译林版高中英语选择性必修第一册课时作业(二)Unit 1 Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills含答案（教师用）

课时作业(二)　Unit 1　Section B Grammar and usage & Integrated skills　(分值：57.5分)
Ⅰ.阅读理解(共12小题；每小题2.5分，满分30分)
A
Cells in our brain usually send “stop eating” signal when we've had enough. But after mice ate fatty foods for just two weeks, their brains' brake on overeating quieted down. That finding may help explain the complex link between food and appetite that can become disordered when people overeat.
Food is essential to life. Our brains have, therefore, evolved a series of systems to make sure we eat enough. Garret Stuber, a neuroscientist at the University of Washington, together with his team took aim at one brain area known to be involved in eating behaviors.
This lateral hypothalamus (下丘脑外侧区) contains many diverse cells. Stuber's group looked at the behaviors of genes in the cells here. And in one type—glutamatergic nerve (谷氨酸能神经) cells—big differences appear between fat mice and lean ones.
Earlier work by Stuber's group had suggested that these cells act like a brake on eating. When the researchers prevented these cells from firing, mice suddenly overate. They also fattened up. But it wasn't clear how the cells' activity changed as the mice transitioned from slim to fat.
“Obesity doesn't just happen overnight，” notes Stuber. To find out the secret, his group undertook a new study. They fed mice high-fat food. Now and again, they'd use a fancy microscope to look at how well the animals' glutamatergic cells could fire off signals.
Two weeks into the high-fat food—even before the mice became round—the activity of these nerve cells had slowed. It continued as the animals grew larger over a 12-week period. “The cells' activity was going down as a function of high-fat diet. The results suggest that the high-fat diet is removing the brake on eating and obesity，” explains Stuber.
It's hard to say whether similar cells normally control people's appetite. Brain-imaging tests have shown that the same brain region —the hypothalamus—plays a role when people shift between hunger and feeling full.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现下丘脑外侧区中的谷氨酸能神经细胞可以防止暴饮暴食，就像是进食的刹车，而高脂肪饮食会让这类细胞的活动减缓。所以当人们吃得过多时，食欲会变得紊乱。
1．What happened after the mice ate fatty foods for two weeks？(　　)
A．Their appetite was getting worse.
B．Their brains became disordered.
C．They refused to eat zero fat food.
D．They lacked a feeling of fullness.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知老鼠只吃了两周的高脂肪食物，它们的大脑对过量饮食的抑制就会平静下来。由此可知，老鼠吃了两周高脂肪食物后，发生了缺乏饱腹感的情况。故选D。
2．It can be learned from the text that glutamatergic nerve cells ________．(　　)
A．are easily found in lean mice
B．can prevent mice from overeating
C．function well under any condition
D．are a main part of lateral hypothalamus
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中最后一句以及第四段中前两句可知，谷氨酸能神经细胞可以防止老鼠暴饮暴食。故选B。
3．Why did Stuber's group undertake the new study？(　　)
A．To study the role of glutamatergic cells in mice's fattening up.
B．To find out the link between high-fat diets and obesity.
C．To find out deciding factors in mice's appetite.
D．To study the eating habit of fat mice.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第五段的内容可推知，Stuber的小组进行这项新的研究，是为了研究谷氨酸能细胞在老鼠增肥中的作用。故选A。
4．What is the main idea of the text？(　　)
A.Obesity influences glutamatergic nerves' function.
B．Glutamatergic nerves decide people's appetite.
C．High-fat diets lead to overeating.
D．Our brains control our food choices.
答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段中第二、三句可知，文章的主旨是高脂肪饮食导致暴饮暴食。故选C。
B
Competitive eating has become a big business. The International Federation of Competitive Eating (IFOCE) holds events for competitive eating all around the world. One of the most popular contests (竞赛) is held every 4th of July on Coney Island in New York. Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest started in 1916 and the event has been dominated (占据优势) by Takeru Kobayashi. The Japanese competitor set his first record in 2001, when he ate 50 hot dogs in 12 minutes and won the contest six years in a row.
The main types of food eaten in the contests are fast food. Hot dogs, chicken wings, pickles, corn dogs and pizza are main foods of the contests. The contests usually last from around 8 to 12 minutes. Now most of the competitors are men, but there are also women who take part in competitive eating.
Being large and overweight isn't necessarily an advantage in competitive eating. The biggest advantage a competitor can have is the ability to actually stretch (撑大) his/her stomach. Many competitors will drink plenty of water over a period of time in order to achieve this. Apart from having an unusually stretchable stomach, another important thing seems to be the eating speed.
The IFOCE has very strict safety guidelines laid out regarding competitive petitions must take place in a controlled area and only competitors over the age of 18 are allowed to enter. They also advise against any type of home training. There has been much talk regarding the inclusion of competitive eating as an Olympic sport. Although the IFOCE has talked about that with the International Olympic Committee, it seems that the committee will not agree to it at present.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了竞吃比赛的有关情况。
5．What can we learn about Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest？(　　)
A．It has a history of over 200 years.
B．It takes place once a year in Japan.
C．It is becoming less popular than before.
D．It has made Takeru Kobayashi famous.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...dominated by Takeru Kobayashi.The Japanese competitor set his first record in 2001... won the contest six years in a row.”可知，小林尊在美国纽约举办的内森国际热狗竞吃比赛上连夺六届冠军，这使得他名声远扬。
6．What do we know about eating contests？(　　)
A．Fast food is the only type of food.
B．They usually last ten minutes or so.
C．Only men are allowed to enter a contest.
D．They are open to competitors of all ages.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The contests usually last from around 8 to 12 minutes.”可知，竞吃比赛通常持续十分钟左右。
7．What is the third paragraph mainly about？(　　)
A．How to win an eating contest.
B．The history of competitive eating.
C．Safety guidelines from the IFOCE.
D．The disadvantages of eating too much.
答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。由第三段可知，能够真正撑大自己的胃是参赛者能具有的最大的优势。为了达到这一目的，许多参赛者会在一段时间内饮用大量的水。除了有一个能撑得很大的胃，另一个重要的获胜条件是吃东西的速度。所以本段主要介绍了参赛者在竞吃比赛中获胜需要具备的有利条件。
8．What's the main purpose of the text？(　　)
A．To report. B．To advertise.
C．To introduce. D．To warn.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了竞吃比赛受欢迎的程度、比赛中吃的主要食物、参赛人员的条件、在比赛中获胜需要具备的优势、竞吃比赛的安全指南等。所以作者写这篇文章的目的就是要介绍竞吃比赛的有关情况。
C
One morning, Charlie Latuske woke up feverish in his home in Surrey in the UK, leaving him unable to function and in need of a doctor. He'd had a sore throat (咽喉痛) for a few days, believing it would get better, but that morning in August 2017, he knew that he had to do something about it.
“I was quite out of it，” said 27-year-old Latuske, who was also due to go on vacation with his wife in just three days.
Short on time, he feared the idea of calling his local physician only to wait days or even a week for an appointment, or to wait in a long line for an emergency appointment. “I just needed to be seen without messing around with long lines of people，” he said. “When you're that ill, that's the last thing you want to do.”
These days, this solution is somewhat easier, thanks to the Internet.
Latuske's wife showed him a private medical app with which he could see a doctor within the hour—virtually. For a fee of ￡30, he could sign up, share his symptoms (症状) and video-call a doctor in the UK using the digital health provider Push Doctor. The app is one of many now available in the UK and worldwide to help people in need of medical attention who are unable to get to a doctor for various reasons.
“I was highly skeptical，” he said, adding that he didn't trust such a service and questioned the credentials (资格) of doctors available through it. “But I was in great need of a doctor.”
Within 20 minutes, he was speaking with a doctor, who soon diagnosed him with tonsillitis (扁桃体炎).
Within the hour, he was at his nearest pharmacy (药房), collecting medicines. And three days later, he was on vacation, as planned.
“I was impressed by the efficiency of the whole thing，” he said.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Charlie Latuske利用科技求医的经历。
9．What was Latuske's concern about seeing a doctor？(　　)
A．He had to do a check-up.
B．He would have a long wait.
C．He had to cancel his travel plans.
D．He needed to spend lots of money.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“he feared the idea of calling his local physician only to wait days or even a week for an appointment, or to wait in a long line for an emergency appointment”及Latuske所说的“I just needed to be seen without messing around with long lines of people”可知，Latuske很发愁看医生，因为他需要等几天甚至一周才能预约上医生或者需要排队等候急诊。
10．What did Latuske's wife do to help him？(　　)
A．She gave him some money.
B．She offered him encouragement.
C．She took him to a nearby hospital.
D．She recommended a medical app to him.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Latuske's wife showed him a private medical app with which he could see a doctor within the hour—virtually.”可知，Latuske的妻子给他推荐了一款私人医疗应用程序。
11．What does the underlined word “skeptical” in Paragraph 6 mean？(　　)
A．Excited.　　　　　B．Thankful.
C．Doubtful. D．Annoyed.
答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。根据第六段中的“he didn't trust such a service and questioned the credentials (资格) of doctors available through it”及Latuske所说的“But I was in great need of a doctor.”可知，起初，Latuske并不信赖妻子推荐的那款应用程序。由此推断，skeptical在此应表示“怀疑的”。
12．What can we learn about the new way Latuske saw a doctor？(　　)
A．It was highly efficient.
B．It cost a small sum of money.
C．It needed some improvement.
D．It was less useful than expected.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Within 20 minutes, he was speaking with a doctor, who soon diagnosed him with tonsillitis (扁桃体炎).”，倒数第二段中的“Within the hour, he was at his nearest pharmacy (药房), collecting medicines.”及最后一段中Latuske所说的“I was impressed by the efficiency of the whole thing”可知，通过妻子推荐的医疗应用程序，Latuske很快就弄清楚了自己的病情，并且买到了药。由此可推断，与传统的就医方式相比，Latuske所使用的新的就医方式很高效。
Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
The 2019-nCoV has changed every aspect of our lives, including our eating fort food was made for times like these. 1(____) Many people are eating differently from what the trend suggests. Shopping habits have shifted in favor of convenience foods with long shelf lives that are designed to deliver pleasure.
No judgment here. 2(____) To make more money, busy parents are putting breakfast, lunch and dinner on the table between video conferences. Besides, convenience foods are engineered to taste good and make us feel good.
3(____) That's because a growing body of research is showing that green food choices not only affect our waistlines. 4(____) That does not happen in the “I can't believe I ate a dozen cookies in one siting” sort of way. Rather, there may be something in the food we're eating that's influencing our state of mind.
Nutritional psychology argues that modern Western diets have contributed to increased rates of mental illness, particularly depression. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains have been linked with lower rates of depression. 5(____)
As a third of all Americans are reporting that the 2019-nCoV pandemic has caused damage to their mental health, we might need green food more than ever.
A．Money is tight in many households.
B．Perhaps we are bored with routine work now.
C．What we drink probably affects our family atmosphere.
D．Our food choices are also changing the quality of our life.
E．A diet change of just a few weeks has been found to lift moods.
F．But you might want to save room for something green on your plate.
G．It seems the healthy-food trend that took root in recent years is changing.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。介绍了新冠病毒流行期间，绿色食物比方便食物在对人类精神的抚慰方面有更大的优势。
1．答案：G
解析：根据下一句中“the trend”可知，本句应该提到“趋势”。且G项“近年来根深蒂固的健康食品趋势似乎正在发生变化”中的“changing”与后文中的“eating differently”相呼应。故选G。
2．答案：A
解析：根据上文“No judgment here.(这里不做评断)”及后一句可知，为了赚更多的钱，忙碌的父母们在视频会议之间把早餐、午餐和晚餐放在桌子上。可推知，此处的句意与经济状况有关。A项表示大多数的家庭经济紧张，符合此处逻辑。故选A。
3．答案：F
解析：上一段讲述方便食品的优点，根据下一句可知，这是因为越来越多的研究表明，选择绿色食品不仅会影响我们的腰围。可推知，此处意思发生转折，且与绿色食品有关，F项“但你可能想留点空间吃盘子里的绿色食物”符合此处逻辑。故选F。
4．答案：D
解析：根据前一句可知，这是因为越来越多的研究表明，选择绿色食品不仅会影响我们的腰围。可推知，这是绿色食品的好处，此处应该进一步说明绿色食品对其他方面的影响。根据前句中的“not only”推测，D项表示食物的选择也影响生活的质量，符合逻辑，与下文“influencing our state of mind”呼应。故选D。
5．答案：E
解析：根据上文可知，本段讲述饮食习惯与抑郁症等精神类疾病的关系，水果、蔬菜、全谷物之类的食物与较低的抑郁症患病率有关，E项(研究发现，短短几周内改变饮食习惯就能改善情绪)是对上一句的补充，符合此处语境。故选E。
Ⅲ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
World-famous physicist Stephen Hawking has died at the age of 76. He died 1.________ (peaceful) at his home in Cambridge in the early 2.________ (hour) of Wednesday.
Hawking was known 3.________ the public for his work with black holes and relativity, and wrote several popular science books including A Brief History of Time. At the age of 22, Prof. Hawking 4.________ (give) only a few years to live after doctors declared that he suffered from a rare disease. The illness left him in a wheelchair and he was 5.________ (able) to speak except through a voice synthesizer (合成器).
Prof.Hawking was the first 6.________ (set) out a theory of cosmology (宇宙学) explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He also discovered that black holes 7.________ (leak) energy and fade to nothing—a phenomenon that would 8.________ (late) become known as Hawking radiation. Through his work with mathematician Sir Roger Penrose, he proved that Einstein's general theory of relativity suggests space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and 9.________ end in black holes.
In a statement his children praised his “courage and persistence” and said his “brilliance and humour” inspired people across the world. They added, “He once said, ‘It would not be much of a universe 10.________ it wasn't home to the people you love.’We will miss him forever.”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了斯蒂芬·霍金于2018年3月14日去世， 享年76岁。并简单介绍了霍金的生平。
1．答案：peacefully
解析：考查词性转换。空处修饰谓语动词died, 故用副词。
2．答案：hours
解析：考查名词复数。the early hours“凌晨时分”为固定用法，故填hours。
3．答案：to
解析：考查介词。be known to...for...“因……而为……所知”为固定用法， 故填to。
4．答案：was given
解析：考查时态和语态。根据表示过去的时间状语“At the age of 22”可知此处要用一般过去时； 又因为Prof. Hawking与give是动宾关系， 故用被动语态。
5．答案：unable
解析：考查形容词。分析句子结构可知， 空处要填形容词； 又因为此处表示“他不能说话”，故填unable。
6．答案：to set
解析：考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语， 序数词后一般用不定式作后置定语，故填to set。
7．答案：leak
解析：考查时态。虽然主句用了一般过去时， 但宾语从句叙述的是客观事实， 故从句要用一般现在时。
8．答案：later
解析：考查副词。此处表示一个之后会作为霍金辐射而闻名的现象，故填later。
9．答案：an
解析：考查冠词。前面的“a beginning”暗示这里用an end，故填an。
10．答案：if
解析：考查状语从句。根据语境可知， 此处要用if引导条件状语从句， 表示“如果”。
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