Unit3 Period 4 Grammar & Writing

Unit
3
Under
the
Sea
Period
4
Grammar
&
Writing
动词 ing形式
一、动词 ing形式的分类和概述
类别
概念
特点
动名词
动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词＋ ing构成。动名词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
动名词保留动词的特征，可带自己的宾语作状语，构成动名词短语，有时态和语态的变化。
现在分词
现在分词用于表示现在动作的分词，在英语中
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )由动词＋ ing构成，主要用来表示“主动”、“进行”和“经常性”的概念，其主要用途是使描述具有生动性。
可以和助动词
be一起构成进行时态，其功能与由动词构成的形容词相似。
二、动词 ing形式的句法功能
功能
功能说明
示例
作主语
动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。常用it作形式主语代替 ing的句式有：It’s
no
use/good
doing.../
It’s
useful/useless
doing.../
It’s
a
waste
of
time
doing...
Being
invited
to
the
party
is
a
great
honor
to
me.受到邀请参加此次聚会对我来说是莫大的荣耀。It
is
a
waste
of
time
quarrelling
with
him.与他争吵是浪费时间。
作宾语
动词的 ing可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )宾语。常接动词 ing形式作宾语的动词或词组有：admit承认/advise建议/allow允许/avoid避免/suggest建议/resist抵抗/risk冒险/practise练习/permit允许/put
off推迟/miss错过/mind介意/keep
on持续/keep保持/include包括/imagine想象/enjoy喜欢/escape逃脱/finish完成/give
up放弃/delay推迟/consider考虑/can’t
stand禁不住/can’t
help禁不住
I
avoided
meeting
her
by
leaving
by
the
back
door.
我从后门离去以免和她相见。It
is
important
that
we
(should)
practise
speaking
English
everyday.我们每天练习说英语是很重要的。
作宾语补足语
现在分词可以在see，he
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ar，notice，watch，feel，smell，look
at，listen
to，observe，find等表示感官和心理状态的动词或动词短语及have，get，leave，keep，set，send等词后面作宾语补足语，和宾语一起构成复合宾语。作宾语补足语的句子如果改为被动语态，则宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
I
heard
her
singing
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
as
she
ran
upstairs.我听到她唱着歌跑上楼。Nobody
noticed
him
leaving
the
office，because
we
were
too
busy
with
our
work.因为我们工作太忙了所以没有人注意到他离开了办公室。
作状语
时间状语：表示与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生，其完成式作时间状语表示先于谓语动词发生。多用于句首。
Having
waited
for
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
long
time，he
was
asked
into
the
office.在等了很长时间之后，他被叫进了办公室。
作原因状语时，多用于句首。
Not
having
done
i
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
right，the
boy
was
asked
to
try
again.做得不对，这个男孩被要求重做。
作结果状语时，多置于句末，其前多用逗号隔开。
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词 ing形式作状语，表示结果时，多强调顺其自然的结果；而动词不定式作结果状语时，多强调意外的、不愿意看到的结果。
I
believe
tha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
he
will
come
back
to
me，bringing
us
a
sweet
future.我相信他将回到我身边，给我们的家庭带来一个更加美好幸福的未来。The
storm
left，having
caused
much
damage.暴风雨过后，带来较大损失。
作伴随状语时，可以置于句首、句中或句末，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作。
Gathering
ar
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ound
the
fire，the
tourists
danced
with
the
local
people.聚集在火堆周围，游客们与当地人一起共舞。His
exhaustion
was
obvious
when
he
fell
asleep
standing.他站着睡着了，显然是太累了。
目的状语：现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多置于句末，且多用逗号隔开。
I
hunted
around
fro
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m
city
to
city，hoping
to
get
a
job.我在一个又一个的城市里逡巡，希望找到一份工作。
评论性状语：有些惯用的现在分词形式在句
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，表明说话者的态度、观点等，我们称之为评论性状语。常见的有：generally
speaking一般说来/strictly
speaking严格说来/roughly
speaking大致说来/broadly
speaking广义说来/narrowly
speaking狭义上说来/judging
from/by...由……判断
Generally
speaking，the
weather
in
January
is
the
most
coldest.一般来说，一月的天气是最冷的。Judging
by
her
accent，she
must
be
from
the
North.从她的口音判断，她一定是北方人。
作表语
动名词作表语，句子主语通常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句，表示主语的内容。现在分词作表语表示主语具有的某些性质或状态。
The
scene
in
this
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
picture
is
very
inspiring.这是一个非常鼓舞人心的情景。What
you
said
is
really
interesting.你所说的话真的非常有趣。
作定语
动词 ing形式作定语可以置于名词前，也
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以置于名词后。如果单个的 ing形式作定语，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是短语，则后置；被 ing所修饰的名词就是该 ing的逻辑主语。另外， ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用 ing作定语，要使用定语从句。
Look
over
there—th
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere’s
a
very
long，winding
path
leading
up
to
the
house.看那边，有一条很长蜿蜒曲折一直伸向那间屋子的道路。The
lady
standing
over
there
is
my
English
teacher.站在那儿的那位女士是我的英语老师。
三、动词 ing形式的时态和语态
分类
说明
示例
一般式doing
动词 ing形式的一般式表示与谓语动词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )同时发生的动作，也可以表示发生在谓语动词之前或之后的动作。有时，指一般性的动作，不明确说明动作发生的先后。
He
got
up
late
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and
hurried
to
his
office，leaving
the
breakfast
untouched.
他起床晚了，没吃早饭就匆忙去上班了。
完成式having
done
动词 ing形式的完成式表示的动作发生
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在谓语动词前。某些动名词表示动作发生在主句动词前时即可以用一般式也可以用完成式。如excuse/
remember/
forget等。
Having
reviewed
the
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )echnical
report，we
found
several
mistakes
in
it.
审查技术报告后，我们发现里面有数处错误。
被动式beingdone/havingbeendone
动词 ing形式的被动式是指
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )当动词 ing形式的逻辑主语同时也是 ing形式表示的动作的承受者时， ing形式用被动语态。多数情况下避免使用动名词的被动完成式，而用一般式代替，以免使句子显得累赘，尤其是口语中。
How
do
you
feel
about
being
interviewed
on
TV？在电视上接受采访你觉得怎么样？
Ⅰ.用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空
1．What
frustrated
J
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oanna
most
was
her________________(not，allow)to
go
abroad
alone.
2．The
girl’s
________________
(educate)in
a
simple
environment
was
what
her
parents
wished
for.
3．________________(suffer)
from
the
lung
cancer
for
many
years，John
suffered
a
lot
of
pain.
4．________________
(watch)
by
a
crowd
of
people，Shirley
felt
nervous，not
knowing
what
to
say.
5．I
appreciate
________________
(give)
the
chance
to
study
abroad
two
years
ago.
6．________________
(tell)many
times，he
still
couldn’t
understand
what
the
professor
said.
7．I
think
the
dictio
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nary
published
this
year
is
worthy
of
________________
(buy)．
8．________________(expose)to
sunlight
for
too
much
time
will
do
harm
to
one’s
skin.
9．The
foreign
frie
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nds
you
referred
to
are
looking
forward
to
________________
(show)around
our
newly
built
language
lab.
10．I
used
to
be
an
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )overweight
boy，______________(weigh)
95
kg
in
Junior
One.So
I
decided
to
lose
weight.
如何写投诉信
eq
\a\vs4\al()
写法指导
1．投诉信中投诉服务是经常会
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考到的话题，一般主要集中在对于饭店、宾馆、餐厅、旅行社等服务性行业的投诉，此类书信一般在结构上可分为以下几个部分：
(1)自我介绍，表明投诉内容以及与收信人的相关性。
(2)陈述投诉内容，如时间、地点、人物、事件等，并指出对方服务问题所在以及由此而产生的对自己或者家人的影响。
(3)提出整改建议或者希望得到对方的赔偿或补偿。
2．写作投诉信时应该注意的几个问题。
(1)投诉信与普通书信格式
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一样，但要注意写投诉信的目的是为了求得解决问题而不是为了泄愤，因此写信时一定要注意态度诚恳、礼貌委婉，反映问题的时候不能伤了双方的和气；
(2)投诉信应重点表明投诉的原因，叙事应客观、准确、简洁。最后提出的解决方法应切实可行。在表达自己的不满时，语言要把握分寸，不失风度。
eq
\a\vs4\al()
常用句式
(1)I
venture
to
write
a
letter
to
you
about...
恕我冒昧，我写信是想告诉你……
(2)One
annoying
aspect
of
your
service
is...
你们服务中不尽人意的地方是……
(3)I
am
writing
this
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )letter
to
tell
you
how
disappointed
I
have
been
with
the
after sale
service
at
your
shop.我写信是想告诉贵店，我对你们的售后服务非常失望。
(4)I
would
like
to
dra
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w
your
attention
to
the
problem...我希望引起贵方对……问题的注意。
(5)I
am
writing
to
inf
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orm
you
that
I
find...unsatisfactory./I
am
dissatisfied
with
your...
我写信是为了告诉你我非常不满意……
(6)I
trust
you
will
take
my
complaints
seriously
and...
相信贵方会认真对待我的投诉，并且……
(7)I
hope
you
will
give
due
attention
to
this
matter.
希望贵方能对此事给予足够重视。
(8)I
would
be
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )very
grateful
if
you
could
look
into
the
matter
as
soon
as
possible.And
I
am
looking
forward
to
an
early
reply.如果贵方能尽快调查此事，我将万分感激。望早日作出答复。
(9)I
am
not
blaming
anyone，but...
我不是指责某个人，但是……
(10)I
am
sure
this
is
a
rare
problem.
我相信这类问题不会经常发生。
eq
\a\vs4\al()
写作要求
假设你是李华，请就食品卫生问题，给某报社英文栏目编辑写一封100词左右的信，内容要点如下：
1．你的邻居因食用从市场上买回来的伪劣食品而中毒；
2．你目睹了他们中毒以及在邻里帮助下脱险的经过；
3．呼吁社会各界重视食品卫生与安全；……
注意：1.短文须包含上述所有要点，也可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
2．文中所给出的提示不计入总词数。
参考词汇：伪劣食品fake
food；食品卫生food
hygiene
Dear
editor，
I’m
writing
to
tell
you
about
a
food
poisoning
incident.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
eq
\a\vs4\al()
审题谋篇
项目
结论
体裁
议论文
话题
投诉信
时态
一般过去时和一般现在时
人称
第三人称
eq
\a\vs4\al()
词句推敲
1．词汇
①食物中毒事件________________
②呕吐
________________
③逃过死亡
________________
④获利
________________
⑤采取行动
________________
答案：①a
food
poisoning
incident　②throw
up
③escape
from
death　④make
profits　⑤take
action
2．句式
①他们肚子疼，把吃的东西全吐出来了。
一般表达：They
had
stomachaches.They
threw
up
all
the
food
they
had
eaten.
高级表达：(用what引导名词性从句改写上面句子)
________________________________________________________________________
②另一个邻居叫了救护车，救护车迅速把他们送往医院。
一般表达：Another
neigh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bour
called
the
ambulance.The
ambulance
carried
them
quickly
to
hospital.
高级表达：(用which引导定语从句改写上面句子)
________________________________________________________________________
③在经过几小时的治疗之后，他们逃过了死亡。
一般表达：After
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hey
had
been
treated
for
several
hours，they
finally
escaped
from
death.
高级表达：(用简单句改写上面句子)
________________________________________________________________________
④为了保护人们的生命安全，全社会应该采取行动。
一般表达：The
who
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le
society
shall
begin
taking
action
in
order
that
we
can
protect
people’s
life
safety.
高级表达：(用简单句改写上面句子)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①They
had
stomachaches
and
threw
up
what
they
had
eaten.
②Another
neighbo
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur
called
the
ambulance，which
carried
them
quickly
to
hospital.
③After
several
hours’
treatment，they
finally
escaped
from
death.
④The
whole
societ
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y
shall
begin
taking
action
to
protect
people’s
life
safety.
eq
\a\vs4\al()
妙笔成篇
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One
possible
version：
Dear_editor，
I’m_writing_to_tell_
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you_about_a_food_poisoning_incident.Several
days
ago，my
neighbor
family
ate
a
bag
of
fake
food
from
the
market.After
the
meal，they
had
stomachaches
and
threw
up
what
they
had
eaten
as
their
faces
turned
pale.Fortunately，another
neighbor
passed
by
only
to
find
the
incident
and
immediately
called
the
ambulance，which
carried
them
quickly
to
hospital.After
several
hours’
treatment，they
finally
escaped
from
death.
From
this
all
of
us
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
have
realized
the
importance
of
food
safety.As
some
illegal
businessmen
are
only
interested
in
making
profits
in
the
race
to
become
rich
quickly，they
seldom
care
about
the
necessary
safety
measures
and
hygiene
or
care
what
happens
to
consumers.They
must
be
charged
by
law.Meanwhile
I
do
hope
the
whole
society
shall
begin
taking
action
to
protect
people’s
life
safety.
Yours，
Li_Hua