第08讲 动词时态和语态-2025学年英语初升高知识详细讲解

2025学年英语初升高知识详细讲解
第08讲 动词时态和语态
衔接目标
1.掌握各种时态 2.掌握各种语态以及含情态动词的被动语态用法 3.熟练运用时态和语态
热身训练
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空
1.The old man often_________ (do) some walking in the afternoon.
2.My brother_________ (swim) in the pool when I saw him.
3.Don't worry. All the little tigers_________ (take) good care of in the zoo.
4.We_________ (visit) a lot of famous zoos in the world so far.
5. Some animals_________ (keep) in the zoo. I don't think it is good for them.
6.Many animals are only_________ (give) food once a day.
答案:
1.does 2,was swimming 3,are taken 4. have visited 5.are kept 6.given
初中回顾
知识点一 一般现在时
1.表示经常、反复发生或者习惯性的动作。如：
The woman often chats with others on the Internet. 这个女人经常在网上与别人聊天。
2.表示现在或者经常存在的状态。如：
I am usually at home at this time of day.一天中的这个时候我通常在家。
3.表示主语具备的性格、能力和本质特征等。如：She likes watching TV. 她喜欢看电视。
4.表示客观事实、普遍真理、名言、警句或者谚语等。如：
The Earth goes around the Sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
5.表示按时间表已经拟定或者安排好要发生的动作或事情。此时常见的动词有：arrive, begin, come, go, leave, return, run, start等。句中一般还有表示将来的时间状语。如：
The plane leaves Nanchang at 3:00 p.m. 飞机下午三点离开南昌。
6.在由 when, before, after, as soon as, until等引导的时间状语从句和由if等引导的条件状语从句中，一般现在时被用来表示将来的动作。如：
Come and meet us at the station if you have time this afternoon.如果你今天下午有时间的话，到车站来接我们。
7.在由here或there引导的倒装句中表示此刻正在发生的动作，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如：
Here comes the bus, 公共汽车来了。
8.时间状语
(1)频度副词always, usually, often, sometimes等。
(2)表示动作发生的频率的时间短语。如：every week(day, year, month...),every fourdays, once a week, three times a month, on Sunday(s)等。
知识点二 一般过去时
1.表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
I went to bed at eleven last night.昨晚我11点睡的觉。
2.表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.小时候，我经常在街上踢足球。
3.时间状语：yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday, last night, a moment ago, just now, two days ago, in 1990等。
知识点三 一般将来时
一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。构成：主语＋shall/will+动词原形，其中shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称，而在美式英语中陈述句无论是什么人称，一律用will.
1.表示将要发生的动作或情况，常带有表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on, the day after tomorrow, in the future等。如：
It will be fine tomorrow.明天天气会晴朗。
2.表示预料将要发生的动作或情况。如：
You will feel better after having this medicine. 吃了这种药，你就会感觉好些的。
3.一般将来时的其他几种表示方法
(1)用 be going to 表示：be going to 相当于一个助动词，与其后的动词原形一起构成句子的谓语，表示近期将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
I'm going to see a film this afternoon. 今天下午我将要去看电影。
(2)用一般现在时表示将来意义：句中的动词是一般现在时，但所表示的意义却是一般将来时。如：
Are you free tomorrow =Are you going to be free tomorrow 你明天有空吗？
(3)在时间／条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句习惯上用一般现在时表示将来意义。如：
I'll write to her when I have time.我有空会给她写信。
(4)用表位置移动的行为动词的现在进行时表示将来意义，这些动词有come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start 等。如：
We are leaving tomorrow. 我们明天就要走了。
知识点四 现在进行时
1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的动作或事情。如：
We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。
2.表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。如：
Mr Green is writing another novel.格林先生正在写另一本小说。
3.现在进行时可与always等副词连用，表达说话人的赞扬、讨厌等情绪。如：
He is always asking the same question.(表示厌烦)他总是问同一个问题。
知识点五 过去进行时
1.表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
2.表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：
When I saw him, he was decorating his room.当我看见他的时候他正在装饰他的房间。
3.时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when引导的从句，while引导的从句等。
知识点六 现在完成时
1.表示过去发生或完成的动作对现在造成的结果或影响。如：
I have not seen the film Titanic yet.我还没看过电影《泰坦尼克号》。
2.表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在，并有可能继续下去的动作或状态。如：
He has lived here for 30 years. 他已经住在这里三十年了。
3.时间状语：already, yet, ever, never, before, once, twice, up to now, so far等。
知识点七 过去完成时
1.表示某一动作在过去某一时刻之前已完成。如：
He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. 昨天晚上十点钟之前他已经上床睡觉了。
2.与一般过去时搭配，表示某一动作在过去的动作发生时已完成。如：
The train had left when I got to the station. 当我到达车站时火车已经开走了。
3.时间状语：before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等。
4.使用过去完成时的几种情况
(1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。如：
She said(that) she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。
(2)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前的动作用过去完成时；发生在后的动作用一般
过去时。如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 当警察到达时，贼已经跑了。
(3)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本······,未能······”。如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 我们原本希望你能来，但是你没有(来)。
知识点八 过去将来时
1.过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
I thought I would become a teacher when I was a child.当我是个孩子的时候，我想我将要成为一名老师。
2.一些表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, arrive等，可用过去进行时表示从过去看将要发生的动作。如：
He said they were leaving at seven.他说他们将于七点出发。
知识点九 常用时态的区别
1.一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
一般现在时表示动作的时间不受限制或不确定；现在进行时表示动作的暂时性或有限度的持续性。试比较：
I usually wear sports shoes. 我通常穿运动鞋。(指经常性动作)
I am wearing sports shoes today. 今天我穿运动鞋。(指暂时性动作)
瞬间动词用于一般现在时表示现在发生的短暂动作。瞬间动词用于现在进行时表示动作的重复。试比较：
Jack shoots at the goal.杰克射门。(一般现在时表示瞬间动作)
Jack is jumping with joy. 杰克高兴地跳着。(现在进行时体现动作重复)
一般现在时不带感彩，现在进行时常带有感彩(往往与always等连用)。试比较：
Jim does fine work at school. 吉姆在学校表现很好。(表示事实)
Jim is always doing fine work at school. 吉姆在学校总是表现很好。(表示赞扬)
2.一般现在时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成时强调一个动作从过去到现在的演变过程；一般现在时强调能力、习惯、心理状态或现在存在的状态等。试比较：
You read the text very well. 这篇课文你读得很好。(表示你不仅刚才朗读得好，而且具有朗读才能)
You have read the text very well. 这篇课文你已经读得很好了。(表示这篇课文你朗读得好，不指平常朗读课文的水平)
3.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
(1)一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态一直持续到现在，或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。试比较：
He was in the army for five years. 他当过五年兵。(现已退役)
He has been in the army for five years. 他已当兵五年。(现仍在部队)
与一般过去时连用的时间状语只指过去而不涉及现在，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用。试比较：
He was a teacher in 1989. 1989年他是一名老师。(in1989表示具体的过去的时间)
He has been a teacher since 1989. 自1989年以来他就是一名老师。(since 1989表示从1989年至现在)
(2)当有表示过去某一特定时间的状语时，不用现在完成时，而用一般过去时。如：
I saw the film on television yesterday. 昨天我在电视上看了这部电影。
4.一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时表示动作或状态在过去某时间发生过，不强调与另一过去动作的比较。过去完成时强调某动作在过去某时间或另一动作之前已完成，因此一般必须有一个过去的时间作参照标准，或与另一过去动作的发生有先后关系。试比较：
I wrote three articles last term.上学期我写了三篇文章。
I had written three articles by the end of last term.到上学期期末为止我写了三篇文章。
5.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
一般过去时表示长期的动作或状态；过去进行时表示暂时性的动作或状态。试比较：
The temple stood on the top of the hill.那座寺庙曾坐落在山顶上。
He was standing on the top of the hill. 他正站在山顶上。
两个或多个一般过去时并用时，通常表示一个接一个发生的动作，过去进行时则没有这种表达法；两个过去进行时并用时，表示动作同时发生，且常强调对比。试比较：
She closed the window, turned off the light and left the room.她关上窗，关上灯，然后离开了房间。
While I was reading, my brother was playing the piano. 我在阅读的时候，我哥哥在弹钢琴。
一般过去时和过去进行时并用时，一般过去时表示某一时间点，过去进行时表示某段时间，该时间点在该段时间之内。
When I came into her office, she was typing. 我进她办公室的时候，她正在打字。
They were discussing the plan when the light went out.灯熄灭时，他们正在讨论那个计划。
一般过去时通常只表示发生过的某种动作或存在过的某种状态，不强调持续性。过去进行时表示过去某一段时间内某种动作或状态的持续性。试比较：
Those men hunted in the forest yesterday.昨天那些人在森林里打猎。(不强调动作的持续性)
Those men were hunting in the forest yesterday. 昨天那些人在森林里打猎。(强调整天都在打猎)
知识点十 时态呼应
在英语复合句中，从句中的动词时态，特别是宾语从句中的动词时态，通常在一定程度上受到主句中动词时态的制约，这种现象称为时态呼应。时态呼应一般遵循下列几条原则：
1.主句动词用现在范围的时态(一般现在时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在进行时)，宾语从句中的动词可根据意义的需要确定任何一种时态。如：
I know that Jim has gone to America. 我知道吉姆去美国了。
I have just learned that Jim went to America yesterday. 我刚刚获悉吉姆昨天去美国了。
2.主句动词用过去时态，宾语从句中动词时态通常是各种过去时态的一种，具体用过去时态的哪一种，则需要根据具体意义来确定。
主句中的动作和宾语从句中的动作同时发生，从句中的动词用一般过去时或根据具体意义用过去进行时。如：
I knew that he studied in America. 我知道他在美国学习。
I knew that he was studying in America in the years from 2015 to 2023.
我知道从2015年到2023年他一直在美国学习。
宾语从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前，从句中的动词用过去完成时。如：
He said that he had visited his old friends. 他说他已拜访了他的老朋友。
宾语从句中的动作在主句的动作发生前已持续了一段时间，从句中的动词用过去完成时或过去完成进行时。如：
He said that the patient had been under his treatment for three years.他说病人已在他那里治疗三年了。
宾语从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之后，从句中的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。如：
He said that he would read the book the following year. 他说他明年才读这本书。
He said that they would be reading when she came. 他说她来时他们将正在看书。
He said that they would have finished reading the book by July.他说七月份之前他们会看完这本书。
如果宾语从句表示的是真理、名言、警句等，则不受时态呼应的限制。如：
My father told me that the Earth goes around the Sun.我的父亲告诉我地球围绕太阳转。
3.定语从句及原因、结果、比较、让步等状语从句不受时态呼应的限制。如：
He didn't go out last night because he will have an exam tomorrow.他昨晚没出去是因为他明天要考试。
He is reading the book which I bought yesterday. 他在看我昨天买回来的那本书。
知识点十一 被动语态构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。如：
He is often asked to do this work (by his boss). 他常常被(他的老板)要求做这项工作。
知识点十二 主动语态变被动语态的方法
1.主动语态变被动语态的基本方法
在将主动语态变为被动语态时，可按照以下三个步骤：
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)，并根据被动语态句子里的主语以及原来主动语态句子的时态来决定be的形式。
(3)把主动语态的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。如：
All the people laughed at him.→He was laughed at by all the people. 大家都嘲笑他。
They make the bikes in the factory.→The bikes are made by them in the factory.他们在工厂里制造自行车。
注意：若不强调动作的执行者或承受者，被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略。如：
What is this flower called 这种花叫什么？
2.双宾动词的被动语态
双宾动词即指接双宾语的动词，它们在变为被动语态时，有以下几种情形值得注意：
(1)有些双宾动词(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语(指人)改为介词to或for引导的状语(到底用to还是for,与所搭配的动词有关)。比较：
He gave her some money.他给了她一些钱。
→She was given some money./Some money was given to her.
(2)有些双宾动词(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for).如：
Father made me a doll..爸爸给我做了个玩偶。→A doll I was made for me by Father.
(3)有些双宾动词(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语。如：
He answered me that question.代他回答了我那个问题。→I was answered that question by him.
3.其他
(1)主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语
带复合宾语(宾语＋宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean. 我们一直保持教室干净。→The classroom is always kept clean.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。如：
We often hear him play the guitar. 我们经常听见他弹吉他。→He is often heard to play the guitar.
(2)动词believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：
He is said to have got hurt in the car accident.
It is said that he got hurt in the car accident. 据说他在车祸中受了伤。
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：
She has never been operated on before. 她以前从未做过手术。
(4)动词不定式的被动语态：即把to do变成 to be done.如：
The teacher asked Tony to read the passage again.
The passage was asked to be read again by Tony. 老师要求托尼再读一遍文章。
知识点十三 被动语态各种时态构成表
时态 主动语态 被动语态 例句
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+ done The trees are watered every day.每天都给这些树浇水。 Something is drawn on the wall every day.墙上每天都被画上东西。
一般过去时 did was/were+ done He was invited to the party that day.那天他被邀请去参加聚会了。 They were praised by the professor.他们被教授表扬了。
一般将来时 will/ shall+do will/shall＋be done A meeting will be held tomorrow.明天要开会。 I shall be invited to the ceremony.我将被邀请去参加典礼。
现在进行时 am/is/are＋doing am/is/are+being done A lecture is being given in the hall.大厅里有人正在作演讲。 Some questions are being discussed now.现在正在讨论一些问题。
过去进行时 was/were＋doing was/were＋being done A bridge was being built then.那时正在建一座桥。 They were being questioned when I came in. 我进来时他们正在被提问。
现在完成时 have/has＋done have/has＋been done Ten trees have been cut down since last Sunday. 自从上个周日以来已经砍了十棵树。
过去完成时 had done had been done He said that a plan had been discussed. 他说已经讨论了一个计划。
情态动词 (补充) 情态动词＋do 情态动词＋be+done Something must be done to protect the river. 必须做一些事情来保护这条河。
知识点十四 英语中用主动语态表被动意义的几种情况
1.表示事物本质属性的一类不及物动词，通常可以用其主动语态表示被动意义，此时它们后面常带well, easily, smoothly.等副词。如：
The pen writes well/badly. 这支笔写起来流畅／不流畅。
2.与形容词连用，表示结果的不定式，也具备主动语态表示被动意义的语法特征，句子的主语就是动词不定式逻辑上的宾语。其构成为：主语语＋be+adj.+to do如：
The ice is thin to walk on.这冰薄得难以(在上面)行走。
3.主动形式的动名词表示被动意义
(1)在及物动词need, want, require, stand, bear等后面的动名词主动形式表被动意义。如：
The rule needs explaining with great care,这条规则需要仔细地解释。
(2)be worth doing 意为“值得做某事”。如：
The question is worth further discussing.这个问题值得进一步讨论。
知识点十五 无被动语态的几种情形
1.无被动语态的不及物动词或动词短语
appear, die, disappear, end, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等。如：
After the earthquake, very little remained in the town. 地震后，整个城镇所剩无几。比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise是及物动词。
(错)The price has been risen.
(对)The price has risen.价格上涨了。
(错)The accident was happened last week.
(对)The accident happened last week. 上个星期发生了意外事故。
(错)The price has raised.
(对)The price has been raised.价格上涨了。
要想正确地使用被动语态，就需注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的，特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2.系动词无被动语态
appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 如：
It sounds good. 听起来很好。
3.带同源宾语的及物动词，宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不能用于被动语态：die, death; dream, dream; live, life.如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 昨晚，她做了一个噩梦。
4.当宾语是不定式或动名词短语时，很少用于被动语态。
(对)She likes to swim. 她喜欢游泳。
(错)To swim is liked by her.
高中新知
衔接点一 一般体
1.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示目前或现在存在的状态或特征。如：
He looks upset. Do you know why 他看起来很沮丧。你知道原因吗？
(2)表示客观存在及普遍真理。
(3)表示现在经常或习惯性发生的动作，常与sometimes, often, usually, always, every...等时间状语连用。
(4)一般现在时表将来
①在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, as long as, where, whatever, wherever等引导的时间、条件、让步或原因状语从句中常用一般现在时表将来。如：
If it rains tomorrow, I will not go there. 如果明天下雨，我就不去那里了。
②一般现在时表将来时用于按时间表将来确定要发生的动作或事件。如：
The final exam takes place next week. 期末考试下周举行。
(5)用在以here, there开头的倒装句中，表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
There goes the bell! 铃响了！
注意：通过语境和表示时间的状语来对动作发生的时间进行判断，有时候也通过从句的提示获取关键信息。具体要做到：①首先依据时间状语推断时态；②通过前后语境透露的信息把握动作发生的时间；③把握复合句中的前后时态，或者情景对话式的上下文句子中时态的呼应。
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)。
如：The other day I came across an old friend on the street.前几天，我在街上偶遇了一位老朋友。
表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作，常与often, usually, seldom, always, sometimes等表示频度的副词连用。如：
They never drank wine. 他们从不喝酒。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：
He said he would not attend the meeting any longer if it rained. 他说如果下雨他就不参加会议了。
(3)表达“原以为／本来认为／原希望”等意义时，know, think, expect等动词常用一般过去时。
I didn't expect to meet you here. 我没料到会在这里遇见你。
(4)一般过去时的常见句型
①It is(high)time that sb did sth 该到某人做某事的时候了
It is time that we took action to protect the environment. 到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
②It is/has been+一段时间＋since...did sth 自从做某事已经有一段时间了
③would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人做了某事
3.一般将来时的用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
(2)三类表示一般将来时的特殊结构：
①be going to do sth 表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。如：
She is going to write to him. 她将要给他写信。
②be to do sth 表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。如：
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library. 进入图书馆时我们要遵守这些规定。
③be about to do sth 表示即将发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用，但常与when引导的时间状语从句连用。如：
The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。
注意：will do sth有时候强调“临时的、当即的决定”，意为“要去做某事”。
－Where is the telephone book 电话号码簿在哪里呢？
－I'll go and get it for you. 我去给你拿。
4.过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。如：
He said that he would wait for us at the station.他说他要在车站等我们。
She told her mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.她告诉母亲，她要同汤姆一起去参加一场舞会。
衔接点二 进行体
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在(说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作或状态，这种用法往往表示发生在现在，说话时仍在继续进行的动作或状态，常常与now, right now, at the moment, at present等时间状语连用。如：
They're travelling in India at present. 他们目前正在印度旅行。
注意：现在进行时在状语从句中可表将来的动作。
When you are crossing the street, be careful. 过马路的时候，你要小心。
(2)表示现阶段发生的动作，说话时该动作未必在进行。如：
The famous writer is writing another novel. 这位著名的作家正在写另一部小说。
(3)表将要发生的动作，此时常常与表示将来的时间状语连用，多指计划、安排好的事情。如：
I'm meeting my brother at the station at 5 o'clock. 五点时我要去车站接我哥哥(弟弟)。
(4)表渐变。有些动词，如come, go, leave, begin, start, arrive等的进行时表示逐渐变化的过程。如：
It is getting warmer and warmer in spring. 春天天气变得越来越暖和。
(5)表动作的反复。进行时与always, constantly, forever等词连用，表反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态且往往带有说话人的厌烦、喜爱、批评、抱怨等感彩。如：
You are always changing your mind. 你总是改变主意。
(6)常见的不能用于进行时态的动词：
五个感官动词：feel, look, see, hear, sound
四个情感动词：like, love, hate, want
三个存在动词：exist, stay, remain
四个心理动词：think, believe, understand, know
五个拥有或所属动词：have, possess, own, consist, belong
2.过去进行时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作，由“was(were)+现在分词”构成。如：
He was studying in a university then. 那时，他正在一所大学学习。
He was reading a novel when I came in. 当我进来时，他正在看小说。
(2)与always, forever, constantly连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感彩。如：
He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself.他总是考虑别人，从未考虑过自己。
衔接点三 完成体
1.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already, so far, never, just, before, recently等。如：
He hasn't heard of the news about the lost child so far.他到目前为止还未听说有关这个失踪小孩的消息。
(2)表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for以及so far, now, today, this week (month, year),for a long time, in the past/last few years, these days等连用。如：
We have learnt 500 words these days.我们这些天已经学习了500个单词了。
(3)现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。如：
Please return the book to me when you have finished it. 你看完这本书后请还给我。
注意：牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been+时间段＋since...表示“自从······以来已经······”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我已经从这所大学毕业十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这／那是某人第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。
2.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，强调“过去的过去”之意，常与by, before等介词短语或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子。如：
By the end of last year, we had accomplished the project completely.到去年年底，我们已经彻底完成了该工程。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本······(事实上未能······)”。如：
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们本来预料的是你能赢得这场比赛。
注意：①固定句型：This/It/That was the first/second/third...time that..表示“这／那是某人第几次做某事”，that从句中要用过去完成时。
This was the first time that I had been here.这是我第一次来这里。
②在hardly...when...和 no sooner...than...两个句型中，主句均用过去完成时。
Hardly had the match started when we arrived. 我们一到场，比赛就开始了。
3.将来完成时的用法
主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。如：
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.我们将在今年年底完成这项计划。
4.使用完成时应注意的问题
非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for或since等引出的时间段连用，要转化为相应的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用，比
如 leave→be away, arrive→be here, come→be here, go→be there, return→be back, join→be in, die→be dead, buy→have, borrow→keep等。但其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。如：
He has died for two years.(错误)
He has been dead for two years.(正确)他已经去世两年了。
衔接点四 完成进行体
1.现在完成进行时的用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。如：
I'm very tired. I have been checking the students' papers all the morning.
我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。如：
I have been calling him many times this morning, but there's no answer.
今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但一直没有收到答复。
(3)表示某种感彩。如：
You have been daydreaming but make no efforts.你一直在做白日梦，但从不努力。
2.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成时：表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果。现在完成进行时：表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续。
I've read Robinson Crusoe.我已经读过《鲁宾逊漂流记》了。(已经完成)
I have been reading Robinson Crusoe these days.这些天我一直在读《鲁宾逊漂流记》。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)
3.过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由“had been+v.-ing”构成。过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍在进行)
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个小时了。(动作已经停止，不再继续)
衔接点五 不能用被动语态的特殊动词
1.系动词类(look, seem, feel, taste, sound, prove, appear等)。
2.表示主语特征的词(read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock等)，常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副词连用。如：
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。
3.含有动词短语的句子变为被动语态时，要注意动词短语的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词不可遗漏。如：
His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到了拒绝。
衔接点六 主动形式表示被动意义
1.在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词及worth等形容词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。
2.在“主语(人／物)＋be+形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有
nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。如：
The problem is difficult to work out. 这道题很难计算出。
3.be to rent/blame/let 主动形式表被动意义。如：
Who is to blame for the mistake 谁应为此错误接受谴责？
The houses are to rent. 这些房子有待出租。
巩固训练
A组
一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.At last they were so tired that their poor little legs could carry them no farther, so they_________ (lie) down under a tree and went to sleep.
2.China_________ (send) up several Shenzhou manned spacecraft into space so far.
3.All the children_________ (bring) back to their parents yesterday after the police found them.
4.-Look where you're going! Anything wrong
-Oh, I_________ (think) about my grandma in Shanghai. She lives alone.
5.Dad,the phone is ringing. I guess either you or mum_________ (want) on the phone.
答案:
1.lay 2.has sent 3.were brought 4.was thinking 5.is wanted
二、按要求改写句子
1.Will Jack visit his grandparents next week (改为否定句)
Jack_______________________________________________________________.
2. Ann has ever climbed that mountain before.(改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答)
-_____________________________________________ -No, __________________.
3.David watched TV in the living room yesterday.(用now改写句子)
David__________________ in the living room now.
4. Jack has lived in the small house for 10 years.(用 by the end of last year 改写句子)
By the end of last year, Jack__________________ in the small house for 10 years.
5. “Jim usually goes to school on foot,” Tom said.(改为宾语从句)
Tom said that Jim usually___________________________.
答案:
1. won't visit his grandparents next week
2. Has Ann ever climbed that mountain before; she hasn't
3.is watching TV 4.had lived
5. went to school on foot
三、用所给动词的适当形式填空，完成下面对话
A:Hi,Harry! It's great 1. _________ (meet)you again. Where 2. _________ you 3. _________ (be) so far
B:I've been abroad.
A:I see. What 4. _________ (be) your plan for today
B: I will go to the bookstore. Would you like 5. _________ (join)me
A:Oh,sorry.I6. _________ (go) there yesterday. Do you remember Anne, our old friend at Junior High School
B: Wait! You mean the girl who is good at drawing
A:Yes,exactly.She hasn't changed much. You know, she lives in this city now.
B:7. _________ you 8. _________ (meet)her by coincidence(巧合)？
A:Yes,I did. At first, she was staring(盯着)at me, and I 9. _________ (be not) sure that she was Anne.
B:Did you ask her for the phone number
A:Yes,I did. It's 115 848 ****.
B: Let me write it down. I 10. _________ (call) her sometime.
答案:
1.to meet 2.have 3.been 4.is 5.to join
6.went 7.Did 8.meet 9. wasn't 10. will/shall call
四、将下列句子改为被动语态
1.They were planting trees this time yesterday.
Trees_________ _________ _________ _________ them this time yesterday.
2.The headmaster will choose some students to be volunteers for the meeting.
Some students_________ _________ _________ to be volunteers for the meeting by the headmaster.
3.I see him go to school every day.
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Farmers grow many vegetables in the fields in spring.
_________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1. were being planted by 2. will be chosen
3. He is seen to go to school every day.
4.Many vegetables are grown by farmers in the fields in spring.
B组
一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.Lettersd_________ (deliver) by the postman in the late afternoon every day.
2.-Can I use the computer to search for information now
-Of course, we_________ (repair) it. Help yourself!
3.Some mistakes we didn't pay attention to_________ (lead) to the disaster last year.
4. -Can you move a bit farther, dear You are too close to the TV.
-Sorry, Mum. I didn't know I_________ (sit) so close.
5.We must be careful. Cotton_________ (catch)fire easily.
答案:
1.are delivered 2.have repaired 3.led 4. was sitting 5.catches
二、从方框中选词或短语并用其适当形式填空，有一个多余选项
bring, tell, influence, begin, help, make, live, good, listen to, go through, go along
Have you ever faced a time when things looked dark and you had no hope at all Yes, I have. But the music 1. _________ me.
Two years ago, I 2_________. I had a serious disease which was difficult to deal with. My body ached all the time and I thought I didn't have much longer 3. _________ I was very afraid and I felt so lonely and sad. Then one day, I had to go through a two-hour medical treatment(治疗)。The doctor wanted me to relax, so he had me 4. _________ 1ow some music, and one of the songs was Happy. The song made me feel so much 5. _________ that from then on I began to listen to music all the time. John A. Logan said, “Music is the medicine of the mind.” And it's true. Music helped me recover(恢复)。
Music gave me happiness. When I listened to music, it made my spirits fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave me strength and 6. _________ me relief(解脱)．It was the rock that 7. _________ me become strong and get through those hard times. Besides, music gave me hope and a sense of satisfaction. It became my best friend. It spoke words of encouragement to the deepest part of my heart.
I hope none of you have to go through the same kind of pain that I did. At the same time, we all 8. _________ all kinds of periods when we feel sad or lonely. During those times, music can help you in the same way that it 9. _________ me. I hope all of you 10.dto treasure music and make it a part of your life.
答案:
1.has influenced 2. was told 3.to live 4.listen to 5. better
6.brought 7.made 8.go through 9.helped 10.will begin
C组 语法填空
(一)
The Arctic is a land with long winters and short summers. It has some of the 1. _________ (bad) weather on Earth. Humans have lived there since thousands of years ago. So, how did they manage 2. _________ (dive) in the Arctic under such terrible conditions
The 3. _________ (one) people of the Arctic in North America were the Inuit. They came from Russia by crossing the Bering Sea. They hunted animals because the crops couldn't 4. _________ (plant).To live in the cold Arctic, they had to watch things around them 5. _________ (careful). They noticed changes in the wind and sky, and then tried to guess what the weather would be like that day. It was also necessary for them to watch how the animals lived. In summer, they hunted groups of caribou 6. _________ it was more difficult to find seals than in winter. At the same time, the Inuit learned 7. _________ (make)snow houses. In fact, they had to make whatever they needed.
Today, the Inuit no longer depend on 8. _________ (hunt) as they once did. They also do not need to move from place to place all around the year. They now lie in communities.
They 9. _________ (learn)the world by televisions, telephones and the Internet. People from all over the world are having a much 10. _________ (clear) understanding of them now.
答案:
1.worst 2. to dive 3. first 4.be planted 5. carefully
6.because 7.to make 8.hunting 9.learn 10.clearer
(二)
Reading is 11. _________ (real) important. Hopefully, we can get knowledge through reading, which not only broadens our horizons(拓宽视野)，12. _________ also makes us cleverer and happier. Moreover, we can improve school studies if we keep 13. _________ (read) and we think that our future will become much 14. _________ (bright).
However, some students spend too much time 15. _________ their mobile phones and this will take much 16. _________ (they) spare time. So I would like 17. _________ (suggest) that everyone should read more books every day, especially Chinese classic novels. In that way, we can spread our Chinese traditional culture to 18. _________ world. What's more, by reading more books, our writing skills are 19. _________ (improve),too.
All in all, doing reading 20. _________ (do) us much good if we do it from now on. And it is strongly suggested that we should make reading become a habit of our life. Do you agree with me
答案:
11.really 12.but 13.reading 14. brighter 15. on
16.their 17.to suggest 18. the 19. improved 20. will do
(三)
There are many kinds of art forms in China. And each different part of China has its own special forms of 21. _________ (tradition) art. These usually try to represent the things that are important in life such as love, beauty and family. The most common things, from paper to clay to bamboo,22. _________ (turn) into objects of beauty.
Paper cutting 23. _________ (be) around for more than 1,500 years. Paper cutting sounds very easy 24. _________ it can be difficult to do. The paper, usually red, is folded before it is cut with scissors. The most common pictures are flowers, fish, animals, and things about Chinese history. During the Spring Festival, they are put on windows, doors and walls as 25. _________ (symbol)of wishes for good luck and 26. _________ happy new year.
Chinese clay art is famous because the clay pieces are so small that they look very real. The pieces are 27. _________ (careful) shaped by hand from a very special kind of clay and then allowed to air-dry. After drying, they are fired at a very high heat, They are then polished and painted. Finally, materials such as wood or paper are added 28. _________ (make) different things. 29. _________ takes several weeks to complete everything. These small pieces of clay art show the love that all Chinese people have 30. _________ life and beauty.
答案:
21.traditional 22.are turned 23.has been 24.but 25.symbols
26.a 27. carefully 28. to make 29.It 30.for