Section F 单元语法专项(1)——名词性从句
名词性从句的分类与功能：
名词性从句 在句中作主语 在句中作宾语 在句中作表语 在句中作同位语
主语从句 √
宾语从句 √
表语从句 √
同位语从句 √
一、主语从句◎
1．主语从句的引导词
连接词 that, whether, if
连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever whichever, whoever, whomever
连接副词 when, where, why, how
2.具体用法
(1)that引导主语从句
that只起连接作用，本身无意义，不作成分，不能省略。
·That the man was occupied with his work all day long made his wife annoyed.
这个男人整日忙于工作，这让他的妻子很恼火。
(2)whether与if(是否)引导主语从句
主语从句 句中位置 是否可以用it作形式主语 引导词是否作成分
whether引导 句首、句末 可以用 不作成分，只起连接作用
if引导 句末 必须用 不作成分，只起连接作用
·Whether he witnessed the accident was not certain.
＝It was not certain whether/if he witnessed the accident.不确定他是否目睹了这起事故。
(3)连接副词引导主语从句
主语从句 句中位置 是否可以用it作形式主语 引导词在从句中所作成分
when引导 句首、句末 可以用 时间状语
where引导 句首、句末 可以用 地点状语
why引导 句首、句末 可以用 原因状语
how引导 句首、句末 可以用 方式状语
·When we'll set off for home hasn't been decided yet.我们何时动身回家还没决定。
·Where I'll have my dinner depends on the money in my pocket.
在哪里就餐取决于我口袋里的钱。
·Why they got divorced was still unknown.
他们离婚的原因仍然不明。
·How he overcame the hardship is known to all.
大家都知道他是如何战胜艰难困苦的。
·It is not known how they settle in life at college.
不知道他们是如何适应大学生活的。
(4)连接代词what, which引导主语从句的区别：
Which of the applicants will get the manager's job is still unknown now.
现在还不知道哪位申请人会获得经理的职位。
【误区警示】
what引导的主语从句放在句首，主句中谓语动词的单复数取决于what所指代的事物。
What we need is a shared bike．
我们需要的是一辆共享单车。
What we need are lectures on modern French literature.我们需要的是现代法国文学的讲座。
(5)连接代词who, whom, whose引导主语从句时，在从句中起代词的作用，可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
·Who will give an example to illustrate the point is determined.已经决定由谁来举例说明这一点了。
(6)whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。
·Whoever works hard today should live with comfort tomorrow.(主语从句)
今天谁努力工作，明天谁生活舒适。
·Whoever they are, I don't want to see them.
(让步状语从句)不管他们是谁，我都不想见。
【学法点拨】
用it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋动词的过去分词＋从句．
②It＋be＋名词＋从句．
③It＋be＋形容词＋从句．
二、宾语从句◎
1．宾语从句的位置
·We know that greenhouse gases can affect the climate.我们知道温室气体会对气候产生影响。
·I find the best way to concentrate in class is to make notes on what the teachers are saying.
我认为上课集中注意力的最好办法就是把老师讲的内容记下来。
·I'm not certain whether/if he is still occupied with his essay.我不确定他是否仍在忙着写文章。
【学法点拨】
①个别介词如but, except, in等，后面接that引导的宾语从句已成为习惯搭配，如but that(若不是……)，except that(除了……)，in that(在于；因为)。
The two essays are similar in that they have the same topic.
这两篇文章相似，因为它们话题相同。
②形容词后跟宾语从句的用法只限于少数形容词，如sure(确信)，certain(肯定)，afraid(担心)，confident(有把握的)等。
2．宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句的引导词与主语从句的引导词相同。
(1)that引导宾语从句时常被省略。一般来说，当多个并列宾语从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
·She said (that) they communicated with each other by means of the Internet.
她说他们通过互联网联系。
·She said (that) she would go hiking and that she was also willing to give us a lecture on geographical knowledge.
她说她将去远足并且也很乐意给我们做一场有关地理知识的讲座。
(2)引导宾语从句的whether和if表示“是否”的含义。
·I wonder whether/if he'll contradict me.
我想知道他是否会反驳我。
【学法点拨】
下列情况要用whether，不用if：
a．直接与or not连用
We don't know whether or not Tom will fit in with the new routine.
我们不知道汤姆是否会适应新的常规事务。
b．介词之后
Everything depends on whether you can adapt to it.
一切都取决于你是否能够适应它。
c．不定式之前
I don't know whether to help him.
我不知道是否该帮助他。
(3)连接副词when, where, why, how引导宾语从句，连接词在从句中作状语。
·We haven't decided when we'll go hiking.
我们还未决定何时去远足。
·Mr Li wanted to know why I objected to his proposal.李先生想知道我为什么反对他的提议。
·Nobody knew how she quickly grasped what the article was about.
没有人知道她是如何很快就掌握文章大意的。
(4)连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose引导宾语从句时，在从句中起代词的作用，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
·I don't know who will accompany you to the concert tonight.
我不知道今晚谁将陪你去音乐会。
·Do you know whose luggage it is
你知道这是谁的行李吗？
【误区警示】
①it作形式宾语。
find/feel/think/consider/make等＋it＋adj./n.(宾语补足语) ＋that从句
We think it possible that you can finish the essay today.我们认为你今天有可能会完成这篇论文。
②表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词(词组)＋it＋宾语从句。
I hate it when he calls me at work.
我不喜欢他在上班时给我打电话。
③“doubt＋宾语从句”的应用。
肯定句中用whether或if，否定句或疑问句中用that。
I doubt whether he can keep it up.
我怀疑他是否能坚持下去。
I don't doubt that he can keep it up.
我不怀疑他能坚持下去。
Do you doubt that he can keep it up
你怀疑他能坚持下去吗？
三、表语从句◎
1．结构
主语＋连系动词be/look/remain/seem等＋表语从句
·The reason why he failed is that he didn't make good preparations for the exam.
他不及格的原因是他没有好好准备这次考试。
·The question remains whether we can win the majority of the teachers and the students.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数师生的支持。
2．表语从句的引导词
表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句的引导词基本相同，但是if不能引导表语从句。
(1)连接词that，whether引导表语从句，连接词在从句中不作句子成分，一般不能省略。
·The truth is that he took that smartphone by mistake.真相是他误拿了那部智能手机。
·The question is whether we should recommend the goods to the shopkeeper.
问题是我们是否应该向店主推荐这些货物。
(2)连接副词when，where，why，how引导表语从句，连接词在从句中作状语。
·Without his support, we wouldn't be where we are now.没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。
·That was how Peter got his bachelor's degree.彼得就是那样获得学士学位的。
(3)连接代词what，which，who，whom，whose引导表语从句，连接词在从句中可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
·That's what we want to buy.
那就是我们想要购买的。
·The problem is whose essay the tutor likes.
问题是导师喜欢谁的论文。
(4)有时because，as if，as though也可以引导表语从句。
·It looks as if you have made full preparations for the final exam.
看起来你已经为期末考试做了充分的准备。
【误区警示】
The reason for his absence from the seminar is that he was ill.他缺席这次研讨会的原因是他病了。
②One's advice/suggestion(建议)/order/request/requirement is that＋主语(＋should)＋动词原形＋其他．(虚拟语气)
My suggestion is that Tom (should) take several optional courses.
我建议汤姆上几门选修课。
3．注意事项
下面我们用三组例句进行归类，每组例句都分别包含一个主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
①that引导的名词性从句
·That our team had won the match made us excited.(主语从句)
·The headmaster said that our team had won the match.(宾语从句)
·The fact was that our team had won the match.(表语从句)
②wh word, how引导的名词性从句
·Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.(主语从句)
·No one knows who will attend the meeting.(宾语从句)
·My question is who will attend the meeting.(表语从句)
③whether引导的名词性从句
·Whether she will agree with me doesn't matter too much.(主语从句)
·I wonder whether she will agree with me.(宾语从句)
·What I want to know is whether she will agree with me.(表语从句)
(2)what充当复合连接代词
需要特别注意的是，what有时候带有疑问的意思，有时候没有疑问的意思。
·I don't know what I should do next.
我不知道下一步该做什么。(what在句中是连接代词，本身带有疑问的意思)
·I finally understand what you said.
我终于明白你说的话了。(what在句中是复合连接代词，相当于the words that。也就是说，what充当复合连接代词时，身兼两职，它既是先行词，又是关系代词，此时what没有疑问的意思)
以下是what充当复合连接代词的例句：
·What we need is a draft.
我们所需要的就是一个草案。
·The adventurer got what he wanted.
冒险家得到了他想要的(东西)。
·That is what I heard on the minibus.
那就是我在小型公共汽车上听到的。
·What appears difficult may be very easy.
看起来很难的事情也许很容易。
那么如何区别what是表疑问的“连接代词”，还是不含疑问的“复合连接代词”呢？这里有规律可循：一般说来，what引导的句子如果与表示“疑问、询问、怀疑、质疑、好奇、不知道、想知道、不清楚、不明白、不理解、不确定、悬而未决”等意义的动词连用，那么what往往就是前者，反之则是后者。
[试比较]
·What we will do hasn't been discussed.
我们将要做什么还没有讨论。(what是表疑问的连接代词)
·What we will do is of great importance.
我们将要做的事情是非常重要的。(what是不含疑问的复合连接代词)
四、同位语从句◎
1．同位语定义
同位语是句子成分的一种。它位于名词或代词后，说明它们的性质或状况。同位语可以由名词(短语)、代词、数词或从句充当。
·We teachers are bound to undertake this task.
(名词作同位语)
我们老师注定要承担这项任务。
·Mr Black, my friend, is glad to team up with us.(名词短语作同位语)
我的朋友布莱克先生很乐意与我们合作。
·They each objected to the plan.(代词作同位语)
他们每个人都反对这项计划。
·You may hire us two to carry your luggage.(数词作同位语)
你可以雇我们两个给你拿行李。
2．同位语从句
定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个抽象名词后面
常用名词 fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought，question, promise, order, problem, belief, word (消息), message, information, proof, announcement, desire, doubt, answer, evidence, proposal, advice, possibility, statement等
引导词 that, whether, who, what, which, how, when, where, why等
(1)that引导同位语从句
that不作成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。
·Here came the news that the scientists had made a major breakthrough in cloning.
传来了科学家在克隆方面取得了重大突破的消息。
·I have no idea that you have applied for the post.
我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。
(2)whether引导同位语从句
whether意为“是否”，仅起引导作用，在句中不作成分。
·There is some doubt whether John will resist regulations.有人怀疑约翰是否会抵制规则。
·The question whether it needs reforming will be discussed at the meeting.
它是否需要改革这个问题将在会议上被讨论。
(3)连接代词who, what, which等引导同位语从句时，在从句中常作主语、宾语或表语；连接副词when, where, why, how等引导同位语从句时，常在从句中作状语。
·The question who should do the work requires reasonable consideration.
谁该做这项工作的问题需要合理考虑。
·I have no idea what the procedure for applying for a visa is.我不知道申请签证的程序是什么。
·My initial question, why she did that, has not been answered.
她为什么做那件事，我最初的这个问题还没有得到回答。
·I have no idea how they were able to get it done in so short a time.
我不知道他们是如何在这么短的时间里完成它的。
【学法点拨】
同位语从句在句子中一般紧跟在名词之后，但也可以被主句的其他成分隔开，称为分隔式同位语从句。
He got the news from Mary that Mr Roger retired last week.
他从玛丽那里得到消息，罗杰先生上周退休了。
3．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)从句引导词that的用法不同
·The twins told me the news that our team had won the match.这对双胞胎告诉了我我们队赢得了比赛的这个消息。(同位语从句)
·The twins told me the news that/which was very exciting.这对双胞胎告诉了我这个非常激动人心的消息。(定语从句)
(2)从句的作用不同
同位语从句 名词性的 对名词进行解释说明
定语从句 形容词性的 对先行词加以修饰、限定或补充说明，不涉及它的具体内容
·The news that the Italian will go abroad next year was told by him.
这个意大利人明年要出国的消息是他说的。
(that the Italian will go abroad next year是the news的同位语，解释说明the news的具体内容)
·The news that he told me is that the Italian will go abroad next year.
他告诉我的消息是这个意大利人明年要出国。(that he told me是定语从句，对the news进行修饰和限定，并未涉及the news的具体内容)
【学法点拨】
同位语从句与其所修饰的名词是一种同位关系，二者存在逻辑上的系表关系，还可用“主＋系＋表”结构来表示。
The news that Daniel received a punishment is true.
丹尼尔受到处罚的那个消息是真的。
The news is that Daniel received a punishment.
消息是丹尼尔受到了处罚。
(3)从句前的词类不同
同位语从句 只能跟在抽象名词如fact, idea, opinion, conclusion等的后面
定语从句 先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句
The news spread that Tom had won first prize.
汤姆得了一等奖的消息传开了。(同位语从句)
Tom won first prize, which surprised me.
汤姆得了一等奖，这让我很惊讶。(定语从句，先行词是整个主句)
即学即练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空——用恰当的引导词填空
1．The opinion ________ learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by remarkable education experts.
2．I have a very strong fear ________ the lie we're telling is doing mental damage to our children.
3．The news ________ he has been elected president of the committee is true.
4．Further evidence has been found ________ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
5．I am very interested in ________ he improved his performance in such a short time.
6．________ we need is more patience and determination.
7．Jane marched down the tree lined street, not knowing ________ she was heading.
8．________ we understand things mentally has a lot to do with what we feel.
9．We must find out ________ the composer is coming, so that we can book a room for him beforehand.
10．There is no doubt ________ such a campus opera will be very popular with college students.
11．This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and struggle for the best.
12．The student decided to hold a contest to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
13．Scientists have obtained striking evidence ________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
14．Every year, ________ makes the most admirable kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
15．________ it turns out to be a good performance or a bad one, we'll find out.
16．Tom seems not to have grasped ________ the composer has taught, ________ greatly upsets him.
17．The reason that the sculptor gave for his coming late is ________ his car broke down halfway.
18．We are not sure ________ we still want to proceed with the sale.
19．The most uplifting thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
20．Father made a generous promise ________ if I passed the examination he would buy me a bike.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．It's not certain ________________________________________ (哪支队伍会赢得这场比赛).
2．The reason why he was late was __________________________________ (他遇上了大雨).
3．The notice came around two in the afternoon _____________________________ (会议要延期).
4．________________________________________ (情况往往是这样) anything is possible for those who are of great wisdom.
5．________________________________________ (是否……还有待观察) the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
Section F 单元语法专项(1)——名词性从句
Ⅰ.单句语法填空——用恰当的引导词填空
1．that 2.that 3.that 4.that 5.how 6.What 7.where
8．How 9.when 10.that 11.what 12.what 13.that 14.whoever 15.Whether 16.what; which 17.that
18．whether/if 19.that 20.that
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．which team will win the game
2．that he was caught in a heavy rain
3．that the meeting would be postponed
4．It is often the case that
5．It remains to be seen whether
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Section F 单元语法专项(1)——名词性从句
名词性从句的分类与功能：
名词性从句 在句中作主语 在句中作宾语 在句中作表语 在句中作同位语
主语从句 √
宾语从句 √
表语从句 √
同位语从句 √
一、主语从句◎
1．主语从句的引导词
连接词 that, whether, if
连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever
whichever, whoever, whomever
连接副词 when, where, why, how
2.具体用法
(1)that引导主语从句
that只起连接作用，本身无意义，不作成分，不能省略。
·That the man was occupied with his work all day long made his wife annoyed.
这个男人整日忙于工作，这让他的妻子很恼火。
(2)whether与if(是否)引导主语从句
·Whether he witnessed the accident was not certain.
＝It was not certain whether/if he witnessed the accident.不确定他是否目睹了这起事故。
主语从句 句中位置 是否可以用it作形式主语 引导词是否作成分
whether引导 句首、句末 可以用 不作成分，只起连接作用
if引导 句末 必须用 不作成分，只起连接作用
(3)连接副词引导主语从句
主语从句 句中位置 是否可以用it作形式主语 引导词在从句中所作成分
when引导 句首、句末 可以用 时间状语
where引导 句首、句末 可以用 地点状语
why引导 句首、句末 可以用 原因状语
how引导 句首、句末 可以用 方式状语
·When we'll set off for home hasn't been decided yet.我们何时动身回家还没决定。
·Where I'll have my dinner depends on the money in my pocket.
在哪里就餐取决于我口袋里的钱。
·Why they got divorced was still unknown.
他们离婚的原因仍然不明。
·How he overcame the hardship is known to all.
大家都知道他是如何战胜艰难困苦的。
·It is not known how they settle in life at college.
不知道他们是如何适应大学生活的。
(4)连接代词what, which引导主语从句的区别：
Which of the applicants will get the manager's job is still unknown now.
现在还不知道哪位申请人会获得经理的职位。
【误区警示】
what引导的主语从句放在句首，主句中谓语动词的单复数取决于what所指代的事物。
What we need is a shared bike．
我们需要的是一辆共享单车。
(5)连接代词who, whom, whose引导主语从句时，在从句中起代词的作用，可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
·Who will give an example to illustrate the point is determined.已经决定由谁来举例说明这一点了。
(6)whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。
·Whoever works hard today should live with comfort tomorrow.(主语从句)
今天谁努力工作，明天谁生活舒适。
·Whoever they are, I don't want to see them.
(让步状语从句)不管他们是谁，我都不想见。
【学法点拨】
用it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋动词的过去分词＋从句．
②It＋be＋名词＋从句．
③It＋be＋形容词＋从句．
二、宾语从句◎
1．宾语从句的位置
·We know that greenhouse gases can affect the climate.我们知道温室气体会对气候产生影响。
·I find the best way to concentrate in class is to make notes on what the teachers are saying.
我认为上课集中注意力的最好办法就是把老师讲的内容记下来。
·I'm not certain whether/if he is still occupied with his essay.我不确定他是否仍在忙着写文章。
【学法点拨】
①个别介词如but, except, in等，后面接that引导的宾语从句已成为习惯搭配，如but that(若不是……)，except that(除了……)，in that(在于；因为)。
The two essays are similar in that they have the same topic.
这两篇文章相似，因为它们话题相同。
②形容词后跟宾语从句的用法只限于少数形容词，如sure(确信)，certain(肯定)，afraid(担心)，confident(有把握的)等。
2．宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句的引导词与主语从句的引导词相同。
(1)that引导宾语从句时常被省略。一般来说，当多个并列宾语从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
·She said (that) they communicated with each other by means of the Internet.
她说他们通过互联网联系。
·She said (that) she would go hiking and that she was also willing to give us a lecture on geographical knowledge.
她说她将去远足并且也很乐意给我们做一场有关地理知识的讲座。
(2)引导宾语从句的whether和if表示“是否”的含义。
·I wonder whether/if he'll contradict me.
我想知道他是否会反驳我。
【学法点拨】
下列情况要用whether，不用if：
a．直接与or not连用
We don't know whether or not Tom will fit in with the new routine.
我们不知道汤姆是否会适应新的常规事务。
b．介词之后
Everything depends on whether you can adapt to it.
一切都取决于你是否能够适应它。
c．不定式之前
I don't know whether to help him.
我不知道是否该帮助他。
(3)连接副词when, where, why, how引导宾语从句，连接词在从句中作状语。
·We haven't decided when we'll go hiking.
我们还未决定何时去远足。
·Mr Li wanted to know why I objected to his proposal.李先生想知道我为什么反对他的提议。
·Nobody knew how she quickly grasped what the article was about.
没有人知道她是如何很快就掌握文章大意的。
(4)连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose引导宾语从句时，在从句中起代词的作用，可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
·I don't know who will accompany you to the concert tonight.
我不知道今晚谁将陪你去音乐会。
·Do you know whose luggage it is
你知道这是谁的行李吗？
【误区警示】
①it作形式宾语。
find/feel/think/consider/make等＋it＋adj./n.(宾语补足语) ＋that从句
We think it possible that you can finish the essay today.我们认为你今天有可能会完成这篇论文。
②表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词(词组)＋it＋宾语从句。
I hate it when he calls me at work.
我不喜欢他在上班时给我打电话。
③“doubt＋宾语从句”的应用。
肯定句中用whether或if，否定句或疑问句中用that。
I doubt whether he can keep it up.
我怀疑他是否能坚持下去。
I don't doubt that he can keep it up.
我不怀疑他能坚持下去。
Do you doubt that he can keep it up
你怀疑他能坚持下去吗？
三、表语从句◎
1．结构
主语＋连系动词be/look/remain/seem等＋表语从句
·The reason why he failed is that he didn't make good preparations for the exam.
他不及格的原因是他没有好好准备这次考试。
·The question remains whether we can win the majority of the teachers and the students.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数师生的支持。
2．表语从句的引导词
表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句的引导词基本相同，但是if不能引导表语从句。
(1)连接词that，whether引导表语从句，连接词在从句中不作句子成分，一般不能省略。
·The truth is that he took that smartphone by mistake.真相是他误拿了那部智能手机。
·The question is whether we should recommend the goods to the shopkeeper.
问题是我们是否应该向店主推荐这些货物。
(2)连接副词when，where，why，how引导表语从句，连接词在从句中作状语。
·Without his support, we wouldn't be where we are now.没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。
·That was how Peter got his bachelor's degree.彼得就是那样获得学士学位的。
(3)连接代词what，which，who，whom，whose引导表语从句，连接词在从句中可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。
·That's what we want to buy.
那就是我们想要购买的。
·The problem is whose essay the tutor likes.
问题是导师喜欢谁的论文。
(4)有时because，as if，as though也可以引导表语从句。
·It looks as if you have made full preparations for the final exam.
看起来你已经为期末考试做了充分的准备。
【误区警示】
The reason for his absence from the seminar is that he was ill.他缺席这次研讨会的原因是他病了。
②One's advice/suggestion(建议)/order/request/requirement is that＋主语(＋should)＋动词原形＋其他．(虚拟语气)
My suggestion is that Tom (should) take several optional courses.
我建议汤姆上几门选修课。
3．注意事项
下面我们用三组例句进行归类，每组例句都分别包含一个主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
①that引导的名词性从句
·That our team had won the match made us excited.(主语从句)
·The headmaster said that our team had won the match.(宾语从句)
·The fact was that our team had won the match.(表语从句)
②wh word, how引导的名词性从句
·Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.(主语从句)
·No one knows who will attend the meeting.(宾语从句)
·My question is who will attend the meeting.(表语从句)
③whether引导的名词性从句
·Whether she will agree with me doesn't matter too much.(主语从句)
·I wonder whether she will agree with me.(宾语从句)
·What I want to know is whether she will agree with me.(表语从句)
(2)what充当复合连接代词
需要特别注意的是，what有时候带有疑问的意思，有时候没有疑问的意思。
·I don't know what I should do next.
我不知道下一步该做什么。(what在句中是连接代词，本身带有疑问的意思)
·I finally understand what you said.
我终于明白你说的话了。(what在句中是复合连接代词，相当于the words that。也就是说，what充当复合连接代词时，身兼两职，它既是先行词，又是关系代词，此时what没有疑问的意思)
以下是what充当复合连接代词的例句：
·What we need is a draft.
我们所需要的就是一个草案。
·The adventurer got what he wanted.
冒险家得到了他想要的(东西)。
·That is what I heard on the minibus.
那就是我在小型公共汽车上听到的。
·What appears difficult may be very easy.
看起来很难的事情也许很容易。
那么如何区别what是表疑问的“连接代词”，还是不含疑问的“复合连接代词”呢？这里有规律可循：一般说来，what引导的句子如果与表示“疑问、询问、怀疑、质疑、好奇、不知道、想知道、不清楚、不明白、不理解、不确定、悬而未决”等意义的动词连用，那么what往往就是前者，反之则是后者。
[试比较]
·What we will do hasn't been discussed.
我们将要做什么还没有讨论。(what是表疑问的连接代词)
·What we will do is of great importance.
我们将要做的事情是非常重要的。(what是不含疑问的复合连接代词)
四、同位语从句◎
1．同位语定义
同位语是句子成分的一种。它位于名词或代词后，说明它们的性质或状况。同位语可以由名词(短语)、代词、数词或从句充当。
·We teachers are bound to undertake this task.
(名词作同位语)
我们老师注定要承担这项任务。
·Mr Black, my friend, is glad to team up with us.(名词短语作同位语)
我的朋友布莱克先生很乐意与我们合作。
·They each objected to the plan.(代词作同位语)
他们每个人都反对这项计划。
·You may hire us two to carry your luggage.(数词作同位语)
你可以雇我们两个给你拿行李。
2．同位语从句
定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个抽象名词后面
常用名词 fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought，question, promise, order, problem, belief, word (消息), message, information, proof, announcement, desire, doubt, answer, evidence, proposal, advice, possibility, statement等
引导词 that, whether, who, what, which, how, when, where, why等
(1)that引导同位语从句
that不作成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。
·Here came the news that the scientists had made a major breakthrough in cloning.
传来了科学家在克隆方面取得了重大突破的消息。
·I have no idea that you have applied for the post.
我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。
(2)whether引导同位语从句
whether意为“是否”，仅起引导作用，在句中不作成分。
·There is some doubt whether John will resist regulations.有人怀疑约翰是否会抵制规则。
·The question whether it needs reforming will be discussed at the meeting.
它是否需要改革这个问题将在会议上被讨论。
(3)连接代词who, what, which等引导同位语从句时，在从句中常作主语、宾语或表语；连接副词when, where, why, how等引导同位语从句时，常在从句中作状语。
·The question who should do the work requires reasonable consideration.
谁该做这项工作的问题需要合理考虑。
·I have no idea what the procedure for applying for a visa is.我不知道申请签证的程序是什么。
·My initial question, why she did that, has not been answered.
她为什么做那件事，我最初的这个问题还没有得到回答。
·I have no idea how they were able to get it done in so short a time.
我不知道他们是如何在这么短的时间里完成它的。
【学法点拨】
同位语从句在句子中一般紧跟在名词之后，但也可以被主句的其他成分隔开，称为分隔式同位语从句。
He got the news from Mary that Mr Roger retired last week.
他从玛丽那里得到消息，罗杰先生上周退休了。
3．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1)从句引导词that的用法不同
·The twins told me the news that our team had won the match.这对双胞胎告诉了我我们队赢得了比赛的这个消息。(同位语从句)
·The twins told me the news that/which was very exciting.这对双胞胎告诉了我这个非常激动人心的消息。(定语从句)
(2)从句的作用不同
同位语从句 名词性的 对名词进行解释说明
定语从句 形容词性的 对先行词加以修饰、限定或补充说明，不涉及它的具体内容
·The news that the Italian will go abroad next year was told by him.
这个意大利人明年要出国的消息是他说的。
(that the Italian will go abroad next year是the news的同位语，解释说明the news的具体内容)
·The news that he told me is that the Italian will go abroad next year.
他告诉我的消息是这个意大利人明年要出国。(that he told me是定语从句，对the news进行修饰和限定，并未涉及the news的具体内容)
【学法点拨】
同位语从句与其所修饰的名词是一种同位关系，二者存在逻辑上的系表关系，还可用“主＋系＋表”结构来表示。
The news that Daniel received a punishment is true.
丹尼尔受到处罚的那个消息是真的。
The news is that Daniel received a punishment.
消息是丹尼尔受到了处罚。
(3)从句前的词类不同
The news spread that Tom had won first prize.
汤姆得了一等奖的消息传开了。(同位语从句)
Tom won first prize, which surprised me.
汤姆得了一等奖，这让我很惊讶。(定语从句，先行词是整个主句)
同位语从句 只能跟在抽象名词如fact, idea, opinion, conclusion等的后面
定语从句 先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句
即学即练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空——用恰当的引导词填空
1．The opinion ________ learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by remarkable education experts.
2．I have a very strong fear ________ the lie we're telling is doing mental damage to our children.
3．The news ________ he has been elected president of the committee is true.
4．Further evidence has been found ________ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
that
that
that
that
5．I am very interested in ________ he improved his performance in such a short time.
6．________ we need is more patience and determination.
7．Jane marched down the tree lined street, not knowing ________ she was heading.
8．________ we understand things mentally has a lot to do with what we feel.
9．We must find out ________ the composer is coming, so that we can book a room for him beforehand.
how
What
where
How
when
10．There is no doubt ________ such a campus opera will be very popular with college students.
11．This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and struggle for the best.
12．The student decided to hold a contest to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
13．Scientists have obtained striking evidence ________ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
14．Every year, ________ makes the most admirable kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
that
what
what
that
whoever
15．________ it turns out to be a good performance or a bad one, we'll find out.
16．Tom seems not to have grasped ________ the composer has taught, ________ greatly upsets him.
17．The reason that the sculptor gave for his coming late is ________ his car broke down halfway.
18．We are not sure ________ we still want to proceed with the sale.
Whether
what
which
that
whether/if
19．The most uplifting thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
20．Father made a generous promise ________ if I passed the examination he would buy me a bike.
that
that
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．It's not certain _______________________ (哪支队伍会赢得这场比赛).
2．The reason why he was late was ________________________ (他遇上了大雨).
3．The notice came around two in the afternoon _________________
_____________ (会议要延期).
which team will win the game
that he was caught in a heavy rain
that the meeting would be postponed
4．_________________ (情况往往是这样) anything is possible for those who are of great wisdom.
5．______________________ (是否……还有待观察) the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
It is often the case that
It remains to be seen whether
