助记
If I were you, I wouldn't do it like that.
假如我是你的话，我就不会那样做。
If I had enough money, I might buy myself a computer. 如果我有足够的钱，我会给自己买一台电脑。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①You didn't let me drive. If we ________ (drive) in turn, you wouldn't have got so tired.
②If the new safety system ___________(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
③We ______________________ (be) back in the hotel now if you hadn't lost the map.
had driven
had been put
would/could/should/might be
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I should have c________ my cellphone last night. Now the battery is running out.
2．When it comes to renewable energy, what occurs to me is s________ energy.
3．It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research ________(表明) that the numbers have been rising for some time.
4．The ________(事故) was similar to the one that happened in 2021.
charged
solar
indicates
accident
5．Two people got trapped in the lift this morning when the ________ (电) was cut off.
6．While all the desserts are pretty good, the clear ________ (突出的物) is the lemon pie.
7．The factory is ________ (环绕) by electric fencing.
8．The investigator is charged with being one-sided and ________ (偏袒) the offender.
electricity
standout
surrounded
favouring
9．People agree with the ________ (理论) that lightning is actually electricity.
10．We live surrounded by loud planes, trucks and ________ (电动的) tools.
11．It shows that she is intelligent and reliable enough to be in ________ (掌管).
theory
electric
Charge;
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．Naomi was ____________ her happy marriage.
2．I had to attend the conference on her behalf on Tuesday because she couldn't ____________．
3．Her career took off ____________ in 1986 when she set up her own business.
showing off
show up
with a bang
4．His wisdom ____________ during the process of conducting this experiment.
5．____________ charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free of charge.
6．A clear majority of judges were ____________ that intelligent robot.
7．You should be aware that success is not something that happens ____________．
8．Whoever is ____________ the organization is expected to come up with a practical plan to overcome the present difficulty.
9．_____________ a variety of beautiful flowers, our school looks more charming in summer.
stood out
Far from
in favour of
by accident
in charge of
Surrounded with
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．I always dream of having a house ________ by trees, flowers and grass. If I can live in such beautiful __________， I must feel happy every day. As we know, the __________ things can always have an effect on our mood. (surround)
2．I'm not going there again—they charged me $ 10 ________ a cup of coffee!
3．You were charged ________ ignoring your duty. Who accused you ________ such a crime
surrounded
surroundings
surrounding
for
with
of
4．If they _____________ (consider) everything, they would not have made such a mistake.
5．________ I explained on the phone, your request would be discussed at the next meeting.
6．There was a very naughty boy in the nursery and a teacher who was generally very confident with the children was asked to take charge ________ him.
7．I am ________ favour of your suggestion that we should spend more time on this project.
had considered
As
of
in
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．湖边树木环绕，很多游客在这里拍照。
The lake __________________________________________ trees and many visitors take photos here.(surround)
2．约翰，坐在我能看见你的地方。
John, sit ________________________________．(where引导的地点状语从句)
is surrounded with/by
where I can see you
3．正如报纸上所报道的那样，两国之间的会谈进行得很顺利。
__________________________________________ in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are going smoothly. (as引导的非限制性定语从句)
4．如果我们没有做充分的准备，这次会议是不会这么成功的。
________________________________________， the conference wouldn't have been so successful.(虚拟语气)
As is reported
If we hadn't made full preparations
1．动词-ed形式作定语
(1)及物动词的-ed形式作定语：被修饰词与动词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系且表示动作已经完成，或只有被动意义。
Tom drank some boiled water and hurried to school. 汤姆喝了一些白开水，就匆匆忙忙朝学校赶去。(表示被动和完成)
He is a teacher respected by all the students.
他是一位受所有学生尊敬的老师。(只表示被动)
(2)不及物动词的-ed形式作定语：不及物动词没有被动语态，因此作定语时只表示动作的完成，不表示被动；且只作前置定语。
When I woke up the next morning. I found the ground was covered with fallen leaves. 当我第二天早上醒来时，发现地上全是落叶。(只表示完成)
(3)动词-ed形式作定语的位置
①单个的动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，但left只作后置定语。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那个碎了的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The books left are for my students.
剩下的书是给我的学生的。
②动词-ed形式短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词之后，其作用相当于—个定语从句。
我从图书馆里借了一本马克·吐温写的书。
I borrowed a book written by Mark Twain from the library.
＝I borrowed a book which/that was written by Mark Twain from the library.
[特别提示] 单个的动词-ed形式修饰something, everything, anything, nothing, nobody等复合不定代词或those等指示代词时，要放在这些词的后面。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
Is there anything unfinished
还有什么没有完成的吗？
即学即练 单句语法填空
①Today I tried cooking a simple dish myself. I like eating ________ (fry) tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.
②The beautiful long branches ________ (cover) with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
③Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially ________ (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
④Earth Day, ________ (mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
fried
covered
designed
marked
2．动词-ed形式作状语
(1)过去分词作状语的语法意义
动词-ed形式作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况；一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。构成动词-ed形式的动词与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动动作的完成。
Built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful.
这座房子是30年前建造的，它看起来很漂亮。
Encouraged by what the teacher said，the student decided to work even harder. 在老师的话的鼓励下，那名学生决定更加努力地学习。
(2)动词-ed形式作状语的句法功能
①动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。可以扩展为相应的状语从句或者并列句。可以置于句首、句中或句末，一般要用逗号同其他成分隔开。
功能 用法及例句
时间状语 通常放在句首，可转换为when, while, after等引导的时间状语从句。
Discussed many times(＝After they were discussed many times), the problems were settled at last.
多次讨论后，这些问题终于解决了。
Lost in the mountains for a week(＝After they were lost in the mountains for a week), the two students were finally rescued by the local police. 在山区迷路一个星期后，这两名学生终于被当地警方救了出来。
原因状语 一般置于句首，相当于as, since, because等引导的原因状语从句。
Deeply moved by the story(＝Because they were deeply moved by the story)，the children began to cry.由于被这个故事深深地感动，孩子们开始哭了起来。
Attracted by the beauty of nature(＝As she was attracted by the beauty of nature), the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
由于被大自然的美所吸引，这个来自伦敦的女孩决定在这个农场再待两天。
条件状语 通常放在句首，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Once published (＝Once it is published), the dictionary will be very popular.
一旦出版，这本词典将大受欢迎。
Given another chance (＝If he is given another chance)，he will do better.
如果再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
让步状语 一般放在句首，有时也放在句末，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Laughed at by many people(＝Although he was laughed at by many people), he still continued his study.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
Defeated by his opponent (＝Although he was defeated by his opponent), he never gave up any hope.
他尽管被对手击败了，但是从没放弃任何希望。
伴随状语、
方式状语 作伴随状语或方式状语的动词-ed形式没有对应的状语从句，但可转化为并列分句。
The old man walked into the room，supported by his son.(＝The old man walked into the room and he was supported by his son. )
这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。
The lady returned home，followed by Holmes.(＝The lady returned home and she was followed by Holmes.)
这位女士回家了，福尔摩斯跟在她后面。
②动词-ed形式作状语时，可根据需要在其前面加上while, when, before, after, since, until, once, though, although, unless, as if, as though, even if, even though等词或短语。
Unless constantly repeated, the English words are easily forgotten.
这些英语单词很容易被忘记，除非不断重复(记忆)。
When asked why she came here，the girl kept silent. 当有人问她为什么来这里时，那个女孩保持沉默。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①________ (publish) in 1964, it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.
②Technological innovations, ________ (combine) with good marketing，will promote the sales of these products.
③________ (complete) in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
④Steve arrived and sat in the front row, ________ (surround) by his family.
Published
combined
Completed
surrounded
3．动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
(1)构成动词-ed形式的动词与宾语之间的关系
①及物动词的-ed形式用作宾语补足语时，宾语是构成动词-ed形式的动词的逻辑宾语，宾语和构成动词-ed形式的动词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
I want the letter posted.
我想把这封信寄出去。
②少数不及物动词如go, fall等的动词-ed形式作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作已完成。因此，宾语与构成动词-ed形式的动词之间不存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
She found her necklace gone on her way home.
她在回家的路上发现她的项链不见了。
③动词seat, hide, dress等的动词-ed形式作宾语补足语一般表示状态，而不表示被动意义。
When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner.
我进来时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。
(2)动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的情况
①用在动词keep, leave等的后面作宾语补足语表示状态。
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
不要让窗户一直像这样破着。
②用在使役动词have, get, make等的后面作宾语补足语。
He had the walls painted this morning.
他今天早上给墙刷了漆。
Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
亚历山大试图使他的工作得到医学界的认可。
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
我提高了嗓门以便被听到。
③用在感官(短语)动词watch，notice，see，hear，listen to，feel等的后面作宾语补足语。
When we got to school, we saw the door locked.
当我们到学校时，我们看见门锁着。
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain.
我们可以听到大雨拍打窗户的声音。
即学即练 单句语法填空
①They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
②This actor often has the first two tricks ________ (plan) before performing, and then goes for whatever.
decorated
planned
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism.
2．When ________ (ask) for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
3．________ (found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
called
asked
Founded
4．Ordinary soap, ________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
5．Clearly and thoughtfully ________ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
6．People read newspapers and magazines to keep themselves ________ (inform) of what is going on in the world outside.
7．He was quite excited at the news ________ (announce) by his class teacher.
8．Life is a journey ________ (fill) with hardships, joys and special moments.
used
written
informed
announced
filled
9．We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, ________ (surround) by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
10．Video games can be a poor influence if ________ (leave) in the wrong hands.
11．In art criticism, you must imagine that the artist has a secret message ________ (hide) within the work.
12．The students spent the whole afternoon clearing the ________ (fall) leaves away.
surrounded
left
hidden
fallen
Ⅱ.结合动词-ed形式的用法改写下列句子
1．When I got into the office, I found that Mr Green was buried in his work without noticing my arrival.
→When I got into the office, ____________________________ without noticing my arrival.
2．When he was asked about his address, the boy didn't respond.
→______________________________， the boy didn't respond.
I found Mr Green buried in his work
When asked about his address
3．This film, which is intended for kids under 13, is on at the local cinema these days.
→This film, ________________________， is on at the local cinema these days.
4．The witnesses who were questioned by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
→The witnesses ____________________________ gave very different descriptions of the fight.
intended for kids under 13
questioned by the police just now
Ⅲ.结合动词-ed形式的用法完成句子
1．从月球上看时，地球是很漂亮的。
____________________________， the Earth is very beautiful.
2．昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些客人是谁？
Who were the guests ________________________ last night
3．辛苦努力后，经理看到许多新产品被研发出来了，他很满意。
After hard work, the manager was satisfied to __________________________________________________________．
Seen from the moon
nvited to your party
see many new products developed
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Someday, umbrellas may do more than just keep people dry. A researcher in the Netherlands has designed a simple sensor (传感器) that “listens” to rain. And that sensor can turn an umbrella into a rain-measuring expert.
Tools like this can let anyone gauge the weather. That can help scientists make sure that satellites and radar (雷达) systems that track storms are doing a good job.
“Rain radar is a beautiful way of seeing where rainfall is up in the air. But you never know where it hits the ground，” says Rolf Hut. He designed the umbrella sensor.
Researchers want to know how much rain makes it to the planet's surface. Not all rain that falls from a cloud reaches the ground. And it can be difficult for radar and satellites to measure that rain, particularly in cities. A host of big buildings can change how air and rain move during a storm.
“It also explains why a single, expensive sensor—the kind that might be found at an official weather station—won't give accurate citywide data，” Hut says. But by putting a low-cost rain measuring tool into people's hands, scientists can learn more about how much rainfall differs in these and other hard-to-measure places.
On the inside of the umbrella is a small, yellow disk (磁盘). It is the rainfall sensor. The sensor is attached to a black Bluetooth headset that sends the collected data to a smartphone.
Hut came up with the idea to stick the same type of sensor on an umbrella when he was talking to kids about science. He showed them a photo of a policeman who was holding an umbrella and talking to a crowd into a microphone. Why not put the two together He thought it could make a cool rainfall sensor.
When the data of a storm came through, Hut compared the umbrella's new “ear” for rain to official rain measuring equipment. And to his delight, he found the umbrella's measurements were pretty good. His next step is to improve the umbrella sensor to be more accurate.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项发明，发明者将能够“听”雨的传感器放入雨伞内，这样这把伞就可以测量降雨量了。
1．The purpose of this passage is to ________．( )
A．promote a unique umbrella
B．inform us of a new invention
C．make readers interested in science
D．praise a researcher for his invention
答案：B
解析：考查写作目的。根据全文内容尤其是第一段中的“A researcher in the Netherlands has designed a simple sensor (传感器) that ‘listens’to rain”可知，文章主要介绍了一项发明，发明者将能够“听”雨的传感器放入雨伞内，这样这把伞就可以测量降雨量了。
2．The underlined word “gauge” in Paragraph 2 most probably means “________”．( )
A．change B．control
C．measure D．sense
答案：C
解析：考查词义猜测。由第一段中的“that sensor can turn an umbrella into a rain-measuring expert”可知，这个传感器能将雨伞变成一个测量降雨量的专家，也就是说这样的工具能帮助人们测量天气。故应选C项。
3．Why can it be hard for official weather stations to measure the rain in cities？( )
A．Their collected data cannot be sent to smartphones.
B．They are lacking in weather measuring equipment.
C．Rainfall differs hugely depending on various areas.
D．Big buildings influence the move of air and rain.
答案：D
解析：考查细节理解。由第四段中的“A host of big buildings can change how air and rain move during a storm”可知，在城市中，大片的高楼能够改变空气和雨的活动。这也就是官方的天气预报站难以精确地测量城市中的降雨量的原因。
4．What do we know about Hut's new invention？( )
A．Hut is not satisfied with his new invention at all.
B．Hut's invention is something useful but expensive.
C．Hut will pay more attention to the accuracy of the sensor.
D．A policeman in the rain helped Hut with the invention.
答案：C
解析：考查细节理解。由文章最后一句可知，Hut将会改善传感器使其更精准，故C项正确。
B
There's nothing magical about the number 10，000. In fact, the idea of walking at least 10，000 steps a day for health goes back many years to a marketing campaign started in Japan for the sale of pedometers (计步器). And, in the years that followed, it was accepted in the US as a goal to pursue good health. It's often the default setting (默认设置) on fitness trackers, but what's it really based on
“The original basis of the number was not scientifically determined，” says I-Min Lee, a researcher of Brigham and Women's Hospital. She was curious to know how many steps we need to take a day to maintain good health and live a long life, so she and her workmates designed a study that included about 17，000 elderly women. Their average age was 72. The women all agreed to wear devices to track their steps as they went about their day-to-day activities.
It turns out that women who took about 4，000 steps per day got an increase in longevity (长寿), compared with women who took fewer steps. In fact, women who took 4，400 steps per day, on average, were about 40 percent less likely to die during the follow-up period of about four years compared with women who took 2，700 steps. The findings were published Wednesday in JAMA Internal Medicine.
Another surprise: The benefits of walking maxed out at about 7，500 steps. In other words, women who walked more than 7，500 steps per day saw no additional increase in longevity.
Janz, who helped shape the new national exercise recommendations, says the message that comes from this study is encouraging. “I think it's really good news for women who may not be particularly active，” says Janz. “All they have to do is walk. To me, this study suggests there are more benefits of light exercise than we were previously thinking there might be.”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究者的目的在于探索一天走多少步更有益于健康。研究者通过对大约17 000位老年女性运动步数的研究了解到，运动有利于人们的健康和长寿，并且轻量运动比人们之前认为的对人的身体更有益处。
5．How did the idea of walking at least 10，000 steps a day come into being？( )
A．It was made up by a group of elderly women.
B．It was indeed the result of a scientific study.
C．It actually came from a business advertisement.
D．It was based on a test by both Japan and the US.
答案：C
解析：考查细节理解。由文章第一段中的“In fact，the idea of walking at least 10，000 steps a day for health goes back many years to a marketing campaign started in Japan for the sale of pedometers (计步器)”可知，为了健康每天至少走10 000步的想法可以追溯到多年前日本开始的一项销售计步器的营销活动。由此说明一天至少走10 000步的概念来自广告。故选C项。
6．Which is an ideal choice for women walkers according to the study？( )
A．2，700 steps. B．4，400 steps.
C．10，000 steps. D．17，000 steps.
答案：B
解析：考查推理判断。由第三段中的“It turns out that women who took about 4，000 steps per day got an increase in longevity (长寿), compared with women who took fewer steps”和第四段中的“women who walked more than 7，500 steps per day saw no additional increase in longevity”可知，实验结果表明，每天走大约4 000步的女性比每天走更少步的女性寿命更长，而每天步行超过7 500步的女性其寿命并没有增加。故选B项。
7．In which part of a newspaper can you read the passage？( )
A．Health. B．Culture.
C．History. D．Tourism.
答案：A
解析：考查推理判断。本文主要介绍了人们每天走的步数与健康和长寿的关系，因此最有可能出现在有关身体健康的报纸栏目上。故选A项。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
In the spring and summer months, thunderstorms are common. 1(____). In thunderstorms, lightning can strike (击中) people and buildings and is very dangerous.
It was reported that a man was struck by lightning when he was making a phone call under a tree and died at once. You may not know it, but nearly 1，800 thunderstorms are happening at any moment around the world. 2(____). So what should you do during a lightning storm Scientists say that a person's chances of being struck by lightning are 1 in 600，000. 3(____).
If you are indoors during a thunderstorm：
*Stay away from anything that is metal because lightning can come into the house through it.
*Don't stand near the windows.
*Don't take a shower or bath. Lightning can travel through water.
*Never use the phone. 4(____).
If you are caught in a thunderstorm outdoors：
5(____). If there's no building around, try to find a low place to stay in.
*Do not go under a tree because lightning could hit the tree and travel through the tree to hit you.
*Also never use a cell phone.
A．Try to get home as soon as possible
B．Go into a nearby building right away
C．But it is very important for us to learn about lightning
D．In fact, many people are killed by lightning every year
E．Lightning could travel through the phone line and hit you
F．Since they happen often, some people don't take them seriously
G．But you can reduce those chances by following these safety rules
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了雷暴的危害以及几条关于减少雷暴伤害的安全措施。
1．答案：F
解析：空处承接上文，根据空前的“In the spring and summer months，thunderstorms are common”可知，在春季和夏季，雷暴是常见的。综合选项可知，F项“因为雷暴时常发生，所以一些人并不重视”入选。F项中的“happen often”照应上文中的“common”。
2．答案：D
解析：由上文中的“but nearly 1，800 thunderstorms are happening at any moment around the world”可知，但是世界上随时都有将近1 800次雷暴发生。而空后及接下来的内容是应对雷暴天气的安全措施，故空处要介绍的是雷暴对人类造成的危害，故D选项入选。
3．答案：G
解析：空处承上启下，根据下文中介绍减少雷暴伤害的安全措施可知，本空引出下文中的措施，故G项“但是通过遵守以下这些安全条例，你可以降低(被闪电击中的)可能性”入选。
4．答案：E
解析：根据“Never use the phone”可知，在雷暴天气时，你在屋内不能用电话，故接下来要说用电话带来的危害。故E项符合语境。
5．答案：B
解析：根据空后的“If there's no building around，try to find a low place to stay in”可知，如果附近没有建筑，那就找个低矮的地方，待在那里。分析选项可知B项承接下文，告诉我们在室外遭受雷暴时，要马上进入附近的建筑内。故选B。
