UNIT 5
阅读 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 体裁:说明文 主题语境:自然科学研究 难度:★★★☆
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
1.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
2.What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
3.What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
4.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
七选五 (2025·浙江强基联盟) 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与动物 难度:★★★☆☆
How to Keep a Pet Bird Quiet
Birds can be excellent companions, but they can also make a lot of noise. Sometimes that noise is unavoidable, but there are a few steps you can take to train your bird out of loud or continuous squawking (尖叫).
1 . Most birds tend to make some noise, either by singing or squawking. Birds tend to be most vocal during waking hours in the morning and before going to sleep in the evening. Some birds are more likely to make noise than others, but understand before bringing a bird home that some noise will be unavoidable.
Teach your bird to speak softly. Praise your bird when he whistles or whispers, instead of squawking or yelling. 2 . It’s often easier to teach them soft-spoken words compared to other types of sounds. Furthermore, it’s important to maintain a calm and gentle tone when interacting with your bird. 3 , because this could strengthen the behavior you are trying to discourage.
Avoid quick movements. It’s possible that you or someone in your household is moving too quickly around your bird, causing him to feel anxious or over-stimulated. 4 . If you have children living at home, teach them not to run through the room your bird is in.
Provide your bird with comfort and security. Birds in the wild participate in “flock calls” as a way of communicating with other birds and ensuring the safety of the flock. If your bird is likely to squawk when you leave the room, it could be his attempt at sending you a flock call. 5 .
A. Understand bird behavior
B. Train your bird to be quiet
C. This may be especially useful for parrots
D. Give him a treat for quietness to earn your love
E. Try squawking back to let him know that you’re safe
F. Do not raise your voice in response to your bird’s volume or tone
G. Move slowly around your bird, and encourage others to do the same
语法填空 (外刊原味16) 体裁:说明文 主题语境:自然科学研究 难度:★★☆☆☆ | Time
As the weather starts heating up, you may be tempted to go outside—but with the outdoors comes the 1.__________ (possible) of getting bitten by mosquitoes. And if you find yourself 2.__________ (get) a lot of mosquito bites, it could be because of the way 3.__________ you smell or the colors of the clothes you are wearing, recent research has found.
“If you think you are a mosquito magnet, it’s probably the case,” said Jeffrey Riffell, a biology professor at the University of Washington who studies mosquito sensory systems. “Some 4.__________ (individual) are bitten way more than others.”
Riffell has been working with a team of researchers to try to better understand 5.__________ mosquitoes find food—male mosquitoes drink nectar (花蜜) from flowers to get sugar, while females drink blood as 6.__________ means to help with laying eggs.
“Mosquitoes are 7.__________ (remarkable) good at trying to locate a person 8.__________ (drink) their blood,” Riffell said. “They are very good at what they’re doing. Their eyes, their vision, their nose, everything about them is geared (适合) towards finding us and biting us.”
Also, mosquitoes 9.__________ (draw) to certain colors—they love red and black. But mosquitoes tend 10.__________ (dislike) white and green.
限时练
阅读
斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因并提出了弥补方案。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的)”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
2.C 推理判断题。第二段提出人们越来越多地使用观测数据研究物种如何应对全球变化,并提出疑问:这些观察数据可用吗 又由第三段中的“tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns (测试这些数据在多大程度上代表实际的全球生物多样性模式)”,可知, Daru的研究重点是“观察数据”。故选 C。
3.C 推理判断题。本题需概括第四段和第五段的内容,第四段提到Daru的研究团队在探索网民们取样方面的偏差,比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花,而不是拍草。第五段的内容进一步拓展说明该要点,第五段第二句说明这些数据偏向于某些区域、时段和物种, 最后一句说明这些采集的数据会更加偏向引人注目的某些物种。由此可知, 民间科学家的采样可能不合适,从而导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Daru 认为 biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种,鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此,Daru 建议 biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。have an expert confirm和give guidance to citizen scientists属于同义转述
积
重点词 ①reveal [r vi l] vt.揭示;显示 ②document [ d kj m nt] vt.记录;记载 ③encounter [ n ka nt (r)] n.遭遇;偶遇v.遭遇;偶遇 ④increasingly [ n kri s li] adv.越来越多地 ⑤investigate [ n vest ɡe t] vt.调查;研究 ⑥detect [d tekt] vt.发现;检测 ⑦shift [ ft] v.转变;移动n.转变;轮班 ⑧dataset [ de t set] n.数据集 ⑨outdated adj.过时的 ⑩uploaded adj.已上传的 11review v.回顾,反思
派生词/ 合成词 ①likely adj.可能的→likelihood n.可能性 ②identify vt.识别→identification n.识别,鉴定 ③observation n.观察→observational adj.观察的,观测的 ④cover vt.覆盖→coverage n.覆盖范围,新闻报道 ⑤sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样→sampling n.抽样;取样 ⑥well-sampled adj.充分采样的 ⑦oversampled adj.过度采样的(over-+sample+-ed) ⑧biodiversity n.生物多样性(bio-+diversity) ⑨use→usable adj.可用的,适用的 ⑩flower→flowering adj.开花的,有花的 11number→outnumber [ a t n mb (r)] vt.在数量上超过,比……多 12eye-catching [ a k ] adj.引人注目的(eye+catching)
熟词 生义 ①sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样 ②favor n.帮助;赞同;支持;特别照顾,偏袒,偏爱 v.偏爱,偏袒,较喜欢;有助于,有利于
语块 与采样相关:①biodiversity生物多样性 ②observational data观测数据 ③physical specimens实物标本 ④data bias数据偏差 其他:①with the rise of随着……的兴起 ②with the aid of借助于…… ③in the form of以……的形式 ④citizen scientist民间科学家 ⑤in the race to在争夺……的竞争中 ⑥lead author第一作者 ⑦assistant professor助理教授
七选五
本文介绍了如何让宠物鸟保持安静。
1.A 空处为本段的标题,下文各段小标题均为祈使句,故该处应为祈使句。排除C项。下文介绍“大多数鸟往往会唱歌或鸣叫。鸟类在早上醒时和晚上睡前往往声音最大声。有些鸟叫比其他鸟声音大”可知,本段主要介绍要理解鸟儿的行为。故A项“了解鸟的行为”切题。
2.C 根据该段小标题可知,该段介绍教鸟轻声说话。上文提到鸟鸣叫或低声说话时,要赞扬他,空处应承接上文,说明这种做法对哪种鸟类有用。结合常识可知“鹦鹉会说话”,故C项“这可能对鹦鹉特别有用”切题。选项中的This指代上文提到的做法:Praise your bird。
3.F 上文提到和鸟交流时,保持冷静和温和的语气很重要。空处承接上文,具体说明如何保持冷静和温和的语气,又根据空后一句中的代词this可知,空处应说明某种与声音相关的做法,故F项“不要提高嗓门回应你的鸟的音量或音调”切题。
4.G 该段主题是Avoid quick movements (避免活动过快)。空前说明人在鸟周围活动过快,会让鸟焦虑。下文提到告诉孩子不要在有鸟的屋子跑来跑去,空处承启上下文,应说明人们要慢点活动。故G项“慢慢在鸟周围活动,并鼓励其他人也这样做。”符合语境。
5.E 本段介绍给鸟一个舒适和安全的环境,上文提到野外鸟类参与“鸟群叫声”,作为与其他鸟类交流并确保鸟群安全的一种方式。如果你的鸟在你离开房间时可能会叫,那可能是他试图给你发鸟群叫声。E项“试着用叫声回应,让他知道你很安全”承接上文。squawk与safe是原词复现。
积
派生词 unavoidable adj.无法避免的;难以预防的 quietness n.安静;寂静
合成词 over-stimulated adj.过度刺激的
语块 in response to回应;回复
语法填空
为啥蚊子只咬有特定气味的人
1.possibility 考查词形转换。空处作主语,空前是定冠词the,故空处填名词possibility。
2.getting 考查非谓语动词。空处在“find+oneself+宾补”结构中作宾语补足语, yourself与get是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词作宾补,填getting。
3.that 考查定语从句。该句是定语从句,先行词是the way,从句中缺少方式状语,故用关系代词that引导定语从句。
4.individuals 考查名词的数。空处作主语,空前是some,故可数名词individual 应用复数形式,填individuals。
5.how 考查名词性从。 5 mosquitoes find food作understand的宾语, 破折号后的内容解释的是蚊子觅食的方式,故宾语从句中缺少方式状语,表“如何”,应用how引导宾语从句。
6.a 考查冠词。此处指“一种帮助孵卵的方式”,故用不定冠词,means是辅音音素开始的单词,故填冠词a。
7.remarkably 考查词形转换。空处作状语,修饰形容词good,应用副词,填remarkably。
8.to drink 考查非谓语动词。根据语境“找到某人喝它们的血”可知,此处表目的,应用不定式,填to drink。
9.are drawn 考查动词时态和语态。主语mosquitoes与draw是被动关系,应用被动语态,且此处指客观事实,应用一般现在时的被动语态,故填are drawn。
10.to dislike 考查非谓语动词。根据tend to do sth. “倾向于做; 往往做”的用法可知,此处用不定式作宾语,填to dislike。
积
重点词 locate vt.找出……的准确位置;确定……的准确地点(共33张PPT)
限时练
选择性必修第一册 UNIT 5
阅读 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) 体裁：说明文 主题语境：自然科学研究 难度：★★★ ☆
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏差，本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因并提出了弥补方案。
1.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选
B。
答案与解析
2.What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
推理判断题。第二段提出人们越来越多地使用观测数据研究物种如何应对全球变化，并提出疑问：这些观察数据可用吗 又由第三段中的“tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns (测试这些数据在多大程度上代表实际的全球生物多样性模式)”，可知, Daru的研究重点是“观察数据”。故选 C。
答案与解析
3.What has led to the biases according to the study
Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
推理判断题。本题需概括第四段和第五段的内容，第四段提到Daru的研究团队在探索网民们取样方面的偏差，比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花，而不是拍草。第五段的内容进一步拓展说明该要点，第五段第二句说明这些数据偏向于某些区域、时段和物种, 最后一句说明这些采集的数据会更加偏向引人注目的某些物种。由此可知, 民间科学家的采样可能不合适，从而导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
答案与解析
4.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Daru 认为 biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru 建议 biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。have an expert confirm和give guidance to citizen scientists属于同义转述。
答案与解析
积累
重点词 ①reveal [r vi l] vt.揭示；显示 ②document [ d kj m nt] vt.记录；记载 ③encounter [ n ka nt (r)] n.遭遇；偶遇v.遭遇；偶遇 ④increasingly [ n kri s li] adv.越来越多地
⑤investigate [ n vest ɡe t] vt.调查；研究 ⑥detect [d tekt] vt.发现；检测 ⑦shift [ ft] v.转变；移动n.转变；轮班
⑧dataset [ de t set] n.数据集 ⑨outdated adj.过时的
⑩uploaded adj.已上传的 11review v.回顾，反思
派生词/ 合成词 ①likely adj.可能的→likelihood n.可能性 ②identify vt.识别→identification n.识别，鉴定 ③observation n.观察→observational adj.观察的，观测的 ④cover vt.覆盖→coverage n.覆盖范围，新闻报道 ⑤sample vt.抽样检验；取样；采样→sampling n.抽样；取样 ⑥well-sampled adj.充分采样的
⑦oversampled adj.过度采样的(over-+sample+-ed)
⑧biodiversity n.生物多样性(bio-+diversity)
⑨use→usable adj.可用的，适用的
⑩flower→flowering adj.开花的，有花的
11.number→outnumber [ a t n mb (r)] vt.在数量上超过，比……多
12.eye-catching [ a k ] adj.引人注目的(eye+catching)
积累
熟词 生义 ①sample vt.抽样检验；取样；采样 ②favor n.帮助；赞同；支持；特别照顾，偏袒，偏爱 v.偏爱，偏袒，较喜欢；有助于，有利于
积累
语块 与采样相关：①biodiversity生物多样性
②observational data观测数据
③physical specimens实物标本
④data bias数据偏差
其他：①with the rise of随着……的兴起
②with the aid of借助于……
③in the form of以……的形式
④citizen scientist民间科学家
⑤in the race to在争夺……的竞争中
⑥lead author第一作者
⑦assistant professor助理教授
积累
七选五 (2025·浙江强基联盟) 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与动物 难度：★★★☆☆
How to Keep a Pet Bird Quiet
Birds can be excellent companions, but they can also make a lot of noise. Sometimes that noise is unavoidable, but there are a few steps you can take to train your bird out of loud or continuous squawking (尖叫).
1 . Most birds tend to make some noise, either by singing or squawking. Birds tend to be most vocal during waking hours in the
morning and before going to sleep in the evening. Some birds are more likely to make noise than others, but understand before bringing a bird home that some noise will be unavoidable.
Teach your bird to speak softly. Praise your bird when he whistles or whispers, instead of squawking or yelling. 2 . It’s often easier to teach them soft-spoken words compared to other types of sounds. Furthermore, it’s important to maintain a calm and gentle tone when interacting with your bird. 3 , because this could strengthen the behavior you are trying to discourage.
Avoid quick movements. It’s possible that you or someone in your household is moving too quickly around your bird, causing him to feel anxious or over-stimulated. 4 . If you have children living at home, teach them not to run through the room your bird is in.
Provide your bird with comfort and security. Birds in the wild participate in “flock calls” as a way of communicating with other birds and ensuring the safety of the flock. If your bird is likely to squawk when you leave the room, it could be his attempt at sending you a flock call.
5 .
A. Understand bird behavior
B. Train your bird to be quiet
C. This may be especially useful for parrots
D. Give him a treat for quietness to earn your love
E. Try squawking back to let him know that you’re safe
F. Do not raise your voice in response to your bird’s volume or tone
G. Move slowly around your bird, and encourage others to do the same
本文介绍了如何让宠物鸟保持安静。
1.A 空处为本段的标题，下文各段小标题均为祈使句，故该处应为祈使句。排除C项。下文介绍“大多数鸟往往会唱歌或鸣叫。鸟类在早上醒时和晚上睡前往往声音最大声。有些鸟叫比其他鸟声音大”可知，本段主要介绍要理解鸟儿的行为。故A项“了解鸟的行为”切题。
答案与解析
2.C 根据该段小标题可知，该段介绍教鸟轻声说话。上文提到鸟鸣叫或低声说话时，要赞扬他，空处应承接上文，说明这种做法对哪种鸟类有用。结合常识可知“鹦鹉会说话”，故C项“这可能对鹦鹉特别有用”切题。选项中的This指代上文提到的做法：Praise your bird。
3.F 上文提到和鸟交流时，保持冷静和温和的语气很重要。空处承接上文，具体说明如何保持冷静和温和的语气，又根据空后一
答案与解析
句中的代词this可知，空处应说明某种与声音相关的做法，故F项
“不要提高嗓门回应你的鸟的音量或音调”切题。
4.G 该段主题是Avoid quick movements (避免活动过快)。空前说明人在鸟周围活动过快，会让鸟焦虑。下文提到告诉孩子不要在有鸟的屋子跑来跑去，空处承启上下文,应说明人们要慢点活动。故G项“慢慢在鸟周围活动，并鼓励其他人也这样做。”符合语境。
答案与解析
5.E 本段介绍给鸟一个舒适和安全的环境，上文提到野外鸟类参与“鸟群叫声”,作为与其他鸟类交流并确保鸟群安全的一种方式。如果你的鸟在你离开房间时可能会叫，那可能是他试图给你发鸟群叫声。E项“试着用叫声回应，让他知道你很安全”承接上文。squawk与safe是原词复现。
答案与解析
积累
派生词 unavoidable adj.无法避免的；难以预防的
quietness n.安静；寂静
合成词 over-stimulated adj.过度刺激的
语块 in response to回应；回复
语法填空 (外刊原味16) 体裁：说明文 主题语境：自然科学研究 难度：★★☆☆☆ | Time
As the weather starts heating up, you may be tempted to go outside—but with the outdoors comes the 1.__________ (possible) of getting bitten by mosquitoes. And if you find yourself 2.__________ (get) a lot of mosquito bites, it could be because of the way 3.__________ you smell or the colors of the clothes you are wearing, recent research has found.
possibility
getting
that
“If you think you are a mosquito magnet, it’s probably the case,” said Jeffrey Riffell, a biology professor at the University of Washington who studies mosquito sensory systems. “Some 4.____________ (individual) are bitten way more than others.”
Riffell has been working with a team of researchers to try to better understand 5.__________ mosquitoes find food—male mosquitoes drink nectar (花蜜) from flowers to get sugar, while females drink blood as 6.__________ means to help with laying eggs.
individuals
how
a
“Mosquitoes are 7.____________ (remarkable) good at trying to locate a person 8.__________ (drink) their blood,” Riffell said. “They are very good at what they’re doing. Their eyes, their vision, their nose, everything about them is geared (适合) towards finding us and biting us.”
Also, mosquitoes 9.__________ (draw) to certain colors—they love red and black. But mosquitoes tend 10.__________ (dislike) white and green.
remarkably
to drink
are drawn
to dislike
为啥蚊子只咬有特定气味的人
1.possibility 考查词形转换。空处作主语，空前是定冠词the，故空处填名词possibility。
2.getting 考查非谓语动词。空处在“find+oneself+宾补”结构中作宾语补足语, yourself与get是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾补，填getting。
答案与解析
3.that 考查定语从句。该句是定语从句，先行词是the way，从句中缺少方式状语，故用关系代词that引导定语从句。
4.individuals 考查名词的数。空处作主语，空前是some，故可数名词individual 应用复数形式，填individuals。
5.how 考查名词性从句。 5 mosquitoes find food作understand的宾语, 破折号后的内容解释的是蚊子觅食的方式，故宾语从句中缺少方式状语，表“如何”，应用how引导宾语从句。
答案与解析
6.a 考查冠词。此处指“一种帮助孵卵的方式”，故用不定冠词，means是辅音音素开始的单词，故填冠词a。
7.remarkably 考查词形转换。空处作状语，修饰形容词good，应用副词，填remarkably。
8.to drink 考查非谓语动词。根据语境“找到某人喝它们的血”可知，此处表目的，应用不定式，填to drink。
答案与解析
9.are drawn 考查动词时态和语态。主语mosquitoes与draw是被动关系，应用被动语态，且此处指客观事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填are drawn。
10.to dislike 考查非谓语动词。根据tend to do sth. “倾向于做; 往往做”的用法可知，此处用不定式作宾语，填to dislike。
答案与解析
积累
重点词 locate vt.找出……的准确位置；确定……的准确地点
