UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY Part 4 LESSON 3 EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED分层练习（含解析）

Part 4　LESSON 3 EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
基础过关练
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.Social 　　　　(因素) like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius.
2.The house where he lives is clearly v　　　　 from the beach.
3.The plan received w　　　　support throughout the country.
4.They collect blood　　　　(样本) for analysis at a national laboratory.
Ⅱ.单元语法专练
go up; result in; die of; get through　
1.We've lost a lot of business since the price 　　　　　　.
2.According to statistics, 400 people 　　　　　　 this disease on average every year.
3.Research has shown that having a preference for junk food can 　　　　　　 obesity.
4.Medicine and the support from friends and family helped Jane 　　　　　　 her depression.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1.The researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members 　　　　　(actual) did in their discussion.
2.200 experts attended the conference, as　　　　　(oppose) to 300 the previous year.
3.Genetic　　　　　(vary) make it harder to protect against the new virus.
4.Rather than feeling excited by this drive through the mountains, I found it　　　　　(depress).
5.Doing garbage　　　　　(classify) in a right way can turn waste into wealth, which will benefit us a lot.
6.I deal with customers on the phone and　　　　　(rare) meet them face-to-face.
7.He was surprised to find his room　　　　　(thorough) cleaned and everything arranged in perfect order.
8.Many drugs were found by　　　　　(try) and error.
9.　　　　　(globe) warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
10.St Helena is free from extreme weather events, with even thunderstorms only 　　　　　(occur) perhaps once a decade.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1.这名获得奖学金的学生被认为在各方面都是最优秀的。(believe)
The student who has won a scholarship　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 the most excellent in all aspects.
2.因为沉浸在小说当中,他没有发现天已经黑了。(一句多译;bury)
①　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　, he did not realize it was dark. (because 引导原因状语从句)
②　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　, he did not realize it was dark.(现在分词作状语)
③　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　, he did not realize it was dark.(过去分词作状语)
3.他站在路边,脸上挂着大大的笑容。(with复合结构)
He stood by the road,　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　.(读后续写—动作、神态描写)
4.据估计,在过去几年里,学习汉语的人数一直在增加。(estimate)
　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 the number of people learning Chinese has been increasing over the past few years.
能力提升练
Ⅰ.课文语法填空
An epidemic is the rapid spread of an infectious disease within a short period of time, causing a large number of deaths, 　1　 number of which is different for every disease.
Professor Jim Smith found that one of the earliest epidemics happened as early as 500 to 550 CE,　2　 killed half of the population. The same epidemic, 　3　 (call) “The Black Death” returned in the 1330s in Asia and spread quickly to Europe. Some hundred years later, the Great Flu broke out in 1918, 　4　(kill) 50 million people, which was the most severe epidemic 　5　 history. The 1997 bird flu, an 　6　(adapt)of the Great Flu, claimed over 100 lives. The SARS epidemic began in 2002, and infected about 8,000 people over nine months. From 2013 to 2016, the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease 　7　(result) in 11,310 deaths in West Africa alone.
Epidemics　8　(happen) for as long as there have been people living on Earth. They are still the common issue the world has faced in recent years, so all the countries need to work together 　9　(get) at the causes and come up with effective 　10　(treatment) for epidemics as soon as possible.
1.　　　　　　 2.　　　　　　 3.　　　　　　 4.　　　　　　 5.　　　　　　
6.　　　　　　 7.　　　　　　 8.　　　　　　 9.　　　　　　 10.　　　　　　
Ⅱ.语法填空
　　Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause infections that can range from mild to 　1　(dead). Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while SARS as well as MERS 　2　(cause) by more lethal(致命的) viruses.
In 2003, following 　3　 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) which had begun in the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization(WHO) issued a news release 　4　(state) that a novel coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the cause of SARS. More than 8,000 people were infected, about ten percent of 　5　 died.
Business owners worldwide are all feeling the pain. 　6　(uncertain) and lack of confidence have always been among the 　7　(enemy) of the economy. And now the universal economy is still 　8　 great pressure. The economic costs of the epidemic outbreak is growing and hard 　9　(assess). Economists have pointed out the economic costs directly related to the virus are 　10　(little) than the panic over it. So, it's very crucial for countries to work together to control its outbreak.
1.　　　　　　 2.　　　　　　 3.　　　　　　 4.　　　　　　 5.　　　　　　
6.　　　　　　 7.　　　　　　 8.　　　　　　 9.　　　　　　 10.　　　　　　
Ⅲ.阅读理解
A
On January 7th, 2022, David Bennett became the first person to have a heart transplanted successfully into him from a pig. On that occasion, mere operation success was the goal. This operation is a milestone for xenotransplantation(异种器官移植)—the transfer of organs from other species to human patients.
For decades, researchers have attempted to deal with xenotransplantation's basic problem. This is that the human body, when it recognizes foreign tissues, tends to turn against them. In the case of pigs, the most important marker of foreignness is a sugar molecule(分子) called alpha-Gal. While this sugar molecule does not exist in humans, antibodies kill it. So no transplant from a pig with alpha-Gal would last more than a couple of minutes in a human body. In 2003 pigs were produced with a changed genome so as to prevent the enzyme(酶) responsible for making alpha-Gal. This was a step in the right direction, but other barriers popped up.
The pig for David's operation had a genome changed in ten ways to increase the chances of success. Three genes had been removed to reduce the risk of human antibodies rejecting the organ. A fourth, a growth gene, had also been knocked out to ensure the heart would not enlarge after transplantation. And six human genes had been added to promote acceptance.
There are other concerns. One is any unknown rejection mechanism. Another is the possibility that the organ may pass viruses to its new host. The pig in question was raised where there was no virus to reduce the chance of that, but it remains a possibility.
In theory, pigs can be raised to provide humans with any solid organ, but some will be more complex than others. Moreover, even if these barriers can be overcome, most researchers still acknowledge that increasing xenotransplantation to meet the world's demand for organs may take decades. After this news, however, the chances that it will happen eventually have increased.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1.What is the basic problem of xenotransplantation
A.The human body lacks alpha-Gal.　　　B.The human body rejects foreign tissues.
C.The life of the transplanted organ is too short.　　　D.The enzyme is prevented from making alpha-Gal.
2.Why was a growth gene removed in David's case
A.Because it would change David's genome.
B.Because it would lead to heart enlargement.
C.Because it would make the heart more acceptable.
D.Because it would be recognized by David's antibodies.
3.What can we learn about the pig
A.It saved the patient's life perfectly.　　　B.It had a decreased number of genes.
C.It had an unknown rejection mechanism.　　　D.It was raised in a virus-free environment.
4.What is the author's attitude towards the future of xenotransplantation
A.Optimistic.　　　　B.Indifferent.　　　　C.Disturbed.　　　　D.Uncertain.
B
Life expectancy(预期寿命) in Africa rose by nearly 10 years in the first two decades of this century, according to the World Health Organization. “This rise is greater than in any other region of the world during the same period,” WHO said.
In the year 2019, the average Africans could expect to live to be 56. However, that is still well below the global average of 64 years old. WHO official Lindiwe Makubalo warned the life expectancy gains could easily be lost unless countries strengthen and make greater investments in the development of health care systems.
Makubalo said Africa had made a good start over the past two decades. On average, she said, access to essential services like basic health care improved to 46% in 2019 compared with 24% in 2000. “Other factors include improvements in reproductive, newborn and child health care, as well as advances in fighting infectious(传染的) diseases, such as TB, malaria and AIDS.”
While progress has been made in preventing and treating infectious diseases, the report found health services for non-infectious diseases are lagging. It says the great rise in diabetes, cancer and other non-infectious diseases could jeopardize(危害) health gains if those conditions continue to be ignored.
The report says the epidemic outbreak has brought about greater damage to essential health services in Africa compared to other regions of the world, which might affect healthy life expectancy.
“It is crucial that significant improvements are made in health services, and governments ensure quality, equal and accessible services for all,” Makubalo said.
According to the report, some progress has been made in achieving universal health coverage, but it is far from enough. Health officials say one of the key measures to improve access to health services is for governments to increase their public health budgets. That, they say, would reduce the huge out-of-pocket expenses by families that are pushing millions of people into poverty.
5.What was the average life expectancy of people in Africa in 2000
A.46.　　　　B.54.　　　　C.56.　　　　D.64.
6.Which contributed to Africans' life expectancy rise according to the text
A.Plenty of food supplies.　　　B.Improvements in basic health services.
C.Easier access to clean drinking water.　　　D.Progress in fighting non-infectious diseases.
7.What does the underlined word “lagging” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Unique.　　　　B.Independent.　　　　C.Informal.　　　　D.Underdeveloped.
8.What's WHO's attitude towards Africa's present situation
A.Positive.　　　　B.Uncertain.　　　　C.Concerned.　　　　D.Pessimistic.
Part 4　LESSON 3 EPIDEMICS EXPLAINED
基础过关练
Ⅰ.1.factors　2.visible　3.widespread　4.samples
Ⅱ.1.went up　2.die of　3.result in　4.get through
Ⅲ.1.actually　考查副词。句意:研究人员试图更好地理解小组成员在讨论中实际上做了什么。分析句子成分可知,设空处作状语修饰did,应用副词。故填actually。
2.opposed　考查固定搭配。句意:有200名专家参加了这次会议,而前一年有300名。as opposed to而,相对于。故填opposed。
3.variations　考查名词及其单复数。句意:基因变异使得防范这种新病毒的难度加大。分析句子成分可知设空处作主语,由空前的形容词Genetic可知,此处应该填名词,空前无限定词且谓语动词为复数形式,所以此处应用复数名词。故填variations。
4.depressing　考查形容词。句意:这趟穿越群山的驱车旅行让我感到沮丧,而不是兴奋。此处为“find+宾语+宾补”结构,宾语it指物,所以此处应用depressing作宾语补足语。
5.classification　考查名词。句意:正确进行垃圾分类能够变废为宝,这将使我们受益良多。设空处在句中作Doing的宾语,garbage classification垃圾分类。故填classification。
6.rarely　考查副词。句意:我用电话和客户打交道,很少和他们见面。设空处修饰动词meet,应该用副词形式,故填rarely。
7.thoroughly　考查副词。句意:他惊奇地发现房间被彻底打扫了,并且一切都被布置得井井有条。设空处修饰过去分词cleaned,应该用副词形式,故填thoroughly。
8.trial　考查名词。句意:许多药物都是经过反复试验后才被发现的。by是介词,后面应该跟名词、代词或动名词形式,结合and后的error可知此处应用名词形式,故填trial。trial and error反复试验;不断摸索。
9.Global　考查形容词。句意:全球变暖是指地球气候系统平均温度的长期上升。设空处修饰名词warming,应用形容词global。global warming全球变暖。句首单词首字母应大写。故填Global。
10.occurring　考查非谓语动词。句意:圣赫勒拿岛没有极端天气事件,甚至雷暴可能每十年才发生一次。分析句子结构可知,此处为with的复合结构,thunderstorms与occur之间为主动关系,应用现在分词,故填occurring。
Ⅳ.1.is believed to be　2.①Because he buried himself in the novel　②Burying himself in the novel　③Buried in the novel　3.with a wide/big smile on his face　4.It is estimated that
能力提升练
Ⅰ.1.the　考查冠词。句意:流行病是指一种传染病在短时间内迅速蔓延,造成大量死亡,每种疾病的死亡人数各不相同。the number of 意为“……的数量”。故填the。
2.which　考查定语从句。句意:吉姆·史密斯教授发现,最早的流行病之一早在公元500年至550年就发生了,导致一半人口死亡。分析句子可知设空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词one of the earliest epidemics,故填which。
3.called　考查过去分词。句意:同样的流行病——黑死病在14世纪30年代在亚洲重现,并迅速蔓延到欧洲。分析句子可知设空处作定语,修饰epidemic,call和epidemic之间是被动关系,故填called。
4.killing　考查现在分词。句意:几百年后,在1918年暴发了大流感,造成5,000万人死亡,这是历史上最严重的流行病。kill与主句主语the Great Flu之间为主动关系,因此用现在分词作结果状语。故填killing。
5.in　考查介词。in history意为“在历史上”。故填in。
6.adaptation　考查名词。句意:1997年的禽流感由大流感演变而来,夺去了100多条生命。根据空前的冠词an判断,此处应该用名词形式。故填adaptation。
7.resulted　考查动词时态。句意:从2013年到2016年,最广泛暴发的埃博拉病毒病仅在西非就导致了11,310人死亡。由表示过去的时间状语From 2013 to 2016可知,此处应用一般过去时。故填resulted。
8.have been happening　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意:自从地球上有人类居住以来流行病就一直在发生。根据时间状语for...和句意可知,此处应用现在完成进行时,表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,并可能持续下去。主语为复数形式,故填have been happening。
9.to get　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知,此处应该用动词不定式表示目的。故填to get。
10.treatments　考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知设空处作come up with的宾语,且空前无限定词,所以此处应该填名词的复数形式,表示“治疗方法”。故填treatments。
Ⅱ.◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了冠状病毒会引发从轻微到致命不同程度的感染,对经济造成影响,各国应该共同努力控制疫情。
1.deadly　考查形容词。句意:在人类身上,这些病毒会引起从轻微到致命(不同程度)的感染。根据from mild to可知,此处应该用形容词deadly,表示“致命的”。
2.is caused　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知主语为SARS as well as MERS, as well as连接并列主语时,谓语动词遵循“就远一致”原则,故谓语动词的数应与SARS保持一致,此处应用单数形式;从句主语与cause之间是被动关系,应用被动语态;此处描述的是一般事实,应用一般现在时。故填is caused。
类比启发
除as well as外,together with/along with/with/including...连接并列主语时,谓语动词也遵循“就远一致”原则。
3.the　考查定冠词。句意:在2003年,在前一年在亚洲就已经开始的非典的暴发以及在世界其他地方继发病例的出现之后,世界卫生组织发布了一份新闻稿,声明被许多实验室鉴定的一种新型冠状病毒是非典的起因。outbreak为可数名词,此处表示特指,因此应该填定冠词the。
4.stating　考查现在分词。分析句子可知,主句已经有谓语动词issued,故此处为非谓语动词,state与其逻辑主语a news release之间是主动关系,应该用现在分词作定语,故填stating。
5.whom　考查定语从句的关系词。句意:超过8,000人被感染,其中大约10%的人死亡。分析句子可知此处为非限制性定语从句,设空处指代人,且位于介词of后面,故填whom。
6.Uncertainty　考查名词。句意:不确定性和缺乏信心一直是经济的大敌。分析句子可知设空处和空后的lack of confidence并列,作主语,所以此处应该用名词uncertainty,意为“不确定性”,在此处是不可数名词,该空位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Uncertainty。
7.enemies　考查名词复数。设空处作介词among的宾语,且前有定冠词the,应用名词形式,enemy表示“大敌;危害物”时是可数名词,由语境可知此处表示复数意义,故填enemies。
8.under　考查介词。句意:而且现在,全球经济仍然承受着巨大的压力。be under pressure意为“在压力之下”,为固定搭配。
9.to assess　考查动词不定式。句意:疫情暴发而产生的经济成本正在增加且难以评估。“主语+be hard to do”是固定结构,故填to assess。
10.less　考查形容词比较级。句意:经济学家指出,与病毒直接相关的经济成本要低于(人们)对它的恐慌。根据than和句意可知,此处应该填less。
【高频词汇】　1.range v.变化,变动　2.issue v.发表,公布,发出　3.news release新闻稿　4.universal adj.全世界的,普遍的　5.pressure n.压力　6.point out 指出
7.panic n.恐慌
【熟词生义】　secondary adj.继发性的
【差距词汇】　coronavirus n.冠状病毒
长难句
原句　In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) which had begun in the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization(WHO) issued a news release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the cause of SARS.
分析　该句是一个主从复合句。following...in the world为现在分词短语作状语,其中which引导定语从句;stating...SARS是现在分词短语作定语,其中that引导宾语从句,过去分词短语identified by a number of laboratories作后置定语,修饰a novel coronavirus。
译文　在2003年,在前一年在亚洲就已经开始的非典的暴发以及在世界其他地方继发病例的出现之后,世界卫生组织发布新闻稿称,被许多实验室鉴定的一种新型冠状病毒是非典的起因。
Ⅲ. A
◎语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了全球首例异种器官移植手术成功,戴维·贝内特成为第一个成功移植猪的心脏的人。
1.B　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“This is that the human body, when it recognizes foreign tissues, tends to turn against them.”可知,异种器官移植的基本问题是当人体辨别出异体组织时,往往会排斥异体组织,故选B项。
2.B　细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“A fourth, a growth gene, had also been knocked out to ensure the heart would not enlarge after transplantation.”可知,移除生长基因是为了确保移植后心脏不会扩大,即生长基因会导致心脏扩大。故选B项。
3.D　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“The pig in question was raised where there was no virus to reduce the chance of that, but it remains a possibility.”可知,为了减少新的寄主感染病毒的可能性,那头猪是在没有病毒的环境中饲养的。故选D项。
4.A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“After this news, however, the chances that it will happen eventually have increased.”可知,作者认为,这次异种器官移植手术的成功表明增加异种器官移植以满足世界对器官的需求的可能性增加了,由此可推知,作者对异种器官移植的未来持乐观态度。故选A项。
【高频词汇】　1.transfer n.转移　2.species n.物种
3.attempt v.& n.尝试　4.tissue n.组织　5.prevent v.阻止
6.remove v.去除,移开　7.ensure v.确保　8.complex adj.复杂的
【熟词生义】　foreign adj.异质的
长难句
原句　Moreover, even if these barriers can be overcome, most researchers still acknowledge that increasing xenotransplantation to meet the world's demand for organs may take decades.
分析　本句是主从复合句。even if引导让步状语从句,that引导宾语从句,increasing xenotransplantation to meet the world's demand for organs作宾语从句的主语。
译文　此外,即使这些障碍可以克服,大多数研究人员仍然承认,增加异种器官移植以满足世界对器官的需求可能需要几十年的时间。
B
◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。世界卫生组织的一项评估报告显示,2000年至2019年间,非洲人的预期寿命延长了近10岁,这一增幅高于同期世界上其他任何地区。报告同时提醒,非传染病公共医疗保健服务的滞后可能会威胁到这些巨大的进步。
5.A　细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“根据世界卫生组织的数据,21世纪头20年,非洲人的预期寿命延长了近10岁”和第二段第一句“在2019年,普通非洲人可以期望活到56岁”可知,在2000年,非洲人的平均预期寿命为46岁。故选A。
6.B　细节理解题。根据第三段“Makubalo说,非洲在过去20年有了一个良好的开端。她说,平均而言,获得基本医疗保健等基本服务的比例从2000年的24%提高到了2019年的46%。‘其他因素包括生殖、新生儿和儿童医疗保健的改善,以及在防治结核病、疟疾和艾滋病等传染病方面的进展’”可知,基本公共医疗保健服务的改善使非洲人的预期寿命得到了延长。故选B。
7.D　词义猜测题。分析第四段中画线词所在句“While progress has been made in preventing and treating infectious diseases, the report found health services for non-infectious diseases are lagging.”可知,while引导让步状语从句,while的意思是“虽然,尽管”,表示让步,所以画线词“lagging”的意思与“progress has been made”表达的意思相反,表示“落后的”,与“underdeveloped”的意思一致。故选D。
8.C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“世界卫生组织官员Lindiwe Makubalo警告说,除非各国加强并加大对发展医疗保健系统的投资,否则预期寿命的增加很容易丧失”、第五段“报告称,与世界其他地区相比,疫情的暴发对非洲基本公共医疗保健服务造成了更大的损害,这可能会影响健康的预期寿命”以及最后一段中的“报告指出,在实现全民医疗保险方面取得了一些进展,但这还远远不够”可知,世界卫生组织高度评价过去20年里非洲取得的巨大进步,但对非洲未来医疗保健方面也有许多担忧。故选C。
【高频词汇】　1.decade n.十年　2.strengthen v.加强;增强;巩固　3.investment n.投资额;投资物;投资
4.access n.(使用或见到的)机会,权利;入径,通道
5.compared with/to与……相比　6.prevent v.阻止;阻碍;阻挠　7.ignore v.不理睬;忽视　8.significant adj.显著的;有重大意义的　9.budget n.预算
【差距词汇】　coverage n.保险;覆盖范围(或方式),提供的数量;新闻报道
长难句
原句　While progress has been made in preventing and treating infectious diseases, the report found health services for non-infectious diseases are lagging.
分析　本句是主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句,found后面是省略了that的宾语从句。让步状语从句中动名词短语preventing and treating infectious diseases作介词in的宾语。宾语从句是主谓结构,主语是health services,谓语是are lagging。
译文　虽然在预防和治疗传染病方面取得了进展,但报告发现,非传染病的公共医疗保健服务滞后。
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