专题三
学习语法规则
情态动词(一)
情态动词概说
情态动词,也叫情态助动词,主要用于表示说
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )话人对所说话语的态度和看法。常见的情态动词有can
/
could,
may
/
might,
will
/
would,
shall
/
should,
ought
to,
need,
dare等。另外,used
to,
had
better也有一定的情态意义,也可划入情态动词。
一、can与could的用法
1. 表示能力
注意以下用法:
(1) 表示现在的能力,用can:
My
sister
can
drive. 我妹妹会开车。
(2) 表示将来的能力,通常不用can或could,而用be
able
to的将来时态:
I’ll
be
able
to
speak
French
in
another
few
months. 再过几个月我就会讲法语了。
但是,若表示现在决定将来是否有能力做某事,则可用 can:
Can
you
come
to
the
party
tomorrow 你明天能来参加我们的聚会吗?
(3) 表示过去的能力,有时可用could,有时不能用could,具体应注意以下几点:
① 若表示过去一般的能力(即想做某事就随时可做某事的能力),可用could:
Could
you
speak
English
then 那时候你会说英语吗
② 若表示过去的特定能力(即在过去特定场合
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )做某事的能力),则不能用could,而用was
(were)
able
to
do
sth,或用 managed
to
do
sth,或用 succeeded
in
doing
sth 等。
He
studied
hard
and
was
able
to
pass
the
exam. 他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。
At
last
he
succeeded
in
solving
the
problem. 他终于把那个问题解决了。
【注】could 不用来表示过去特定能力通常只限于肯定句,否定句或疑问句中,它则可以表示过去特定的能力:
I
managed
to
find
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
street,
but
I
couldn’t
find
her
house. 我想法找到了那条街,但没找到她的房子。(前句为肯定句用managed
to,不用could,后句为否定句,可用could)
另外,could还可与表示
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )感知的动词(如see,
hear,
smell,
taste,
feel,
understand等)连用表示的特定能力:
Looking
down
from
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he
plane,
we
could
see
lights
on
the
runway. 从飞机上向下看,我们可以看见机场跑道上的点点灯火。
还有在间接引语中,could也可表示过去特定的能力:
He
said
he
could
see
me
next
week. 他说他下周能见我。
2. 表示许可
注意以下用法:
(1) 对于现在或将来的“许可”,要区分以下两种情况:
① 表示请求允许(即请求别人允许自己做某事),两者均可用,但用could 语气更委婉:
Can
[Could]
I
come
in 我可以进来吗
注:此时也可用may或might,其中might和could均不表过去,只表委婉语气。
② 表示给予允许(即自己允许别人做某事), 一般只用 can,而不用 could:
"Could
[Can]
I
us
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
your
pen " "Yes,
of
course
you
can."
“我可以借用你的钢笔吗 ”“当然可以。”(不能说Yes,
you
could.)
(2) 对于过去的“许可”,也要区分以下两种情况:
① 表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用can的过去式could:
When
I
lived
at
h
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome,
I
could
watch
TV
whenever
I
wanted
to. 我住在家里时, 想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。(一般性允许)
② 表示过去特定的允许(即表示在过去某一特定
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )情况下允许进行某一特定的活动),则不用 could,而需换成其他表达(如had
permission,
was
[were]
allowed
to):
I
was
allowed
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
to
see
the
film
yesterday
evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许,不能用 could)
3. 表示推测
注意以下用法:
(1) 对现在或将来的推
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句:
It
can’t
be
true. 那不可能是真的。
What
can
they
be
doing 他们会在干什么呢
can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测,这主要见于:
① 表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的,但实际未必会发生):
Even
experienced
teachers
can
make
mistakes. 即使是有经验的教师也可能出错。
② 用于含有only等表示限制的肯定句:
"Who
is
that
at
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
door "
"It
can
only
be
the
postman."
“门外是谁?”“只能是邮递员。”
③ 后接“be
(get,
seem,
become)+形容词”,表示“有时会”、“时常会”等:
It
can
get
very
hot
here. 这里有时会很热。
(2) 对过去的推测,必须在 can,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
could 之后接动词的完成式。但此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could则可用于各种句型:
He
can’t
[couldn’t]
have
seen
her
there. 他不可能在那儿见到她。
could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还有以下用法(不用can):
① 表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生):
He
could
have
told
her,
but
he
didn’t
choose
to. 他本来可以告诉她的,但他却没有。
② 用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做:
You
could
have
helped
him. 你本来应该来帮助他的。
③ 表示“差点儿就要”:
I
could
have
died
laughing. 我差点儿笑死了。
二、may与might的用法
1. 表示允许
注意以下两种情况:
(1) 表示请求允许(即请求别人允许自己做某事),两者都可用,只是 might 表示的语气较委婉(但并不表示过去):
May
[Might]
I
sit
here 我可以坐在这里吗
I
wonder
if
I
might
ask
you
a
favor 不知能否请你帮个忙
I’d
like
to
ask
a
question
if
I
may. 如果可以的话,我想提个问题。
(2) 表示给予允许(即自己允许别人做某事),通常要用 may而不用might:
You
may
come
in
now. 你现在可以进来了。
You
may
not
tell
him
this. 你不可以告诉他这件事。
体会以下对话的问句与答句:
A:May
[Might]
I
stay 我可以留下吗
(表请求,可用两者)
B:Yes,
you
may. 可以。(表允许,不能用 might)
注:在通常情况下,may 表示允许
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(请求允许或给予允许)时,总是针对“现在”或“将来”而言,若要表示已经给予或已经存在的允许,则通常不用 may,而用can:
Nowadays,
children
can
do
what
they
like. 现在小孩子喜欢干什么就可以干什么
It’s
unfair.
He
can
stay
and
I
have
to
leave. 这不公平,他可以留下,而我却得离开。
例外的情况是,might用于间接引语和 may 用于否定句表示禁止:
He
said
that
I
might
borrow
his
car. 他说我可以用他的车。
2. 表示推测
两者都可用,只是 might 比 may 语气更不确定,表示的可能性更小。
(1) 在句型使用方面:两者均可用于肯定
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句和否定句,但用于疑问句时,may通常不用于句首,但可用于疑问句的句中(如特殊疑问句等),而might尽管可以用于疑问句的句首,但不算普通,通常会改用其他句式(如用could等):
He
may
[might]
know
the
answer. 他可能知道答案。
Might
[Could]
I
ask
a
question 我能问一个问题吗
注:在很正式的文体中,may 可用于否定疑问句的句首:
May
we
not
be
making
a
big
mistake 我们难道不可能在犯大错误吗?
(2) 在用法方面注意以下几点:
① 后接动词原形,表示对现在或将来的推测:
You
may
[might]
be
right. 你可能是对的。
② 后接动词进行式,表示动作正在进行或将要发生:
He
may
[might]
be
writing
a
letter. 他可能在写信。
They
may
[might]
be
going
abroad
next
month. 他们可能在下个月出国。
③ 后接动词完成式,表示对过去可能发生的事进行推测:
She
may
[might]
have
read
it
in
the
papers. 她可能在报上已读到过此事。
might 后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还有以下用法(不用may):
1) 表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生:
A
lot
of
men
died
who
might
have
been
saved.很多人本来可以获救的却死了。
2) 表示委婉的批评或责备:
You
might
have
made
greater
progress. 你的进步本来可更大一些的。
3. may和can表推测时的区别
can和may均可表示推测,can用
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于否定句和疑问句,may用于肯定句和否定式。两者均可用于否定句,但是含义不同:cannot=不可能,may
not=可能不。比较:
It
can’t
be
true. 这不可能是真的。
It
may
not
be
true. 这可能不是真的。
4. 如何加强推测的语气
若要加强推测的语气,表示较大的可能性,可在may,
might后加副词well:
You
may
well
be
right. 你很可能是对的。
注:could表推测时也可后接well来加强语气。
5. 用于 may
[might]
(just)
as
well...
意为“不妨”、“还是…为好”等,用 might 比用 may 语气更委婉:
I’m
ready,so
I
might
as
well
go
now.我已准备好,因此不妨现在就走。
注:might
as
well 还可用于指过去的情况或用于比较两个令人不愉快的情况:
This
holiday
isn’t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )much
fun;
we
might
as
well
be
back home. 这个假日过得真没意思,我们还不如呆在家里。
6. may 用于表示祝愿
主要用于正式场合或书面语中:
May
you
be
happy! 祝你幸福!
三、must 的用法
1. 表示“必须”、“一定要”
注意以下用法:
(1) 可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句;用于否定句时,mustn’t 的意思是“一定不要”、“不能”,而不是“不必”:
You
must
finish
it
today. 你一定要在今天完成它。
We
mustn’t
think
only
of
ourselves. 我们可不能只考虑自己。
(2) 主要表示现在或将来,但有时(如在间接引语中)也可表过去(=had
to):
She
asked
if
she
must
(had
to)
leave. 她问她是否一定要离开。
(3) 对于must 开头一般疑问句,若要作否定回答,可用needn’t,不用mustn’t:
"Must
I
come
over
tonight "
"No,
you
needn’t."
“我今晚必须过来吗 ”“不必。”
(4) 其后可接被动结构或进行形式:
Something
must
be
done
to
stop
it. 必须采取措施来阻止它。
2. 表示推测
意为“准是”、“一定是”,注意以下几点:
(1) 通常只用于肯定句,在否定句或疑问句用 can 代之:
It
must
be
true. 那一定是真的。
比较:Can
it
be
true 那可能是真的吗
/
It
can’t
be
true. 那不可能是真的。
(2) 后接动词原形,表示对现在情况的推测:
He
must
be
wrong. 他一定错了。
注:must 表示对现在情况的
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )推测后接动词原形时,该动词通常为状态动词(如 be,
have,
know 等),若为动作动词,通常要转换其它说法。如要表示“他一定会赢”,通常不说He
must
win,可说He
is
sure
to
win。(He
must
win的意思是“他必须要赢”)
(3) 其后可接进行式或完成进行式,用以谈论一个正在进行的动作:
He
must
be
writing
a
letter
to
his
girl
friend. 他一定在给他女朋友写信。
Someone
must
have
been
smoking
here.一定有人一直在这里抽烟。
(4) 后接不定式的完成式,用来谈论已发生的情况:
He
must
have
arrived
already.他一定已经到了。
I
didn’t
hear
the
phone.
I
must
have
been
asleep. 我没有听到电话铃,我一定是睡着了。
3. 表示“应当”。相当于should,
ought
to的意思:
You
must
say
hello
to
her.你应当跟她打个招呼。
We
must
go
and
have
a
weekend
there.我们应当到那里度周末。
4. 表示“偏偏”
有时表示不巧,有时表示固执,通常都是指令人不快的事:
Why
must
you
always
interrupt
me 你为什么硬是老要打断我?
We
were
ready
to
le
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave,
but
the
baby
must
catch
cold. 我们刚准备好要走, 可孩子偏偏得了感冒。
5. must 与 have
to 的区别
(1) 强调重点不同:两者都表示“必须”,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )但 must 侧重于说话者的主观看法,认为有必要或有义务去做某事;have
to则重于客观需要,含有“不得不”或“被迫”之意:
We
must
go
at
once. 我们必须马上就走。
If
I
buy
that
car,
I’ll
have
to
borrow
some
money. 如果我要买那辆汽车, 我得借些钱。
(2) 时态形式不同:must 只有现在时一种形式(在宾语从句中可以表示过去),而 have
to则有多种时态形式:
He
said
(that)
she
must
go
with
me. 他说她必须同我一起去。
She
had
to
go
there
on
foot
yesterday. 昨天她不得不步行去那儿。
(3) have
to可以有分词、动名词、不定式等形式,而must则没有这些形式:
He
only
saw
he
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r
in
the
evening,
having
to
be
away
all
day. 他整天得外出,只能晚上见她。
I
regret
to
have
to
trouble
you
again. 我很抱歉不得不再麻烦你一次。
(4) 否定式的意义不同:must 的
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )否定式 mustn’t 意为“一定不要”、“不允许”;而 have
to 的否定式 don’t
have
to 意为“不必”(=needn’t)。比较:
You
mustn’t
tell
him
about
it.你一定不要告诉他这件事。(这可能是秘密)
You
needn’t
tell
him
about
it.你不必告诉他这件事。(他可能知道了)
四、shall与should的用法
1. shall在疑问句中的用法
在疑问句中用于征求对方意见,主要用于第一人称(在英国英语中,也用于第三人称),其意为“要不要”、“…好吗”:
Shall
I
get
you
a
chair
for
you 要不要我给你拿把椅子来
2. shall在陈述句中的用法
在陈述句表示说话者的允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定、必然性等,主要用于第二、三人称:
You
shall
suffer
for
this. 你会为此事吃苦头的。(表威胁)
That
day
shall
come.那一天一定会来。(表必然性)
Tell
him
that
he
shall
have
the
book
tomorrow. 告诉他这本书明天给他。(表允诺)
Persons
under
18
sh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )all
not
be
employed
in
night
work.不满十八岁的人不得雇佣干夜间工作。(表规定)
注:有时用于第一人称,表示决心:
I
shall
return. 我一定回来。(表示决心)
3. should表示义务或责任
其意为“应该”:
We
should
learn
from
each
other. 我们应该互相帮助。
4. 表示建议或劝告
其意为“应该”:
You
should
give
up
smoking. 你应该戒烟。
注:有时语气较强,含有命令的意味:
You
should
leave
at
once. 你应该马上离开 。
5. should 表示推断
意为“应该”、“可能”:
They
should
be
there
by
now,
I
think. 我想现在他们都已经到了。
With
an
early
start
he
should
be
here
by
noon. 动身得早,他中午就该到这里了。
注:should表示推断时,语气较肯定,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )通常是指非常可能的事(因为暗示有一定的事实依据或合乎常理),而may,
might,
could等表示推测时,则语气较不肯定,尤其是might,
could。
6. should 用于征求意见
主要用于第一人称的疑问句形式:
Should
I
open
the
window 我可以打开窗户吗?
注:该用法与Shall
I
(we)… 的用法相似。
7. should 表示谦逊或委婉等
通常与like,
love,
think,
say,
imagine等动词连用:
I
should
like
to
know
why. 我想知道这是为什么。
I
should
say
she’s
over
forty. 我想他有40多岁了。
8. should表示意外或惊讶
It’s
strange
that
he
should
come
so
late. 他竟然来这么迟真是奇怪。
有时与why,
who,
how 等疑问词连用:
Why
should
you
think
that
way 你为什么会那样想?
9. should后所接动词形式
根据不同情况should后可接不同的动词形式:
(1) 接动词原形,用于谈论现在或将来的情况。(见上例)
(2) 接进行式,用于谈论正在进行的事:
He
should
be
working
now. 他现在应该在工作。
注:有时表示将要发生的事(与进行式表示将来意义相似):
We
should
be
leaving
soon. 我们应该马上走。(比用should
leave 委婉)
(3) 接完成式,用于过去的情况,可指过去已经发生的情况,也可接本该发生而实际上未发生的情况:
The
train
should
have
already
left. 火车大概已经开走了吧。
(4) 接完成进行式,表示过去正在进行或一直在进行的情况:
Why
weren’t
you
helpin
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g
Tom
You
should
have
been
helping
him. 你为什么不在帮助汤姆 你是应当在帮助他的。
有时也表示本来应该做而未做的情况:
I
should
have
been
leaving
London
before 9. 我本应该在九点以前离开伦敦的。
十二、高考重要考点精练
1. The
police
stil
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l
haven’t
found
her,
but
they’re
doing
all
they
_____.
A.
may
B.
can
C.
must
D.
will
2. It’s
a
very
kind
offer,
but
I
really
______
accept
it.
A.
mustn’t
B.
needn’t
C.
can’t
D.
don’t
3. Their
answers
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are
exactly
the
same
—
one
of
them
_____
from
the
other.
A.
must
copy
B.
must
have
copied
C.
could
copy
D.
should
have
copied
4. We
______
a
worse
day
for
the
picnic
—
it
rained
nonstop.
A.
couldn’t
pick
B.
couldn’t
have
picked
C.
might
pick
D.
might
not
have
picked
5. “Where’s
the
library ”
“I
______
know.”
A.
couldn’t
B.
wouldn’t
C.
didn’t
D.
mightn’t
6. That
car
nearly
hit
me;
I
_______.
A.
might
be
killed
B.
might
have
been
killed
C.
may
be
killed
D.
may
been
killed
7. You
______
him
the
news;
he
knew
it
already.
A.
needn’t
tel
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l
B.
needn’t
have
told
C.
mightn’t
tell mightn’t
have
told
8. You
_______
practise
the
drums
while
the
baby
is
sleeping.
A.
needn’t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
mightn’t
C.
mustn’t
D.
won’t
9. Are
you
still
here
You
_______
home
hour
ago.
A.
should
go
B.
should
have
gone
C.
might
go
D.
may
have
gone
10. As
she’s
not
here,
I
suppose
she
_______
home.
A.
must
go
B.
must
have
gone
C.
might
go
D.
might
be
going
11. “I
thought
you
wou
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ldn’t
mind.”
“Well,
as
a
matter
of
fact
I
don’t,
but
you
_____
me
first.”
A.
should
ask
B.
should
have
asked
C.
must
ask
D.
must
have
asked
12. “Do
you
think
he
is
lazy ”
“I
_____
once,
but
I
don’t
now.”
A.
may
have
th
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ought
B.
can
have
thought
C.
may
think
D.
might
think
13. The
soldiers
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
tried
their
best
and
did
what
they
could
____
against
the
flood.
A.
fight
B.
to
fight
C.
fighting
D.
fought
14. You
_____
be
right,
but
I
don’t
think
you
are.
A.
can
B.
could
C.
must
D.
should
15. “I
called
you
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
yesterday.
A
woman
answered,
but
I
didn’t
recognize
her
voice.”
“Oh,
it
_____
my
aunt
Jean.”
A.
must
be
B.
must
have
been
C.
might
be
D.
can
have
been
练习
翻译句子
他不可能是警察.我经常在医院看到他。
你本来可以见到他的,但是你迟到了。
3.
汤姆可能在和校长谈话。
4.
自然你不同意,我还是不接受他们的邀请。
5.
愿你美梦成真。
6.
玛丽准是在听音乐。
7.
这时候,偏偏车坏了。
8.
对不起,我不得不拒绝。
9.
前天,我们不得不等了他三个
小时。
10.
明天你会拿到这本词典的
情态动词(二)
五、ought
to的用法
1. 表示义务或责任
意为“应该”:
We
ought
to
start
at
once. 我们应该马上离开。
Such
things
ought
not
to
be
allowed. 这类事不该容许。
2. 表示建议或劝告
意为“应该”:
You
ought
to
see
the
new
film. 你应该看看这部新电影。
3. 表示推断
意为“应该”、“可能”:
That
ought
to
be
enough
food
for
all
of
us. 那些该够我们大家吃的了。
注:用ought
to 表示推断时,语
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )气较肯定,通常指的是一种合乎逻辑的可能性(与should表推断时相似),有时可译为“准是”(但语气比must要弱):
That
ought
to
[should]
be
Janet
coming
upstairs
now. 正在上楼的准是珍妮特。
4. 所接动词所用形式
根据不同情况ought
to后可接不同的动词形式:
(1) 接动词原形,用于谈论现在或将来的情况。(见上例)
(2) 接进行式,用于谈论正在进行的事:
You
oughtn’t
to
be
talking
so
much,Annie. 你不宜讲这么多话,安妮。
It
isn’t
what
I
ought
to
be
doing. 这不是我现在应该做的事。
有时表示将要发生的事(正如用进行时态表示将来一样):
I
ought
to
be
going. 我该走了。
(3) 接完成式,用于过去的情况,可指过去已经发生的情况,也可接本该发生而实际上未发生的情况:
They
ought
to
have
arrived
by
now. 他们现在应该已经到了。
5. 使用注意点
(1) 在否定式中用ought
not 或oughtn’t,在疑问中将ought提到主语之前:
He
ought
to
go
now,
oughtn’t
he 他现在该走了,是吗
(2) 在美国英语中,ought
to用于否定句和疑问句时可将to省略(但在肯定句中to不宜省)。另外,在省略句中也可以省去to:
"Ought
I
to
go "
"Yes,
you
ought
(to)."
“我该去吗 ”“对,你该去。”
6. ought
to与 should的用法区别
(1) 一般说来,两者可替换,只是ought
to语气稍重:
You
ought
to[should]
go
and
see
Mary
sometime. 你应该什么时候去看看玛丽。
(2) 表示出于法令规则、行为准
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )则、道德责任等客观情况而“应该”做某事时,一般应用ought
to,若用should则含有个人意见,强调主观看法:
We
ought
to
go
and
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
see
Mary
tomorrow,
but
I
don’t
think
we
will. 明天我们按理应该去看看玛丽,但是我认为我们不会去(此句不宜用should)。
(3) 在公告、须知或条例中,出于礼貌,常用should:
You
should
not
run
alongside
the
swimming-pool. 不准在游泳池边奔跑。
六、will与would的用法
1. 表示意愿
will 表示现在的意愿,would表示过去的意愿:
I
will
pay
you
at
the
rate
you
ask. 我愿意照你要求的价钱付款。
She
asked
if
I
would
go
with
them. 他问我是否愿同他们一起去。
注:(1) 表示“意愿”的 will 有时可用于条件句中:
If
you
will
allow
me,
I
will
see
you
home. 如果你同意,我可以送你回家。
(2) would也可表示现在的意愿,语气较委婉:
I’d
go
there
with
you. 我愿同你去那儿。
2. 表示征求意见或提出请求
主要用于第二人称的疑问句中,will和would均可用,would此时并不表过去,而表示委婉语气:
Won’t
you
take
off
your
coat 你要不要把大衣脱掉
Will
[would]
you
please
post
the
letter
for
me 请帮我寄了这封信好吗
注:(1) 有时为使语气委婉,可用否定
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式。总的说来,用would比用will委婉,用won’t和wouldn’t比单独用will和would要委婉。
(2) would有时用
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )于提出想示,通常与like,
love,
hate,
prefer,
be
glad,
be
happy等连用,若用于第一人称有时也可将would换成should:
I’d
like
[love]
to
have
a
look
at
it. 我想看看它。
I
would
prefer
not
to
go
out
today. 我今天不想出去。
3. 表示习惯和倾向性
will表示现在的习惯,would表示过去的习惯:
Oil
will
float
on
water. 油总是浮在水上。
When
he
was
a
child,
he
would
often
go
skiing. 他小时候经常去滑雪。
注:有时would表示经常发生的令人不耐烦的事:
That’s
exactly
like
him—he
would
lose
her
keys! 他就是这样,老丢钥匙!
4. 表示推测
will用于谈论现在,would可用于谈论过去,也可用于谈论现在(语气较委婉):
This
car
will
hold
six
people. 这辆小汽车可以坐六个人。
The
person
you
me
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ntioned
would
be
her
father,
is
that
right 你提的那个人想必是她的父亲,对吗
注:有时可后接完成式,表示对过去可能已经发生的情况进行推测:
I
thought
you
would
have
finished
it
by
now. 我想你现在可能已经做完了吧。
5. 表示执意或决心
will表示现在的执意和决心,would表示过去的执意和决心:
“Tell
me
the
secret.”
“I
won’t.”“把秘密告诉我。”“我才不哩。”
He
would
do
it,
though
I
told
him
not
to. 虽然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做。
注:此用法可视为表意愿的加强用法,即强烈的意愿即为决心。
6. 其他用法
will 还可表示许诺、指示、叮嘱等,而would还可用于评论某一特定的行为等:
You
will
have
your
share. 你会得到你那一份的。
You
would
never
do
anything
to
hurt
me. 你绝不会做伤害我的事的。
七、need的用法
1. 基本用法特点
need可用实意动词和情
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )态动词,用作情态动词时,意思是“有必要”或“需要”,其后接动词原形,通常只用于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:
You
needn’t
worry. 你不必担心。
He
wondered
whether
they
need
send
a
deposit. 他不知道他们是否得交定金。
注:(1) 由于用作情态动词的ne
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed通常不用于肯定句,所以对于以need开头的疑问句的否定回答可用needn’t,但是肯定回答却不能用Yes,
you
need之类的,应根据具体情况改用其他表达:
"Need
he
stay
here "
"Yes,
he
must."
“他有必要留在这儿吗 ”“是的,必须留在这儿。”
(2) need有时用于含有only,
all 等表限制意义的肯定句中:
This
is
the
only
form
you
need
fill
in. 你要填的只有这一张表。
All
you
need
do
is
to
take
a
taxi
from
the
airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。
2. 后接动词完成式的用法
若要谈论过去情况,应在其后接动词完成式:
You
needn’t
have
come
in
person. 你当时不必亲自来的。
注:(1) 在宾语从句中可直接用need表示过去(也可用didn’t
have
to):
He
said
he
need
not
[didn’t
have
to]
hurry. 他说他不必匆忙。
(2) 注意对“need+have+过去分词”结构疑问式的回答:
"Need
he
have
co
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me
so
early "
"Yes,
he
had
to."
/
"No,
he
needn’t
have."“他来那么早有必要吗?”“有必要,他必须来那么早。”/“不,他本来没有必要来那么早的。”
3. 后接动词的进行式的用法
有时后接进行式表示动作正在进行:
We
needn’t
be
standing
here
in
the
rain. 我们没有必要站在这里被雨淋。
4. needn’t
have
done与didn’t
need
to
do
前者主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意;后者则不具体表明某事是否做了(即可能做了也可能没有做,此用法中的need为实义动词):
I
got
up
earl
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y,
but
I
needn’t
have
done
so,
because
I
had
no
work
to
do
that
morning. 我起床起得很早,但我本来不必起那么早的,因为我那天早上没什么事做。
I
didn’t
need
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o
get
up
early
this
morning,
so
I
stayed
in
bed
until 9
a.m.. 今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午九点钟才起床。
若没有特定的上下文,有时可能有歧义:
I
didn’t
need
to
go
the
office
yesterday.
(1) 我昨天无需去那儿。(所以没去)(=I
didn’t
have
to
go
there
yesterday.)
(2) 我昨天本来不必去那儿的。(但我却去了)(=I
needn’t
have
gone
there
yesterday.)
八、dare的用法
1. 基本用法特点
dare可用实意动词和情态动词,用作情态动词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )时,意思是“敢”,其后接动词原形,通常只用于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:
Dare
you
tell
her
the
truth 你敢告诉她事实真相吗
I
daren’t
ask
her
for
a
rise. 我不敢要求她加薪。
注:I
dare
say 是习惯说法
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )(用于肯定句),并不一定要译为“我敢说”,它所表示的是一种不肯定的语气,常译为“很可能”、“大概”、“我想”等,有时用作反语:
I
dare
say
(that)
you
are
right. 我想你是对的。
Oh,
you
mean
to
win
I
dare
say
you
will. 啊,你想打赢 我且看你赢吧。
(2) dare用作实义
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )动词时意为“敢于”,可以有各种词形变化,可用于各类句型(肯定句、否定句、疑问句及各类从句等),其后多接带 to 的不定式,有时 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑问句),可用于非谓语形式,完成时态等:
We
must
dare
to
think,
speak
and
act. 我们必须敢想、敢说、敢做。
I
wonder
how
he
dares
(to)
say
such
things. 我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。
2. dare的过去式问题
情态动词dare可以有过去式dared,但也可以直接用dare表示过去式,或后接动词完成式:
That
was
why
he
dared
do
so. 那就是他为什么敢这样做的原因。
I
daren’t
ha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve
done
it
yesterday.but
I
think
I
dare
now.昨天我没敢这样做,但现在我想我敢。
注:dare后通常不接动词的进行式。
九、used
to的用法
1. 基本用法特点
used
to的意思是“过去经常”,其中的to是不定式符号,不是介词,所以其后接动词原形(不接动名词):
He
used
to
live
in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。
"Do
you
play
golf "
"No,
but
I
used
to."
“你打高尔夫球吗?”“不打,但我过去打。”
2. 如何构成否定式和疑问式
used
to作为情态动词,可直接在
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )used后加not构成否定式,直接将used置于句首构成疑问式,但与一般的情态动词不同的,它也可像普通动词那样借助助动词did构成否定式和疑问式:
He
usedn’t
[didn’t
use]
to
come. 他过去不常来。
Where
did
you
use
to
live 你过去是住哪儿的
注:在现代英语中,used
to的否定
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式和疑问式通常借助助动词did构成(特别是在口语和非正式文体中),而直接将used作为助动词用通常被认为是非常正统或过时的用法。然而有趣的是,有时还可见到以下这种混合形式:
Did
you
used
to
be
a
teacher 你过去是当老师的吗
They
didn’t
used
to
live
here. 他们过去没住在这儿。
3. used
to与副词连用
与often,
always,
never等副词连用时,通常置于副词之后,也可置于副词之前:
I
always
used
[used
always]
to
be
afraid
of
dogs. 我过去老是怕狗。
He
often
used
[used
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )often]
to
sit
outside
the
door
of
his
house. 他过去常坐他家门口。
注意,它通常不与具体的一般不能与表示次
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )数(如twice,
three
times 等)或一段时间(如three
months,
five
years等)的词连用:
正:I
went
to
Paris
three
times. 我去巴黎去过3次。
误:I
used
to
go
to
Paris
three
times.
正:He
lived
in
the
country
for
three
years. 他在乡下住过3年。
误:He
used
to
live
in
the
country
for
three
years.
4. used
to 与 be
used
to的用法比较
(1) used
to 意为“过去经常”,其中的 to 是不定式符号,后接动词原形:
He
used
to
live
in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。
(2) be
used
to 意为“习惯于”,其中的to是介词,后接要用动名词:
He
is
used
to
living
in
the
country. 他已习惯于住在乡下。
注:① 若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程,可用 get,
become 等代替动词 be:
He
has
got
used
to
looking
after
himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己。
② be
used
to 有时可能是动词 use 的被动语态结构 (此时意为“被用来”,其中的 to 为不定式符号,其后要接动词原形):
A
hammer
is
used
to
drive
in
nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。
5. used
to 与would的用法比较:
(1) 两者都表示过去的习惯,当表示过去习惯性的动作时,可互换:
When
we
were
children
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )we
would
[used
to]
go
skating
every
winter. 我们小时候,每年冬天都去溜冰。
(2) 若表示过去持续的状态,通常只用used
to,不用would:
He
used
to
like
you. 他原来还是喜欢你的。
He
is
not
what
he
used
to
be. 他已不是从前的他了。
(3) 若要强调过去与现在的对比,也通常只用used
to:
I
don’t
smoke
these
days,
but
I
used
to. 我现在不抽烟,但我以前是抽的。
I
used
to
drive
to
work
but
now
I
cycle. 过去我常驾车上班,但我现在骑自行车。
十、had
better 的用法
1. 基本用法特点
其意为“最好”、“应该”,后接动词原形,与情态动词should用法相似,其中的had通常缩略为 ‘d:
You’d
better
get
some
sleep.你最好去睡一会儿。
We
had
better
go
before
it
rains. 我们最好在下雨前就去。
2. 如何构成否定式和疑问式
构成否定式时,通常将not置于
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )had
better之后(而不是had之后);而构成疑问式时,则通常将had(而不是had
better)置于主语之前:
I’d
better
not
disturb
him.我最好别去打扰他。
What
had
we
better
do 我们最好怎么办
注:在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将 not 与 had 连用:
Hadn’t
we
better
go
now 我们是不是现在就去呢
3. 后接进行式和完成式动词
有时后接动词的进行式,表示最好马上做某事;也可接完成式动词,表示最好做完某事或本该做某事而未做某事:
I
think
I’d
better
be
going.我想我最好还是马上走。
You’d
better
be
getting
your
clothes
ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好。
You
had
better
have
done
that. 你最好把那事做完。
You
had
better
have
stayed
here. 你本来应该呆在这儿的。
4. 几点用法说明
(1) had
better 用于
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )提出建议或请求时,并不是一个很客气委婉的表达,它暗示对方有义务去做某事,因此通常用于长辈对晚辈或上级对下级等,而不宜反过来用。
(2) had
best与had
better 用法和含义均差不多,但不如had
better普通:
You
had
best
get
home
before
midnight.你最好在午夜之前回到家里。
We
had
best
be
going.我们最好现在就走。
(3) 有时可省略其中的had:
You
better
stop
arguing.你们最好不要争论了。
Better
not
wait
for
him. 最好不要等他了。
Better
say
yes,
if
they
ask
you. 如果他们问你,你最好说“是”。
(4) 有时为了强调,可将better置于had之前:
"I
promise
I’ll
pay
you
back."
"You
better
had."
“我何证还给你。”“你最好还给我。”
1. “I
thought
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
you
wouldn’t
mind.”
“Well,
as
a
matter
of
fact
I
don’t,
but
you
_____
me
first.”
A.
should
ask
B.
should
have
asked
C.
must
ask
D.
must
have
asked
2. “I
called
you
yeste
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rday.
A
woman
answered,
but
I
didn’t
recognize
her
voice.”
“Oh,
it
_____
my
aunt
Jean.”
A.
must
be
B.
must
have
been
C.
might
be
D.
can
have
been
3. That
car
nearly
hit
me;
I
______.
A.
might
be
k
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )illed
B.
might
have
been
killed
C.
may
be
kil
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )led
D.
may
been
killed
4. It’s
a
very
kind
offer,
but
I
really
_____
accept
it.
A.
mustn’t
B.
needn’t
C.
can’t
D.
don’t
5. The
police
still
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )haven’t
found
her,
but
they’re
doing
all
they
_____.
A.
may
B.
Can
C.
must
D.
will
6. You
_____
practise
the
drums
while
the
baby
is
sleeping.
A.
needn’t
B.
mightn’t
C.
mustn’t
D.
won’t
7. You
_____
him
the
news;
he
knew
it
already.
A.
needn’t
tel
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l
B.
needn’t
have
told
C.
mightn’t
tell
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
D.
mightn’t
have
told
8. As
she’s
not
here,
I
suppose
she
_____
home.
A.
must
go
B.
must
have
gone
C.
might
go
D.
might
be
going
9. Are
you
still
here
You
______
home
hours
ago.
A.
should
go
B.
should
have
gone
C.
might
go
D.
may
have
gone
10. “I
called
you
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
yesterday.
A
woman
answered,
but
I
didn’t
recognize
her
voice.”
“Oh,
it
_____
my
aunt
Jean.”
A.
must
be
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
must
have
been
C.
might
be
D.
can
have
been
11. I
_______
have
met
him
a
long
time
ago.
Both
his
name
and
face
are
very
familiar.
A.
may
B.
Can
C.
would
D.
should
12. They
often
go
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
to
the
restaurants
for
meals.
They
_____
be
very
poor.
A.
mustn’t
B.
can’t
C.
may
not
D.
needn’t
13. I
didn’t
see
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her
in
the
meeting
room
this
morning.
She
______
have
spoken
at
the
meeting.
A.
mustn’t
B.
shouldn’t
C.
needn’t
D.
couldn’t
14. He
______
the
test
again,
in
which
case,
his
mother
will
be
very
disappointed.
A.
might
fai
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l
B.
must
have
failed
C.
should
fail
D.
could
have
failed
15. “Why
didn’t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )she
come
to
the
meeting
yesterday ”
“I’m
not
so
sure.
She
______
ill.”
A.
should
be
B.
should
have
been
C.
must
be
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
D.
might
have
been
16. Why
did
you
just
sit
and
watch
You
_______
me.
A.
could
help
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
should
help
C.
could
have
h
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elped
D.
must
have
helped
17. “You
______
your
teacher
for
help.
He
is
kind-hearted.”
“Yes.
A
whole
day
_______.”
A.
can
ask,
will
waste
B.
must
have
asked,
had
wasted
C.
could
have
asked,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
was
wasted
D.
shouldn’t
have
asked,
would
be
wasted
18. “Is
there
a
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )flight
to London this
evening ”
“There
_______
be.
I’ll
phone
the
airport
and
find
it
out.”
A.
must
B.
Might
C.
would
D.
can
19. “Show
me
your
pe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rmit,
please.”
“Oh,
it’s
not
in
my
pocket.
It
______.”
A.
might
fall
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )out
B.
could
fall
out
C.
should
ha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve
fallen
out
D.
must
have
fallen
out
20. “Did
Jim
come ”
“I
don’t
know.
He
_______
while
I
was
out.”
A.
might
have
come
B.
might
come
C.
mush
have
come
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
D.
should
have
come
感受文化背景
Opening
an
Umbrella
Indoors
There
is
no
dou
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bt
that
the
umbrella
is
employed
both
as
a
shield(遮蔽物)
against
bad
weather
and
as
a
shade
against
the
sun.
Therefore,
it
is
understandable
that
opening
an
umbrella
indoors
would
be
considered
unnecessary
or
foolish.
But
why
would
this
action
be
seen
as
dangerous
Some
people
beli
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eve
that
an
umbrella
unnecessarily
opened
during
fine
weather
may
bring
down
the
rain.
A
more
reasonable
explanation
is
that
opening
an
umbrella
indoors
is
against
the
right
order
of
things,
and
may
thus
be
seen
a
challenge
of
the
supernatural
powers.
It
may
be
seen
as
insulting(侮辱,藐视)
to
God—who
intended
the
umbrella
to
be
employed
outdoors---
to
the
spirit
of
the
umbrella
itself,
or
to
the
spirit
of
the
household,
who
might
be
annoyed
that
their
protection
must
be
supplemented(补充)
by
an
overhead
shield.
Someone
explains
that
the
custom
may
come
out
of
a
long-forgotten
accident
in
which
someone
opened
an
umbrella
in
his
house
and
knocked
over
a
burning
candle
or
the
china.
Choose
one
best
answer
for
the
each
question.
How
many
differe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nt
explanations
does
the
author
provide
to
the
superstition
Who
may
opening
an
umbrella
offend
Why
does
God
think
opening
an
umbrella
to
be
an
insult