高考英语基础语法一轮复习学案——宾语从句
一、宾语从句的核心概念与基础结构
宾语从句是英语复合句中充当宾语的从句,用于表达动作的对象或内容。它可作及物动词的宾语(如I know that he is right)、介词的宾语(如He is worried about whether he can pass the exam)或形容词的宾语(如I’m sure that she will come)。其基本结构为 “引导词 + 陈述句语序”,通过不同引导词和时态变化实现多样化表达。
(一)宾语从句的引导词分类与用法
1. that引导的宾语从句
用法:无实际意义,在从句中不充当成分,常用于及物动词(如think、believe、know、say)后,且在口语或非正式语境中可省略。
例句:
I believe that he will succeed.(及物动词后,that可省)
It’s important to remember that grammar is the foundation of English.(that不可省,避免歧义)
特殊情况:当动词后接多个that引导的宾语从句时,仅第一个that可省略,其余需保留。
例句:He said that he was busy and that he couldn’t attend the meeting.
2. whether/if引导的宾语从句
用法:表示“是否”,在从句中不充当成分,常用于ask、wonder、doubt等动词后。
区别:
if:一般用于宾语从句,不与or not直接连用;不能作介词宾语。
例句:I don’t know if he will come.
whether:可用于各类名词性从句(宾语、主语、表语等),可与or not连用;可作介词宾语。
例句:The question is whether he can finish it on time.(表语从句);I’m worried about whether it will rain.(介词宾语)
3. 连接代词引导的宾语从句
who、whom、whose、what、which:在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语,有具体含义。
例句:
Do you know who will give us a speech (who作主语)
She asked me what I wanted.(what作宾语)
I don’t know whose book this is.(whose作定语)
4. 连接副词引导的宾语从句
when、where、why、how:在从句中充当状语,表时间、地点、原因或方式。
例句:
Can you tell me when the train leaves (时间状语)
I wonder how he solved the problem.(方式状语)
(二)宾语从句的语序与时态规则
1. 陈述句语序:无论引导词为何,宾语从句需用 “主语 + 谓语” 的正常语序,避免疑问句语序。
例句:
错误:I don’t know when does the train arrive.
正确:I don’t know when the train arrives.
2. 时态呼应原则
主句为现在时态:从句时态根据实际情况选择(可现在时、过去时或将来时)。
例句:He says that he is reading a book.(现在进行时);He says that he will go to Beijing tomorrow.(一般将来时)
主句为过去时态:从句需用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时等)。
例句:He said that he was busy yesterday.(一般过去时);She told me that she had seen the movie.(过去完成时)
客观真理或普遍事实:即使主句为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。
例句:The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
二、高考高频宾语从句考点详解
(一)引导词的选择与辨析
高考常考查根据语境选择合适的引导词,需结合从句的意义和成分判断。
真题示例1(2023全国甲卷)
题目:I’m not sure ______ I can finish the work on time.
答案:whether/if
解析:表示“是否能按时完成工作”,且从句不缺成分,用whether/if引导。
真题示例2(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)
题目:Could you tell me ______ the nearest post office is
答案:where
解析:从句缺地点状语,询问“最近的邮局在哪里”,用where引导。
(二)时态与语序的综合考查
1. 时态错误:未遵循主句与从句的时态呼应原则。
真题示例(2021全国乙卷)
题目:He asked me ______ (if/whether I saw) the film yesterday.
答案:if/whether I had seen
解析:主句“asked”为过去时,从句动作“看电影”发生在“问”之前,用过去完成时。
2. 语序错误:误将疑问句语序用于宾语从句。
真题示例(2020全国Ⅲ卷)
题目:The teacher asked ______ (when will the students have) the exam.
答案:when the students would have
解析:宾语从句需用陈述句语序,且主句为过去时,从句用过去将来时。
(三)特殊结构与易错点
1. 否定转移:当主句谓语动词为think、believe、suppose等,且主语为第一人称(I/we)时,若从句为否定意义,需将否定词转移到主句。
例句:
错误:I think that he doesn’t like the movie.
正确:I don’t think that he likes the movie.
2. 介词后的宾语从句:引导词不可用if,常用whether或连接代词/副词。
例句:We are talking about whether we should go there.(介词about后用whether)
3. “疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构:可与宾语从句互换,但需注意人称和时态一致。
例句:
I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do.
错误:He told me how I to solve the problem.(×)
正确:He told me how to solve the problem.(√)
三、高考真题中的宾语从句考点剖析
1. (2023全国乙卷)
题目:I want to know ______ the new library will open.
答案:when
解析:从句缺时间状语,询问“新图书馆何时开放”,用when引导。
2. (2022全国乙卷)
题目:She asked me ______ I had received her email.
答案:if/whether
解析:表示“是否收到邮件”,从句不缺成分,用if/whether引导。
3. (2021新高考Ⅰ卷)
题目:The problem is ______ we can find enough volunteers.
答案:whether
解析:表语从句(相当于宾语从句“the problem is that...”),表示“是否能找到志愿者”,用whether。
4. (2020全国Ⅰ卷)
题目:He believed ______ he could achieve his goal with hard work.
答案:that
解析:从句不缺成分,用that引导,且可省略。
5. (2019全国Ⅱ卷)
题目:Could you tell me ______ the price of the computer is
答案:what
解析:从句缺表语,询问“电脑价格是多少”,用what引导。
6. (2018全国Ⅲ卷)
题目:I wonder ______ you can help me with my English.
答案:if/whether
解析:表示“是否能帮忙”,从句不缺成分,用if/whether引导。
四、宾语从句易错点深度总结
1. 引导词误用:混淆if与whether的使用场景,或忽略连接代词/副词在从句中的成分作用。
2. 时态不一致:未根据主句时态调整从句时态,尤其忽略客观真理的特殊规则。
3. 语序错误:习惯性使用疑问句语序,未遵循宾语从句的陈述句结构。
4. 否定转移遗漏:未识别think/believe等动词的否定转移用法。
5. 介词宾语混淆:在介词后误用if引导从句,或遗漏连接词。
通过对高考真题的高频考点分析与典型错题归纳,可系统掌握宾语从句的引导词选择、语序调整和时态呼应规则,避免在语法填空、短文改错和写作中出现错误。