UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS高考真题练（含解析）

高考真题练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2023北京,D)
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
1.Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is 　　　　.
A.supportive　　　　B.puzzled　　　　
C.unconcerned　　　　D.doubtful
2.What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A.Shocked.　　　　B.Protected.　　　
C.Attracted.　　　　D.Challenged.
3.What can we learn from this passage
A.ALife holds the key to human future.
B.ALife and AI share a common feature.
C.AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D.AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
4.Which would be the best title for the passage
A.Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B.Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C.Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D.Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
高考词汇站
派生/合成词汇
1.system n.系统→　　　　adj.系统的
2.fundament n.基础→　　　　adj.基本的
3.practice v.练习;实践→　　　　n.专门人才;习艺者
4.convincing adj.令人信服的→　　　　adv.令人信服地
5.declare v.公布,宣布→　　　　n.公告,宣告
6.doubt n.怀疑→　　　　adj.怀疑的
7.exist v.存在→　　　　n.存在
8.evolution n.进化→　　　　adj.进化的
9.so-called adj.　　　
10.open-ended adj.　　　
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2020全国Ⅰ)
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—　1　(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon's far side is 　2　(extreme) challenging. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 　3　 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 　4　(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山), more so 　5　 the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e-4 　6　(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it 　7　(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 　8　(construct).” Data about the moon's composition, such as how 　9　 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 　10　(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
　　　　　2.　　　　　　3.　　　　　　4.　　　　　　5.　　　　　　 6.　　　　　　7.　　　　　　8.　　　　　　
9.　　　　　　10.　　　　　　
高考词汇站
派生/合成词汇
1.manned adj.需人操纵的→　　　　adj.无(需)人操作的
2.challenge n.挑战→　　　　adj.挑战性的
3.communicate v.通信;交流→　　　　n.通信;交流
4.spacecraft n.　　　
答案与分层梯度式解析
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
高考真题练
Ⅰ.◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景。
1.A　推理判断题。根据题干中的Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife可知是在问作者对艾伦·史密斯为人工生命辩护的态度,定位到第二段。由“This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value.”以及“Alan Smith...is tired of such complaints.”可知艾伦对于人工生命遭受的批评是厌烦的,第二段最后艾伦以“你的奶奶有什么价值 ”反问,认可人工生命存在的必要性。由文章最后一段的“the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable(人工生命的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”可知作者对人工生命的发展是持支持态度的,故作者是支持艾伦为人工生命进行辩护的,故选A。
2.C　词义猜测题。分析画线词所在句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命是表亲,然后阐述原因,这两个领域的研究者都……一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念,再由下文的“If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless ‘creativity’ in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.”可知,如果人工生命领域能够在某种虚拟模型中再现生命的无尽“创造力”,那么那些相同的原理可能会产生真正具有创造力的机器。这是积极的。浏览选项可知,attracted(被吸引)符合语境。
3.B　推理判断题。由第三段第二句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命的研究者都被一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念吸引,故选B(人工生命和人工智能有一个共同的特点)。A、C、D项在文中无信息支撑。
4.D　主旨大意题。第一段提出人工生命领域的研究目的,第二段说明人工生命遭受的批评并用艾伦的观点支持人工生命的研究,第三段以人工智能和人工生命的联系来说明人工生命应用的可能性,第四段说明人工生命难以被认可的原因,最后一段为主题段,表明作者的观点:也许正如整个宇宙中的生命本身一样,人工生命的崛起也将被证明是不可避免的。由此可知,本文是在说明人工生命研究的现状与发展前景,D项(生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也可以进化吗 )可总述文章,最适合作为文章标题。
【高考词汇站】　1.systematic　2.fundamental
3.practitioner　4.convincingly　5.declaration
6.doubtful　7.existence　8.evolutionary　9.所谓的
10.无限制的;开放式的
Ⅱ.◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国发射的嫦娥四号无人探测器在月球背面成功着陆的重大事件。
1.touched　考查时态。根据时间状语last week可知设空处需用一般过去时。故填touched。
2.extremely　考查副词。设空处作状语,修饰形容词challenging,需用副词形式。故填extremely。
3.where　考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作地点状语,先行词spot是表示地点的名词。故填where。
4.interest　考查名词。设空处作介词of的宾语,根据提示词可知设空处需填名词形式interest;此外“be of+抽象名词”也是固定结构。故填interest。
5.than　考查介词。根据设空处前的more可知设空处填介词than。
6.to find　考查非谓语动词。设空处作目的状语,主语Chinese researchers与find为逻辑上的主动关系,应用不定式的主动形式。故填to find。
7.means　考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境及设空处后宾语从句中的谓语动词have可知设空处需用一般现在时;主语it为第三人称单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填means。
8.is constructed　考查语态和主谓一致。主语the moon与提示词construct为被动关系,故设空处需用被动语态;主语为the moon,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is constructed。
9.much　考查限定词。设空处后的名词ice作“冰”讲时为不可数名词,根据上下文可知设空处填much。
10.its　考查代词。设空处作名词plans的定语,故需用形容词性物主代词;根据提示词it可知设空处填its。
【高考词汇站】　1.unmanned　2.challenging
3.communication　4.航天器;宇宙飞船
长难句
原句　Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
分析　本句为主从复合句。Because引导原因状语从句;where引导定语从句,修饰先行词spot。
译文　由于月球本身阻挡了与探测器的直接无线电通信,中国首先必须将卫星送入月球上方的轨道,在那里它可以向航天器和地球发送信号。
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