安徽省六安市舒城中学2015-2016学年高二下学期 英语导学案：名词性从句 无答案

专题四
学习语法规则
名词性从句
一、概说
名词性从句，即指具有名词性质的从句，它包
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习名词性从句主要应注意其引导词的用法与区别，从句的词序以及名词性从句与其他从句的区别等。
二、主语从句
1. 主语从句的引导词
主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：
That
he
is
still
alive
is
a
wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。
When
we
arrive
doesn’t
matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
What
we
need
is
money. 我们需要的是钱。
What
I
want
to
know
is
this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
Whether
they
would
support
us
was
a
problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
2. 主语从句与形式主语it
有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况：
(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句：
It’s
a
pity
that
he
didn’t
come. 很遗憾他没来。
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：
Whether
they
would
support
us
was
a
problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
It
was
a
problem
whether
they
would
support
us. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
(3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常不用形式主语，总是主语从句放在句首：
What
we
need
is
money. 我们需要的是钱。
What
I
want
to
know
is
this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构：
Is
it
true
that
he
is
the
girl’s
father 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？
How
is
it
that
you
are
late
again 你怎么又迟到了？
3. 连词that的省略问题
引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that则可以省略：
That
you
didn’t
go
to
the
talk
was
a
pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)
It
was
a
pity
(that)
you
didn’t
go
to
the
talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)
三、宾语从句
1. 宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether
(if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：
We
believe
that
he
is
honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。
I
don’t
know
whether
he’ll
arrive
in
time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
I
don’t
know
who
(m)
you
mean. 我不知道你指谁。
He
asked
why
he
had
to
go
alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
Please
tell
me
which
you
like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
She
has
got
what
she
wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
注：有时介词后可接跟一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)：
From
what
you
say,
he
is
right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but,
except)可接that引导的宾语从句：
She
remembered
nothin
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g
about
him
except
that
his
hair
was
black. 她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
2. 宾语从句与形式宾语it
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：
I
think
it
best
that
you
should
stay
here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
He
hasn’t
made
it
known
when
he
is
going
to
get
married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。
3. 连词that的省略问题
引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略：
She
said
(that)
she
would
come
to
the
meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I
promise
you
(that)I
will
be
there. 我答应你我会去。
注：有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略：
That
she
is
a
good
girl
I
know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。
4. 宾语从句与否定转移
当动词think,
bel
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ieve,
suppose,
expect,
imagine 后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：
I
don’t
suppose
that
it
is
true. 我认为那不是真的。
I
don’t
imagine
that
he
will
come. 我想他不会来的。
四、表语从句
1. 表语从句的引导词
引导表语从句的词有连词that,
wh
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if,
as though,
because等连词：
The
fact
is
that
he
doesn’t
really
try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。
The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。
The
problem
is
how
we
can
find
him. 问题是我们如何找到他。
That
was
when
I
was
fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。
It
isn’t
as
if
you
were
going
away
for
ever. 义不是你离开不回来了。
It
is
because
I
love
you
too
much. 那是因为我太爱你了。
注：whether 可此导表语从句
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句；because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since,
as,
for等也不用于引导表语从句。
2. 连词that的省略问题
引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：
My
idea
is
(that)
we
should
do
it
right
away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。
The
trouble
is
(that)
he
is
ill. 糟糕的是他病了。
五、同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等：
We
heard
the
news
that
our
team
had
won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They
were
worried
over
the
fact
that
you
were
sick. 他们为你生病发愁。
I
have
no
idea
when
he
will
come
back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
There
is
some
doubt
whether
he
will
come. 他是否会来还不一定。
The
question
whet
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her
it
is
right
or
wrong
depends
on
the
result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。
注：whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句
2. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
(1) 意义的不同：同位语从句是用于说明所修
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We
are
glad
a
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
the
news
that
he
will
come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that
he
will
come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We
are
glad
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at
the
news
that
he
told
us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the
news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)
(2) 引导词的不同：what,
how,
if,
whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
(3) 引导词的功能上的不同：that
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that
he
told
us中的that就充当told的宾语。
(4) 被修饰词语的区别：同位语从句所
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope,
wish,
idea,
news,
fact,
promise,
opinion,
suggestion,
truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the
reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：
I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the days when I
lived
there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)
We don’t understand
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句 )
The reason why he
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句)
六、名词性从句中两个易错问题
1. 词序问题
名词性从句总是用陈述句词序，则不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序：
误：I
didn’t
know
where
did
he
live.
正：I
didn’t
know
where
he
lived. 我不知道他住哪儿。
误：Who
will
he
marry
remains
unknown.
正：Who
he
will
marry
remains
unknown. 他同谁结婚还不知道。
2. 时态问题
由于由when引导的时间状语从句和以i
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导名词性从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。请看几题：
(1) I
don’t
know
if
he
________
or
not
tomorrow.
A.
come B.
comes C.
will
come D.
is
coming
此题答案选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(if≠如果)，而是宾语从句(if＝是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”
(2) I
don’t
know
if
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
she
________,
but
if
she
________
I
will
let
you
know.
A.
comes,
comes B.
will
come,
will
come
C.
comes,
will
come D.
will
come,
comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
(3) “When
he
_____
is
not
known
yet.”
“But
when
he
____,
he
will
be
warmly
welcomed.”
A.
comes,
comes B.
will
come,
will
come
C.
comes,
will
come D.
will
come,
comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
另外，当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应(表客观真理时除外)：
The
teacher
told
us
that
he
knew
everything. 老师告诉我们他知道一切。
The teacher to
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ld us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。
七、几组引导词的辨析
1. what 与that的用法区别
两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所…的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)：
He
doesn’t
know
what
she
likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。
What
you
say
is
quite
right. 你所说的相当正确。
I
believe
(that)
he
will
come
to
see
us. 我相信他会来看我们的。
It’s
a
pity
(that)he
didn’t
finish
college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。
另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句。如：
I
had
no
idea
that
you
were
here. 我不知道你在这儿。
2. whether与 if的用法区别
两者的用法异同注意以下几点：
(1) 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：
He
asked
if
[whether]
we
wanted
a
drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。
He
didn’t
tell
me
if
[whether]
he
would
come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来
注：若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if(意为“如果”)。
(2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether：
I
don’t
care
if
it
doesn’t
rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。
注：在个别词语(如 wonder,
not
sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用 whether 引导：
I
wonder
if
[whether]
he
isn’t
mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。
(3) 在以下两种情况引导宾语从句，要用 whether 而不用 if：
① 引导宾语从句且置于句首时：
Whether
he
has
left,
I
can’t
say. 他是否走了，我说不定。
② 引导主语从句且放在句首时：
Whether
he
will
come
is
still
a
question. 他是否会来还是个问题。
注：若在句首使用形式主语 it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导：
It
was
not
known
whether
[if]
he
would
come. 不知他是否会来。
③ 引导表语从句时：
The
question
is
whe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ther
we
should
go
on
with
the
work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。
注：在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用 whether 常见。
④ 引导让步状语从句时：
Whether
he
agrees
or
not,
I
shall
do
that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。
⑤ 引导同位语从句时：
The
question
whether
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
we
need
it
has
not
been
considered. 我们是否需要它还没有考虑。
⑥ 用于不定式之前时：
I’m
not
sure
whether
to
stay
or
leave. 我不知是留还是去。
I
didn’t
know
whether
to
laugh
or
to
cry. 我真是哭笑不得。
⑦ 用于介词之后时
It
depends
on
whether
the
letter
arrives
in
time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。
I
worry
about
whether
I
hurt
her
feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。
⑧ 直接与 or
not 连用时：
I
will
write
to
you
whether
or
not
I
can
come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。
注：若不是直接与 or
not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if：
I
don’t
know
whether
[if]
he
will
win
or not. 我不知他是否能赢。
⑨ 在 discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时：
We
discussed
whether
we
should
hold
a
meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
3. that ,why 与 because的用法区别
它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆，区别于下：
(1) 当主语是reason(原因)时，后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that：
The reason why he didn
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet. 他昨天没有参加取聚会是因为他还还有回来。
注：在现代英语中，有时也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。
(2) why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因：
I had neither a ra
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )incoat nor an umbrella.
That’s why I got wet all through. 我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞，所以全身都淋湿了。
I got wet all throu
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gh.
That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. 我全身都淋湿了，因为我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞。
4. that 与 whether
(if)的用法区别
从意思上看，两者不应该发生混淆，因为 w
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hether
(if) 表示“是否”，而that 却不表示任何含义，但实际使用时，有的同学却经常将其用混，并且高考也常考查它。两者的原则区别是：that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether
(if) 则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。请看几道高考真题：
(1)______
the
200
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )0
Olympic
Games
will
be
held
in Beijing is
not
known
yet.
(1992)
A.
That B.
If C.
Whether D.
Whenever [选C]
(2)______
we’ll
go
camping
tomorrow
depends
on
the
weather.
(1996)
A.
If B.
Whether C.
That D.
Where [选B]
由于以上区别，所以动词 do
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ubt后接宾语从句时，通常要用 whether
(if) 来引导，而不用 that，因为 doubt 表示“怀疑”，其意不肯定、不明确；但是如果它用于否定式，其后的宾语从句则要通常用 that 来引导，因为 not
doubt 表示“不怀疑”，其意是肯定的、明确的。如：
I
doubt
if
[whether]
he’ll
come. 我拿不准他是否会来。
I
don’t
doubt
that
he
will
succeed. 我敢肯定他会成功。
Do
you
doubt
that
he
will
win 你不相信他会赢吗
注：在现代英语中，doubt用于肯定式时其后也可接 that 从句，不过此时的that仍表示whether的意思：
I
doubt
that
we’ll
ever
see
George
again. 我怀疑我们是否还会见到乔治。
类似地，be
sure后的
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )名词性从句通常用that引导，而 be
not
sure 后的名词性从句则通常用whether / if 来引导：
I’m sure that he is honest. 我肯定他是诚实的。
I’m not
sure whether
(if) he is honest. 我不敢肯定他是否诚实。
八、关系型 what引导名词性从句的五种用法
1. 表示“…的东西或事情等”：
We’ve
done
what
they
can
to
help
her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。
He
saves
what
he
earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。
What
Mary
is
is
the
secretary. 玛丽的职务是秘书。
2. 表示“…的人或的样子等”：
He
is
no
longer
what
he
was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。
He
is
what
is
generally
called
a
traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。
Who
is
it
that
has
made
Fred
what
he
is
now 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？
3. 表示“…的数量或数目等”：
Our
income
is
now
double
what
it
was
ten
years
ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。
The
number
of
the
stu
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dents
in
our
school
is
ten
times
what
it
was
before
liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。
4. 表示“…的时间”：
After
what
seemed
like
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
hours
he
came
out
with
a
bitter
smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
The
young
girl
was
too
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
frightened
to
speak,
standing
there
for
what
seemed
like
hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。
5. 表示“…的地方”：
This
is
what
they
call Salt
Lake
City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。
In
1492, Colum
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bus reached
what
is
now
called America.
1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。
注：(1) 这样用的what相当于“先行词+关系代词”，所以其前不能有先行词：
你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。
正：You
can
have
w
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat
you
like.
/
You
can
have
everything
(that)
you
like.
误：You
can
have
everything
what
you
like.
(2) 有时what 可用作限定词，其后修饰一个名词：
I
gave
him
what
books
I
had. 我把我所有的书都给他他。
He
gave
me
what
money
he
had
about
him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
(3) What 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词：
误：I
gave
him
what
book
I
had.
(4) What后接不可数名词时，有时可有
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )little修饰。注意区别：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what
little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：
I
spent
what
time
I
had
with
her. 我所有的时间都是与她一起度过的。
I
spent
what
little
time
I
had
with
her. 我仅有的一点时间都是与她一起度过的。
九、whatever,
whoever,
whichever引导名词性从句
1. whatever引导的名词性从句
Whatever的意思是“所…的一切事
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，它在含义大致相当于anything
that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：
Whatever
he
did
was
right. 无论他做什么都是对的。
I
will
just
say
whatever
comes
into
my
mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
Goats
eats
whatever
(food)
they
can
find. 山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。
He
does
whatever
she
asks
him
to
do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。
I
will
just
say
whatever
comes
into
my
mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
2. whoever引导的名词性从句
Whoever的意思“任何…的人”，在意义上大致相当于 anybody
who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语：
I’ll
take
whoever
wants
to
go. 谁想去我就带谁去。
She
can
marry
whoever
she
chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。
Whoever
wants
the
book
may
have
it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。
Whoever
breaks
this
law
deserves
a
fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。
I’ll
give
the
ticket
to
whoever
wants
it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。
注：(1) whoever既用作主格也用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。
(2) 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：
误：Who
wins
can
get
a
prize.
/
Anyone
wins
can
get
a
prize.
正：Whoever
wins
ca
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n
get
a
prize.
/
Anyone
who
wins
can
a
prize. 谁赢了都可以获奖。
3. whichever引导的名词性从句
Whichever的意思“…的那
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于 the
person
or
the
thing
that。whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：
Buy
whichever
is
cheapest. 买最便宜的。
I’ll
take
whichever
books
you
don’t
want. 你不要的任何书我都要。
Whichever
of
us
gets
home
first
starts
cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。
注：whatever,
whoever,
whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句。参见本讲义“状语从句”。
高考重要考点精练
1. _______ worries
me
is
_______
we’re
going
to
pay
for
all
this.
A.
It,
that
B.
That,
how
C.
What,
how
D.
As,
that
2. We’ve
bought
a
cottage
in
the
country
for
________
we
retire.
A.
when
B.
if
C.
since
D.
that
3. He
just
does
__
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_____
he
pleases
and
never
thinks
about
anyone
else.
A.
that
B.
what
C.
which
D.
how
4. It
shocked
me
to
see
________
my
neighbors
treated
their
children.
A.
why
B.
whether
C.
how
D.
since
5. It
used
to
be
thought
________
the
Earth
was
flat.
A.
as
B.
when
C.
since
D.
that
6. He
pointed
to
________
looked
like
a
tree.
A.
that
B.
what
C.
which
D.
as
7. His
income
is
double
________
it
was
five
years
ago.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
as
D.
what
8. I
know
nothin
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g
about
the
accident
except
________
I
read
in
the
paper.
A.
that
B.
for
C.
what
D. 不填
9. “I
think
_
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______
he
needs
is
more
practice.”
“Yes,
_______
he
needs
more
practice
is
quite
clear.”
A.
what,
what
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
that,
that
C.
what,
that
D.
that,
what
10. “Will
the
general
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )manager
attend
the
meeting ”
“_______
he
will
come
won’t
be
known
_______ his
secretary
comes.”
A.
That,
that
B.
That,
until
C.
Whether,
that
D.
Whether,
until
11. “The
pro
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )blem
is
_______
we
are
short
of
money.”
“Yes,
_______
we
can
borrow
some
money
from
her
is
still
a
question.”
A.
that,
tha
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
B.
that,
whether
C.
whether,
that
D.
theter,
whether
12. _______
with
the
right
knowledge
can
give
first
aid.
A.
Who
B.
Whoever
C.
Anyone
D.
Who
ever
13. _______
has
the
right
knowledge
can
give
first
aid.
A.
Who
B.
Whoever
C.
Anyone
D.
Who
ever
14. _______
having
the
right
knowledge
can
give
first
aid.
A.
Who
B.
Whoever
C.
Anyone
D.
Who
ever
15. _______
is
hard
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
is
to
do
good
all
one’s
life
and
never
do
anything
bad.
A.
He

B.
It
C.
That
D.
What
16. “_______
made
her
struggle
to
become
an
artist
so
hard ”
“_______
she
was
a
woman.”
A.
What,
What
B.
That,
That
C.
What,
Thant
D. That,
What
17. I
firmly
believe
_______
he
said
at
the
meeting
was
right.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
that
what
D.
what
that
18. After
_______
seemed
like
hours
he
came
out
with
a
bitter
smile.
A.
which
B.
it
C.
what
D.
that
19.
Don’t
you
know,
m
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y
dear
friend, _________ it
is
you
that
she
loves
A. who
B. which
C.
what
D. that
20.
He
told
me
the
new
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s,
believe
it
or
not, _________ he
had
earned
$1
000
in
a
single
day.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. because
II．
翻译句子
凡是做完工的人都可以休息。（whoever）
问题是他能否单独做这件事。
他缺席，这是因为他生病了。
他缺席的原因是他生病了。
你认为今年谁是最佳运动员
他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。
天好像要下雪似的。
她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。(except
that)
9.
1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。(what)
10.
现在我校学生的数量是二十年前的10倍。(what)
感受文化背景
The
“V”
Sign
In
American
cultur
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
a
“v”
sign,
formed
by
raising
and
spreading
the
first
two
fingers
with
the
palm
forward,
has
three
different
meanings.
In
1941,
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a
Belgian,
Victor
De
Lavalaye,
who
wanted
a
symbol
for
fighting
the
Nazi(纳粹),
came
up
with
the
single
letter
“V”,
which
stood
not
only
for
his
own
first
name,
but
also
for
English
victory,
Flemish
virijheid,
and
French
victoire.
The
meaning
of
the
sign
spread
very
quickly,
and
Winston
Churchill
used
it
constantly
in
public.
Therefore,
the
gesture
meant
simply
“victory”
throughout
the
1940s
and
1950s.
The
second
me
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aning
came
in
the
1960s.
American
antiwar
protesters
used
the
sign
sarcastically(讽刺地)
against
the
war,
so
that
it
became
known
as
the
“peace
sign”.
And
in
the
1970s,
the
“V”
sign
was
a
common
greeting
among
young
people.
The
third
meaning
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is
the
oldest
and
east
common.
American
children
jokingly
put
“V”,
which
looks
like
“horns”
（牛、羊等动物的）角,
behind
friends’
heads
in
group
snapshots(快照).
This
mischief(恶作剧)
is
called
“horns
of
the
Devil”.
In
the
United
States
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
the
gesture
is
typicaly
given
with
the
palm
facing
the
viewer.
The
British
use
both
this
version(样式；形式)
and
an
older,
palm-backward
version;
the
latter
is
dirty
in
American
culture.
Churchill
got
som
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
surprised
stares
in
1941
when
he
gave
the
palm-backward
“V”
to
British
troops.
Astonishingly,
however,
Margaret
Thatcher
repeated
Churchill’s
mistake
after
her
victory
in
the
1979
election.
Try
to
answer
the
following
questions:
When
was
the
“V”
sign
for
victory
invented
Why
does
American
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
children
put
the
“V”
sign
behind
their
friends’
heads
in
group
snapshot