(共81张PPT)
阅读理解备考攻略
目录
01
考纲解读及课标要求
02
近三年真题考点汇总
03
04
阅读理解解题策略
学生解题存在的难点
01
考纲解读及课标要求
年份 卷别 语篇 体裁 主题语境 话题 考点
细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义
猜测题
2021 全国甲卷 A 应用文 人与社会 英国年度风光摄影大师赛及参赛作品 1 2
B 说明文 人与自然 保护区繁育小犀牛 1 3
C 记叙文 人与自我 滑板运动给作者带来的归属感 3 1
D 议论文 人与社会 天才标准的演变 3 1
全国乙卷 A 应用文 人与社会 世界上最大的体育馆 2 1
B 说明文 人与社会 超半数澳大利亚家庭仍用座机 2 1 1
C 记叙文 人与自然 艺术家将塑料废品做成雕塑 3 1
D 说明文 人与社会 噪音对创造性思维的影响 2 2
新高考I卷 A 应用文 人与社会 罗马四个旅行社的特色 3
B 记叙文 人与自我 乐谱翻页者 3 1
C 说明文 人与自然 美国为了保护“水禽”颁布一项政策 2 1 1
D 议论文 人与社会 什么是情商以及情商普及的优势 1 2(目的、观点态度各一) 1
新高考II卷 A 应用文 人与社会 约克郡夏日活动 3
B 夹叙夹议文 人与自然 全天候照顾两只老虎幼崽确保存活 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与社会 推动学校艺术教育的发展 2 1 1
D 说明文 人与社会 养牛人引进机器人 4
教育《考试大纲》中对阅读做出明确要求——考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能:
1.理解主旨和要义;
2.获取具体信息;
3.根据语境猜测词义;
4.根据语境推理判断;
5.理解作者的意图、观点或态度;
6.把握文章的逻辑和结构。
02
近三年真题考点汇总
2024 全国 甲卷 A 应用文 人与社会 文学、艺术余体育-ARTS FIRST艺术节 3
B 说明文 人与自然 人与动物-理解猫的习性 1 1 1 1
C 说明文 人与社会 公共服务-提供医疗服务的列车Saint Lukas 2 2(一为态度)
D 说明文 人与社会 文学与艺术-文学作品结尾的创作 1 3(一为目的)
新课标I卷 A 应用文 人与社会 公益事业余志愿服务-生物栖息地修复工作度志愿者招募 3
B 记叙文 人与自然 人与动物-中西医结合用于治疗动物 1 2(目的、态度各一) 1
C 议论文 人与社会 科学与技术-学习媒介的选择 2 1 1
D 说明文 人与社会 科学研究-生物样本数据的可用性 3 1
新课标II卷 A 应用文 人与自然 人与环境-卡洛秋季徒步健身活动 3
B 记叙文 人与社会 社会服务-阅读亭项目 2 2(一为观点态度)
C 说明文 人与社会 科学与技术-BMF缩短实物餐桌的距离 1 2 1
D 书评 人与社会 图书推荐-AI by Disign 1 2(一为目的) 1
浙江卷 A 应用文 人与社会 文学与艺术-戏剧 2 1
B 记叙文 人与社会 社会进步-电话亭的变迁 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与自然 灾害防范-防雹干预计划之争 2 2(一为目的)
D 议论文 人与自我 做人与做事-儿童棉花糖实验的启示 2 1 1
卷别 语篇 体裁 主题语境 话题 考点
细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义
猜测题
年份
年份 卷别 语篇 体裁 主题语境 话题 考点
细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义
猜测题
2023 全国 甲卷 A 应用文 人与社会 曼谷的四家美食餐厅 3
B 记叙文 人与自我 善于自己动手的泰瑞 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与社会 从《苏菲的世界》到《苏格拉底特快》 1 3
D 说明文 人与自然 美国灰熊生存环境和状况 2 2
全国 乙卷 A 应用文 人与社会 历史上四位杰出的女性医生 3
B 记叙文 人与自我 摄影经历 2 2
C 说明文 人与社会 英国人饮食和烹饪习惯的变化 2 2
D 说明文 人与社会 历史的考证 1 2 1
新课标I卷 A 应用文 人与社会 自行车租赁广告 3
B 记叙文 人与自然 微生物处理净化废水 1 3
C 说明文 人与自我 数字时代如何做到极简生活 1 2 1
D 说明文 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应的基本原理 1 2(一为观点态度) 1
新课标II卷 A 应用文 人与自然 黄石公园“护林员”游园项目介绍 3
B 新闻报道 人与社会 学校菜园项目 2 1 1
C 说明文 人与社会 《阅读的艺术》书籍介绍 1 2 1
D 说明文 人与自然 人类与大自然的互动 2 2
年份 卷别 语篇 体裁 主题语境 话题 考点
细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义
猜测题
2022 全国 甲卷 A 应用文 人与社会 加迪夫城的四个剧院 3
B 说明文 人与自然 鹦鹉识别物体形状实验 3 1
C 记叙文 人与自我 一次难忘的旅行 2 1 1
D 夹叙夹议文 人与社会 悉尼新旧文化冲突 1 2 1
全国 乙卷 A 应用文 人与社会 画家亨利·雷伯恩作品展览 2 1
B 书评 人与自我 介绍Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并评价 2 2
C 说明文 人与社会 无人机在铁路中的应用及发展前景 1 2 1
D 新闻报道 人与社会 英国征收糖税以减少儿童肥胖问题 3 1
新高考I卷 A 应用文 人与自我 课程评分规则 2 1
B 议论文 人与自然 不要浪费粮食 1 3(一为目的)
C 新闻报道 人与社会 让养老院老人的养鸡项目 1 2(一为目的) 1
D 说明文 人与社会 语音演变 1 2(一为观点态度) 1
新高考II卷 A 应用文 人与社会 儿童博物馆团体游 2 1
B 夹叙夹议文 人与社会 新媒体对家庭教育和生活的影响 1 2 1
C 说明文 人与社会 禁止开车使用手机 1 1 1 1
D 说明文 人与社会 运动促进心脏健康 3 1
03
阅读理解解题策略
高考英语阅读理解题考查量
词义
猜测题
主旨大意题
推理判断题
细节理解题
细节理解题的题型考察占比最大
占阅读理解总题量的50%左右,是最重要的得分点
分类:
1、直接信息题:正确选项不仅在原文中可直接找到,而且措辞也与原文一模一样(原词替换).
2、间接信息题:正确选项不能在文中直接找到,而是对原文的同义/近义/反义/派生的转述
4、数字计算题:涉及年龄、价格、时间、数量等具体数字,要求考生在文中找到数据并进行对比、简单计算或推断的题
3、综合信息题:正确选项是对原文两个或多个信息点的高度概括
细节理解题
考查:对文中具体细节的辨识能力。
提问:涉及面广(时间、地点、结果、目的、原因、方式、费用等)。
解题:定信息区间,比对定答案。
技法:题干定位对比法、同义转换法(分析、概况、归纳法)、整合推算法、首尾排除法、查读分析法。
细节理解题 正确选项
同义替换 对原文中的关键词进行同义替换
信息归纳 用精练的语言概括文中较分散的信息
正话反说 原文意思反过来表达一般为正确选项
原文原词 利用原文原词锁定答案(某个单词或短语
细节理解题 错误选项
张冠李戴 是原文细节,但不符合题干要求或不是要点
偷梁换柱 符合常识,但不是文中内容
曲解文义 表述与原文相似,但非原文语义,或细节有变
颠倒是非 意思与原文大相径庭,或完全相反
正误参半 部分正确,部分错误
阔缩范围 与文章细节范围不一致,选项范围过大或过小
无中生有 明显与文章内容不符或没有提及
选项特征:
1、直接信息题——定位比对找答案
直接信息题解题策略---题干直接定位法
2022全国甲卷阅读 A篇
St David’s Hall
St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall, St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH
www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk
21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted
A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David’s Hall.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找定位词或与其近义词相关的句子
第三步---对比选项定答案
2、间接信息题——同义转换定答案
间接信息题解题策略---“分析、概括、归纳”法
2022·全国甲·B篇
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape,and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找定位词或与其近义词相关的句子
第三步---对比选项定答案
3、数字计算题——整合推算得答案
数字计算题解题策略---加减乘除法
2022年全国乙卷阅读A
Admission
£4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
22.How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission
A.£4. B.£8. C.£12. D.£16.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找并标识与年龄及价钱数字相关的句子
第三步---分析数字间逻辑关系并进行简单运算再对比选项定答案
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
...
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
查读分析法
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---定位题干相关信息
第三步---对比选项定答案
稿定PPT
稿定PPT,海量素材持续更新,上千款模板选择总有一款适合你
02
1 隐含推断题
2 观点态度题
4 推断文章出处题
3 写作意图题
5 归纳人物/事物特征题
二、推理判断题
最佳选项 干扰选项
立足原文,只推一步。 选项表达不可出现绝对性状语。 与常识吻合,但并非短文内容推知,不是基于文本。
推理过度,引申过度。偏离文本主题,属主观臆断的结论。
是文本的简单重述,而非推断性结论,把直接表达当作间接推理。
似是而非。看似是原文推断,实则与原文不符。
策略:结构上把握文脉,内容上挖掘意蕴。
注意避坑哦!!
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读C)
Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print. However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn't assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words.
31.What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
典例1
第一步----找题干及选项关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,尤其注意一些表明观点态度的句子
第三步---对比答案
(2023 全国甲卷·D篇节选) Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome , sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C.A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
例题 2
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,尤其注意一些表明观点态度的语句
第三步---对比选项定答案
Tip: 推断隐含意义---关键词句细推敲
隐含推断题
1. 定位信息----确定题干关键词,在文中定位相关信息。
2. 揣摩含义----分析原文信息,利用逆向思维合正向推理,推断其深层含义
3. 对比选项内容,注意两个“切勿”
思路总结
注意:1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。
2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。
Practice
(2025年1月·浙江卷B篇)
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food — something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect my kid’s weight with their worth. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
24. What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A. She is upset by her kid’s weight. B. She is critical of the way she was fed.
C. She is interested in making food. D. She is particular about what she eats.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,尤其注意一些表明观点态度的语句
第三步---对比选项定答案
能力要求:
在理解文意的基础上,就作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度进行推理判断。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句,考生需要结合文中描述该人物语气、动作、表情的词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。
观点态度题
常见设问方式有:
What is the author's/sb's attitude towards...
What do the researchers/author think of...
How does the author/sb find/feel about...
[典例1]
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber,shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
24.What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him
A.He's odd. B.He's strict.
C.He's brave. D.He's rude.
第一步----找题干与选项的关键词,明确是谁对谁/什么事物 的态度
第二步---寻信息句 锁定描述人物语气/动作/感情的词句或他人的评价(特别注意形容词、副词)
第三步---对比答案
(2023·新课标I卷·D) ……In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author's attitude toward Navajas'studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive(轻视的) C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
例题 2
第一步----找题干关键词,明确是谁对谁/什么事物 的态度
第二步---寻信息句 锁定描述人物语气/动作/感情的词句或他人的评价(特别注意形容词、副词)
第三步---对比答案
4.推断观点态度---字里行间法
推断观点态度题---
---“字里行间”法
Tips:
1. 明确是问谁对什么事/什么人的态度
2. 明确主旨(文段首尾), 推测观点
3. 明确是作者或文中人物的观点而非主观臆断
4. 明确表达情感的词的意义, 如valuable, hopeful, well, good, doubt, worry等。
选项中常见的表达观点或态度的词语:
(1)表示积极态度的词有: positive 积极乐观的; optimistic乐观的; favorable 赞同的; approving赞成的; supportive支持的; reasonable 合理的;enthusiastic 热情的;satisfied 满意的;humorous,beneficial, hopeful, etc.
(2)表示反对、否定、批评等消极态度的词有:disapproving 不赞成的;critical 批评的;negative否定的,消极的; dismissive轻视的;doubtful/ skeptical/suspicious怀疑的;pessimistic 悲观的 impractical 不切实际的;radical 激进的 prejudiced 有偏见的;disappointed 让人失望的;opposed, etc.
(3)表示中立、客观以及其他态度的词有:objective 客观的; neutral中立的; unconcerned不关心的; indifferent 漠不关心的;uninterested不感兴趣的; unclear不清楚的;ambiguous 模棱两可的;factual, cautious, impartial(不偏不倚的,中立的),conservative(保守), etc.
(2023·全国甲卷阅读C节选) He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire,loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
31. What does the author think of Weiner's book
A. Objective and plain. B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow. D. Humorous and straightforward.
Practice 1
第一步----找题干关键词
第二步---寻找信息句-锁定描述人物语气/动作/感情的词句或他人的评价(特别注意形容词、副词)
第三步---对比答案
practice
2021·新高考卷I阅读D
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
√
Practice 2
第一步----找关键词,明确是谁对谁/什么事物 的态度
第二步---寻信息句 锁定描述事物的相关描述和评价(特别注意形容词、副词)
第三步---对比答案
能力要求:
理解文章大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力。此类题一般从两个角度考查:就某一段落或某个细节提问;就整篇文章提问。
写作意图题
常见设问方式有:
·What is the author's purpose in mentioning.../with the example...
·Why does the author list/mention...in paragraph...
·What is the purpose of the text
·What does the story/the writer of the story intend to/want to tell us
·For what purpose did the author write the passage
[例题1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B) Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right: Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job.”
27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A.To prove Farber's point.
B.To emphasize its importance.
C.To praise veterinarians.
D.To advocate animal protection.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,找出题干所指内容,直接判断,或者利用段落主题句/上下文内容确定写作意图
第三步---对比选项
例题2
2021·全国乙卷阅读C 改
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution but they’ve recently come under fire and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
第三步---对比选项
第一步----找题干及选项的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,找出题干所指内容,直接判断,或者利用段落主题句/上下文内容确定写作意图
根据文章或段落主旨推断作者的写作目的
推断写作意图题---
---“主旨推意”法
Tips:
开篇提问
引出话题或让读者关注主题
讲述相关之事
引出主题或提供背景
举例、引语或数据
证明某一观点或说明某个主题
文体推断法
议论文
说明文
记叙文
广告文
说明观点,提倡做法
to prove/
analyze /show/ argue / persuade
介绍事物或解释现象
to introduce/
explain/inform..
讲故事,分享经历,表达情感,感悟或启示
to tell a story/
to share an experience/
to entertain
/to inspire
推销产品,吸引顾客、游客
to attract visitors
to sell a product
to promote(推销)...
新闻报道
to inform/report...
(2023·全国甲卷·C) Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context (背景)of one thing so that they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates苏格拉底,see like Thoreau梭罗,listen like Schopenhauer叔本华, and have no regrets like Nietzsche尼采. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
29. Why does the author list great philosopher in para 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner's book
Practice
第三步---对比选项
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句,找出题干所指内容,直接判断,或者利用段落主题句/上下文内容确定写作意图
能力要求:
根据语篇的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处和类型。
文章出处题
常见设问方式有:
What is the text
Where can the text be found/is the text probably taken from
In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
备考要点:
考生要特别关注报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等类型的语篇特征和文体结构,这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座,选出正确选项。
[典例4] (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears ..........
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of......These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago.......
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第二步---寻找信息句:通过快速阅读段落首句了解文章结构和内容
第三步---对比答案
Tip: 推断隐含意义---关键词句细推敲
2. 推断文章出处题---
根据文体的结构特征,从文章内容、标志信息来推断其出处。
“文体特征”法
Tips:
Practice
2021·全国甲卷阅读A
Take a view, the Landscape(风景)Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today’s most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
23. Where can the text be found
A. In a history book. B. In a novel.
C. In an art magazine. D. In a biography.
第一步----找题干及选项中的关键词
第三步---对比答案
Practice---
第二步---寻找信息句:通过快速阅读段落首句//尾句//文中的直接介绍,了解文章结构和内容
能力要求:
考生在充分理解文章内容的基础上,对事物或人物的特征进行归纳和概括。充分利用表达感彩、态度观点的词汇以及与人、物特征有关联的行为描写和心理描写来归纳和概括特征.
归纳事物/人物特征题
常见设问方式有:
·Which of the following best describes...
·According to the author,which words can best describe the project
命题的切入点:
一般是体现人的品德、性格、成就、贡献等内容,以及事物的外表特征、品质、功能、作用和地位等内容。
题1
(2023 新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B)……….
Programme evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the programme’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
26.Which of the following best describes the impact of the programme
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable.
C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
第一步----找题干关键词
第二步---寻找相关细节描述,特别注意描述中所用的 形容词/副词/ 描述性短语 等
第三步---对比答案
5.What do we know about the author's brothers
A.They used to make loud noise.
B.They were addicted to playing games.
C.They were interested in medicine.
D.They distanced the author on purpose.
.....
Raised up in a big Michigan family with three brilliant loud science brain brothers,I'd always felt left out by their Disease Game at dinner,where Dad threw out cases for them to diagnose.Our house was their laboratory. I was frequently scared by bees in jars in the refrigerator and pet rats.
.........
例题2
第一步----找题干关键词
第二步---寻找相关细节描述,特别注意描述中所用的 形容词/副词/ 描述性短语 等
第三步---对比答案
图解技法
3.(2025·黑龙江省大庆市高三第二次教学质量检测)I had grown up in suburbia (郊区). Life was satisfying, and I had absolutely no intention to live otherwise. But not long after the skydiving, I was hit by a job offer requiring a move to City Chicago. I took the leap and accepted the job. Now, I am seizing the chance to overcome challenges and the fear of what might lie ahead.
What kind of person was the author before skydiving
A.Content and conventional. B.Forgetful and negative.
C.Uncaring and inactive. D.Unsociable and anxious.
Practice
第三步---对比答案
第一步----找题干关键词
第二步---寻找相关细节描述,特别注意描述中所用的 形容词/副词/ 描述性短语 等
4.推断观点态度---字里行间法
Summary
推理判断题
隐含推断题
推断写作意图题
推断文章出处题
推断观点态度题
关键词句细推敲
“文体特征”法
“主旨推意”法
“字里行间”法
根据关键词,在文中定位相关信息,合理推断
根据文章内容、标志信息和文体的结构特征来推断其出处
根据文章或段落主旨推断作者的写作目的
明确是问谁对什么事的态度;留意作者或文中人物的观点以及表达情感的词/语句
归纳事物/人物特征题
“细节归纳”法
根据关键词,定位信息
归纳判断
考查:文章整体或段落概括和归纳能力。
不同体裁的短文如何定位主旨大意
记叙文 故事+中心;故事+议论+故事 。
首段表达感受,尾段升华主旨,中段议论部分表达主旨。
说明文 首段导入要介绍的事物。
议论文 首段表达作者观点,末段总结全文或重申论点。
主旨大意题
纵观近几年的高考,阅读理解中每年都有考查主旨大意的题目,虽然所占比重不太大,但是难度较大,是考生较容易失分的题型,应给予足够的重视。
查主要有以下三种:归纳段落大意、理解全文主旨和选定最佳标题
________强
_______恰当
_______到位
_______范围
________全
________柱
概括性
范围
精准
________有
扩大
以偏概
偷梁换
无中生
主旨大意题之选项特征
段落大意题
考查能力:
对段落核心信息的理解,要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上, 提炼出核心信息,然后对比选项,选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。
常见设问方式有:
What is the first/second/...paragraph mainly about
What does paragraph...mainly talk about
What does the writer try to express in paragraph...
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)
Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably”after a chiropractic(按摩疗法) adjustment.
26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B.The complexity of veterinarians' work.
C.Examples of rare animal diseases.
D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
第一步:找题干关键词,明确范围
第二步:找对应段落,看段首句/段位句,若不能归纳;则留意段落中一些转折词but, however等后面的内容。
第三步:对比分析选项
图解技法
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water...
△ What is the main idea of the paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
Practice 1
第一步:找题干关键词,明确范围
第二步:找对应段落,看段首句/段位句,若不能归纳;则留意段落中一些转折词but, however等后面的内容。
第三步:对比分析选项
(浙江卷)
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, more people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes ... And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
△ What does the third paragraph mainly discuss
A. People in the past preferred to use oak to build stairways.
B. It is now expensive to employ a carpenter.
C. Modern houses last as long as the old ones.
D. Good carpenters still exist in modern times.
Practice 2
第一步:找题干关键词,明确范围
第二步:找对应段落,看段首句/段位句,若不能归纳;则留意段落中一些转折词but, however等后面的内容。
第三步:对比分析选项
标题归纳题
考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力,要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法,对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括,最终准确地选出文章的标题。
常见设问方式有:
Which is the most suitable title for the text
What can be a suitable title for the text
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
Which of the following can serve as the best title for the passage
能力要求:
[典例1] (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读B)
Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts' classes,at two middle schools and two high schools,include hands-on experiments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection,tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year,students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides,working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says,“and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but, however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
图解技法
On Mondays, two of my children get ready for school in an unusual way. Each packs plenty of food and water, a pair of rubber boots and sometimes a cup of hot chocolate. Then, I drop them off at a nearby park where they spend the entire day outside at a certified forest school.
When I first signed them up for forest school program, I loved the idea, but as a mum, I was concerned about a few things: Would they be comfortable outside for that long Would they stay engaged for that many hours Then I asked them if time ever seemed to move slowly, they stared at me in confusion. They didn’t understand my question, which fittingly removed it.
In this program, kids direct their own play, climbing tall trees or testing ice on the frozen lake. They are never told their play is too high or too sharp, but are rather trusted to self- adjust. Something else my sons appreciate about forest school is not being told to move on to the next activity, but being left to stay in a particular spot for as long as their curiosity allows.
I appreciate it that forest school is shaping my boys’ relationship with the outdoors. They’re learning how to spend extended periods of time in nature, what to do to pass the time, and developing knowledge that will get them much closer to nature in the coming decades.
1. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Nature: a wonderland for the young B. Forest school program proves a hit
C. Parks are replacing traditional schools D. Forest school: a fine place for my kids
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but,however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
Practice 1
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
...
The eight-part series(系列)-----“Save Money: Good Food”, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
Practice 2
Q: What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart. B. Balancing Our Daily Diet.
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef. D. Cooking Well for Less.
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but, however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
文章大意题
在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。
在理解全文内容的基础上,通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动,
概括出全文主旨。
常见设问方式有:
What is the text mainly about
What's the main idea of the text
What is mainly talked about in the text
能力要求:
[典例1] (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally,it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically,it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored. Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest,users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover,having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放)from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition,there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
31.What does the text mainly talk about
A.BMF's major strengths. B.BMF's general management.
C.BMF's global influence. D.BMF's technical standards.
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but,however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
图解技法
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, ……Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages…Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), ----none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
Q: What is the main idea of the text
New languages will be created.
B. People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
Practice 1
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but,however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
Q: What is the text mainly about
A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
Practice 2
第一步:读文章; 通过串联每段的主题句(通常是首句/尾句,或者含有转折词but,however等词的句子)理清文章结构
第二步:分析选项意思
第三步,对比第一步获取的文章信息与选项,得出正确答案
文章开头重点读
文章结尾多思量
概括句子要上心
位置可能在中间
各段主题多留神
例子假设向后看
重复词语是关键
考查:根据上下文中已知信息对单词、词组或句子的具体语义和代词、名词的指代问题进行合理预测和预判的能力。涉及熟词生义、生僻词义、词组短语和代词。
最佳选项 干扰选项
与原文上下文联系密切。 可通过上下文内容提示进行确认。常见逻辑关系:定义和解释、描述和例证、同义和反义、平行关系以及构词法。 字面意思。
原词为熟知语义,但非此语境义。
与上下文似乎吻合的错误定义。
策略:基于特定语境和主题主旨,恰当把握。
词义句意猜测题
根据转折对比关系猜测
根据定义或上下文解释猜测
根据宏观句意梳理代词指代
根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)猜测
根据因果关系猜测
方法
高考真题举例分析
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
根据定义或上下文解释猜测:
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
根据转折对比关系进行猜测:
1. The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the
weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
2. Mary didn’t notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was
completely engrossed in her reading.
3. Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn’t see the lake from our
window.
根据因果关系猜测:
1. “Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10.” Anaclerio said, “and
they’re very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
2. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or
worry.
根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)猜测:
Changes in the way of thinking need challenge, especially energetic challenge. This is easier if your body is in good shape and fed well. It takes good nutrients, exercise and rest to help develop new ones.
Which is the probable meaning of the underlined word “ones” in the last paragraph
A. Healthier bodies. B. Ways of thinking.
C. Challenges one faces. D. Nutrients the body needs.
根据宏观句意梳理代词指代:
学生解题存在的难点
05
说明文-----是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识。文章具有科学性,条理性,严谨性,语言确切生动。
备考策略:整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
备考策略:整体掌握各类型语篇结构及高考命题方式
2024 新高考Ⅱ 29.What information does the convenient APP offer
(2020浙江1月B)①Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses, like mozzarella.
②Wisconsin, also called “America’s Dairyland,” is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! As a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste
③Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers water’s freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water’s freezing point.
④In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
⑤Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the same compound(化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U. S. roads every year!
⑥The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants, and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
⑦Cheese brine has a downside too, a smell similar to that of bad milk. “I don’t really mind it,” Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin’s county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. “Our roads smell like Wisconsin!” he said.
Para1提出新做法
Para2 产生原因
Para3 运行原理
Para4-6优点
缺点及评议
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
25. What is benefit of using cheese brine on roads
26. Milwaukee’s new way to de-ice streets may be an example of killing two birds with one stone.
设题紧扣说明对象,与篇章结构一一对应。
(23年浙江1月D) ①According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
②Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
③“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
④Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
⑤Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
P1-2产生背景
P3介绍新事物
P4运行原理
评议 前景
32. What do solar developers often ignore
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
设题紧扣说明对象
(22年新高考1卷C)①The elderly residents(居民)in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
②The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织)to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
③Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
④"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.
⑤"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful."
⑥There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
⑦Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: "Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here."
⑧Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: "We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."
Para1提出新做法
Para2 产生原因
Para3-6 实施 优点
Para7-8 评议
28. What is the purpose of the project
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier
30.What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7
31.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs
设题紧扣说明对象
sense of achievement
well-received
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
产生背景
介绍新事物
运行原理
评价及意义