安徽省六安市舒城中学2015-2016学年高二下学期 英语导学案：现在分词 无答案

专题二
学习语法规则
现在分词
一、概说
英语分词分现在分词和过去分词。现在分词与动名词相同，现在分词是非谓语动词
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com"
\o
"欢迎登陆21世纪教育网"
\t
"_blank )的一种，它一方面具有动词性质，可以有自己的状语，另一方面又具有形容词和副词功能，可用作定语和状语等。
二、现在分词的句法功能
1. 作表语
The
news
is
encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。
The
present
situation
is
terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。
注：(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质，有的甚至已转化为形容词。
(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置：
误：Very
interesting
is
my
job.
正：Looking
after
the
children
is
my
job.
还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语，而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。
2. 作定语
What
disappointing
news! 多么令人失望的消息!
The
story
had
a
satisfying
ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
注：(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前，但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后：
There
is
a
gentleman
asking
to
see
you. 有一位先生要求见你。
(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语，除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词：
误：Anyone
being
ill
can
take
the
medicine.
正：Anyone
who
is
ill
can
take
the
medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。
正：He
isn’t
interested
in
the
question
being
discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。
(3) 现在分词作后置定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因)：
误：The
man
stealing
[having
stolen]
the
car
was
caught.
正：The
man
who
stole
the
car
was
caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。
(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )：现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语，并且通常可转换成一个定语从句；而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、作途等。比较：
a
moving
truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系)
a
moving
truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)
a
hunting
dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系)
a
hunting
dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途)
3. 作状语
分词作状语可以表示多种关系：
(1) 表时间：
Seeing
the
cat,
the
mouse
ran
off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。
Being
very
weak,
she
couldn’t
move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
(3) 表条件：
Working
hard,
you
will
succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。
Adding
them
all
up,
we
can
find
the
answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。
(4) 表让步：
Although
living
miles
away,
he
attended
the
course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。
(5) 表方式：
He
earns
a
living
driving
a
truck. 他靠开卡车谋取生。
(6) 表伴随：
He
sat
in
the
chair
reading
newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
Don’t
you
sit
there
doing
nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。
(7) 表结果：
He
fired,
killing
one
of
the
passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。
He
died,
leaving
his
wife
with
five
children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。

4. 作宾语补足语
下列动词可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
(1) 感知觉动词后：feel,
hear
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
look
at,
listen
to,
notice,
observe,
sense,
see,
watch
可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如：
I
heard
her
singing
in
the
next
door
当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
I
watched
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )m
playing
volleyball
on
the
playing
ground.
我观看他们在操场上打排球。
(2)
动词get,
have,
keep,
leave,
send，set可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。
The
arrival
of
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )police
sent
the
robbers
running
away
quickly.警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜
Don’t
have
your
g
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uest
standing
there
and
ask
him
to
sit
down.
不要让客人站在那里,
请他入坐。
(3)
现在分词用在“with
+宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，现在分词与宾语之间是主谓关系。
She
fell
asleep
with
the
light
still
burning.
A
little
boy
with
two
of
his
front
teeth
missing
ran
into
the
house.
三、分词的时态和语态
现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态如下表(如动词do为例)：


主动形式
被动语态
现在分词
一般式
doing
being
done
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
过去分词
一般式
done
无
1. 现在分词一般式的用法
现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生：
When
we
arrived,
we
found
him
sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
注：有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔：
Seeing
nobody
at
home,
he
decided
to
leave
a
note. 发现没有在家，他决定留个字条。
当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。
2. 现在分词完成式的用法
现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：
Having
been
there
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
once，she
knew
the
place
quite
well. 由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。
注：(1) 现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )已完成或先于谓语的动作，但有区别：现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔：
Locking
the
door,
he
went
out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。
Having
invite
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d
him
here
to
speak，we’d
better
go
to
his
lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。
有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式：
Having
bought
our
tickets，we
went
into
the
theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。
(2) 现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语：
误：Do
you
know
anyone
having
lost
a
cat 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗？
误：I
want
to
talk
to
the
person
having
broken
the
window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。
若将以上现分词的完成式改
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生)：
误：I
want
to
talk
to
the
person
breaking
the
window.
3. 现在分词被动式的用法
当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：
(1) 现在分词一般式的被动式：主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作：
Who
is
the
woman
being
operated
on 正在动手术的女人是谁
I
saw
him
being
taken
away
by
the
police. 我看见他被警察带走。
注：有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)：
Not
having
a
car,
he
finds
it
difficult
to
get
around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。
(2) 现在分词完成式的被动式：主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。如：
The
subject
having
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )been
opened，he
had
to
go
on
with
it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。
Having
been
written
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
in
haste,
the
book
has
many
mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。
比较：Being
so
ill,
she
can’t
go
to
school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。
Having
been
ill
f
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or
a
long
time,
he
needed
time
to
recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。
四、分词的否定式
分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：
Not
being
able
to
un
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )derstand
English,
he
didn’t
know
what
they
wanted. 由于他不懂英语，他不知道他们要什么。
Not
having
finishe
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d
his
work，he
could
not
leave
the
office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。
五、分词的逻辑主语
1. 何谓分词的逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语：
I
often
hear
him
singing
this
song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing
the
news,
h
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
couldn’t
help
crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”：
I
often
hear
th
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is
song
sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this
song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)
I
saw
her
being
tak
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en
to
the
operating
room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being
taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)
2. 使用分词逻辑主语的易错点
分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。请看下例：
(1) Finding
her
car
stolen,
______.
A.
a
policeman
was
as
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ked
to
help B.
the
area
was
searched
thoroughly
C.
it
was
look
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed
for
everywhere D.
she
hurried
to
a
policeman
for
help
此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )分词短语finding
her
car
stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a
policeman,
the
area,
it 等。

在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如：
(2) _____
many
times,
he
still
didn’t
understand
it.
A.
Having
been
told B.
Though
to
be
told
C.
Having
told D.
He
was
told
根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：
(3) _____
many
times,
but
he
still
didn’t
understand
it.
A.
Having
been
told B.
Though
he
was
told
C.
To
have
been
told D.
He
was
told
此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。
3. 分词逻辑主语的特例
一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：
(1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致：
Generally
speaking,
women
live
longer
than
men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。
Judging
from
what
you
say，he
ought
to
succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。
Considering
the
distance，he
arrived
very
quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达是很快的。
Taking
everything
into
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
consideration,
you
should
leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。
(2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致：
Having
so
little
t
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ime,
there
was
not
much
that
I
could
do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。
Being
French,
it’s
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )surprising
that
she’s
such
a
terrible
cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
(3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题：
Supposing
she
doesn’
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t
come,
what
shall
we
do 要是她不来我们怎么办 (supposing为连词，意为“假若”)
Given
their
inexp
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erience,
they’ve
done
a
good
job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)
(4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题：
In
doing
such
work
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),
patience
is
needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When
one
does
such
work,
patience
is
needed.)
4. 分词的独立主格结构
在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如：
误：Crossing
the
road,
a
car
knocked
him
down.
正：Crossing
the
road,
he
was
knocked
down
by
a
car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正：When
he
was
cross
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing
the
road,
a
car
knocked
him
down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构：
The
job
finished,
we
went
home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The
weather
being
fine,
we
went
swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。
He
being
absent,
nothing
couldn’t
be
done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。
以上各句的the
job,
the
weather,
he 等不能省略。
训练题
I.单选题
1.
Anyone
__
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )____
bags,
boxes,
or
whatever,
was
stopped
by
the
police.
A.
seen
carry
B.
seen
carrying
C.
saw
to
carry
D.
saw
carrying
2.
The
plane
crashed,
_____
all
200
people
aboard.
A.
killed
B.
having
killed
C.
killing
D.
had
killed
3.
We
solved
the
prob
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lem
by
reducing
our
costs
and
______
more
money.
A.
borrowed
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
borrowing
C.
would
borrow
D.
had
borrowed
4.
I
asked
the
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )boss
for
a
month’s
holiday
and,
_____
it
or
not,
he
agreed.
A.
believe
B.
to
believe
C.
believing
D.
believed
5.
The
new
manager
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
started
last
week,
______
with
him
plenty
of
new
ideas.
A.
bringing
B.
brought
C.
to
bring
D.
to
have
brought
6.
Any
student
______
will
be
disqualified
from
the
exam.
A.
catching
chea
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ting
B.
catching
to
cheat
C.
caught
cheating
D.
caught
to
cheat
7.
She
read
the
le
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tter
through
before
sending
it,
______
for
spelling
mistakes.
A.
checked
B.
to
be
checking
C.
checking
D.
having
checked
8.
Before
you
dec
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ide
to
leave
your
job,
______
consider
the
effect
it
will
have
on
your
family.
A.
consider
B.
considering
C.
to
consider
D.
considered
9.
If
you’r
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
going
on
a
long
car
journey,
______
sure
the
vehicle’s
in
good
condition.
A.
making
B.
to
make
C.
make
D.
having
made
10. _______
the
road
round
to
the
right
and
you’ll
find
his
house.
A.
Follow
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
Following
C.
To
be
following
D.
Having
followed
11. He
arrived
at
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
the
office
early,
______
a
good
example
to
the
others.
A.
set
B.
to
set
C.
to
be
set
D.
having
set
12. He
pushed
his
way
through
the
crowd,
______
“Excuse
me.”
A.
to
say
B.
said
C.
saying
D.
having
saying
13. The
film
star
walked
to
his
car,
______
a
crowd
of
journalists.
A.
followed
b
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y
B.
following
by
C.
to
follow
D.
to
be
followed
by
14. —
Where
is
David
—He
is
upstairs
______
ready
to
go
out.
A.
to
get
B.
getting
C.
to
be
getting
D.
having
got
15. If
you
go
there
alone
after
dark
you
might
be
get
______.
A.
attacked
and
robbed
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
attacking
and
robbing
B.
to
attack
and
rob
D.
to
be
attacked
and
robbed
16. She
gets
about
quite
a
lot,
______
for
an
international
company.
A.
working
B.
works
C.
having
worked
D.
to
be
working
17. _____
him
enough
time
to
get
home
before
you
telephone.
A.
Give
B.
To
give
C.
Giving
D.
Given
18. She
didn
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’t
want
to
_____
a
secretary
all
her
life,
so
she
went
back
to
college.
A.
go
on
being
B.
go
on
to
be
C.
go
to
be
D.
go
being
19. He
was
reading
his
book,
completely
______
to
the
world.
A.
lost
B.
losing
C.
to
lose
D.
to
having
lost
20. Don’t
sit
there
______
—
come
and
help
me!
A.
watch
B.
watching
C.
to
watch
D.
to
be
watching
21. I
found
I
could
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
easily
make
myself
_______
by
using
sign
language.
A.
understood
B.
understand
C.
to
understand
D.
being
understood
22. Do
not
leave
the
building
unless
_______
to
do
so.
A.
to
instruct
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
B.
instructed
C.
being
instructed
D.
instructing
23. If
you
don’t
succeed
the
first
time,
______
again.
A.
try
B.
to
try
C.
trying
D.
to
be
trying
24. He’d
walked
the
streets
all
night
______
somewhere
to
stay.
A.
looked
B.
looked
for
C.
looking
D.
looked
for
25. Look
at
that
littl
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e
boy
______
about
—
perhaps
he’s
lost
his
mother.
A.
wander
B.
wandering
C.
to
be
wandering
D.
being
wandering

翻译句子(必须用分词)
中国是世界上最大的国家之一，有九百六十万平方公里的面积。
尽管跟他讲过很多次，他还是不懂。
这时，下课铃响了。
我进来时，看到李大幅在检查一个病人。
因为外面刮着刺骨的（biting）寒风，我决定呆在家里。
6.
正在修的那台车是汤姆的。
感受文化背景
Broken
Mirrors
Mirrors
have
been
used
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
in
fortune
telling,
since
ancient
times.
Breaking
a
mirror
is
the
destruction
of
a
means
of
knowing
the
will
of
the
gods,
or
a
signal
from
the
gods
that
they
didn’t
want
you
to
poke
into(插手，干预)
their
affairs.
Either
way,
it
was
obvious
that
it
showed
unseen
dangers.
The
Romans
believed
that
the
mirror
reflected
the
health
of
the
viewers.
Thus
to
break
a
mirror
predicted
ill
health,
or
seven
years’
bad
luck,
since
the
Romans
also
believed
that
a
person’s
health
changed
every
seven
years.
However,
if
one
unfortunately
broke
a
mirror,
the
way
to
avoid
bad
luck
is
secretly
reversing(翻转，颠倒)
a
coin
in
one’s
pocket
on
a
full
moon
night.
In
addition
to
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reflecting
the
future,
however,
mirrors
also
were
believed
to
reflect
the
person’s
soul.
Many
primitive(原始的)
peoples,
in
fact
believed
that
the
person’s
soul
actually
existed
the
mirror.
Breaking
the
glass
would
prevent
the
soul
from
reuniting
with
the
body,
and
misfortune
would
result.
It
is
believed
that
an
individual
was
closely
connected
with
his
mirror
image
because
a
crocodile
can
kill
a
man
by
attacking
his
reflection
in
water
and
because
a
vampire(吸血鬼),
being
soulless,
cannot
see
itself
in
the
mirror.
Choose
one
best
answer
for
each
question:
1.Mirrors
were
believed
to
reflect
all
of
these
except
_____.
A.
the
future
B.
the
past
C.
the
health
D.
the
soul
2.
If
one
breaks
a
mir
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ror,
it
may
indicate
that
the
gods
were
not
happy
about
______.
A.
one’s
care
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lessness
B.
one’s
interference
in(干涉)
their
affairs.
C.
one’s
bad
manners
D.
one’s
bad
luck
3.
The
Romans
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
believed
that
breaking
a
mirror
would
bring
people
bad
health
for
___.
A.
five
B.
six
C.
seven
D.
eight
4.
That
a
vampire
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cannot
see
itself
in
the
mirror
reflects
people’s
belief
that
mirrors
reflected
__.
A.
one’s
soul
B.
one’s
future
C.
one’s
death
D.
one’s
health.