第12讲 定语从句-2025学年英语初升高知识详细讲解

2025学年英语初升高知识详细讲解
第12讲 定语从句
衔接目标
1.掌握定语从句的基本用法 2.正确把握定语从句的特殊点 3.熟练运用定语从句，增加语言表达的复杂性
热身训练
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1.That is a country__________ culture is quite different from that of China.
2. These old pictures bring to their mind the happy days__________ they spent together.
3. __________ you know, more and more people like to live in the country.
4.What can we do for the left-home children in the village__________ need help
5.Do you know the reason__________ he didn't come to our party
答案:
1.whose 2.which/that 3,As 4,who/that 5.why
初中回顾
知识点 定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。下表给出了一些常用关系词的具体用法。
关系词 先行词 从句中成分 例句
关系 代词 who 人 主语、宾语 The person who broke the window must pay for it. 打破玻璃的人必须赔偿。
whom 人 宾语 Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate 你认识我们在门口遇到的那个年轻人吗？
that 人、物 主语、宾语 I've read the newspaper that carries the important news. 我读了那份载有重要新闻的报纸。
which 物 主语、宾语 A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 词典是给出单词意思的书。
whose 人、物 定语 The girl whose mother is ill will stay at home today. 那个女孩的妈妈病了，女孩今天将待在家里。
关系 副词 when 时间 状语 I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我永远忘不了我们在农场工作的时候。
where 地点 状语 The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 他爸爸上班的工厂在城市的东部。
why 原因 状语 I don't know the reason why he didn't come. 我不知道他没来的原因。
高中新知
衔接点一 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。其区别如下：
1.限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约的作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
The book that/which I am read in is very interesting.我正在读的那本书很有趣。
2.非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用，缺少也不会影响对全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。
The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.我去年买的那个房子带着一个漂亮的花园。
衔接点二 关系代词的辨析
1.that和which的辨析
(1)只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词是everything, nothing, anything, much, little, none等不定代词或由不定代词any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all等修饰时，引导定语从句用that不用which.
Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.最终，小偷上交了他偷到的所有东西。
②先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时，引导定语从句用that.
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书。
③先行词中既有人又有物时，引导定语从句用that.
Look at the man and his dog that are walking up the street.看在街上走的那个人和他的狗。
④先行词被 the only, the very, the same等修饰且指物时，引导定语从句用that.
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这就是我想买的那本字典。
注意：当先行词指人时，引导定语从句用that和who都可以。
He is the only person that/who I want to see now.他就是我现在唯一想见的人。
⑤当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，引导定语从句只用that.
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 最适合我的T恤衫是哪件？
(2)只用which不用that的情况：
①关系代词前有介词或介词短语时。
Here is the book about which I told you yesterday.这就是我昨天跟你说的那本书。
②引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
足球，一种非常有趣的运动，在全世界范围内流行。
③先行词本身是that时。That which is well done is twice done.一次做得好等于做两次。
2.who,whom和whose的辨析
(1)先行词指人，且在从句中作主语或宾语时，常用who.
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天我帮了一位迷路的老人。
(2)先行词指人，且在从句中作介词的宾语且介词提前时，只用whom.
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.那位老人有两个女儿，她们两个都是医生。
(3)whose的先行词可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。whose可用“the+名词＋of which/ whom”来代替。
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那间教室很快就会被修理。
3.as和which的辨析
(1)as用于限制性定语从句中，常用于固定结构中，如：the same/such...as等。
I've never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲的这样的故事。
(2)as引导的非限制性定语从句常常用于固定结构中，如：as we all know, as is often the case, as we can see, as is reported...等。
He is from the South, as we can know from his accent.他来自南方，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
(3)as与which引导定语从句的异同。
as和which都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。但是，as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义，而which意为“这一点”。
He is honest, as/which we can see. 他很诚实，正如我们所看到的／这一点我们能够看到。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是一名著名的作家。
衔接点三 关系副词的辨析
1.关系副词的基本用法
(1)when先行词指时间，且在从句中作时间状语，可转换成at/on/in/during+which.
(2)where先行词指地点，且在从句中作地点状语，可转换成at/on/in+which.
(3)why先行词为reason,且在从句中作原因状语，可转换成for+which.
2.关系副词where的特殊用法
如果定语从句的先行词为point和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且在从句中作状语，要用where引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫作“地点模糊化”。常见的名词还有：job,activity,atmosphere,occasion,circumstance,state,degree,stage等。
I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but can't write a good essay.我能想到在很多情况下，学生很显然认识大量的英语单词和短语但就是不能写出一篇好作文。
衔接点四 介词＋关系代词／关系副词
1.介词＋关系代词
它既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”结构中确定关系代词前的介词方法：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③上下文句子的意义。
Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future.
风能是一种古老的能源，在不远的未来我们可以借助于它。
2.介词＋关系副词
His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。
衔接点五 定语从句中的其他常见考点
1.定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)当定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词须与先行词在数等方面保持一致。
I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.我作为你的老师，会尽力帮助你。
(2)“one of+复数名词”作先行词时，从句的谓语动词通常用复数，但one前有the, the only, the very, the right或just the等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the three students who were late for school on Friday.他是周五三个迟到的学生中的一个。
2.注意way与time后跟定语从句的情况
(1)the way为先行词且在主句中作方式状语时，关系词用in which/that,或省略。the way为先行词且关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词用that/which,关系词作主语时不可省略。
I don't like the way (in which/that) you speak to your parents.我不喜欢你跟你父母说话的方式。
The way that/which he showed us to operate the machine is easy to learn.
他给我们展示的操作机器的方法很容易学。
(2)先行词为time时，若time意为“次数”，应用关系词that引导定语从句且可省略；若time意为“一段时间”，且关系词在定语从句中充当状语时，应用关系词 when或“介词＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the first time that I have visited Sichuan.这是我第一次游览四川。
There was a time when/during which women were looked down upon.曾经有一段时期妇女被歧视。
3.定语从句与强调句的区别
要判断句子是否是强调句可用还原法，即将被强调的部分放在从句中相应的位置，如不再需要添加任何词语，句子就是强调句。
It was in the restaurant where we had dinner that I met our English teacher yesterday.
昨天我就是在我们吃饭的餐馆见到了我们的英语老师。(强调句)
巩固训练
一、在空白处填入适当的内容(每空1词)
1.Yan Ning is an excellent scientist will_________ return to China in the near future.
2.-What's in balloons, mummy
-It's air. It is a kind of matter_________ you can feel when it moves.
3.We'll never forget the people and buildings_________ we visited in India.
4.We will never forget the time_________ we lived in the countryside.
5.Great changes have taken place here. Everything_________ comes into my eyes is so new to me.
答案:
1.who/that 2.that/which 3.that 4.when 5.that
二、将下列句子合并为含有定语从句的复合句
1.The letter is from my uncle. I received it yesterday.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2.The teacher saw what happened. The teacher was standing nearby.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3.This is the tree. He climbed it yesterday.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do not drink water. It has not been boiled.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The student is in the room. His name is Tom.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
答案:
1. The letter (which/that) I received yesterday is from my uncle.
2.The teacher who/that was standing nearby saw what happened.
3.This is the tree which/that he climbed yesterday,
4.Do not drink water which/that has not been boiled.
5. The student whose name is Tom is in the room.
三、用适当的定语从句完成句子
1. This is the best novel___________________________ (我所读过的)。
2.That is the train___________________________(我们乘坐去北京的)。
3.Hide-and-seek, ___________________________(一项很有趣的运动)，is popular among the children.
4.The city___________________________(他工作的)is the capital of that country.
5.This is a time___________________________(人人喜欢流行歌曲的时期)。
答案:
1.that I have ever read
2.which/that we took to Beijing
3. which is an interesting sport
4.where he works
5.when everyone likes pop songs
四、阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(每空一词)
Do you know the man 1. _________ wrote this book He was Jason, one of the engineers 2. _________ came from Russia in the 1950s. He worked in the same factory 3. _________ my father once worked. When he came to China, the first thing 4. _________ he did was to visit the factory 5. _________ did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason 6. _________ China was so backward in it. Then he spent every minute 7. _________ he could spare helping China develop transportation.8. _________ is mentioned above, Jason was a foreigner 9. _________ made great contributions to our country and was a kind man 10. _________ we should say thanks.
答案:
1.who 2.who 3.where 4.that 5.which/that
6.why 7.that 8.As 9.who/that 10.to whom