语法精讲④ 非谓语动词综述
非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。它们的基本形式的变化如下：
基本形式的变化(以do为例)
形式 一般式 进行式 完成式(被动式)
动词不定式 to do/to be done to be doing to have done/to have been done
动词-ing形式 doing/being done having done/having beendone
动词-ed形式 done
非谓语动词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表：
形式 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ed形式 √ √ √ √
1.非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
(1)动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语相当于名词，单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
To climb the mountain road is easy while to go down the hills is hard.
上山容易下山难。
[特别注意] 在当代英语中，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语(不定式)放在后面。
It is not easy to find your way around the town.
在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
(2)动名词(短语)作主语
动名词具有名词的基本性质，因此动名词可以在句子中充当主语。单个动名词(短语)作主语时，句子的谓语动词通常用单数。
①动名词(短语)在句首直接作主语。
Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.
大声朗读对我们学外语来说很重要。
②it在句首作形式主语，而动名词(短语)作句子真正的主语，常用表达有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.
做某事是没用的/值得的
It's no use doing sth.做某事是没用的
It was a waste of time reading that book.
读那本书就是在浪费时间。(此句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为reading that book)
2．非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
(1)接动词不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
英语中有些动词或动词短语应接不定式作宾语，常用的有：afford(负担得起)，agree(同意)，arrange(安排)，ask(请求)，attempt(尝试)，choose(选择)，desire(渴望)，decide/determine (决定)，expect(预计)，fail(失败；未做到)，help(帮助)，hope(希望)，intend(打算)，learn(学习)，manage(设法做成)，offer(愿意)，plan(计划)，prepare(准备)，pretend(假装)，promise(许诺；答应)，refuse(拒绝)，wish(希望)，would like/want(想要)等。
I can't afford to waste money on cheap souvenirs.
我负担不起把钱浪费在廉价的纪念品上。
I expect to be back within a week.
我预计一周之内回来。
At last I managed to carry all those large boxes upstairs.
最后我总算把那些大箱子都搬上了楼。
巧记接不定式的动词：
同意安排有计划(agree, arrange, plan)
请求答应想帮忙(ask, promise, would like/want, help)
准备决定要拒绝(prepare, decide/determine, refuse)
预计选择有希望(expect, choose, hope/wish)
不能负担莫假装(fail, afford, pretend)
打算设法愿渴望(intend, manage, offer, desire)
(2)接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
英语中有些动词或动词短语应接动名词形式作宾语，常用的有：
admit(承认)，advise(建议)，avoid(避免)，can't help(忍不住)，can't stand(无法忍受)，consider(考虑)，delay/postpone/put off(推迟；延期)，deny(否认)，enjoy(喜欢)，fancy(喜欢；想要)，finish(完成)，give up(放弃)，imagine(想象)，insist on(坚持)，keep/keep on(继续)，mind (介意)，miss(错过)，practise(练习)，resist(抗拒)，risk(冒……的危险)，suggest(建议)等。
Wild camping is illegal in England.To avoid being caught，the Winns had to get their tent up late and packed it away early in the morning.
野外露营在英格兰是非法的。为了避免被抓住，温一家不得不晚些时候才把帐篷搭起来，并在第二天一早就把帐篷收起来。
It had also given me a choice, either to leave that page blank or to keep writing the story with hope.
这也给了我一种选择，要么把这一页留白，要么带着希望继续写这个故事。
I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想一天中其他烦心的事情。
巧记接动名词的动词或动词短语：
考虑建议盼原谅(consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, forgive)
承认推迟拒想象(admit, delay/postpone/put off, resist, imagine)
避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise)
否认完成就欣赏(deny, finish, enjoy)
放弃坚持去冒险(give up, insist on, risk)
不禁介意准逃亡(can't help, mind, allow/permit, escape)
(3)既可接动名词也可接动词不定式的动词
①love, like, hate, prefer等表示喜爱或憎恶的情感类动词后面接动词不定式和动名词时有少许区别：接动词不定式时，一般表示一次性或具体的动作；接动名词时，一般表示习惯性或一般性的动作。
They prefer staying indoors when it is cold.
天冷时他们更喜欢待在屋里。
Would you prefer to stay at home or go out with us tonight
今晚你是想待在家里还是和我们出去？
②begin, start, continue等词后接动词不定式和动名词时，意义差别不大，一般可以互相替换。
She began learning/to learn how to use a computer.
她开始学习如何使用电脑。
③有些动词后接动名词和不定式时，意思不同，具体如下：
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/forget to do sth.忘记去做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事/remember to do sth.记得去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做了某事/regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事/mean to do sth.打算做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事/try to do sth.努力做某事
stop doing sth.停止做某事/stop to do sth.停下来去做别的事
go on doing sth.继续做某事/go on to do sth.进而做某事
can't help doing sth.情不自禁做某事/can't help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事
She told me to go and lock the door.She didn't remember locking the door after supper.
她叫我去锁门，她不记得晚饭后已经锁过门了。
Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom.
你离开教室时，记得把所有的灯关掉。
They didn't mean to go and help you.
他们不打算去帮助你们。
His words meant going to help you without delay.
他的话意味着他将毫不迟疑地前去帮助你们。
3．非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
我的建议是立刻开始工作。
[特别注意] 不定式作表语时，若主语为all，what引导的从句，且从句中出现了do的某种形式时，不定式的to可省略。
What he wanted to do was (to) become a skilful worker.
他想做的是成为一名熟练的工人。
(2)动词的-ing形式作表语
①动名词(短语)作表语用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。
One of the best ways to learn English new words is reading English newspaper.
学习英语生词的最好方法之一是看英文报纸。
②现在分词(短语)作表语用来表示主语所具有的特征。
Children's TV programmes nowadays are much more entertaining.
现在的儿童电视节目有趣多了。
It's annoying that we can't travel until Thursday, but at least the fare's cheaper then.
我们要到星期四才能旅行，这很烦人，但至少那时票价便宜些。
(3)动词的-ed形式作表语
过去分词作表语常表示主语的性质、特征或状态，有时并无完成或被动之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情。过去分词作表语基本上都是已经形容词词化的动词的-ed形式，通常译为“感到……的”。
He felt disappointed but he tried to put on a brave face.
他感到失望，但还竭力强颜欢笑。
He was surprised that his answer should have caused such a strong reaction.
他很惊讶自己的回答竟会引起如此强烈的反应。
4．非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语一般情况下会置于被修饰词的后面，并且与被修饰词构成一定的逻辑关系，其用法如下：
①主谓关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的发出者。此时被修饰词前通常有only, next, 序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。
William was one of the first men to explore the depths of the sea in a bathysphere.
威廉是第一批在探海球形潜水器中探索海洋深处的人之一。
②动宾关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的承受者。此时需要注意，如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，其后应有相应的介词。但当不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，不定式后可省略介词。
We have to find a hotel to stay in.
我们得找个旅馆住。
I'll fix you up with a place to stay.
我会给你安排住处的。(省略了stay in中的介词in)
③修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词有：wish, way, chance, ability, decision, attempt, reason, answer等。
The students are looking forward to having a chance to explore society for real-life experience.
学生们渴望有机会去探索社会，体验现实生活。
④动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。
Max will never know what he will face in the days to follow.
马克斯不知道自己在接下来的日子将会面对什么。
(2)动词的-ing形式作定语
⑤动名词作定语表示被修饰词的功能和作用。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
building materials＝materials for building建筑材料
⑥现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示事物存在的状态或动作正在进行；有时现在分词作定语可以转换成主动的定语从句。
The swimming boy is my brother.
＝The boy who is swimming is my brother.
正在游泳的那个男孩是我的哥哥。
a.说明被修饰词的性质或程度。
a surprising result＝a result that is surprising
一个令人吃惊的结果
b.表示被修饰词正在进行的动作。
We can see the rising sun.
我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。
[特别注意] 现在分词作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前；现在分词短语作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之后，并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。
shocking news令人震惊的消息
The man standing there is Peter's father.
＝The man who is standing there is Peter's father.
站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
(3)动词的-ed形式作定语
过去分词(短语)作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动或完成。过去分词短语作定语时可以转换成被动的定语从句。
The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.
生产商定期来收回因质量问题被退回到我们商店的照相机。(此句话中returned...为过去分词短语作cameras的定语，表示“被退回的”，可变为定语从句which are returned...)
After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope provided.
填完表格并签名之后，请把它装入所提供的信封里返给我们。
[特别注意] 过去分词(短语)作定语时的位置：单个过去分词作定语时既可以放在被修饰词前，也可放于其后；过去分词短语作定语时，通常要放在被修饰词的后面。
From his terrified face，we could tell how thrilling the movie was.
从他惊恐的表情上，我们可以看出这部电影有多吓人。
The project of the underground aimed at improving the transport of the city began in the early 1980s.
旨在改善城市交通状况的地铁工程始于20世纪80年代初。
5．非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式(短语)作状语
①动词不定式(短语)作目的状语时，有时为了突出语气可以加上in order或so as，其中in order to可以置于句首，但是so as to不可以置于句首。注意，当动词不定式置于句末作目的状语时，不可用逗号隔开；置于句首时，则一般用逗号隔开。
To learn more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
为了更多地了解中国文化，杰克已经决定把中国民间音乐作为一门选修课。
All postcards must be mailed at once in order/so as to be received in time for the Spring Festival.
＝In order to be received in time for the Spring Festival, all postcards must be mailed at once.
所有的明信片必须立即邮寄，以便春节时及时收到。
②动词不定式(短语)作结果状语时，通常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于only to, too...to, enough...to, such/so...as to等句式中。
He raced through the living room, only to find the front door closed.
他飞快地跑过客厅，却发现前门锁上了。
The trunk is too small to hold these things.
这个后备箱太小，放不下这些东西。
③动词不定式(短语)作原因状语时，通常跟在一些表示情感的形容词后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
I'm sorry to hear that bad news.
听到那个坏消息，我很难过。
(2)动词的-ing形式作状语
现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
Arriving home，he showed me a large bright clean room.
到家后，他让我看到了一个宽敞、明亮、洁净的房间。
Not knowing his address，I can't send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我没法把这本书寄给他。
His father died，leaving him a lot of money.
他父亲过世了，留给他许多钱。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半个小时，观察着天上的星星。
Knowing all this，they would make me pay for the damage.
尽管他们知道了一切，但还要我赔偿损失。
注意：上述现在分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，两者之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
(3)动词的-ed形式作状语
过去分词(短语)可用作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词(短语)作状语可以转换成状语从句。当过去分同(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，并且与之构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.
漆成白色后，这房子像是大了些。
These mountains are a wonderful sight when viewed from the valley floor.
从谷底看，这些山真是美妙的景象。
Given another chance, I'll do it much better.
如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
Three more dancers appeared on the stage，accompanied by the rhythm of music.
又有三位舞者随着音乐的节奏出现在舞台上。
6．非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式(短语)作补语
①动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语
动词不定式可以在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的句型中充当宾语补足语。用于这一句型的动词有：ask, cause, advise, allow, forbid, permit, force, instruct, want, order, encourage, persuade, remind, request, tell, urge, invite, teach, warn, command, enable等。这些动词的用法通常为(以ask为例)：ask sb. to do sth.，否定形式为ask sb. not to do sth.。
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
医生劝他戒烟。
My teacher encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.
我的老师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技能。
[特别注意] 有些感官动词和使役动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，to经常被省略。这些词有“一感觉”(feel)，“二听”(hear, listen to)，“三使役”(make, have, let)，“四看”(see, watch, notice, observe)。需要注意的是，当上述词用于被动语态的时候，省略的to应还原回来。
The teacher made me wait while she talked to other students.
老师在和其他同学谈话时，让我等着。
The director had her assistant prepare some hot dogs for the meeting.
主管让她的助理为这次会议准备一些热狗。
Tom is always hard-working, so he doesn't have to be made to study hard.
汤姆一直很努力，所以没有必要强迫他刻苦学习。
②动词不定式(短语)作主语补足语
在句型“...be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do sth.”中，不定式(短语)作主语补足语。
They are said to have developed a new approach to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.
据说他们已经研究出一种新的教学方法，这种方法据说可以极大地改善课堂教学。
(2)动词的-ing形式作补语
③现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语
现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语，表示正在进行的主动性的动作或状态。能用现在分词形式作宾补的两类动词：
感官动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe等。
使役动词，常见的有have, make, let, set, keep, get, leave等。
I won't have you doing that.我不会让你那样做。
This set me thinking.这使我思考。
I can't get the clock going again.
我不能让钟表继续转动。
He noticed someone staring at him in the distance.他注意到远处有人在盯着他看。
She observed a man approaching her quietly.
她看到一个男人悄悄地向她走来。
How could you have her standing in the cold all night
你怎么能让她整夜站在这么冷的地方呢？
Don't leave him waiting outside in the rain.
不要让他在外面冒雨等着。
What he said left me thinking about what it really means to be a good friend.
他的话让我思考做一个好朋友到底意味着什么。
④当句子变为被动结构时，原来作宾语补足语的现在分词形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found the result very satisfying.
＝The result was found very satisfying.
他们发现结果令人非常满意。
They last saw the lost boy playing by the riverside.
＝The lost boy was last seen playing by the riverside.
人们最后一次看见那个走失的男孩时，他正在河边玩耍。
(3)动词的-ed形式作补语
⑤过去分词可以作宾语补足语，句式结构为“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补”，谓语通常为see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等。其中过去分词和其前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。比如在He was trying to make himself understood.(他努力让自己被理解。)中，understood与himself之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示让自己被别人理解。
My bike is broken.I'll have to get it repaired.
我的自行车坏了，我得去修一下。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高音量是为了让自己被听见。
⑥过去分词有时亦可作主语补足语。
The song is often heard sung everywhere in China.
在中国的大街小巷经常能够听到有人唱这首歌。
课时达标·随堂自测
单句语法填空
(一)
1．It is a great honour ____________ (invite) to visit your country.
2．____________ (make) the right decision concerning the future is probably the most important thing we will ever do in our life.
3．____________ (add) Peking Opera to the basic education in China is a big step to promote traditional art.
4．____________ (know) basic first-aid technique will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
5．____________ (equip) with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young generation.
6．It is agreed that ____________ (read) widely is one of the most effective ways to enlarge our vocabulary.
7．____________ (open) school playgrounds to the public makes exercise easier for the people in the community.
8．____________ (learn) to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
(二)
1．My uncle is a reliable man. If he promises ____________ (do) something, he is sure to do it.
2．I move here only to attempt ____________ (enjoy) the farming life here.
3．I really can't stand ____________ (do) such a boring job. I am going to do something different.
4．To avoid ____________ (catch) in the traffic jam, I usually set out at 7：00 in the morning from home by car.
5．Had he taken his parents' advice, he would not regret ____________ (make) such a silly mistake now.
6．Remember ____________ (send) me a photo of us next time you write to me.
7．I still remember ____________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
8．When you've finished ____________ (read) the book, don't forget ____________ (put) it back on the shelf, will you
9．I feel like taking a long walk. Would you like ____________ (go) with me
10．Jones was shocked when she said that she didn't actually mind ____________ (cheat).
(三)
1．I have to say that it's ____________ (surprise) to find you agreeing with me for once.
2．I'm a bit ____________ (confuse) about the arrangements for tonight—what time are we meeting
3．The stewardess asked all the passengers on board to remain ____________ (seat) as the plane was making a landing.
4．It remains ____________ (see) whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals.
5．There is no reason to be ____________ (disappoint). As a matter of fact, this could be rather amusing.
(四)
1．There are still 30 minutes ____________ (go), so we needn't hurry with lunch.
2．William, one of the first men ____________ (explore) the depths of the sea in a bathysphere, got interested in oceanography because of one book.
3．The football team, ____________ (consist) of 22 players and 3 coaches, was set up by his father 3 years ago.
4．I heard that there were about 50 foreign students __________ (study) Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.
5．The student ____________ (absorb) in the games on the phone didn't notice his teacher behind him.
6．May I have a look at your valuable stamp ____________ (date) back to the 1950s
7．Guizhou Province, ____________ (rank) by Lonely Planet among the top 10 regions to visit in 2020, has become a promising travel destination.
8．Doing voluntary work gives you a chance ____________ (change) lives, including your own.
9．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ____________ (spend) with his students.
10．The little boy still needed the ____________ 20 dollars to do with the ________________ things to be settled. (remain)
(五)
1．____________ (throw) their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out shouts of victory.
2．____________ (catch) the first bus, Tom got to the hospital in time that day.
3．____________ (face) with the evidence, he had no choice but to admit his crime.
4．Yesterday I went to see him, only ____________ (learn) that he had gone to Beijing.
5．____________ (face) with such a troubling man, he didn't know what to do, ____________ (stand) there with his mouth wide open.
6．Every minute must be made full use of ____________ (improve) English.
7．Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____________ (seize) the girl and took her away, ____________ (disappear) into the woods.
8．The rainy weather lasted for a couple of days, completely ____________ (ruin) our plan for picnic.
9．Nervously ____________ (face) challenges, I will whisper to myself: “Be yourself”．
10．Accustomed to being awaited by her friends, Lisa was very surprised ____________ (find) they had gone.
(六)
1．Thank you for keeping me ____________ (inform) of what happened in time.
2．While the hostess was getting me ____________ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a garage.
3．Encourage your kids ____________ (try) new things, but try not to push them too hard.
4．Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not __________ (find) in any other country in the world.
5．Mrs White found her husband ____________ (surround) by letters and papers and ________________ (look) very worried.
语法精讲④ 非谓语动词综述
课时达标·随堂自测
单句语法填空
(一)
1．to be invited 2.Making 3.Adding 4.Knowing 5.Being equipped 6.reading 7.Opening 8.Learning
(二)
1．to do 2.to enjoy 3.doing 4.being caught
5．having made 6.to send 7.visiting 8.reading; to put 9.to go 10.being cheated
(三)
1．surprising 2.confused 3.seated 4.to be seen 5.disappointed
(四)
1．to go 2.to explore 3.consisting 4.studying 5.absorbed
6．dating 7.ranked 8.to change 9.spent 10.remaining;
remaining
(五)
1．Throwing 2.Catching 3.Faced 4.to learn 5.Faced；
standing 6.to improve 7.seized; disappearing 8.ruining 9.facing 10.to find
(六)
1．informed 2.settled 3.to try 4.found 5.surrounded; looking
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)(共66张PPT)
语法精讲④ 非谓语动词综述
非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。它们的基本形式的变化如下：
基本形式的变化(以do为例)
形式 一般式 进行式 完成式(被动式)
动词不定式 to do/to
be done to be
doing to have done/to have been done
动词-ing形式 doing/being
done having done/having beendone
动词-ed形式 done
非谓语动词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。见下表：
形式 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
动词不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动词-ed形式 √ √ √ √
1.非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
(1)动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语相当于名词，单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
To climb the mountain road is easy while to go down the hills is hard.
上山容易下山难。
[特别注意] 在当代英语中，常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语(不定式)放在后面。
It is not easy to find your way around the town.
在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
(2)动名词(短语)作主语
动名词具有名词的基本性质，因此动名词可以在句子中充当主语。单个动名词(短语)作主语时，句子的谓语动词通常用单数。
①动名词(短语)在句首直接作主语。
Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.
大声朗读对我们学外语来说很重要。
②it在句首作形式主语，而动名词(短语)作句子真正的主语，常用表达有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.
做某事是没用的/值得的
It's no use doing sth.做某事是没用的
It was a waste of time reading that book.
读那本书就是在浪费时间。(此句中It为形式主语，真正的主语为reading that book)
2．非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式
(1)接动词不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
英语中有些动词或动词短语应接不定式作宾语，常用的有：afford(负担得起)，agree(同意)，arrange(安排)，ask(请求)，attempt(尝试)，choose(选择)，desire(渴望)，decide/determine (决定)，expect(预计)，fail(失败；未做到)，help(帮助)，hope(希望)，intend(打算)，learn(学习)，manage(设法做成)，offer(愿意)，plan(计划)，prepare(准备)，pretend(假装)，promise(许诺；答应)，refuse(拒绝)，wish(希望)，would like/want(想要)等。
I can't afford to waste money on cheap souvenirs.
我负担不起把钱浪费在廉价的纪念品上。
I expect to be back within a week.
我预计一周之内回来。
At last I managed to carry all those large boxes upstairs.
最后我总算把那些大箱子都搬上了楼。
巧记接不定式的动词：
同意安排有计划(agree, arrange, plan)
请求答应想帮忙(ask, promise, would like/want, help)
准备决定要拒绝(prepare, decide/determine, refuse)
预计选择有希望(expect, choose, hope/wish)
不能负担莫假装(fail, afford, pretend)
打算设法愿渴望(intend, manage, offer, desire)
(2)接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
英语中有些动词或动词短语应接动名词形式作宾语，常用的有：
admit(承认)，advise(建议)，avoid(避免)，can't help(忍不住)，can't stand(无法忍受)，consider(考虑)，delay/postpone/put off(推迟；延期)，deny(否认)，enjoy(喜欢)，fancy(喜欢；想要)，finish(完成)，give up(放弃)，imagine(想象)，insist on(坚持)，keep/keep on(继续)，mind (介意)，miss(错过)，practise(练习)，resist(抗拒)，risk(冒……的危险)，suggest(建议)等。
Wild camping is illegal in England.To avoid being caught，the Winns had to get their tent up late and packed it away early in the morning.
野外露营在英格兰是非法的。为了避免被抓住，温一家不得不晚些时候才把帐篷搭起来，并在第二天一早就把帐篷收起来。
It had also given me a choice, either to leave that page blank or to keep writing the story with hope.
这也给了我一种选择，要么把这一页留白，要么带着希望继续写这个故事。
I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想一天中其他烦心的事情。
巧记接动名词的动词或动词短语：
考虑建议盼原谅(consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, forgive)
承认推迟拒想象(admit, delay/postpone/put off, resist, imagine)
避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise)
否认完成就欣赏(deny, finish, enjoy)
放弃坚持去冒险(give up, insist on, risk)
不禁介意准逃亡(can't help, mind, allow/permit, escape)
(3)既可接动名词也可接动词不定式的动词
①love, like, hate, prefer等表示喜爱或憎恶的情感类动词后面接动词不定式和动名词时有少许区别：接动词不定式时，一般表示一次性或具体的动作；接动名词时，一般表示习惯性或一般性的动作。
They prefer staying indoors when it is cold.
天冷时他们更喜欢待在屋里。
Would you prefer to stay at home or go out with us tonight
今晚你是想待在家里还是和我们出去？
②begin, start, continue等词后接动词不定式和动名词时，意义差别不大，一般可以互相替换。
She began learning/to learn how to use a computer.
她开始学习如何使用电脑。
③有些动词后接动名词和不定式时，意思不同，具体如下：
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/forget to do sth.忘记去做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事/remember to do sth.记得去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做了某事/regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事/mean to do sth.打算做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事/try to do sth.努力做某事
stop doing sth.停止做某事/stop to do sth.停下来去做别的事
go on doing sth.继续做某事/go on to do sth.进而做某事
can't help doing sth.情不自禁做某事/can't help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事
⑩She told me to go and lock the door.She didn't remember locking the door after supper.
她叫我去锁门，她不记得晚饭后已经锁过门了。
Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom.
你离开教室时，记得把所有的灯关掉。
They didn't mean to go and help you.
他们不打算去帮助你们。
His words meant going to help you without delay.
他的话意味着他将毫不迟疑地前去帮助你们。
3．非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。
My dream is to enter Peking University.
我的梦想是考入北京大学。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
我的建议是立刻开始工作。
[特别注意] 不定式作表语时，若主语为all，what引导的从句，且从句中出现了do的某种形式时，不定式的to可省略。
What he wanted to do was (to) become a skilful worker.
他想做的是成为一名熟练的工人。
(2)动词的-ing形式作表语
①动名词(短语)作表语用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。
One of the best ways to learn English new words is reading English newspaper.
学习英语生词的最好方法之一是看英文报纸。
②现在分词(短语)作表语用来表示主语所具有的特征。
Children's TV programmes nowadays are much more entertaining.
现在的儿童电视节目有趣多了。
It's annoying that we can't travel until Thursday, but at least the fare's cheaper then.
我们要到星期四才能旅行，这很烦人，但至少那时票价便宜些。
(3)动词的-ed形式作表语
过去分词作表语常表示主语的性质、特征或状态，有时并无完成或被动之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情。过去分词作表语基本上都是已经形容词词化的动词的-ed形式，通常译为“感到……的”。
He felt disappointed but he tried to put on a brave face.
他感到失望，但还竭力强颜欢笑。
He was surprised that his answer should have caused such a strong reaction.
他很惊讶自己的回答竟会引起如此强烈的反应。
4．非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语一般情况下会置于被修饰词的后面，并且与被修饰词构成一定的逻辑关系，其用法如下：
①主谓关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的发出者。此时被修饰词前通常有only, next, 序数词或形容词的最高级修饰。
William was one of the first men to explore the depths of the sea in a bathysphere.
威廉是第一批在探海球形潜水器中探索海洋深处的人之一。
②动宾关系：被修饰词是不定式动作的承受者。此时需要注意，如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，其后应有相应的介词。但当不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，不定式后可省略介词。
We have to find a hotel to stay in.
我们得找个旅馆住。
I'll fix you up with a place to stay.
我会给你安排住处的。(省略了stay in中的介词in)
③修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词有：wish, way, chance, ability, decision, attempt, reason, answer等。
The students are looking forward to having a chance to explore society for real-life experience.
学生们渴望有机会去探索社会，体验现实生活。
④动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。
Max will never know what he will face in the days to follow.
马克斯不知道自己在接下来的日子将会面对什么。
(2)动词的-ing形式作定语
⑤动名词作定语表示被修饰词的功能和作用。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
building materials＝materials for building建筑材料
⑥现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示事物存在的状态或动作正在进行；有时现在分词作定语可以转换成主动的定语从句。
The swimming boy is my brother.
＝The boy who is swimming is my brother.
正在游泳的那个男孩是我的哥哥。
a.说明被修饰词的性质或程度。
a surprising result＝a result that is surprising
一个令人吃惊的结果
b.表示被修饰词正在进行的动作。
We can see the rising sun.
我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。
[特别注意] 现在分词作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之前；现在分词短语作定语时，常放在所修饰的名词之后，并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。
shocking news令人震惊的消息
The man standing there is Peter's father.
＝The man who is standing there is Peter's father.
站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。
(3)动词的-ed形式作定语
过去分词(短语)作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动或完成。过去分词短语作定语时可以转换成被动的定语从句。
⑩The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.
生产商定期来收回因质量问题被退回到我们商店的照相机。(此句话中returned...为过去分词短语作cameras的定语，表示“被退回的”，可变为定语从句which are returned...)
After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope provided.
填完表格并签名之后，请把它装入所提供的信封里返给我们。
[特别注意] 过去分词(短语)作定语时的位置：单个过去分词作定语时既可以放在被修饰词前，也可放于其后；过去分词短语作定语时，通常要放在被修饰词的后面。
From his terrified face，we could tell how thrilling the movie was.
从他惊恐的表情上，我们可以看出这部电影有多吓人。
The project of the underground aimed at improving the transport of the city began in the early 1980s.
旨在改善城市交通状况的地铁工程始于20世纪80年代初。
5．非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式(短语)作状语
①动词不定式(短语)作目的状语时，有时为了突出语气可以加上in order或so as，其中in order to可以置于句首，但是so as to不可以置于句首。注意，当动词不定式置于句末作目的状语时，不可用逗号隔开；置于句首时，则一般用逗号隔开。
To learn more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
为了更多地了解中国文化，杰克已经决定把中国民间音乐作为一门选修课。
All postcards must be mailed at once in order/so as to be received in time for the Spring Festival.
＝In order to be received in time for the Spring Festival, all postcards must be mailed at once.
所有的明信片必须立即邮寄，以便春节时及时收到。
②动词不定式(短语)作结果状语时，通常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于only to, too...to, enough...to, such/so...as to等句式中。
He raced through the living room, only to find the front door closed.
他飞快地跑过客厅，却发现前门锁上了。
The trunk is too small to hold these things.
这个后备箱太小，放不下这些东西。
③动词不定式(短语)作原因状语时，通常跟在一些表示情感的形容词后，说明产生这种情绪的原因。
I'm sorry to hear that bad news.
听到那个坏消息，我很难过。
(2)动词的-ing形式作状语
现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
Arriving home，he showed me a large bright clean room.
到家后，他让我看到了一个宽敞、明亮、洁净的房间。
Not knowing his address，I can't send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我没法把这本书寄给他。
His father died，leaving him a lot of money.
他父亲过世了，留给他许多钱。
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半个小时，观察着天上的星星。
⑩Knowing all this，they would make me pay for the damage.
尽管他们知道了一切，但还要我赔偿损失。
注意：上述现在分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，两者之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
(3)动词的-ed形式作状语
过去分词(短语)可用作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词(短语)作状语可以转换成状语从句。当过去分同(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，并且与之构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.
漆成白色后，这房子像是大了些。
These mountains are a wonderful sight when viewed from the valley floor.
从谷底看，这些山真是美妙的景象。
Given another chance, I'll do it much better.
如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
Three more dancers appeared on the stage，accompanied by the rhythm of music.
又有三位舞者随着音乐的节奏出现在舞台上。
6．非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
(1)动词不定式(短语)作补语
①动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语
动词不定式可以在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的句型中充当宾语补足语。用于这一句型的动词有：ask, cause, advise, allow, forbid, permit, force, instruct, want, order, encourage, persuade, remind, request, tell, urge, invite, teach, warn, command, enable等。这些动词的用法通常为(以ask为例)：ask sb. to do sth.，否定形式为ask sb. not to do sth.。
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
医生劝他戒烟。
My teacher encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills.
我的老师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技能。
[特别注意] 有些感官动词和使役动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，to经常被省略。这些词有“一感觉”(feel)，“二听”(hear, listen to)，“三使役”(make, have, let)，“四看”(see, watch, notice, observe)。需要注意的是，当上述词用于被动语态的时候，省略的to应还原回来。
The teacher made me wait while she talked to other students.
老师在和其他同学谈话时，让我等着。
The director had her assistant prepare some hot dogs for the meeting.
主管让她的助理为这次会议准备一些热狗。
Tom is always hard-working, so he doesn't have to be made to study hard.
汤姆一直很努力，所以没有必要强迫他刻苦学习。
②动词不定式(短语)作主语补足语
在句型“...be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do sth.”中，不定式(短语)作主语补足语。
They are said to have developed a new approach to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.
据说他们已经研究出一种新的教学方法，这种方法据说可以极大地改善课堂教学。
(2)动词的-ing形式作补语
③现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语
现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语，表示正在进行的主动性的动作或状态。能用现在分词形式作宾补的两类动词：
感官动词，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe等。
使役动词，常见的有have, make, let, set, keep, get, leave等。
I won't have you doing that.我不会让你那样做。
This set me thinking.这使我思考。
I can't get the clock going again.
我不能让钟表继续转动。
He noticed someone staring at him in the distance.他注意到远处有人在盯着他看。
She observed a man approaching her quietly.
她看到一个男人悄悄地向她走来。
How could you have her standing in the cold all night
你怎么能让她整夜站在这么冷的地方呢？
Don't leave him waiting outside in the rain.
不要让他在外面冒雨等着。
⑩What he said left me thinking about what it really means to be a good friend.
他的话让我思考做一个好朋友到底意味着什么。
④当句子变为被动结构时，原来作宾语补足语的现在分词形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found the result very satisfying.
＝The result was found very satisfying.
他们发现结果令人非常满意。
They last saw the lost boy playing by the riverside.
＝The lost boy was last seen playing by the riverside.
人们最后一次看见那个走失的男孩时，他正在河边玩耍。
(3)动词的-ed形式作补语
⑤过去分词可以作宾语补足语，句式结构为“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补”，谓语通常为see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等。其中过去分词和其前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。比如在He was trying to make himself understood.(他努力让自己被理解。)中，understood与himself之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示让自己被别人理解。
(3)动词的-ed形式作补语
⑤过去分词可以作宾语补足语，句式结构为“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补”，谓语通常为see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, have, make, get等。其中过去分词和其前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。比如在He was trying to make himself understood.(他努力让自己被理解。)中，understood与himself之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示让自己被别人理解。
My bike is broken.I'll have to get it repaired.
我的自行车坏了，我得去修一下。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高音量是为了让自己被听见。
⑥过去分词有时亦可作主语补足语。
The song is often heard sung everywhere in China.
在中国的大街小巷经常能够听到有人唱这首歌。
课时达标·随堂自测
单句语法填空
(一)
1．It is a great honour ____________ (invite) to visit your country.
2．____________ (make) the right decision concerning the future is probably the most important thing we will ever do in our life.
3．____________ (add) Peking Opera to the basic education in China is a big step to promote traditional art.
to be invited
Making
Adding
4．____________ (know) basic first-aid technique will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
5．______________ (equip) with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young generation.
6．It is agreed that ____________ (read) widely is one of the most effective ways to enlarge our vocabulary.
Knowing
Being equipped
reading
7．____________ (open) school playgrounds to the public makes exercise easier for the people in the community.
8．____________ (learn) to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
Opening
Learning
(二)
1．My uncle is a reliable man. If he promises ____________ (do) something, he is sure to do it.
2．I move here only to attempt ____________ (enjoy) the farming life here.
3．I really can't stand ____________ (do) such a boring job. I am going to do something different.
4．To avoid ____________ (catch) in the traffic jam, I usually set out at 7：00 in the morning from home by car.
to do
to enjoy
doing
being caught
5．Had he taken his parents' advice, he would not regret ____________ (make) such a silly mistake now.
6．Remember ____________ (send) me a photo of us next time you write to me.
7．I still remember ____________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
having made
to send
visiting
8．When you've finished ____________ (read) the book, don't forget ____________ (put) it back on the shelf, will you
9．I feel like taking a long walk. Would you like ____________ (go) with me
10．Jones was shocked when she said that she didn't actually mind ____________ (cheat).
reading
to put
to go
being cheated
(三)
1．I have to say that it's ____________ (surprise) to find you agreeing with me for once.
2．I'm a bit __________ (confuse) about the arrangements for tonight—what time are we meeting
3．The stewardess asked all the passengers on board to remain ____________ (seat) as the plane was making a landing.
surprising
confused
seated
4．It remains ____________ (see) whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals.
5．There is no reason to be ____________ (disappoint). As a matter of fact, this could be rather amusing.
to be seen
disappointed
(四)
1．There are still 30 minutes ____________ (go), so we needn't hurry with lunch.
2．William, one of the first men ____________ (explore) the depths of the sea in a bathysphere, got interested in oceanography because of one book.
3．The football team, ____________ (consist) of 22 players and 3 coaches, was set up by his father 3 years ago.
to go
to explore
consisting
4．I heard that there were about 50 foreign students __________ (study) Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.
5．The student ____________ (absorb) in the games on the phone didn't notice his teacher behind him.
6．May I have a look at your valuable stamp ____________ (date) back to the 1950s
7．Guizhou Province, ____________ (rank) by Lonely Planet among the top 10 regions to visit in 2020, has become a promising travel destination.
studying
absorbed
dating
ranked
8．Doing voluntary work gives you a chance ____________ (change) lives, including your own.
9．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ____________ (spend) with his students.
10．The little boy still needed the ____________ 20 dollars to do with the ________________ things to be settled. (remain)
to change
spent
remaining
remaining
(五)
1．____________ (throw) their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out shouts of victory.
2．____________ (catch) the first bus, Tom got to the hospital in time that day.
3．____________ (face) with the evidence, he had no choice but to admit his crime.
4．Yesterday I went to see him, only ____________ (learn) that he had gone to Beijing.
Throwing
Catching
Faced
to learn
5．____________ (face) with such a troubling man, he didn't know what to do, ____________ (stand) there with his mouth wide open.
6．Every minute must be made full use of ____________ (improve) English.
7．Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____________ (seize) the girl and took her away, ____________ (disappear) into the woods.
Faced
standing
to improve
seized
disappearing
8．The rainy weather lasted for a couple of days, completely ____________ (ruin) our plan for picnic.
9．Nervously ____________ (face) challenges, I will whisper to myself: “Be yourself”．
10．Accustomed to being awaited by her friends, Lisa was very surprised ____________ (find) they had gone.
ruining
facing
to find
(六)
1．Thank you for keeping me ____________ (inform) of what happened in time.
2．While the hostess was getting me ____________ (settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a garage.
3．Encourage your kids ____________ (try) new things, but try not to push them too hard.
informed
settled
to try
4．Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not __________ (find) in any other country in the world.
5．Mrs White found her husband ____________ (surround) by letters and papers and ________ (look) very worried.
found
surrounded
looking
