(共46张PPT)
Pronouns (it,they,she,etc.) refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier.代词(它、他
们、她等)指的是先前提到的某物或某人。 (教材P60)
情景导学
My English teacher always referred to me as “that clever boy”.我的英语老师总是称我为
“那个聪明的男孩儿”。
用法归纳
refer to... ...把……称为……
高频词汇精讲
高频词汇 情景破
词汇 1 refer to 指的是;描述;提到;查阅
as
词汇拓展
reference n.说到(或写到)的事;参考;谈及
reference book参考书
特别提醒
refer to和look up都有“查阅”的意思,但是refer to后跟查阅的工具作宾语,look up后跟查阅
的内容作宾语。
refer to a dictionary查字典
look up the word查单词
At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language.最初,书面汉语是一种以图
画为基础的语言。 (教材P62)
情景导学
Active learners do not judge people based on first impressions or personal feelings.主动学习者
不会根据第一印象和个人感受来判断人。
用法归纳
(be) based ...以……为基础
词汇 2 based adj.以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的
on
词汇拓展
①base vt.以……为据点;把(总部等)设在…… n.底部;根据;基础
base A on B A以B为根据/基础
base...in...把……设在……
You should base your conclusion on careful research instead of personal experience.你的结论
应该基于仔细的研究,而不是个人经验。
②basis n.基础;准则;方式;原因
on the basis of...在……的基础上;因为……
on a daily/regular basis每天/定期
Differences and problems among countries need to be handled on the basis of equality and mu-
tual respect.各国之间的分歧和问题需要在平等和相互尊重的基础上处理。
On the doctor’s recommendation, I insist on working out on a daily basis.在医生的建议下,我
坚持每天锻炼。
③basic adj.基本的;基础的
④basically adv.基本上
It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu...它可以追溯到数千年前使用龙
骨的时期…… (教材P62)
情景导学
The temple dates back to the 1920s. 这座寺庙建于20世纪20年代。
The temple dates back 100 years. 这座寺庙建于100年前。
用法归纳
①date back to+过去的时间点 追溯到……时候
②date back+时间段 追溯到多长时间以前
特别提醒
①date back (to)作谓语时,常用一般现在时,没有被动语态。
词汇 3 date back (to) 追溯到
②date back (to)以非谓语动词形式出现时,用现在分词形式,不用过去分词。
The stone steps dating back to 1855 are beginning to wear.那些追溯到1855年的石阶开始出
现磨损。
词汇拓展
date from=date back to追溯到
The temple dates from the 1920s. 这座寺庙建于20世纪20年代。
...it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading to many varieties of di-
alects and characters.……那是一个人们在地理上被分割,导致产生了许多种方言和文字的时
期。 (教材P62)
情景导学
The variety of the activities in the club is amazing.俱乐部里活动的多样性让人惊讶。
We are excited to hear that a variety of/varieties of activities are going to be held in our school.听
说我们学校将举办各种各样的活动,我们很兴奋。 (写作·学校生活)
用法归纳
①a variety of=varieties of
②the variety of... ……的多样性
词汇 4 variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
各种各样的,不同种类的
特别提醒
①“a variety of+复数名词”作主语,表示“各种各样的……”,谓语动词常用复数形式,有时
也用单数形式。“varieties of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
②“the variety of+复数名词”作主语,表示“……的多样性”,谓语动词用单数形式。
③varieties of前面可加修饰词,如many varieties of、ten varieties of。
词汇拓展
①various adj.各种不同的;各种各样的
various age groups各种各样的年龄群体 (2020天津)
②vary v.改变;变化;不同
vary between A and B在A和B之间变化
vary from A to B在A到B之间变化
vary with...随着……变化
vary in...在……方面不同
Attitudes towards private cars vary from person to person.对私家车的态度因人而异。 (写
作·表达观点)
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chi-
nese writing system began to develop in one direction.秦始皇统一了七大诸侯国,使它们形成了
一个统一的国家,在这个统一的国家里,汉字书写体系开始朝着一个方向发展。 (教材P62)
情景导学
Many students major in martial arts in Chengdu. This major can help spread Chinese culture.在成
都许多学生主修武术。这个专业能帮助传播中国文化。
用法归纳
major ...主修……
词汇拓展
majority n.大部分;大多数
词汇 5 major adj.主要的;重要的;大的 n.主修课程;专业;主修学生 vi.主修
in
the majority of...大多数……
in a/the majority占大多数
When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that it is of great importance.说到
教育,大部分人认为它很重要。
Those who support me in the class are in the majority, so I will be elected as monitor this
semester.班上支持我的人占大多数,所以这学期我会被选为班长。
特别提醒
①“the majority of+复数名词/集合名词”作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。
②当the majority单独用作主语时,如果强调整体,谓语动词用单数;如果强调众多的个体,谓语
动词用复数。
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected
with its past.书面汉语也已成为一种连接中国的现在与过去的重要手段。(教材P62)
情景导学
Nowadays many people travel across China by means of high-speed trains.现在许多人乘高铁在
中国旅行。 (2021天津)
Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic pollution.塑料吸管绝不是塑料污染
的最大来源。 (2021全国乙)
用法归纳
①a means of... ……的方式/手段
②a means of doing /to do sth. 做某事的方式
词汇 6 means n.方式;方法;途径
③by means ...依靠……方法;借助……手段
④by means绝不,一点也不
⑤by all means可以,当然行,没问题
特别提醒
①means为单复数同形的单词,其复数形式为means。作主语时,被every、 each等修饰时,谓语
动词用单数形式;被all、 several、many等修饰时,谓语动词用复数形式。
All the means have been tried, but every means doesn’t work.所有的方法都试过了,但是都不
管用。
②by no means置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
By no means can we damage the environment to develop the tourism.我们绝不能为了发展旅
游业而破坏环境。 (写作·环境保护)
of
no
易混辨析
表示“用这种方法”的短语
in this way by this means with this method
The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese
characters as an art form...对汉字书写体系的推崇体现在汉字作为一种艺术形式的发展上…
… (教材P62)
情景导学
I have high regard for my uncle because he is a brave man.我很敬重我伯父,因为他是一个勇敢
的人。 (写作·钦佩的人)
In/With regard to the matter you mentioned in your letter, my suggestion is having a healthy diet.
关于你在信中提到的问题,我的建议是要有健康的饮食。 (写作·健康生活)
I treasure the friendship very much, and I regard it as part of my life.我非常珍惜这份友谊,我认
词汇 7 regard n.尊重;关注;[pl.]问候;致意(用于信函结尾或转达问候) vt.把……视为;看待
为它是我生活的一部分。 (写作·友谊)
用法归纳
① regard to关于;至于
②have high/great regard ...非常尊敬/敬佩……
③give sb. one’s regards代某人向某人问候
④in this/that regard在这/那方面
⑤regard sb./sth. ...认为某人/某物是……(被动语态be regarded as...)
⑥as regards sb./sth.关于/至于某人/某物
in/with
for
as
...an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture
and history through this amazing language.……越来越多的国际学生开始通过这种奇妙的语言
来欣赏中国的文化和历史。 (教材P62)
情景导学
I appreciated you/your helping me during my stay here as an exchange student.我感激你在我作
为交换生在这里停留期间给我的帮助。 (写作·感谢信)
I’d appreciate it if you let me know whether you are free in advance.如果你提前让我知道你是
否有空,我将感激不尽。
用法归纳
①appreciate(+n./pron./one’s+) sth.感激(某物/某人)做某事
词汇 8 appreciate vt.欣赏;重视;感激;领会 vi.增值
doing
②I’d (I would) appreciate if...假如……,我将不胜感激。
词汇拓展
appreciation n.欣赏;感激
in appreciation of为感谢……
In appreciation of what you did for me during my visit to Beijing, I specially write a letter to
you. 为了感谢您在我访问北京期间为我所做的事,我特地给您写一封信。 (写作·感谢信)
it
When I started studying German, it was a struggle.当我开始学习德语时,那是困难的事。
(教材P64)
情景导学
The workers have struggled for better working conditions for a long time.工人们已经为更好的
工作条件奋斗了很长时间了。
For several days we struggled with/against the winds and waves.我们与风浪斗争了好几天。
This was the first time I struggled to learn a song.这是我第一次艰难地学一首歌。(2021天津)
用法归纳
①struggle ...与……作斗争
②struggle sth.挣扎着/艰难地/努力做某事
词汇 9 struggle n. & vi.斗争;奋斗;搏斗
with/against
to do
③struggle ...努力争取……
④struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来
for
...our relationship is close and we’re equals...……我们的关系很亲密,我们是同等的人…
… (教材P66)
情景导学
As is known to us all, she has no equal/ is without equal in spoken English. That is to say, no one
is the equal of her/ equals her in it, so I strongly believe she is equal to the job as a volunteer to
communicate with foreigners.众所周知,在英语口语方面她是无人能及的。也就是说,在这方
面没人能比得上她,所以我坚信她能胜任与外国人交流的志愿者工作。 (写作·推荐信)
用法归纳
①have equal=be without equal无与伦比,无敌
②be the equal ...比得上……
词汇 10 equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;能胜任的 v.与……相等;比得上;等于
no
of
③be equal ...能胜任……;与……相等
④be equal in...在……方面相等/相同
⑤A equal(s) B ... 在……方面A等同于B
词汇拓展
①equally adv.平等地;同样地;均等地
②equality n.均等;平等;相等
③unequal adj.不平等的;不公平的;不相等的;不胜任的
to
in
...I must make it a question, not a demand...……我必须把它变成一个问题,而不是一个要
求…… (教材P66)
情景导学
With the advance in technology,the artificial intelligence(AI) products become in demand.随着科
技的进步,人工智能产品变得很抢手。 (写作·科技发展)
As a freshman,you don’t need to demand too much of yourself.作为一年级新生,你不必对自己
要求太多。 (写作·适应高中生活)
I demanded to take a horse ride in the mountains. To satisfy my demands, my uncle demanded
that my father (should) accompany me in case I might get lost.我强烈要求在山里骑马。为了满
足我的要求,我的叔叔要求我的父亲陪着我,以防我迷路。
词汇 10 demand n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要
用法归纳
① demand需求大;被需要
②on demand一经要求
③meet/satisfy one’s demand(s)
④demand sth.强烈要求做某事
⑤demand sth. sb.向某人要求某物
⑥demand+that从句 要求……[从句谓语用“ ”。]
词汇拓展
demanding adj.要求高的;难度大的
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says.她说,像跑步一样,竞走对身体
的要求很高。 (2020全国Ⅰ)
in
满足某人的要求/需求
to do
of
(should+)动词原形
Does each sentence relate to the main idea 每句话都与主旨有关吗 (教材P67)
情景导学
He related the facts of the case to the journalist.他给记者讲述了这件事的真相。
It is difficult to relate the result to climate.很难把这个结果和气候联系起来。
用法归纳
①relate to与……相关;涉及;谈到
②relate... ...把……和……联系起来;向……讲述……
词汇拓展
①related adj.相关的;有(亲属)关系的
②relation n.关系;联系;亲属
词汇 12 relate vt.联系;讲述
to
in relation to 关于;与……相比
I’m very happy to share something in relation to traditional Chinese culture. 我很高兴分享一
些与中国传统文化相关的东西。 (写作·中国传统文化)
③relative adj.相对的,相关联的 n.亲戚,亲属
④relatively adv.相对地
relatively speaking相对而言
词汇 释义 用法& 拓展
native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的;
原产于某地的 n.本地人 be native to...原产于……
native language 母语;本族语
attitude n.态度;看法 an attitude to/towards...对…
…的态度/看法
despite prep.即使;尽管 despite the fact that...尽管…
…
in spite of不管;尽管
高频词汇积累
symbol n.符号;象征 a symbol of...……的象征
symbolize v.象征;代表
dynasty n.王朝,朝代 the Tang/Song/Yuan/Ming
Dynasty 唐朝/宋朝/元朝/明朝
classic adj.传统的;最优秀的;典型的 n.经典作品;名著 classical adj.古典的;经典的;传统的
character n.文字;符号;角色;品质;特点 characteristic n.特征;特点;品质 adj.典型的;独特的
point of view n.观点,看法 from one’s point of view依某人看,从某人的角度来看
beg vt.恳求;祈求;哀求 beg sb. for sth.=beg sth. of/
from sb.向某人恳求/祈求某物
beg (sb.) to do sth.恳求/祈求(某人)做某事
beggar n.乞丐
description n.描写(文字);形容 beyond description难以形容
describe v.描述;形容
describe...as...把……描述为……
That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.那个
书写体系对于中国人民和中国文化的统一非常重要。 (教材P62)
情景导学
The new dictionary will be of great value(=be greatly valuable) to my study.这本新字典对我的
学习将会很有用。
用法归纳
①be of+抽象名词=be+ (常见的这类抽象名词有importance、value、
help、use、significance等)。
②抽象名词前面通常有great、little、much等词修饰。
经典结构 情景破
结构 1 be of+抽象名词
名词对应的形容词
Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still
communicate in writing.即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书
写(文字)进行交流。 (教材P62)
情景导学
No matter what/Whatever you do, I will spare no effort to support you.无论你做什么,我都会不
遗余力地支持你。
No matter how busy/However busy I am,I will spare some time every day to accompany my fam-
ily.不管我多忙,我每天都会抽出一些时间来陪家人。
结构 2 no matter when/where/how/what/who...无论……;不管……
用法归纳
no matter+what/when/where等特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句,相当于whatever/whenev-
er/wherever等引导的让步状语从句。
It was exercise for the brain; the more I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow.
这是对大脑的锻炼,我对一门语言了解得越多,我的大脑就会越发达。 (教材P64)
情景导学
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.你工作越努力,你取得的进步就越大。
The more people are involved, the better the ocean environment will be.人们参与得越多,海洋环
境就越好。 (写作·海洋保护)
用法归纳
①“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”意为“越……(就)越……”,表示后者随着前者的变化
而变化,the用在 或 的比较级前。
②前一个“the+比较级...”相当于条件状语从句,后一个“the+比较级...”相当于主句,
结构 3 the+比较级...,the+比较级...越……(就)越……
形容词
副词
在表示将来意义时,相当于从句的部分常用 表示将来。
③在“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”结构中,有时根据具体语境可以省略一些成分,特别是在
谚语、俗语中。通常省略be动词或主语为it时的主语和谓语。
一般现在时
Sentence 1
译文 多年来,这个体系发展成了不同的形式,因为那是一个人们在地理上被分隔,导致产生
了许多种方言和文字的时期。
长难句 图解
原因状语
定语
Sentence 2
译文 即使在今天,不论住在哪里,也不论说何种方言,中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交
流。
让步状语
Sentence 3
译文 对汉字书写体系的推崇体现在汉字作为一种艺术形式的发展中,这种艺术形式被称为
中国书法,它(书法)已经成为中国文化的一个重要组成部分。
后置定语
后置定语
限制性定语从句(2)
一、关系副词引导的定语从句
情景导学
I still remember the day when I was awarded the prize.我还记得我获奖的那天。
The farm where they work is not far from here.他们工作的那个农场离这里不远。
We have reached a point where nothing can be done.我们已经到了无能为力的地步了。
He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset.他没有告诉我他如此心烦意乱的原因。
用法归纳
1.定语从句的关系副词有三大作用:
(1)引导作用:引导定语从句。
必备语法 情景破
(2)包含作用:在意义上,关系副词相当于“介词+先行词”;在结构上,每个关系副词都可以转
换为“① +which”。
(3)成分作用:因为是副词,所以它们都在定语从句中作② ,三个常见的关系副词对应
三种状语。
2.三个常见的关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 在定语从句中作的成分
when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词 地点状语
why reason 原因状语
介词
状语
3.where引导定语从句的特殊用法
where引导定语从句时,先行词可以表
示抽象的地点,如reach a point where...(到达……的地步)、in a case where...(在……的情况
下)、in an activity where...(在……的活动中)、in a situation where...(在……的情况下)、in the
job where...(在……的工作中)。
二、“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
情景导学1
I’ll never forget the days on which(=when)we studied together.我永远忘不了我们一起学习的
日子。
This is the town in which(=where)Shakespeare was born.这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。
There’s no reason for which(=why)we shouldn’t be friends.我们没有理由不成为朋友。
In the street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn.在大街上,没有一个她可以求
助的人。
用法归纳1
定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前,形成“介词+关系代词”结构。“介词+
which”有时可以替代③ 、④ 、why;“介词+whom”没有对应的关系副
词。
情景导学2
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能会长时间争论
的话题。
用法归纳2
“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择:根据介词与⑤ 或形容词的固定搭配确定用
when
where
动词
什么介词。如上句中把先行词代入定语从句后为we might argue about the subject for a long
while,故介词用about。
特别提醒
有些含有介词的动词短语不能拆开,从而不能将介词提到关系代词前面构成“介词+关系代
词”引导的定语从句,比如look for、look after、take care of等。
The patient whom/who my sister is looking after is getting better. (√)
The patient after whom my sister is looking is getting better. (×)
我姐姐正在照顾的那个病人正在好转。
情景导学3
I’ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me.我永远不会忘记她与我告别的那一
天。
用法归纳3
“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择:根据介词与⑥ 的搭配确定用什么介词。如上
句中把先行词代入定语从句后为she said goodbye to me on the day,故介词用on。
情景导学4
The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种没有它我们就无法生存的
无色气体被称为氧气。
用法归纳4
“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择:根据句子表达的意思确定用什么介词。如上
句中把先行词代入定语从句后为we cannot live without the colorless gas,故介词用without。
先行词
即时巩固
单句语法填空
1.(2022新高考Ⅰ)Some of our memories are funny, especially from the early years
our children were little.
2.The reason I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies.
3.This is the camera which he often takes photos.
4.Creating a relaxed atmosphere employees are less scared to state their views is a big
challenge.
5.We’ll go to meet the famous singer about we often talk.
6.The old man became very worried, unable to find a man whom he could turn for
help.
when
why
with
where
whom
to
7.He will always remember the day which his father returned.
8.The main reason which he lost his job was that he often drank.
on
for