第2讲 厘清句子成分和基本句型
厘清句子成分
1．主语——句子的主体
(1) 定义： 主语是句子所讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名词短语作主语；代词作主语)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills． (动词-ing形式短语作主语)
(2)位置： 主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(动词不定式短语作真正的主语)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that从句作真正的主语)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(动词-ing形式短语作真正的主语)
(3)注意：done不能作主语，要想done 表示的含义作主语，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主语)
2．谓语——主语的行为
定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态， 常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(单个实义动词作谓语)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表结构作谓语)
③First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情态动词＋短语动词”作谓语)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future． (“助动词do＋实义动词”作谓语，表强调)
3．宾语——动作的对象
(1) 定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象， 由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当， 它和谓语动词一起说明主语做什么， 通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。另外，有些动词后可以跟双宾语。
①I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名词短语作宾语)
②As an enthusiast of Chinese painting, I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(动词不定式作宾语)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me为间接宾语；help为直接宾语)
(2)位置：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语， 常用it作形式宾语， 而把真正的宾语放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(动词不定式作真正的宾语)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(动词-ing形式作真正的宾语)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress． (that从句作真正的宾语)
4．表语——主语的特征、身份等
(1)定义：表语位于连系动词后， 用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(从句作表语)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking programme． (形容词作表语)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名词短语作表语)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介词短语作表语)
⑤Our aim is to lead China to go global and let the world understand China．(动词不定式短语作表语)
(2)常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
①表示“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)；
②表示“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等；
③表示“表象”类：seem, appear等；
④表示“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel；
⑤表示“渐变”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall；
⑥表示“证明”类：prove。
5．定语——名词的修饰语
定义：定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。
①Overall, it was a wonderful experience for these young people．(形容词作定语)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(过去分词作定语)
③The building being constructed will be a new shopping mall．(动词-ing形式作定语)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs． (who引导的定语从句作后置定语)
6．状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语
定义：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的句子成分。状语由副词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词或从句充当。
状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、条件、方式、原因、目的、让步、比较等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副词作状语)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks, inspiring us students to strive for a better future． (动词-ing形式作状语)
③When we go to the beach, don't throw rubbish, especially plastics, into the sea． (时间状语从句)
④Jane rose at the break of day, hungry and thirsty．(形容词作状语)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介词短语作状语)
7．补足语——宾语或主语的补充说明
定义：补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，分别用于补充说明主语和宾语。补足语通常由名词、形容词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词充当。
①With all preparations done, they started to fry bread together． (过去分词作宾语补足语)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介词短语作宾语补足语)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名词短语作宾语补足语)
④He was elected president of the Students' Union．(名词短语作主语补足语)
8．同位语——同等重要的并列成分
定义：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来证明或解释另一个句子成分，或者就叫作后者的同位语。常用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
①My name is Li Jin, a member from Spoken English Club．(名词短语作同位语)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs． (从句作同位语)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代词作同位语)
注意：we each对应的谓语动词用复数，each of us对应的谓语动词用单数。
写出黑体部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China． ____________
2．I have received some training in my spare time． ____________
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． ____________
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3：00 p.m． to 5：00 p.m． next Friday． ____________
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． ____________
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． ____________
7．I find my room clean and tidy． ____________
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． ____________
9．They should make use of their spare time to read these wonderful works carefully． ____________
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． ____________
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． ____________
厘清基本句型
1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①If two students with poor English are paired，the_practice may not work well．
主语 谓语
②They first met at the age of 20．
主语 谓语
2．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式的特点为：谓语一般为及物动词，表示主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、特殊疑问词＋动词不定式、从句等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①It has lasting artistic value．
主语 谓语 宾语
②I hope you will consider my proposals．
主语 谓语 宾语
3．主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，助动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式等。
①He is tall．
主语 系动词 表语
②What_will_happen remains unknown．
主语 系动词 表语
4．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语必须是可以接两个宾语的及物动词。两个宾语一个是间接宾语；一个是直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
She gave me great encouragement．
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
②Her_father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present．
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
5．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使句子意思完整。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，直接跟在宾语之后。
①With knowledge，we can make our country richer and stronger．
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
②In order to acquire a better understanding of Tang poems，I advise you
主语 谓语 宾语
to learn some brief history of the Tang Dynasty in advance．
宾语补足语
6．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语
状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子，谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)。
①I worked in a baking factory．
主语 谓语 状语
②A_class_meeting with the aim of introducing
主语
traditional Chinese culture will take place
谓语
in our school next month．
状语
7．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语
状语由副词、介词短语或从句充当，修饰谓语动词的状语需是副词或介词短语。
①When he came into sight，the_spectators burst into
状语 主语 谓语
thunderous cheers and applause．
宾语
②My_heart skipped a beat when I accepted the award．
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
8．存现句(there be句型及there be句型的变式句型)
there be句型有很多变式，恰当地运用there be(be可用各种时态)句型及其变式对提升写作大有帮助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that “good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
写出下列句子的类型
1．The flower smells sweet． ________________
2．The news made us very surprised． ________________
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． ________________
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． ________________
5．He brought me a newly published book． ________________
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． ________________
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． ________________
1 / 8第2讲 厘清句子成分和基本句型
厘清句子成分
1．主语——句子的主体
(1) 定义： 主语是句子所讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。主语是谓语动作的执行者或所处状态的主体。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、从句或名词化的形容词等充当。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名词短语作主语；代词作主语)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills．(动词-ing形式短语作主语)
(2)位置： 主语一般位于句首，但动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(动词不定式短语作真正的主语)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that从句作真正的主语)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(动词-ing形式短语作真正的主语)
(3)注意：done不能作主语，要想done 表示的含义作主语，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主语)
2．谓语——主语的行为
定义：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、主语具有的特征或所处的状态，常位于主语之后。谓语主要由动词、动词短语、系表结构等充当。谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。谓语与主语在“人称”与“数”方面应保持一致，即主谓一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(单个实义动词作谓语)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表结构作谓语)
③First of all，as smart online learners，we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情态动词＋短语动词”作谓语)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future．(“助动词do＋实义动词”作谓语，表强调)
3．宾语——动作的对象
(1) 定义：宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式或相当于名词的词(短语或从句)来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语做什么，通常放在及物动词或者介词之后。另外，有些动词后可以跟双宾语。
①I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名词短语作宾语)
②As an enthusiast of Chinese painting，I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(动词不定式作宾语)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me为间接宾语；help为直接宾语)
(2)位置：动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(动词不定式作真正的宾语)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(动词-ing形式作真正的宾语)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress．(that从句作真正的宾语)
4．表语——主语的特征、身份等
(1)定义：表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、处所等。常用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语、表语从句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(从句作表语)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking programme．(形容词作表语)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名词短语作表语)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介词短语作表语)
⑤Our aim is to lead China to go global and let the world understand China．(动词不定式短语作表语)
(2)常见的连系动词主要有下列几种：
①表示“状态”类：be (am，is，are，was，were)；
②表示“持续”类：keep，stay，remain，lie等；
③表示“表象”类：seem，appear等；
④表示“感官”类：look，sound，smell，taste，feel；
⑤表示“渐变”类：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall；
⑥表示“证明”类：prove。
5．定语——名词的修饰语
定义：定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。常用作定语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、动词不定式、定语从句等。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。
①Overall，it was a wonderful experience for these young people．(形容词作定语)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(过去分词作定语)
③The building being constructed will be a new shopping mall．(动词-ing形式作定语)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs．(who引导的定语从句作后置定语)
6．状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语
定义：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的句子成分。状语由副词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词或从句充当。
状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、条件、方式、原因、目的、让步、比较等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副词作状语)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks，inspiring us students to strive for a better future．(动词-ing形式作状语)
③When we go to the beach，don't throw rubbish，especially plastics，into the sea．(时间状语从句)
④Jane rose at the break of day，hungry and thirsty．(形容词作状语)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介词短语作状语)
7．补足语——宾语或主语的补充说明
定义：补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，分别用于补充说明主语和宾语。补足语通常由名词、形容词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词充当。
①With all preparations done，they started to fry bread together．(过去分词作宾语补足语)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介词短语作宾语补足语)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名词短语作宾语补足语)
④He was elected president of the Students' Union．(名词短语作主语补足语)
8．同位语——同等重要的并列成分
定义：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来证明或解释另一个句子成分，或者就叫作后者的同位语。常用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词、代词、同位语从句等。
①My name is Li Jin，a member from Spoken English Club．(名词短语作同位语)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs．(从句作同位语)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代词作同位语)
注意：we each对应的谓语动词用复数，each of us对应的谓语动词用单数。
写出黑体部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk arts in China． 表语
2．I have received some training in my spare time． 状语
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． 宾语补足语
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3：00 p．m．to 5：00 p．m．next Friday． 状语
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． 主语
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． 宾语
7．I find my room clean and tidy． 宾语补足语
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． 直接宾语
9．They should make use of their spare time to read these wonderful works carefully． 状语
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． 宾语
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． 表语
厘清基本句型
1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
①If two students with poor English are paired，the practice may not work well．
主语 谓语
②They first met at the age of 20．
主语 谓语
2．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式的特点为：谓语一般为及物动词，表示主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、特殊疑问词＋动词不定式、从句等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①It has lasting artistic value．
主语 谓语 宾语
②I hope you will consider my proposals．
主语 谓语 宾语
3．主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，助动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式等。
①He is tall．
主语 系动词 表语
②What will happen remains unknown．
主语 系动词 表语
4．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
该句式中的谓语必须是可以接两个宾语的及物动词。两个宾语一个是间接宾语；一个是直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①She gave me great encouragement．
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
②Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present．
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
5．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
该句式中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使句子意思完整。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，直接跟在宾语之后。
①With knowledge，we can make our country richer and stronger．
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
②In order to acquire a better understanding of Tang poems，I advise you
主语 谓语 宾语
to learn some brief history of the Tang Dynasty in advance．
宾语补足语
6．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语
状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子，谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)。
①I worked in a baking factory．
主语 谓语 状语
②A class meeting with the aim of introducing
主语
traditional Chinese culture will take place in our school next month．
谓语 状语
7．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语
状语由副词、介词短语或从句充当，修饰谓语动词的状语需是副词或介词短语。
①When he came into sight，the spectators burst into
状语 主语 谓语
thunderous cheers and applause．
宾语
②My heart skipped a beat when I accepted the award．
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
8．存现句(there be句型及there be句型的变式句型)
there be句型有很多变式，恰当地运用there be(be可用各种时态)句型及其变式对提升写作大有帮助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that “good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
写出下列句子的类型
1．The flower smells sweet． 主＋系＋表
2．The news made us very surprised． 主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． 主＋谓＋宾
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． 主＋谓＋宾＋宾补＋状
5．He brought me a newly published book． 主＋谓＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． 存现句
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． 主＋谓＋状
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