高考英语基础语法复习(讲义)—定语从句

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名称 高考英语基础语法复习(讲义)—定语从句
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更新时间 2025-06-20 18:50:20

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高考英语基础语法一轮复习学案——定语从句
一、定语从句的核心概念与基础结构
定语从句是英语复合句中用于修饰名词或代词(即先行词)的从句,通过关系词(关系代词或关系副词)将从句与主句连接,起到“形容词”的作用,因此也被称为“形容词性从句”。其基本结构为 “先行词 + 关系词 + 从句”,核心在于根据先行词的性质和从句的成分选择正确的关系词。
(一)关系代词的分类与用法
关系代词主要有 who、whom、whose、which、that,在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
1. who/whom
who:指代人,在从句中作主语。
例句:The man who is standing there is my teacher.(who作从句主语)
whom:指代人,在从句中作宾语,可省略或用who替代(口语中常用who)。
例句:The girl (whom) he loves is very kind.(whom作从句宾语,可省)
2. which
指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。
例句:This is the book which I bought yesterday.(which作宾语,可省);The house which stands on the hill is beautiful.(which作主语)
3. that
既可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。
特殊用法:当先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very等修饰,或先行词为all、anything、nothing等不定代词时,只能用that。
例句:This is the best film that I have ever seen.(先行词被最高级修饰);All that he said is true.(先行词为不定代词)
4. whose
表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语,后接名词。
例句:The girl whose mother is a doctor is my classmate.(指人);The house whose windows face south is mine.(指物)
(二)关系副词的分类与用法
关系副词有 when、where、why,在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语,相当于“介词 + 关系代词”结构。
1. when
指代时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词 + which”。
例句:I still remember the day when we met for the first time.(= on which)
2. where
指代地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词 + which”。
例句:This is the city where I was born.(= in which)
3. why
指代原因,在从句中作原因状语,仅用于先行词为“reason”的情况,相当于“for which”。
例句:The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.(= for which)
二、高考高频定语从句考点详解
(一)关系词的选择与辨析
高考常考查根据先行词和从句成分选择关系词,需注意以下难点:
真题示例1(2023全国甲卷)
题目:The museum, ______ was built in the 19th century, attracts thousands of visitors every year.
答案:which
解析:先行词“museum”指物,从句缺主语,且为非限制性定语从句(有逗号),只能用which。
真题示例2(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)
题目:I will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the countryside.
答案:that/which
解析:先行词“days”指时间,但从句缺宾语(spent的宾语),需用关系代词that/which,而非when。
(二)限制性与非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句:与先行词紧密相关,去掉后影响句子核心意义,不用逗号分隔,关系词有时可省略。
例句:The book (that) I bought is very useful.(“我买的书”限定范围,that作宾语可省)
2. 非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用,去掉后不影响主句完整,必须用逗号分隔,不能用that,关系词不可省略。
例句:My father, who is a teacher, works very hard.(补充说明“父亲”的身份)
真题示例(2021全国乙卷)
题目:The Great Wall, ______ is one of the greatest wonders in the world, attracts tourists from all over the globe.
答案:which
解析:先行词“Great Wall”指物,非限制性定语从句缺主语,用which。
(三)“介词 + 关系代词”结构
1. 用法:当从句中动词与先行词存在固定搭配的介词时,需将介词提前至关系代词前,常见结构为“介词 + which/whom”。
例句:This is the room in which Lu Xun once lived.(= This is the room which Lu Xun once lived in)
2. 介词选择依据:
与从句动词的固定搭配(如look for、listen to)。
与先行词的搭配(如the reason for which、the way in which)。
真题示例(2020全国Ⅲ卷)
题目:The man ______ whom I spoke on the phone last night is very famous.
答案:to
解析:speak to为固定搭配,先行词指人,用to + whom。
(四)特殊先行词与关系词用法
1. 先行词为way:当先行词是way(方式)时,关系词可用that、in which或省略。
例句:This is the way (that/in which) he solved the problem.
2. 先行词为time:当time表示“次数”时,关系词用that(可省略);表示“时间”时,用when。
例句:This is the first time (that) I have seen him.(次数);I still remember the time when we studied together.(时间)
三、高考真题中的定语从句考点剖析
1. (2023全国乙卷)
题目:The school ______ he once studied has become a famous educational center.
答案:where
解析:先行词“school”指地点,从句缺地点状语(studied in the school),用where。
2. (2022全国乙卷)
题目:The scientist, ______ achievements have influenced the world greatly, will give a lecture tomorrow.
答案:whose
解析:先行词“scientist”指人,从句缺定语(“科学家的成就”),用whose。
3. (2021新高考Ⅰ卷)
题目:The house ______ windows face south is our reading - room.
答案:whose
解析:先行词“house”指物,从句缺定语(“房子的窗户”),用whose。
4. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)
题目:The number of people ______ lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.
答案:who
解析:先行词“people”指人,从句缺主语,用who。
5. (2019全国Ⅱ卷)
题目:They also had a small pond ______ they raised fish.
答案:where
解析:先行词“pond”指地点,从句缺地点状语(raised fish in the pond),用where。
6. (2018全国Ⅲ卷)
题目:He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of ______ were published in the 1990s.
答案:which
解析:先行词“books”指物,“介词 + which”结构,half of which作从句主语。
四、定语从句易错点深度总结
1. 关系词误用:未根据从句成分选择关系代词(作主语/宾语)或关系副词(作状语),如混淆when/where与that/which。
2. 限制性与非限制性混淆:忽略逗号分隔,错用that引导非限制性定语从句,或随意省略非限制性从句的关系词。
3. “介词 + 关系代词”错误:未识别动词与先行词的固定搭配,导致介词选择错误。
4. 特殊先行词漏判:对way、time等特殊先行词的关系词用法不熟悉,误用引导词。
5. 从句主谓一致错误:关系代词作主语时,未确保从句谓语与先行词单复数一致(如one of the students who are...)。
通过对高考真题的高频考点分析与典型错题归纳,可系统掌握定语从句的关系词选择、从句结构和特殊用法,避免在语法填空、短文改错和写作中出现错误。