(共39张PPT)
单元语法专项(2)——主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。主谓一致主要有三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则◎
语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致：主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
1．不可数名词或可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
·Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
·The student studies very hard.
这个学生学习非常努力。
·The students study very hard.
这些学生学习非常努力。
2．单个的不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
·To see is to believe.眼见为实。
·Staring at someone is impolite.
盯着某人看是不礼貌的。
·What he said has been recorded.
他说的话已被录音。
【学法点拨】
当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What we badly need are good teachers.
我们急需好老师。
3．当主语后面接with，together with，along with，like，in addition to, as well as, including, rather than, besides, except，but等连接的词语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。
·Steve, together with his wife, is moving off tonight.史蒂夫和他妻子将于今晚出发。
·The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.不仅学生，老师也喜欢这幅画。
4．不定代词each，either，neither及由some ，any ， no ， every 构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Believe it or not, everyone here has a gift for music.信不信由你，这里人人都有音乐天赋。
5．由each...and (each)..., every...and (every)..., no...and (no)...连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Each teacher and (each) student was given a ticket.每一位老师和学生都得到了一张票。
·Every hour and (every) minute is important for us.每一小时和每一分钟对我们来说都很重要。
·No sound and (no) voice is heard.
听不见任何声响。
6．“many a/more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，尽管意义上表达复数，但谓语动词要用单数形式。
·Many a student was on the spot when the accident happened.事故发生时，许多学生在现场。
·More than one person is against the proposal.不止一个人反对这条建议。
7．“one and a half＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
·One and a half apples are left on the table.
桌子上有一个半苹果。
8．“one of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·One of the students in our class is a Canadian.
我们班里有一名学生是加拿大人。
【误区警示】
在“one of＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。当one前面出现the only, the very等修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
·He is one of the students who have a gift for music.
他是有音乐天赋的学生之一。
·He is the only one of the students in our class who has a gift for music.
他是我们班唯一一个有音乐天赋的学生。
9．一些形式为复数但表达单数意义的名词如trousers，pants，shoes，glasses，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但当这类名词前有pair修饰时，要根据pair的单复数来确定谓语的单数或复数形式。
·Her glasses are new.她的眼镜是新的。
·This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.
这把剪刀是这个裁缝的。
10．在倒装句中，谓语动词与其后的主语保持一致。
·Between the two buildings is a monument.
两座建筑物之间矗立着一座纪念碑。
·After the exam is the time for rest.
考完试就可以休息了。
二、意义一致原则◎
意义一致原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语在形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，谓语动词便用复数形式；反之，主语在形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，谓语动词则用单数形式。
1．集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调其成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
常见的集体名词有army，audience，class，club，committee (委员会), company, crowd, family, group, government, majority, minority, organisation, party, population, public, team等。
·The class consists of forty students.
这个班有40名学生。(强调整体)
·The class are studying English.
这个班的学生在学习英语。(强调个体成员)
·My family is a big one.
我家是一个大家庭。(强调整体)
·My family are all music lovers.
我的家人都是音乐爱好者。(强调个体成员)
【误区警示】
(1)有些有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只用复数形 式。这类名词常见的有people, police, cattle等。
·The police are looking into the accident.
警方正在调查这起事故。
(2)无生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数形式。这类名词常见的有clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery, machinery, scenery等。
·Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
在寒冷的气候中，暖和的衣服是必需的。
·All the furniture has been moved to another room.
所有的家具已经被搬到了另一个房间里。
2．由and或both...and连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式。
·Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research.
吉姆和玛丽是癌症研究专家。
·Both Mark and his parents were sitting in the shade of a tree.马克和他父母都坐在了树荫下。
【误区警示】
当and连接的两个名词在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。这时and后的名词前不加冠词。
·The writer and poet has been dead for two years.
那位作家兼诗人已经去世两年了。
·A knife and fork is on the table.
桌子上有副刀叉。
·Bread and butter is what we usually have for breakfast.
黄油面包是我们通常吃的早餐。
·All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
3．“all/most/half/plenty/some/the rest of＋名词/代词”或“分数/百分数＋of＋名词/代词”作主语时，若of后的名词或代词为单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式；若of后的名词或代词为复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式。
·The rest of the money is locked in the safe.
其余的钱锁在保险箱里。
·The rest of the farmers are still poor.
其余的农民还很穷。
·Fifty percent of my task has been done.
我的任务已经完成了50%。
·Fifty percent of the students have passed the exam.50%的学生通过了这次考试。
【误区警示】
当all, most, half, plenty, some, the rest等单独作主语时，主谓一致要遵循意义一致原则，即如果所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式；如果所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
·All was silent. 万籁俱寂。
·All were silent. 大家都沉默着。
4．“a number of＋可数名词复数”(许多……)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋可数名词复数”(……的数量)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·A number of reasons lead to the change of climate.很多原因导致气候变化。
·The number of the students in our class is 30.
我们班的学生人数是30。
5．none作主语时，如果指代可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式；如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。
·None has/have been found.一个也没有找到。
·None of the money in the drawer is mine.
抽屉里的钱没有一点是我的。
6．表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Twenty years is a long time in one's life.
20年在人的一生中是一段很长的时间。
·Twenty dollars is enough for this pair of shoes.
这双鞋20美元就足够了。
7．以 s结尾的书刊名、组织名、国家名以及以 ics结尾的学科名作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·The United Nations is a world organisation.
联合国是一个世界性组织。
·Physics is an important subject in middle school.物理是中学的一门重要学科。
【误区警示】
以 s结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
·The Niagara Falls are one of the most famous waterfalls in the world.尼亚加拉大瀑布是世界上最著名的瀑布之一。
8．单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式要根据句意确定。常见的这类词有sheep, deer, fish, crossroads, means, series, species, works(工厂)等。
·A sheep is dying.有只绵羊要死了。
·Many sheep are eating grass on the hillside.
许多绵羊在山坡上吃草。
·The crossroads is/are dangerous.
这个/这些十字路口很危险。
·Every means has been tried.每一种方法都试过了。
·All means have been tried.所有的方法都试过了。
9．“the＋形容词/过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示某个人或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
富人赞成这一决定，但是穷人反对它。
·The injured was taken good care of.
这名伤者受到了很好的照顾。
·The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
三、就近一致原则◎
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1．由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but (also), not...but等连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数与最近的主语保持一致。
·Neither the students nor the teacher knows the reason why she behaved strangely.
学生和老师都不知道她行为怪异的原因。
·Not only he but also I look down upon those who always rely on others.
不仅他，我也瞧不起那些一直依赖别人的人。
2．there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词保持一致。
·There is a table and four chairs in the room.
房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。
即学即练
Ⅰ.单元语法填空
1．The teacher together with the students ________ (be) discussing the Reading Skills that ________ (be) published in America.
2．Neither you nor your sister ________ (have) been struggling hard.
3．Tom is the only one of the students in our class who ________ (have) ever chatted with the genius composer.
is
was
has
has
4．Every possible means ________ (have) been tried with determination but without any result.
5．Between the two rows of trees ________ (stand) the researching building in the institute.
6．No teacher and no student ________ (be) watching the opera.
7．It ________ (build) originally to protect the city effectively in the Tang Dynasty and now has been completely restored (修复).
8．Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ______________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public all around the world.
has
stands
is
was built
has proved/has proven
9．Amy, as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the institute last week.
10．The factory used 65 percent of the clean burning materials, the rest of which ________ (be) saved for other purposes.
11．Either you or one of your students ________ (be) to attend the calligraphy meeting that will be held tomorrow.
12．The number of sculptors invited ________ (be) fifty, but a number of them ________ (be) absent for different reasons.
was given
were
is
was
were
13．The singer and dancer ________ (be) welcomed warmly by the local residents.
14．Barbara is easy to recognise as she's the only one of the women who ________ (wear) ordinary evening dress.
was
wears
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．Many a parent _________________ (不得不经历) this same painful process.
2．Referring to the dictionary ____________ (是一个好习惯) in English learning.
3．Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _________________ (尚未决定).
has had to go through
is a good habit
hasn't been decided yet
4．One third of the country ________________ (覆盖着树木).
5．The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _________________ (在稳定增长) since 1997.
is covered with trees
has been rising steadily单元语法专项(2)——主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。主谓一致主要有三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则◎
语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致：主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
1．不可数名词或可数名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
·Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
·The student studies very hard.
这个学生学习非常努力。
·The students study very hard.
这些学生学习非常努力。
2．单个的不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
·To see is to believe.眼见为实。
·Staring at someone is impolite.
盯着某人看是不礼貌的。
·What he said has been recorded.
他说的话已被录音。
【学法点拨】
当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What we badly need are good teachers.
我们急需好老师。
3．当主语后面接with，together with，along with，like，in addition to, as well as, including, rather than, besides, except，but等连接的词语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致。
·Steve, together with his wife, is moving off tonight.史蒂夫和他妻子将于今晚出发。
·The teacher as well as the students likes this painting.不仅学生，老师也喜欢这幅画。
4．不定代词each，either，neither及由some ，any ， no ， every 构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Believe it or not, everyone here has a gift for music.信不信由你，这里人人都有音乐天赋。
5．由each...and (each)..., every...and (every)..., no...and (no)...连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Each teacher and (each) student was given a ticket.每一位老师和学生都得到了一张票。
·Every hour and (every) minute is important for us.每一小时和每一分钟对我们来说都很重要。
·No sound and (no) voice is heard.
听不见任何声响。
6．“many a/more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，尽管意义上表达复数，但谓语动词要用单数形式。
·Many a student was on the spot when the accident happened.事故发生时，许多学生在现场。
·More than one person is against the proposal.不止一个人反对这条建议。
7．“one and a half＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
·One and a half apples are left on the table.
桌子上有一个半苹果。
8．“one of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·One of the students in our class is a Canadian.
我们班里有一名学生是加拿大人。
【误区警示】
在“one of＋可数名词复数＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。当one前面出现the only, the very等修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
·He is one of the students who have a gift for music.
他是有音乐天赋的学生之一。
·He is the only one of the students in our class who has a gift for music.
他是我们班唯一一个有音乐天赋的学生。
9．一些形式为复数但表达单数意义的名词如trousers，pants，shoes，glasses，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但当这类名词前有pair修饰时，要根据pair的单复数来确定谓语的单数或复数形式。
·Her glasses are new.她的眼镜是新的。
·This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.
这把剪刀是这个裁缝的。
10．在倒装句中，谓语动词与其后的主语保持一致。
·Between the two buildings is a monument.
两座建筑物之间矗立着一座纪念碑。
·After the exam is the time for rest.
考完试就可以休息了。
二、意义一致原则◎
意义一致原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语在形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，谓语动词便用复数形式；反之，主语在形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，谓语动词则用单数形式。
1．集体名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调其成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
常见的集体名词有army，audience，class，club，committee (委员会), company, crowd, family, group, government, majority, minority, organisation, party, population, public, team等。
·The class consists of forty students.
这个班有40名学生。(强调整体)
·The class are studying English.
这个班的学生在学习英语。(强调个体成员)
·My family is a big one.
我家是一个大家庭。(强调整体)
·My family are all music lovers.
我的家人都是音乐爱好者。(强调个体成员)
【误区警示】
(1)有些有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只用复数形 式。这类名词常见的有people, police, cattle等。
·The police are looking into the accident.
警方正在调查这起事故。
(2)无生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只用单数形式。这类名词常见的有clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery, machinery, scenery等。
·Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
在寒冷的气候中，暖和的衣服是必需的。
·All the furniture has been moved to another room.
所有的家具已经被搬到了另一个房间里。
2．由and或both...and连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式。
·Jim and Mary are specialists in cancer research.
吉姆和玛丽是癌症研究专家。
·Both Mark and his parents were sitting in the shade of a tree.马克和他父母都坐在了树荫下。
【误区警示】
当and连接的两个名词在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。这时and后的名词前不加冠词。
·The writer and poet has been dead for two years.
那位作家兼诗人已经去世两年了。
·A knife and fork is on the table.
桌子上有副刀叉。
·Bread and butter is what we usually have for breakfast.
黄油面包是我们通常吃的早餐。
·All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
3．“all/most/half/plenty/some/the rest of＋名词/代词”或“分数/百分数＋of＋名词/代词”作主语时，若of后的名词或代词为单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式；若of后的名词或代词为复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式。
·The rest of the money is locked in the safe.
其余的钱锁在保险箱里。
·The rest of the farmers are still poor.
其余的农民还很穷。
·Fifty percent of my task has been done.
我的任务已经完成了50%。
·Fifty percent of the students have passed the exam.50%的学生通过了这次考试。
【误区警示】
当all, most, half, plenty, some, the rest等单独作主语时，主谓一致要遵循意义一致原则，即如果所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式；如果所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。
·All was silent. 万籁俱寂。
·All were silent. 大家都沉默着。
4．“a number of＋可数名词复数”(许多……)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋可数名词复数”(……的数量)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·A number of reasons lead to the change of climate.很多原因导致气候变化。
·The number of the students in our class is 30.
我们班的学生人数是30。
5．none作主语时，如果指代可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式；如果指代不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。
·None has/have been found.一个也没有找到。
·None of the money in the drawer is mine.
抽屉里的钱没有一点是我的。
6．表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
·Twenty years is a long time in one's life.
20年在人的一生中是一段很长的时间。
·Twenty dollars is enough for this pair of shoes.
这双鞋20美元就足够了。
7．以 s结尾的书刊名、组织名、国家名以及以 ics结尾的学科名作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·The United Nations is a world organisation.
联合国是一个世界性组织。
·Physics is an important subject in middle school.物理是中学的一门重要学科。
【误区警示】
以 s结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
·The Niagara Falls are one of the most famous waterfalls in the world.尼亚加拉大瀑布是世界上最著名的瀑布之一。
8．单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式要根据句意确定。常见的这类词有sheep, deer, fish, crossroads, means, series, species, works(工厂)等。
·A sheep is dying.有只绵羊要死了。
·Many sheep are eating grass on the hillside.
许多绵羊在山坡上吃草。
·The crossroads is/are dangerous.
这个/这些十字路口很危险。
·Every means has been tried.每一种方法都试过了。
·All means have been tried.所有的方法都试过了。
9．“the＋形容词/过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示某个人或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
·The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
富人赞成这一决定，但是穷人反对它。
·The injured was taken good care of.
这名伤者受到了很好的照顾。
·The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
三、就近一致原则◎
就近一致原则是指谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1．由or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but (also), not...but等连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数与最近的主语保持一致。
·Neither the students nor the teacher knows the reason why she behaved strangely.
学生和老师都不知道她行为怪异的原因。
·Not only he but also I look down upon those who always rely on others.
不仅他，我也瞧不起那些一直依赖别人的人。
2．there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的名词保持一致。
·There is a table and four chairs in the room.
房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。
即学即练
Ⅰ.单元语法填空
1．The teacher together with the students ________ (be) discussing the Reading Skills that ________ (be) published in America.
2．Neither you nor your sister ________ (have) been struggling hard.
3．Tom is the only one of the students in our class who ________ (have) ever chatted with the genius composer.
4．Every possible means ________ (have) been tried with determination but without any result.
5．Between the two rows of trees ________ (stand) the researching building in the institute.
6．No teacher and no student ________ (be) watching the opera.
7．It ________ (build) originally to protect the city effectively in the Tang Dynasty and now has been completely restored (修复).
8．Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public all around the world.
9．Amy, as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the institute last week.
10．The factory used 65 percent of the clean burning materials, the rest of which ________ (be) saved for other purposes.
11．Either you or one of your students ________ (be) to attend the calligraphy meeting that will be held tomorrow.
12．The number of sculptors invited ________ (be) fifty, but a number of them ________ (be) absent for different reasons.
13．The singer and dancer ________ (be) welcomed warmly by the local residents.
14．Barbara is easy to recognise as she's the only one of the women who ________ (wear) ordinary evening dress.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．Many a parent __________________________ (不得不经历) this same painful process.
2．Referring to the dictionary __________________________ (是一个好习惯) in English learning.
3．Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where __________________________ (尚未决定).
4．One third of the country __________________________ (覆盖着树木).
5．The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities __________________________ (在稳定增长) since 1997.
单元语法专项(2)——主谓一致
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．is; was 2.has 3.has 4.has 5.stands 6.is
7．was built 8.has proved/has proven 9.was given
10．were 11.is 12.was; were 13.was 14.wears
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．has had to go through 2.is a good habit 3.hasn't been decided yet 4.is covered with trees 5.has been rising steadily
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