(共48张PPT)
Section F 单元语法专项(1)
——动词的－ing和－ed形式
一、动词－ing形式作定语◎
1．动名词(短语)作定语
表示被修饰词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，常置于被修饰词前，相当于介词for短语。
·a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
·a reading room＝a room for reading阅览室
·a washing machine＝a machine for washing洗衣机
·a walking stick＝a stick for walking拐杖
2．现在分词(短语)作定语
表示被修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。
·a sleeping baby＝a baby who is sleeping
正在睡觉的婴儿
·The boy standing by the window is my classmate.
＝The boy who is standing by the window is my classmate.
站在窗户旁边的那个男孩是我的同班同学。
·The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
＝The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
正在舞台上表演的那个女孩有舞蹈天赋。
【误区警示】
在下列情况下，不能用现在分词(短语)作定语，应使用定语从句：
①作定语的现在分词(短语)表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作不是同时发生时，要使用定语从句。
·昨天来这儿的那位教授将给我们作讲座。
The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.(×)
The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.(√)
②现在分词(短语)的完成式having done一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
·被地震破坏的庙宇很快将被重建。
The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.(×)
The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.(√)
3．过去分词、现在分词的被动式和不定式的被动式作定语的区别
过去分词作定语(done) 表示被动动作已完成 The stadium built last year is the biggest one in our city.
去年建造的体育场是我们市最大的一个。
现在分词的被动式作定语(being done) 表示被动动作正在发生 The stadium being built now will be the biggest one in our city.
现在正在建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
不定式的被动式作定语(to be done) 表示被动动作将要发生 The stadium to be built next year will be the biggest one in our city.
明年要建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
二、动词－ing形式作表语◎
1．动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为或动作，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
·One of his weaknesses is telling lies.
＝Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.
他的缺点之一是说谎。
2．现在分词作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。
·The report is very disturbing.
这个报告令人感到非常不安。
·The book is rather boring.这本书相当枯燥。
·The sales figures are very encouraging.
销售数字非常令人鼓舞。
3．动名词(短语)与动词不定式(短语)作表语的区别
动名词(短语)作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为或动作；动词不定式(短语)作表语表示一次具体的动作或将要发生的事。
·His hobby is painting.
他的爱好是画画。(一般性的动作)
·Today what he wants to do is to paint.
今天他想要做的事是画画。(具体的动作)
·His wish is to build up his own studio.
他的愿望是成立自己的工作室。(将要发生的事)
三、动词－ing形式作宾语补足语◎
动词－ing形式作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾补之间是主动关系。它主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语。
1．位于感官动词后
如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, notice, observe等。
·I saw a girl crying in the street.
我看见一个女孩正在街上哭泣。
·I heard someone knocking at the door.
我听到有人在敲门。
【学法点拨】
感官动词see, hear, watch等后，用doing作宾补时，表示宾语的动作正在进行；用do作宾补时，表示宾语动作发生的全过程或经常发生。
·I saw Linda whispering to Danny.
我看见琳达正在和丹尼窃窃私语。(表示宾语的动作正在进行)
·I saw Linda whisper to Danny.
我看见琳达和丹尼窃窃私语。(表示宾语动作发生的全过程)
2．位于使役动词后
如set, keep, have, get, leave等。
·The joke set her bursting out laughing.
那个笑话让她大笑起来。
·We shouldn't keep our lights burning in the day.
我们白天不应该开着灯。
【学法点拨】
在有些(短语)动词，如regard, describe, accept, think of, look on等之后，可由as引出动词－ing形式作宾补。
·They describe the film starring Louis as being attractive.
他们描述说那部由路易斯主演的影片很吸引人。
四、动词－ing形式作状语时的形式◎
1．动词－ing形式的一般式与完成式
·Representing the student association, I went to the airport to meet the international students.
我代表学生会去机场迎接国际学生。
·Having finished his summary, he went out for a walk.完成总结后，他出去散步了。
一般式(doing) 表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式(having done) 表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
2．动词－ing形式的主动式与被动式
动词－ing形式用主动式还是被动式主要取决于动词－ing形式和它的逻辑主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语。
·Having struggled for years, he finally won the champion.
经过多年的奋斗，他终于赢得了冠军。
·Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a hall.
参观完了实验室，我们被领进了大厅。
五、动词－ing形式作状语时的功能◎
动词－ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随等。
1．现在分词(短语)作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可在前面加上when或while
·Walking down the street, I came across David.
＝When I was walking down the street, I came across David.
沿街走时，我偶然遇到了戴维。
·Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report.
＝After he had worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report.
工作了两天，史蒂夫完成了他的报告。
2．现在分词(短语)作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句
·Not knowing her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
＝Because I don't know her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
·Having spent nearly all his money, the employee couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
＝Because he had spent nearly all his money, the employee couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
那位雇员几乎已经花完了他所有的钱，没钱住旅馆了。
3．现在分词(短语)作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句
·Going straight down the road, you will find the canteen.
＝If you go straight down the road, you will find the canteen.
沿着这条路一直走，你就会找到食堂。
·Working hard, you will pass the exam.
＝If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
如果努力学习，你就会通过考试。
4．现在分词(短语)作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时现在分词(短语)前可带有连词(词组)although, even if, even though等
·Knowing all this, I still want to see it myself.
＝Although I know all this, I still want to see it myself.尽管知道这一切，我还是想亲自看一看。
·Having tried many times, he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
＝Though he had tried many times, he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
尽管尝试了很多次，他仍未能克服困难。
5．现在分词(短语)作结果状语
现在分词(短语)作结果状语表示意料之中的自然而然的结果，通常放在句末，可转换成一个含有并列谓语的简单句。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加thus，相当于so引导的并列句或so that引导的结果状语从句。
·Mother drew the curtain for me, blocking out the light.
＝Mother drew the curtain for me and blocked out the light.
妈妈为我拉上窗帘，遮挡了光。
·Group activities were organized after class, building up children's team spirit.
＝Group activities were organized after class and built up children's team spirit.
课后组织了一些小组活动，增强了孩子们的团队精神。
【学法点拨】
不定式(短语)作结果状语时，常与only, never连用，表示一种出乎意料的结果。
·The actor intended to leave quickly, only to be surrounded by his fans.
这位演员想迅速离开，却被他的粉丝包围了。
6．现在分词(短语)作方式或伴随状语
现在分词(短语)作方式或伴随状语，说明谓语动词所表示的动作发生的方式、背景或情况。分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。作伴随状语时可以转换成并列成分。
·Morris lay on the grass, feeling depressed about this whole situation.＝Morris lay on the grass and felt depressed about this whole situation.
莫里斯躺在草地上，对整个情形感到沮丧。
·He stood by the door, not daring to say a word.
＝He stood by the door and didn't dare to say a word.他站在门旁，不敢说一句话。
7．现在分词(短语)作评论性状语
有些现在分词(短语)用于句首，没有逻辑主语而独立存在，作为状语来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。我们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。常见的评论性状语有：
generally speaking 一般说来
roughly speaking 大致说来
frankly speaking 坦率地说
judging from/by 由……判断
supposing...如果…… providing...如果……
considering...鉴于…… assuming...假设……
·Generally speaking, children are naturally curious.
一般说来，孩子们天生好奇。
·Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
鉴于他才刚刚开始，他懂得的已经不少了。
8．现在分词(短语)构成的独立主格结构
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词(短语)
有时现在分词(短语)的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。这时，需要在现在分词之前加上一个逻辑主语(一般由名词或代词充当)，它是动作的执行者。这种结构作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等。
·Weather permitting, I will go to buy leather shoes.
如果天气允许的话，我就去买皮鞋。
·Nobody feeling content with the advertising budget, it was cut.
没有人对这笔广告预算满意，它被削减了。
(2)there＋being结构
这种结构多放在句首，常表示原因，其中being不可省略。
·There being no bus, we had to walk home.
因为没有公共汽车了，所以我们只好步行回家。
·There being nothing to do, we played games.
没有什么事情可做，我们玩起了游戏。
六、动词的－ed形式◎
动词的－ed形式在句中可作形容词或副词，作形容词时可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。
1．作表语
(1)动词的－ed形式作表语时，说明主语所处的状态。
·He is gone.他走了。
(2)表示情感的动词的－ed形式作表语
表示情感的动词的－ed形式常见的有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased(高兴的)，puzzled(不解的)，satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched(感动的)，worried(担忧的)等。这类词表示主语的状态，主语一般是人。
·I was very surprised at the news.
我听到这个消息后非常吃惊。
2．作定语
动词的－ed形式作定语表示被动与完成，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的中心词，是它动作的承受者。
(1)作定语的过去分词如果是单个词，一般放在名词的前面。
·Polluted air and water are harmful to people's health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康是有害的。
(2)如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。
·The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.为英语外语教学编写的第一套教科书出版于16世纪。
(3)表示情感的动词的－ed形式作定语
·The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.
那些兴奋的足球迷在高声唱歌。
(4)已完全形容词化的动词的－ed形式作定语
有些动词的－ed形式已完全形容词化，作前置定语时，其含义与同形的作后置定语的动词的－ed形式不完全相同。
·I'm going to buy some used books tomorrow.
明天我要去买一些旧书。(旧的)
·The books used are still new now.
现在用的书还很新。(用的)
3．作宾语补足语
动词的－ed形式作宾语补足语时，它前面的宾语就是它的逻辑主语；如果主动句改为被动句，宾语补足语则变成了主语补足语。
(1)用在感官动词后作宾语补足语，这类感官动词有see, hear, feel, smell, watch, notice, observe, find等。
·He heard his name called.
他听到有人叫他的名字。
·We found the door locked.
我们发现门锁上了。
(2)用在使役、致使动词后作宾语补足语，这类使役、致使动词有get, have, leave, make, set, start, keep等。
·The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard.
那个演讲人提高了嗓门，但人们还是听不见。
(3)“have/get sth.＋动词的－ed形式作宾补”的三种含义
a．表示“让别人(为自己)做某事”。
·He's going to have his house repaired.
他要找人修房子。
b.表示“使完成某事”，可以是别人完成，也可以是自己参与完成。
·In that year he had ten thousand yuan saved.
那一年他攒了1万元。
c．表示“遭遇某事”，常指不幸之事。
·She had her house damaged in the storm.
她的房屋在暴风雨中毁坏了。
4．作状语
动词的－ed形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的－ed形式这一动作的承受者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。
动词的－ed形式位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句末：用作时间、原因、条件状语时，通常位于句首；用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。
·Heated(＝When it is heated), the metal expands.
金属受热要膨胀。
·Lost in thought(＝Because he was lost in thought), he almost ran into the car in front of him.
他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面的汽车上。
·Given another chance(＝If I am given another chance), I will do it much better.
如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
·Wounded(＝Though he was wounded), the brave soldier continued to fight.
虽然受伤了，但是那个勇敢的士兵仍然继续战斗。
即学即练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ________ (range) from butterflies to chimpanzees.
2．When I was on my way to the bank this morning, I saw two women ________(argue).
3．The mysterious man was caught ________ (steal) a car.
4．The hospital has recently gained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
ranging
arguing
stealing
allowing
5．________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time, the boy does not hesitate to stop playing video games.
6．________ (gather) around the fire, the joyous tourists danced with the local people.
7．___________ (eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't proceed to eat there again.
8．The decision ______________ (make), what needs to be done now is to work it through.
Realising
Gathering
Having eaten
having been made
9．It ________ (be) Sunday, many people go to the gymnasium to do physical movement.
10．The old conductor, ____________ (work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
11．It will undoubtedly help you get ________ (refresh)!
12．The founder stood on the bridge and watched boats ________ (pass) by.
13．They use computers to keep the complex traffic ________ (run) smoothly.
being
having worked
refreshed
passing
running
14．He said he became just as nervous as those ________ (play) instruments on stage.
15．It offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ________ (ache) legs after physical movement.
16．As an ________ (add) bonus, it's close to the main train station.
17．He was just about to perform when he felt something ________ (move) near his feet.
18．The stadium ________ (build) at present in our city is intended for the coming Youth Short Film Festival.
playing
aching
added
moving
being built
19．The flowers ________ (smell) sweet in the garden attract the visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature.
20．There is striking evidence ________ (show) that staring at the computer for a long time does harm to our eyes.
smelling
showing
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示用动词－ing形式完成句子
1．Our maths teacher gave a further explanation, _____________ (使更容易) to work it out.
2．_____________ (坦率地说), the resources in the world are very limited.
3．_____________________ (从外表判断), he seems to be very nervous.
4．______________________ (以前从未去过那里), I simply have no idea about the place, which everyone says is well worth a visit.
making it easier
Frankly speaking
Judging from the appearance
Not having been there before
5．Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ____________ (等着她).
6．The park was full of people __________________________ (他们在阳光下尽情欢乐).
7．Last week, I heard from my former deskmate __________ (来自) the USA.
8．The room is empty except for a bookshelf ___________________ (立在一角).
waiting for her
enjoying themselves in the sunshine
coming from
standing in one corner
9．Listening to music at home is one thing; going to hear it ________________ (现场表演) is quite another.
10．A cook will be immediately fired if he ______________ (被发现抽烟) in the kitchen.
being performed live
is found smokingSection F 单元语法专项(1)——动词的－ing和－ed形式
一、动词－ing形式作定语◎
1．动名词(短语)作定语
表示被修饰词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，常置于被修饰词前，相当于介词for短语。
·a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
·a reading room＝a room for reading阅览室
·a washing machine＝a machine for washing洗衣机
·a walking stick＝a stick for walking拐杖
2．现在分词(短语)作定语
表示被修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。
·a sleeping baby＝a baby who is sleeping
正在睡觉的婴儿
·The boy standing by the window is my classmate.
＝The boy who is standing by the window is my classmate.
站在窗户旁边的那个男孩是我的同班同学。
·The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
＝The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
正在舞台上表演的那个女孩有舞蹈天赋。
【误区警示】
在下列情况下，不能用现在分词(短语)作定语，应使用定语从句：
①作定语的现在分词(短语)表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作不是同时发生时，要使用定语从句。
·昨天来这儿的那位教授将给我们作讲座。
The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.(×)
The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.(√)
②现在分词(短语)的完成式having done一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
·被地震破坏的庙宇很快将被重建。
The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.(×)
The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.(√)
3．过去分词、现在分词的被动式和不定式的被动式作定语的区别
过去分词作定语(done) 表示被动动作已完成 The stadium built last year is the biggest one in our city. 去年建造的体育场是我们市最大的一个。
现在分词的被动式作定语(being done) 表示被动动作正在发生 The stadium being built now will be the biggest one in our city. 现在正在建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
不定式的被动式作定语(to be done) 表示被动动作将要发生 The stadium to be built next year will be the biggest one in our city. 明年要建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
二、动词－ing形式作表语◎
1．动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为或动作，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
·One of his weaknesses is telling lies.
＝Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.
他的缺点之一是说谎。
2．现在分词作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。
·The report is very disturbing.
这个报告令人感到非常不安。
·The book is rather boring.这本书相当枯燥。
·The sales figures are very encouraging.
销售数字非常令人鼓舞。
3．动名词(短语)与动词不定式(短语)作表语的区别
动名词(短语)作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为或动作；动词不定式(短语)作表语表示一次具体的动作或将要发生的事。
·His hobby is painting.
他的爱好是画画。(一般性的动作)
·Today what he wants to do is to paint.
今天他想要做的事是画画。(具体的动作)
·His wish is to build up his own studio.
他的愿望是成立自己的工作室。(将要发生的事)
三、动词－ing形式作宾语补足语◎
动词－ing形式作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾补之间是主动关系。它主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语。
1．位于感官动词后
如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, notice, observe等。
·I saw a girl crying in the street.
我看见一个女孩正在街上哭泣。
·I heard someone knocking at the door.
我听到有人在敲门。
【学法点拨】
感官动词see, hear, watch等后，用doing作宾补时，表示宾语的动作正在进行；用do作宾补时，表示宾语动作发生的全过程或经常发生。
·I saw Linda whispering to Danny.
我看见琳达正在和丹尼窃窃私语。(表示宾语的动作正在进行)
·I saw Linda whisper to Danny.
我看见琳达和丹尼窃窃私语。(表示宾语动作发生的全过程)
2．位于使役动词后
如set, keep, have, get, leave等。
·The joke set her bursting out laughing.
那个笑话让她大笑起来。
·We shouldn't keep our lights burning in the day.
我们白天不应该开着灯。
【学法点拨】
在有些(短语)动词，如regard, describe, accept, think of, look on等之后，可由as引出动词－ing形式作宾补。
·They describe the film starring Louis as being attractive.
他们描述说那部由路易斯主演的影片很吸引人。
四、动词－ing形式作状语时的形式◎
1．动词－ing形式的一般式与完成式
一般式(doing) 表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式 (having done) 表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
·Representing the student association, I went to the airport to meet the international students.
我代表学生会去机场迎接国际学生。
·Having finished his summary, he went out for a walk.完成总结后，他出去散步了。
2．动词－ing形式的主动式与被动式
动词－ing形式用主动式还是被动式主要取决于动词－ing形式和它的逻辑主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语。
·Having struggled for years, he finally won the champion.
经过多年的奋斗，他终于赢得了冠军。
·Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a hall.
参观完了实验室，我们被领进了大厅。
五、动词－ing形式作状语时的功能◎
动词－ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随等。
1．现在分词(短语)作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可在前面加上when或while
·Walking down the street, I came across David.
＝When I was walking down the street, I came across David.
沿街走时，我偶然遇到了戴维。
·Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report.
＝After he had worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report.
工作了两天，史蒂夫完成了他的报告。
2．现在分词(短语)作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句
·Not knowing her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
＝Because I don't know her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
·Having spent nearly all his money, the employee couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
＝Because he had spent nearly all his money, the employee couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
那位雇员几乎已经花完了他所有的钱，没钱住旅馆了。
3．现在分词(短语)作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句
·Going straight down the road, you will find the canteen.
＝If you go straight down the road, you will find the canteen.
沿着这条路一直走，你就会找到食堂。
·Working hard, you will pass the exam.
＝If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
如果努力学习，你就会通过考试。
4．现在分词(短语)作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时现在分词(短语)前可带有连词(词组)although, even if, even though等
·Knowing all this, I still want to see it myself.
＝Although I know all this, I still want to see it myself.尽管知道这一切，我还是想亲自看一看。
·Having tried many times, he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
＝Though he had tried many times, he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
尽管尝试了很多次，他仍未能克服困难。
5．现在分词(短语)作结果状语
现在分词(短语)作结果状语表示意料之中的自然而然的结果，通常放在句末，可转换成一个含有并列谓语的简单句。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加thus，相当于so引导的并列句或so that引导的结果状语从句。
·Mother drew the curtain for me, blocking out the light.
＝Mother drew the curtain for me and blocked out the light.
妈妈为我拉上窗帘，遮挡了光。
·Group activities were organized after class, building up children's team spirit.
＝Group activities were organized after class and built up children's team spirit.
课后组织了一些小组活动，增强了孩子们的团队精神。
【学法点拨】
不定式(短语)作结果状语时，常与only, never连用，表示一种出乎意料的结果。
·The actor intended to leave quickly, only to be surrounded by his fans.
这位演员想迅速离开，却被他的粉丝包围了。
6．现在分词(短语)作方式或伴随状语
现在分词(短语)作方式或伴随状语，说明谓语动词所表示的动作发生的方式、背景或情况。分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。作伴随状语时可以转换成并列成分。
·Morris lay on the grass, feeling depressed about this whole situation.＝Morris lay on the grass and felt depressed about this whole situation.
莫里斯躺在草地上，对整个情形感到沮丧。
·He stood by the door, not daring to say a word.
＝He stood by the door and didn't dare to say a word.他站在门旁，不敢说一句话。
7．现在分词(短语)作评论性状语
有些现在分词(短语)用于句首，没有逻辑主语而独立存在，作为状语来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。我们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。常见的评论性状语有：
generally speaking 一般说来
roughly speaking 大致说来
frankly speaking 坦率地说
judging from/by 由……判断
supposing...如果…… providing...如果……
considering...鉴于…… assuming...假设……
·Generally speaking, children are naturally curious.
一般说来，孩子们天生好奇。
·Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
鉴于他才刚刚开始，他懂得的已经不少了。
8．现在分词(短语)构成的独立主格结构
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词(短语)
有时现在分词(短语)的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。这时，需要在现在分词之前加上一个逻辑主语(一般由名词或代词充当)，它是动作的执行者。这种结构作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等。
·Weather permitting, I will go to buy leather shoes.
如果天气允许的话，我就去买皮鞋。
·Nobody feeling content with the advertising budget, it was cut.
没有人对这笔广告预算满意，它被削减了。
(2)there＋being结构
这种结构多放在句首，常表示原因，其中being不可省略。
·There being no bus, we had to walk home.
因为没有公共汽车了，所以我们只好步行回家。
·There being nothing to do, we played games.
没有什么事情可做，我们玩起了游戏。
六、动词的－ed形式◎
动词的－ed形式在句中可作形容词或副词，作形容词时可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。
1．作表语
(1)动词的－ed形式作表语时，说明主语所处的状态。
·He is gone.他走了。
(2)表示情感的动词的－ed形式作表语
表示情感的动词的－ed形式常见的有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased(高兴的)，puzzled(不解的)，satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched(感动的)，worried(担忧的)等。这类词表示主语的状态，主语一般是人。
·I was very surprised at the news.
我听到这个消息后非常吃惊。
2．作定语
动词的－ed形式作定语表示被动与完成，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的中心词，是它动作的承受者。
(1)作定语的过去分词如果是单个词，一般放在名词的前面。
·Polluted air and water are harmful to people's health.
污染了的空气和水对人们的健康是有害的。
(2)如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。
·The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.为英语外语教学编写的第一套教科书出版于16世纪。
(3)表示情感的动词的－ed形式作定语
·The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.
那些兴奋的足球迷在高声唱歌。
(4)已完全形容词化的动词的－ed形式作定语
有些动词的－ed形式已完全形容词化，作前置定语时，其含义与同形的作后置定语的动词的－ed形式不完全相同。
·I'm going to buy some used books tomorrow.
明天我要去买一些旧书。(旧的)
·The books used are still new now.
现在用的书还很新。(用的)
3．作宾语补足语
动词的－ed形式作宾语补足语时，它前面的宾语就是它的逻辑主语；如果主动句改为被动句，宾语补足语则变成了主语补足语。
(1)用在感官动词后作宾语补足语，这类感官动词有see, hear, feel, smell, watch, notice, observe, find等。
·He heard his name called.
他听到有人叫他的名字。
·We found the door locked.
我们发现门锁上了。
(2)用在使役、致使动词后作宾语补足语，这类使役、致使动词有get, have, leave, make, set, start, keep等。
·The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard.
那个演讲人提高了嗓门，但人们还是听不见。
(3)“have/get sth.＋动词的－ed形式作宾补”的三种含义
a．表示“让别人(为自己)做某事”。
·He's going to have his house repaired.
他要找人修房子。
b.表示“使完成某事”，可以是别人完成，也可以是自己参与完成。
·In that year he had ten thousand yuan saved.
那一年他攒了1万元。
c．表示“遭遇某事”，常指不幸之事。
·She had her house damaged in the storm.
她的房屋在暴风雨中毁坏了。
4．作状语
动词的－ed形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的－ed形式这一动作的承受者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。
动词的－ed形式位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句末：用作时间、原因、条件状语时，通常位于句首；用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。
·Heated(＝When it is heated), the metal expands.
金属受热要膨胀。
·Lost in thought(＝Because he was lost in thought), he almost ran into the car in front of him.
他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面的汽车上。
·Given another chance(＝If I am given another chance), I will do it much better.
如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。
·Wounded(＝Though he was wounded), the brave soldier continued to fight.
虽然受伤了，但是那个勇敢的士兵仍然继续战斗。
即学即练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ________ (range) from butterflies to chimpanzees.
2．When I was on my way to the bank this morning, I saw two women ________(argue).
3．The mysterious man was caught ________ (steal) a car.
4．The hospital has recently gained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
5．________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time, the boy does not hesitate to stop playing video games.
6．________ (gather) around the fire, the joyous tourists danced with the local people.
7．________ (eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didn't proceed to eat there again.
8．The decision ________ (make), what needs to be done now is to work it through.
9．It ________ (be) Sunday, many people go to the gymnasium to do physical movement.
10．The old conductor, ________ (work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
11．It will undoubtedly help you get ________ (refresh)!
12．The founder stood on the bridge and watched boats ________ (pass) by.
13．They use computers to keep the complex traffic ________ (run) smoothly.
14．He said he became just as nervous as those ________ (play) instruments on stage.
15．It offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ________ (ache) legs after physical movement.
16．As an ________ (add) bonus, it's close to the main train station.
17．He was just about to perform when he felt something ________ (move) near his feet.
18．The stadium ________ (build) at present in our city is intended for the coming Youth Short Film Festival.
19．The flowers ________ (smell) sweet in the garden attract the visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature.
20．There is striking evidence ________ (show) that staring at the computer for a long time does harm to our eyes.
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示用动词－ing形式完成句子
1．Our maths teacher gave a further explanation, __________________ (使更容易) to work it out.
2．________________________ (坦率地说), the resources in the world are very limited.
3．________________________ (从外表判断), he seems to be very nervous.
4．________________________ (以前从未去过那里), I simply have no idea about the place, which everyone says is well worth a visit.
5．Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ________________________ (等着她).
6．The park was full of people ________________________ (他们在阳光下尽情欢乐).
7．Last week, I heard from my former deskmate ________________________ (来自) the USA.
8．The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________________________ (立在一角).
9．Listening to music at home is one thing; going to hear it ________________________ (现场表演) is quite another.
10．A cook will be immediately fired if he ________________________ (被发现抽烟) in the kitchen.
Section F 单元语法专项(1)——动词的－ing和－ed形式
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．ranging 2.arguing 3.stealing 4.allowing 5.Realising
6．Gathering 7.Having eaten 8.having been made 9.being
10．having worked 11.refreshed 12.passing 13.running 14.playing 15.aching 16.added 17.moving 18.being built 19.smelling 20.showing
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示用动词－ing形式完成句子
1．making it easier 2.Frankly speaking 3.Judging from the appearance 4.Not having been there before 5.waiting for her 6.enjoying themselves in the sunshine 7.coming from 8.standing in one corner 9.being performed live 10.is found smoking
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