人教选修一Unit 1 Part 1 Reading and Thinking分层练习（含解析）
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UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
Part 1 Reading and Thinking
基础过关练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.A man can be destroyed but not (打败).
2.Further information can be (获得) from our head office.
3.Seeking and accepting constructive feedback(反馈) is (关键的) to growth.
4.It can be found in many places in nature—fireflies, some mushrooms—but (主要地) in the deep sea.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1.After an (analyse) of the species, the research team confirmed it as a new species.
2.What makes the writer unique is not only his great works but also his (commit) to what he loves.
3.However, technology is also the application of (science) knowledge to solve a problem, touching lives in countless ways.
4.【易错题】Here's some (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
5. (academy) grades rarely evaluate qualities like creativity, leadership and teamwork skills, or social, emotional and political intelligence.
6.(2020浙江7月)I couldn't see Don, but as I approached the tractor he jumped out onto the road, (apparent) unhurt, and dashed back to me.
7.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
8.First of all, I'm very grateful to my teacher, Mrs Chopra, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here.
Ⅲ.选词填空
commit oneself to; be vital to/for; graduate from; be acknowledged as; (be) distinct from
Madam Curie 1. an outstanding female genius. 2. senior high school, she worked as a tutor. 3. other girls, her dream was to become a scientist. Therefore, she 4. the scientific research. Finally, she succeeded in discovering two kinds of radioactive elements with her husband, which 5. physics and chemistry.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1.众所周知,睡眠在保持身心健康方面发挥着重要的作用。(as,vital)
, sleep keeping healthy physically and mentally.
2.如果你的梦想是成为佼佼者并登上领奖台,你最好完全致力于你的运动。(committed)
If your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform, you had better your sport.
3.科学营将于下个月开营,目的是鼓励更多的学生投身科学研究。(objective)
The science camp will open next month more students to throw themselves into research.
4.我的朋友坚持要开车送我去那儿,我在这寒冷的日子里感到了温暖。(一句多译)
①My friend me there, and I felt warmth in the cold day. (insist on)
②My friend me there,and I felt warmth in the cold day.(insist that...) (读后续写—友情)
能力提升练
Ⅰ.课文语法填空
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist with great 1 (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen into a research team 2 was formed by the Chinese government with the aim of discovering a new treatment 3 malaria. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, 4 (evaluate) 280,000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a 5 (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat, whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by 6 (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even 7 (careful) thinking and research work. She drew 8 conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood destroyed 9 (it) medical properties. So she used a lower temperature 10 (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
Ⅱ.语法填空
Many great people in the world commit themselves to 1 (improve) society in their own ways. For example, Jane Goodall, a woman from Britain, would rather spend time studying chimps(黑猩猩) in the wild in Africa than lead 2 comfortable life. For 40 years she has been outspoken (直率的) in making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of chimps.
Lin Qiaozhi, a 3 (special) in women's diseases, is another woman who has made remarkable achievements. There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi,tired after a day's work,went late at night 4 (deliver) a baby for a poor family, 5 could not pay her. It was because of her hard work and great 6 (consider) for her patients 7 tens of thousands of babies were delivered 8 (safe) by her.
A third example is Yuan Longping, the first 9 (agriculture) pioneer in the world to grow hybrid rice. Using his hybrid rice, farmers 10 (produce) many more harvests in the past few decades. Therefore, now the UN has more scientific tools in the battle against hunger in the world. In short, so impressive is their work that they all deserve praising and learning from.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
George Shull was born in 1874 on a farm in Clark County, Ohio, and his knowledge of plants and hybrids came at an early age. Being needed on the farm, Shull received his early formal education off and on. However, it was added by intense home study so that by 1892, he was teaching in a public school, and later attending Antioch College.
In 1901, he graduated from Antioch and went to the University of Chicago to do graduate work. With his knowledge of botany and experience with farming practices, Shull passed the civil service exam, and took up a position as a botanical assistant at the U.S. National Herbarium. He also worked at the U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry as a botanical expert examining as well as evaluating the plants and animals of the Chesapeake Bay and the Currituck Sound. The data he collected during this time was to comprise his Ph.D. paper. And in 1904 he was appointed to be in charge of plant work at the Station for Experimental Evolution.
He began working on corn in 1905. Following Gregor Mendel's example, Shull obtained purebred(纯种的) lines of corn through self-pollination(自花受粉). The purebred lines were less healthy and productive, but when he crossed the purebred lines, apparently the hybrid yields were better than any of the parents or those pollinated in the open fields. As a consequence, he immediately recognized the potential for using this strategy and device to improve crop yields.
In 1915, Shull accepted a professorship at Princeton University. With his encouragement, Princeton University Press began the publication of a new journal, Genetics. Shull was the managing editor for ten years. Genetics is still one of the top international science journals.
Shull retired in 1942. He and his wife spent most of their later years with their children and grandchildren.
1.What does the underlined part “off and on” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Not surprisingly. B.Very formally. C.Very excellently. D.Not regularly.
2.What's Paragraph 2 mainly about
A.George Shull's contributions. B.George Shull's research.
C.George Shull's work experience. D.George Shull's education.
3.What was so special about Shull's method of corn breeding
A.It completely relied on self-pollination. B.It was first published in Genetics.
C.It was widely accepted in Ohio. D.It focused on crossing purebred lines.
4.How does the author mainly develop the text
A.By giving examples. B.By following time order.
C.By making comparisons. D.By presenting a scientific study.
B
Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. William G. Kaelin Jr of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute, and Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.
“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel Prize winners showed life's most adaptive processes,”Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said. “The three physicians found the molecular switch(分子开关) that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.”
“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo(胚胎) grows and develops, and as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”
The committee said that the discoveries were vital for physiology and could exploit new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.
Kaelin was born in New York and received his doctorate in medicine from Duke University. He received his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, the United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and received his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.
Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a B.A. in biology from Harvard and his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He received his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.
5.What can we know about the three scientists
A.They studied different fields. B.They shared one prize.
C.They researched heart disease. D.They found the function of embryos.
6.What did Johnson think of the discoveries
A.Important. B.Meaningless. C.Interesting. D.Disappointing.
7.What do the last three paragraphs mainly talk about
A.The three scientists' achievements. B.The influence of the discoveries.
C.The example set by the three scientists. D.The introduction of the three scientists.
答案与分层梯度式解析
UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
Part 1 Reading and Thinking
基础过关练
Ⅰ.1.defeated 2.obtained 3.crucial/vital 4.mostly
Ⅱ.1.analysis 考查名词。根据空前的不定冠词an和空后的介词of可知设空处应用名词;analyse的名词形式是analysis,意为“分析”。故填analysis。句意:经过对该物种的分析,研究团队确认它为新物种。
2.commitment 考查名词。由设空处前面的his和后面的to可知此处应填名词commitment,one's commitment to sth.表示“某人对某事物的投入”。句意:令这位作家独一无二的不仅是他伟大的作品,还有他对所热爱的事情的投入。
3.scientific 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词knowledge,应用形容词,故填scientific。scientific knowledge意为“科学知识”。
4.boiled 考查过去分词。句意:这里有一些烧开过的水。你渴的时候可以喝。boiled water意为“烧开过的水,白开水”,故填boiled。
易错归因 此处有同学会填boiling,但boiling water 意为“正在沸腾的水”,这不符合本题的语境,故不能填boiling。
5.Academic 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词grades,所以此处应用形容词,且置于句首,故填Academic。academic grades 意为“学术成绩”。句意:学术成绩很少评估像创造力、领导力和团队合作能力,或社交智能、情商和政治才智这样的素质。
6.apparently 考查副词。设空处前面为逗号,后面为形容词unhurt,故应用副词作状语,故填apparently,意为“显然”。
7.was evaluated 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,由句中的时间状语the other day可知此处应用一般过去时,此处指“这种药的有效性在几天前被这些科学家评估过了”,The effectiveness和evaluate之间是被动关系,且主语是第三人称单数,故填was evaluated。
8.who 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。设空处无提示词,且前面有逗号,逗号前面是完整的一句话, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here中缺少主语,结合语境可知,“信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会”的人是Chopra夫人,故设空处引导非限制性定语从句,且先行词为Mrs Chopra,故此处应用引导词who。句意:首先,我非常感谢我的老师Chopra夫人,她信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会。
Ⅲ.1.is acknowledged as 2.Graduating from 3.Distinct from 4.committed herself to 5.are vital to/for
Ⅳ.1.As we all know;plays a vital role in 2.be totally committed to 3.with the objective of encouraging;scientific
4.①insisted on driving ②insisted that he/she should drive
能力提升练
Ⅰ.1.achievements 考查名词及其单复数。设空处作with的宾语且根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,achieve的名词形式为achievement;此处指屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个有伟大成就的科学家,设空处表示“成就”;achievement表示“成就”时是可数名词,空前没有冠词等限定词,应用其复数形式。故填achievements。
2.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处前为名词短语a research team, 2 was formed by the Chinese government中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,指物,故用关系代词that或which。
3.for 考查介词。(a) treatment for...意为“治疗……的方法”,a new treatment for malaria意为“一种治疗疟疾的新方法”,故填for。
4.evaluated 考查动词的时态。设空处和句中的examined、tested作并列谓语,应用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
5.committed 考查形容词。设空处与patient并列作定语修饰名词scientist,应用形容词。此处表示“尽心尽力的”,故填committed。
6.boiling 考查动名词。by为介词,后接名词、动名词,提示词为动词,故用动名词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”。
7.more careful 考查形容词的比较级。此处指她开始了甚至更加仔细的思考和研究工作,含有比较的意思,且前面有even修饰,故应用形容词的比较级。故填more careful。
8.the/a 考查冠词。draw the/a conclusion that...意为“得出那个/一个……的结论”。故填the或a。
9.its 考查形容词性物主代词。此处指破坏了它的药用性质,设空处修饰空后的名词properties,应用形容词性物主代词its。
10.to draw 考查动词不定式。use sth. to do sth.意为“使用某物做某事”。故填to draw。
Ⅱ.◎语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了世界上几位致力于改善社会的伟大人物。
1.improving 考查动名词。 commit oneself to doing sth. 意为“致力于做某事”,故填improving。
2.a 考查冠词。lead a(n)...life意为“过着……生活”,此处泛指一种舒适的生活,且comfortable的发音以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。
3.specialist 考查名词。结合不定冠词a可知,这里应用可数名词单数specialist(专家)作Lin Qiaozhi的同位语。故填specialist。
4.to deliver 考查不定式。句意:数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在一天的工作之后,拖着疲惫不堪的身体在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生,而这些家庭不能给她报酬。设空处在这里作目的状语。故填动词不定式to deliver。
5.who 考查定语从句。设空处前面有逗号,且逗号前面内容的意思完整,设空处前为名词短语 a poor family, 5 could not pay her中缺少主语,结合语境可知所缺主语即前面的a poor family,故设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为 a poor family,故用关系代词who。
6.consideration 考查名词。根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,consider的名词形式为consideration,作“体贴,体谅”讲,为不可数名词。
7.that 考查强调句型。句意:正是由于她的辛勤工作和对病人的深切关怀,数万个婴儿才能安全地被她接生。本句是强调句,其句子结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他”,此处被强调部分是原因状语because of her hard work and great consideration for her patients。故填that。
8.safely 考查副词。设空处作状语,修饰were delivered。故填safely。
9.agricultural 考查形容词。设空处作定语,修饰名词pioneer。故填agricultural。agricultural pioneer意为“农业先锋”。
10.have produced 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:利用他的杂交水稻,农民在过去的几十年里有了更多的收成。根据时间状语in the past few decades可知,设空处应使用现在完成时,主语farmers为复数,故填have produced。
【高频词汇】 1.deliver v.接生 2.in short总而言之 3.impressive adj.令人赞叹的 4.deserve v.值得
【熟词生义】 lead v.过(某种生活)
Ⅲ.A
◎语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了著名植物学家George Shull的学习和工作经历以及他的重要成就。
1.D 词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句中的“Being needed on the farm”可知,George Shull小时候需要干农活,所以无法正常接受正规教育。所以off and on意为“断断续续地,间歇性地”,与D项“不定期地”意思最为接近。故选D。
2.C 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“do graduate work”“took up a position as a botanical assistant”“He also worked at...”“in 1904 he was appointed to be in charge of plant work”等信息可知,第二段主要是在讲述George Shull的工作经历。故选C。
3.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句和第四句“The purebred lines were less healthy and productive...to improve crop yields.”可知,杂交品种能够提高作物产量,所以Shull的玉米育种方法的特殊之处在于专注于杂交纯种品种。故选D。
4.B 推理判断题。
根据以上关键信息可知,文章以时间顺序讲述了著名植物学家George Shull的人生经历。故选B。
【高频词汇】 1.graduate from 从……毕业 2.appoint v.任命;安排 3.in charge of负责…… 4.productive adj.多产的;富有成效的 5.potential n.可能性;潜能
【熟词生义】 1.practice n.惯常做法 2.paper n.论文 3.cross v.使杂交
【差距词汇】 intense adj.强烈的;集中的;紧张的
长难句
原句 The purebred lines were less healthy and productive, but when he crossed the purebred lines, apparently the hybrid yields were better than any of the parents or those pollinated in the open fields.
分析 该句是由连词but连接的并列复合句。第二个分句中包含when引导的时间状语从句,pollinated in the open fields为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰those。
译文 纯种品种的健康状况和产量都较差,但当他杂交纯种品种时,杂交品种的产量显然比任何亲本或那些在开阔田野授粉的品种(的产量)都高。
B
◎语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道,主要报道了三位科学家因在细胞对于氧气含量的感应和适应性方面的研究而获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
5.B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“William G. Kaelin Jr...were jointly awarded the prize.”,尤其是重点信息词 jointly可知三位科学家共得同一个奖项。故选B。
易错归因 本题容易错选A项,学生容易受倒数三段中“received his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins...Boston”“received his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford”和“received his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University”的影响,认为他们研究的是不同的领域,但是这些信息只是说明他们学习的专业不同,第一段第一句中的“Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels”已经非常直白地告诉我们三位科学家研究的是同一个课题,故A项错误。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel Prize winners showed life's most adaptive processes”,尤其是重点信息词meaningful可推断出Johnson认为他们的发现非常重要,故选A。
7.D 主旨大意题。通过分析最后三段,可看到was born in, received/obtained...from..., received his specialist training in..., is the director of...等重复的信息,这些信息主要介绍三位科学家的出生信息、学术背景和现在的工作,所以这三段主要在介绍三位科学家。故选D。
【高频词汇】 1.adapt to适应 2.meaningful adj.重要的;有意义的 3.regulate v.调节;控制 4.adjust to适应;习惯 5.specialist adj.专业的;专门的 n.专家
长难句
原句 The three physicians found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.
分析 该句为主从复合句。The three physicians found the molecular switch为主句,“that regulates...drop”为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the molecular switch,且关系词that在定语从句中作主语,在该定语从句中,regulates后面为how引导的宾语从句,when引导的是时间状语从句。
译文 这三位医生发现了分子开关,这个分子开关能够在氧气含量下降时调节我们的细胞的适应性。
Part 1 Reading and Thinking
基础过关练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.A man can be destroyed but not (打败).
2.Further information can be (获得) from our head office.
3.Seeking and accepting constructive feedback(反馈) is (关键的) to growth.
4.It can be found in many places in nature—fireflies, some mushrooms—but (主要地) in the deep sea.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1.After an (analyse) of the species, the research team confirmed it as a new species.
2.What makes the writer unique is not only his great works but also his (commit) to what he loves.
3.However, technology is also the application of (science) knowledge to solve a problem, touching lives in countless ways.
4.【易错题】Here's some (boil) water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty.
5. (academy) grades rarely evaluate qualities like creativity, leadership and teamwork skills, or social, emotional and political intelligence.
6.(2020浙江7月)I couldn't see Don, but as I approached the tractor he jumped out onto the road, (apparent) unhurt, and dashed back to me.
7.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
8.First of all, I'm very grateful to my teacher, Mrs Chopra, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here.
Ⅲ.选词填空
commit oneself to; be vital to/for; graduate from; be acknowledged as; (be) distinct from
Madam Curie 1. an outstanding female genius. 2. senior high school, she worked as a tutor. 3. other girls, her dream was to become a scientist. Therefore, she 4. the scientific research. Finally, she succeeded in discovering two kinds of radioactive elements with her husband, which 5. physics and chemistry.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1.众所周知,睡眠在保持身心健康方面发挥着重要的作用。(as,vital)
, sleep keeping healthy physically and mentally.
2.如果你的梦想是成为佼佼者并登上领奖台,你最好完全致力于你的运动。(committed)
If your dream is to be the best and reach the winner's platform, you had better your sport.
3.科学营将于下个月开营,目的是鼓励更多的学生投身科学研究。(objective)
The science camp will open next month more students to throw themselves into research.
4.我的朋友坚持要开车送我去那儿,我在这寒冷的日子里感到了温暖。(一句多译)
①My friend me there, and I felt warmth in the cold day. (insist on)
②My friend me there,and I felt warmth in the cold day.(insist that...) (读后续写—友情)
能力提升练
Ⅰ.课文语法填空
Tu Youyou is universally acknowledged as a scientist with great 1 (achieve). Born in Ningbo, China, Tu Youyou graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. In 1967, she was chosen into a research team 2 was formed by the Chinese government with the aim of discovering a new treatment 3 malaria. She and her teammates examined over 2,000 old medical texts, 4 (evaluate) 280,000 plants for their medical properties, and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. As a 5 (commit) and patient scientist, she never acknowledged defeat, whatever difficulty she met. After failing to draw out useful extract by 6 (boil) the sweet wormwood, she began even 7 (careful) thinking and research work. She drew 8 conclusion that boiling the sweet wormwood destroyed 9 (it) medical properties. So she used a lower temperature 10 (draw) out the extract and finally she succeeded.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
Ⅱ.语法填空
Many great people in the world commit themselves to 1 (improve) society in their own ways. For example, Jane Goodall, a woman from Britain, would rather spend time studying chimps(黑猩猩) in the wild in Africa than lead 2 comfortable life. For 40 years she has been outspoken (直率的) in making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of chimps.
Lin Qiaozhi, a 3 (special) in women's diseases, is another woman who has made remarkable achievements. There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi,tired after a day's work,went late at night 4 (deliver) a baby for a poor family, 5 could not pay her. It was because of her hard work and great 6 (consider) for her patients 7 tens of thousands of babies were delivered 8 (safe) by her.
A third example is Yuan Longping, the first 9 (agriculture) pioneer in the world to grow hybrid rice. Using his hybrid rice, farmers 10 (produce) many more harvests in the past few decades. Therefore, now the UN has more scientific tools in the battle against hunger in the world. In short, so impressive is their work that they all deserve praising and learning from.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
George Shull was born in 1874 on a farm in Clark County, Ohio, and his knowledge of plants and hybrids came at an early age. Being needed on the farm, Shull received his early formal education off and on. However, it was added by intense home study so that by 1892, he was teaching in a public school, and later attending Antioch College.
In 1901, he graduated from Antioch and went to the University of Chicago to do graduate work. With his knowledge of botany and experience with farming practices, Shull passed the civil service exam, and took up a position as a botanical assistant at the U.S. National Herbarium. He also worked at the U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry as a botanical expert examining as well as evaluating the plants and animals of the Chesapeake Bay and the Currituck Sound. The data he collected during this time was to comprise his Ph.D. paper. And in 1904 he was appointed to be in charge of plant work at the Station for Experimental Evolution.
He began working on corn in 1905. Following Gregor Mendel's example, Shull obtained purebred(纯种的) lines of corn through self-pollination(自花受粉). The purebred lines were less healthy and productive, but when he crossed the purebred lines, apparently the hybrid yields were better than any of the parents or those pollinated in the open fields. As a consequence, he immediately recognized the potential for using this strategy and device to improve crop yields.
In 1915, Shull accepted a professorship at Princeton University. With his encouragement, Princeton University Press began the publication of a new journal, Genetics. Shull was the managing editor for ten years. Genetics is still one of the top international science journals.
Shull retired in 1942. He and his wife spent most of their later years with their children and grandchildren.
1.What does the underlined part “off and on” in Paragraph 1 mean
A.Not surprisingly. B.Very formally. C.Very excellently. D.Not regularly.
2.What's Paragraph 2 mainly about
A.George Shull's contributions. B.George Shull's research.
C.George Shull's work experience. D.George Shull's education.
3.What was so special about Shull's method of corn breeding
A.It completely relied on self-pollination. B.It was first published in Genetics.
C.It was widely accepted in Ohio. D.It focused on crossing purebred lines.
4.How does the author mainly develop the text
A.By giving examples. B.By following time order.
C.By making comparisons. D.By presenting a scientific study.
B
Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. William G. Kaelin Jr of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard University, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe of Oxford University and the Francis Crick Institute, and Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University were jointly awarded the prize.
“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel Prize winners showed life's most adaptive processes,”Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said. “The three physicians found the molecular switch(分子开关) that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.”
“Cells and tissues are constantly experiencing changes in oxygen availability,” Johnson said. “As an embryo(胚胎) grows and develops, and as muscles work, the oxygen available changes as the tissues themselves change. Cells need a way to adjust to the amount of oxygen they have, while still doing their important jobs.”
The committee said that the discoveries were vital for physiology and could exploit new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases.
Kaelin was born in New York and received his doctorate in medicine from Duke University. He received his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire, the United Kingdom, and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University and received his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford. He is the director of clinical research at the Francis Crick Institute in London and a member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research.
Semenza was born in New York. He obtained a B.A. in biology from Harvard and his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He received his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University. He is the director of the Vascular Research Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.
5.What can we know about the three scientists
A.They studied different fields. B.They shared one prize.
C.They researched heart disease. D.They found the function of embryos.
6.What did Johnson think of the discoveries
A.Important. B.Meaningless. C.Interesting. D.Disappointing.
7.What do the last three paragraphs mainly talk about
A.The three scientists' achievements. B.The influence of the discoveries.
C.The example set by the three scientists. D.The introduction of the three scientists.
答案与分层梯度式解析
UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
Part 1 Reading and Thinking
基础过关练
Ⅰ.1.defeated 2.obtained 3.crucial/vital 4.mostly
Ⅱ.1.analysis 考查名词。根据空前的不定冠词an和空后的介词of可知设空处应用名词;analyse的名词形式是analysis,意为“分析”。故填analysis。句意:经过对该物种的分析,研究团队确认它为新物种。
2.commitment 考查名词。由设空处前面的his和后面的to可知此处应填名词commitment,one's commitment to sth.表示“某人对某事物的投入”。句意:令这位作家独一无二的不仅是他伟大的作品,还有他对所热爱的事情的投入。
3.scientific 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词knowledge,应用形容词,故填scientific。scientific knowledge意为“科学知识”。
4.boiled 考查过去分词。句意:这里有一些烧开过的水。你渴的时候可以喝。boiled water意为“烧开过的水,白开水”,故填boiled。
易错归因 此处有同学会填boiling,但boiling water 意为“正在沸腾的水”,这不符合本题的语境,故不能填boiling。
5.Academic 考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的名词grades,所以此处应用形容词,且置于句首,故填Academic。academic grades 意为“学术成绩”。句意:学术成绩很少评估像创造力、领导力和团队合作能力,或社交智能、情商和政治才智这样的素质。
6.apparently 考查副词。设空处前面为逗号,后面为形容词unhurt,故应用副词作状语,故填apparently,意为“显然”。
7.was evaluated 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,由句中的时间状语the other day可知此处应用一般过去时,此处指“这种药的有效性在几天前被这些科学家评估过了”,The effectiveness和evaluate之间是被动关系,且主语是第三人称单数,故填was evaluated。
8.who 考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。设空处无提示词,且前面有逗号,逗号前面是完整的一句话, trusted me and offered me the chance to make a speech here中缺少主语,结合语境可知,“信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会”的人是Chopra夫人,故设空处引导非限制性定语从句,且先行词为Mrs Chopra,故此处应用引导词who。句意:首先,我非常感谢我的老师Chopra夫人,她信任我并给我在这里发表演讲的机会。
Ⅲ.1.is acknowledged as 2.Graduating from 3.Distinct from 4.committed herself to 5.are vital to/for
Ⅳ.1.As we all know;plays a vital role in 2.be totally committed to 3.with the objective of encouraging;scientific
4.①insisted on driving ②insisted that he/she should drive
能力提升练
Ⅰ.1.achievements 考查名词及其单复数。设空处作with的宾语且根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,achieve的名词形式为achievement;此处指屠呦呦被普遍认为是一个有伟大成就的科学家,设空处表示“成就”;achievement表示“成就”时是可数名词,空前没有冠词等限定词,应用其复数形式。故填achievements。
2.that/which 考查关系代词。设空处前为名词短语a research team, 2 was formed by the Chinese government中缺少主语,故推测设空处引导定语从句,先行词为a research team,指物,故用关系代词that或which。
3.for 考查介词。(a) treatment for...意为“治疗……的方法”,a new treatment for malaria意为“一种治疗疟疾的新方法”,故填for。
4.evaluated 考查动词的时态。设空处和句中的examined、tested作并列谓语,应用一般过去时,故填evaluated。
5.committed 考查形容词。设空处与patient并列作定语修饰名词scientist,应用形容词。此处表示“尽心尽力的”,故填committed。
6.boiling 考查动名词。by为介词,后接名词、动名词,提示词为动词,故用动名词。by doing sth.意为“通过做某事”。
7.more careful 考查形容词的比较级。此处指她开始了甚至更加仔细的思考和研究工作,含有比较的意思,且前面有even修饰,故应用形容词的比较级。故填more careful。
8.the/a 考查冠词。draw the/a conclusion that...意为“得出那个/一个……的结论”。故填the或a。
9.its 考查形容词性物主代词。此处指破坏了它的药用性质,设空处修饰空后的名词properties,应用形容词性物主代词its。
10.to draw 考查动词不定式。use sth. to do sth.意为“使用某物做某事”。故填to draw。
Ⅱ.◎语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了世界上几位致力于改善社会的伟大人物。
1.improving 考查动名词。 commit oneself to doing sth. 意为“致力于做某事”,故填improving。
2.a 考查冠词。lead a(n)...life意为“过着……生活”,此处泛指一种舒适的生活,且comfortable的发音以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。
3.specialist 考查名词。结合不定冠词a可知,这里应用可数名词单数specialist(专家)作Lin Qiaozhi的同位语。故填specialist。
4.to deliver 考查不定式。句意:数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在一天的工作之后,拖着疲惫不堪的身体在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生,而这些家庭不能给她报酬。设空处在这里作目的状语。故填动词不定式to deliver。
5.who 考查定语从句。设空处前面有逗号,且逗号前面内容的意思完整,设空处前为名词短语 a poor family, 5 could not pay her中缺少主语,结合语境可知所缺主语即前面的a poor family,故设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为 a poor family,故用关系代词who。
6.consideration 考查名词。根据空前的形容词great可知设空处应用名词,consider的名词形式为consideration,作“体贴,体谅”讲,为不可数名词。
7.that 考查强调句型。句意:正是由于她的辛勤工作和对病人的深切关怀,数万个婴儿才能安全地被她接生。本句是强调句,其句子结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他”,此处被强调部分是原因状语because of her hard work and great consideration for her patients。故填that。
8.safely 考查副词。设空处作状语,修饰were delivered。故填safely。
9.agricultural 考查形容词。设空处作定语,修饰名词pioneer。故填agricultural。agricultural pioneer意为“农业先锋”。
10.have produced 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:利用他的杂交水稻,农民在过去的几十年里有了更多的收成。根据时间状语in the past few decades可知,设空处应使用现在完成时,主语farmers为复数,故填have produced。
【高频词汇】 1.deliver v.接生 2.in short总而言之 3.impressive adj.令人赞叹的 4.deserve v.值得
【熟词生义】 lead v.过(某种生活)
Ⅲ.A
◎语篇解读 这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了著名植物学家George Shull的学习和工作经历以及他的重要成就。
1.D 词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句中的“Being needed on the farm”可知,George Shull小时候需要干农活,所以无法正常接受正规教育。所以off and on意为“断断续续地,间歇性地”,与D项“不定期地”意思最为接近。故选D。
2.C 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“do graduate work”“took up a position as a botanical assistant”“He also worked at...”“in 1904 he was appointed to be in charge of plant work”等信息可知,第二段主要是在讲述George Shull的工作经历。故选C。
3.D 细节理解题。根据第三段第三句和第四句“The purebred lines were less healthy and productive...to improve crop yields.”可知,杂交品种能够提高作物产量,所以Shull的玉米育种方法的特殊之处在于专注于杂交纯种品种。故选D。
4.B 推理判断题。
根据以上关键信息可知,文章以时间顺序讲述了著名植物学家George Shull的人生经历。故选B。
【高频词汇】 1.graduate from 从……毕业 2.appoint v.任命;安排 3.in charge of负责…… 4.productive adj.多产的;富有成效的 5.potential n.可能性;潜能
【熟词生义】 1.practice n.惯常做法 2.paper n.论文 3.cross v.使杂交
【差距词汇】 intense adj.强烈的;集中的;紧张的
长难句
原句 The purebred lines were less healthy and productive, but when he crossed the purebred lines, apparently the hybrid yields were better than any of the parents or those pollinated in the open fields.
分析 该句是由连词but连接的并列复合句。第二个分句中包含when引导的时间状语从句,pollinated in the open fields为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰those。
译文 纯种品种的健康状况和产量都较差,但当他杂交纯种品种时,杂交品种的产量显然比任何亲本或那些在开阔田野授粉的品种(的产量)都高。
B
◎语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道,主要报道了三位科学家因在细胞对于氧气含量的感应和适应性方面的研究而获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
5.B 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“William G. Kaelin Jr...were jointly awarded the prize.”,尤其是重点信息词 jointly可知三位科学家共得同一个奖项。故选B。
易错归因 本题容易错选A项,学生容易受倒数三段中“received his specialist training in internal medicine and oncology at the Johns Hopkins...Boston”“received his specialist training in nephrology at Oxford”和“received his specialist training in pediatrics at Duke University”的影响,认为他们研究的是不同的领域,但是这些信息只是说明他们学习的专业不同,第一段第一句中的“Three scientists who studied how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels”已经非常直白地告诉我们三位科学家研究的是同一个课题,故A项错误。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The meaningful discoveries by this year's Nobel Prize winners showed life's most adaptive processes”,尤其是重点信息词meaningful可推断出Johnson认为他们的发现非常重要,故选A。
7.D 主旨大意题。通过分析最后三段,可看到was born in, received/obtained...from..., received his specialist training in..., is the director of...等重复的信息,这些信息主要介绍三位科学家的出生信息、学术背景和现在的工作,所以这三段主要在介绍三位科学家。故选D。
【高频词汇】 1.adapt to适应 2.meaningful adj.重要的;有意义的 3.regulate v.调节;控制 4.adjust to适应;习惯 5.specialist adj.专业的;专门的 n.专家
长难句
原句 The three physicians found the molecular switch that regulates how our cells adapt when oxygen levels drop.
分析 该句为主从复合句。The three physicians found the molecular switch为主句,“that regulates...drop”为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the molecular switch,且关系词that在定语从句中作主语,在该定语从句中,regulates后面为how引导的宾语从句,when引导的是时间状语从句。
译文 这三位医生发现了分子开关,这个分子开关能够在氧气含量下降时调节我们的细胞的适应性。