UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY单元精讲精练课件-北师大版选择性必修三
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| 名称 | UNIT 9 HUMAN BIOLOGY单元精讲精练课件-北师大版选择性必修三 |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 577.6KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 试卷 | ||
| 版本资源 | 北师大版（2019） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-07-09 18:26:15 | ||
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(共68张PPT)
Capabilities of the Human Body人体的能力 (教材P50)
情景导学
Leading the discussion is quite beyond his capability.主持这次讨论大大超出了他的能力。
He has acted in several films, so he has the capability to become a very fine actor.他演过几部电
影,所以他有能力成为一名很好的演员。
用法归纳
①have the capability sth./of doing sth.有能力做某事
高频词汇精讲
高频词汇 情景破
词汇 1 capability n.(完成困难事情的)能力,才能
to do
② one's capability超出某人的能力
词汇拓展
capable adj.有能力的;有才能的,能干的
be capable of (doing) sth.有能力做某事
I wonder if she is capable of writing a song.我想知道她是否有能力写一首歌。
beyond
capability 指一种可能得到发展或应用的才能或能力,
既可以指人的能力,又可以指物的能力
ability 含义较广,主要指人具有从事体力或脑力劳
动的能力,并且暗含能够做好的意味
易混辨析
Capabilities of the Human Mind: making decisions, reasoning, justifying...人类心智的能力:做决定、推理、证明…… (教材P50)
情景导学
How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing 我怎么能坐在那儿袖手旁观呢
He justified his capability of managing our class well by his wonderful performance.他的出色表
现证明他有能力管理好我们的班级。 (写作·人物介绍)
He tried to justify his absence to his teacher with lame excuses.他试图用站不住脚的借口为自
己的缺席向老师辩解。
用法归纳
①justify sth./oneself sb.为某事/自己向某人辩解
词汇 2 justify vt.证明……有道理,为……辩护(或辩解)
to
②justify ( ) sth.证明(做)某事有道理
③justify one's capability
词汇拓展
①justified adj.有正当理由的;合乎情理的
In my opinion, the decision was wholly justified.在我看来,这个决定是完全合理的。
②justification n.正当理由
in justification of...作为对……的解释(或辩护)
justification for (doing) sth.(做)某事的正当理由
doing
证明某人的能力
All I can say in justification of his actions is that he was under a lot of pressure at work.我唯一
能为他的行为辩解的理由是他工作压力很大。
To me the only justification for a zoo is educational.对我来说,动物园存在的唯一正当理由就
是它的教育意义。
Capabilities of the Human Mind...solve problems,calculate人类心智的能力……解决问题、计算
(教材P50)
情景导学
I hate the PE class, so I calculate on my English teacher continuing his lesson.我讨厌体育课,于
是我指望着我的英语老师继续讲课。
However, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.然而,生
物学家推测全世界有2万到2.5万只北极熊。
It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on
maintenance...据估算,仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为两百亿欧元…… (2
022全国乙)
词汇 3 calculate vt.计算,核算;预测,推测
This sort of life is not calculated to appeal to a young woman of 20.这种生活并不旨在吸引20岁
的年轻女子。
用法归纳
①calculate sb./sth. doing...指望/期望某人/某物做……
②It is/has been that...据估算……
③calculate that...
④be calculated to do sth.旨在做某事
on
calculated
推测
词汇拓展
①calculation n.计算;估计,预测,推测
He is absorbed in the calculation of that difficult maths problem.他在全神贯注地计算那道数
学难题。
②calculator n.计算器
③calculating adj.精明的;精于算计的
I never realized you could be so calculating.我真没有想到你会这样有心计。
They trained the participants to do special breathing exercises...他们训练参与者进行特殊的呼吸练习…… (教材P51)
情景导学
As an active participant in all kinds of volunteer work, I have a lot of experience in serving oth-
ers.作为一个积极参与各种志愿工作的人,我在服务他人方面有很多经验。 (写作·申请信)
用法归纳
①a participant sth.某事的参与者
②an active participant
词汇 4 participant n.参加者,参与者
in
积极的参与者
词汇拓展
①participate v.参加,参与
participate in...参加……,参与……
Anyone who has a talent for music or loves singing can participate in the contest.任何有音乐
天赋或喜欢唱歌的人都可以参加这个比赛。
②participation n.参加,参与
All participants will receive a certificate of participation in the contest.所有参加者都将获得
参赛证书。
In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”... 与(克隆)其他物种相比,克隆灵长目动物已被证明“困难得多”……
(教材P52)
情景导学
In comparison with the previous study, the new study expanded research subjects.与之前的研究
相比,这项新的研究拓宽了研究课题。
By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning.相比
之下,在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部,这些手势有相反的意思。
Our quality is beyond comparison, so our goods can always find a good sale.我们的质量是无与
伦比的,因此我们的商品销路一直很好。
It is difficult to make a comparison with her previous book—they are completely different.这很
词汇 5 comparison n.比较
难与她以前的书进行比较——它们是截然不同的。
用法归纳
① /by comparison with...与……相比
② comparison相比之下
③ (with...)(与……)进行比较
④ comparison无与伦比
⑤stand/bear comparison with...比得上……;不亚于……
词汇拓展
compare v.比较,对比;将……比作;与……类似
compare A and/with/to B 比较A和B
compared with/to...与……相比(常作状语)
in
by
make a comparison
beyond
compare A to B将A比作B
compare with/to...与……相似/类似
It is particularly interesting to compare the two versions.把两个版本加以比较特别耐人寻
味。
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognize.与人工智
能的发展相比,ALife的进展更难意识到。(2023北京)
But even more interesting than locating different areas of the brain is...但甚至比定位大脑的不同区域更有趣的是……(教材P112)
情景导学
After a long walk in the forest, he took out his compass and tried to locate himself.在森林里走了
很长一段路后,他拿出指南针,试图确定自己的位置。 (读后续写·动作描写)
The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30 am to 5:00 pm and is located at Roma
Street station.失物招领处周一至周五上午7:30至下午5:00开放,位于罗马街火车站。 (2020
全国Ⅰ)
词汇 6 locate vt.找出……的准确位置;确定……的准确地点;把……安置在 vi.定居;
创办于……
Xiamen is located in the southeast of China with beautiful scenery.厦门坐落在中国东南部,风景
优美。
用法归纳
be located /in...位于……;坐落在……
词汇拓展
location n.位置
at
A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past.一种新的流
行病可能是过去人们感染的病毒的不同变体。 (教材P58)
情景导学
The Qinling subspecies never migrated across the Yellow River Basin, and so it has been without
major changes in genetic variation over the past 10,000 years.秦岭亚种从未迁徙穿过黄河流域,
因此在过去的一万年中,它的遗传变异一直没有发生重大变化。 (China Daily)
词汇拓展
①variety n.不同种类;品种
a variety of=varieties of各种各样的
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and
词汇 7 variation n.变化物,变体;差异,变动
throughout the year.黄石国家公园全年在公园里提供各种各样的护林员项目。(2023新课标Ⅱ)
②various adj.各种各样的
Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health.通常由于各种各样的压力,我们
往往忽视我们的健康。(2022北京)
③vary v.(大小、形状等)相异,不同,有别;变化,改变
vary in...在……方面有差异
vary with...随……而变化
vary from...to...从……到……发生变化
vary between A and B在A和B之间变化
Cherries vary in color from almost black to yellow.樱桃的颜色从近乎黑色到黄色各异。
④varied adj.各种各样的,形形色色的;多变的
Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have
occurred from the disease.每一种疾病只有在致死病例达到一定数量时才能被正式归类为流
行病。(教材P58)
情景导学
I classify rubbish into different types every day.我每天都将垃圾分类。
Mail in the post office is classified according to place where it is to go.邮局的邮件按送达地点
分类。
Some people classify pizza as junk food, along with French fries, potato chips, and hamburgers.
有些人把比萨饼连同炸薯条、薯片和汉堡包一起归为垃圾食品。
词汇 8 classify vt.将……分类;把……归入一类
用法归纳
①classify... ...把……归入……一类
②be classified as...被归类为……
③classify... ...将……分类……
④be classified by/according to...
词汇拓展
①classification n.归类;分类;分级
garbage classification垃圾分类
The Chinese garbage classification policy has come into operation in several cities.中国的垃圾
分类政策已经在多个城市开始生效。
②classified adj.分类的;归类的;机密的;保密的
classified information/documents/material机密信息/文件/材料
as
into
根据……分类
So a very rare disease will have a low baseline and just a few cases of it in one place will be classified as an epidemic; as opposed to more common diseases, such as the flu, that have a higher baseline.所以一种非常少见的疾病会有一个低的基线,在一个地方有几个病例就会被归类为流行病;而流感等更常见的疾病有更高的基线。 (教材P58)
情景导学
We are strongly opposed to any form of terrorism.我们强烈反对任何形式的恐怖主义。
As opposed to fossil fuels, which are in danger of being exhausted, raw materials required for the
“artificial sun” are almost unlimited on earth.相对于有枯竭危险的化石燃料,“人造太阳”
所需的原料在地球上几乎是无限制的。 (China Daily)
词汇 9 opposed adj.与某事物相反;反对某事物,不赞成某事物
用法归纳
①be opposed 反对……
② (表示对比)而,相对于
词汇拓展
①oppose v.反对,阻挠;与……对垒
oppose doing sth.反对做某事
Another reason why I oppose studying abroad is that it will cost a considerable sum of money.
我反对出国留学的另一个原因是它会花费一大笔钱。
②opposition n.反对,反抗
in opposition to 强烈反对
Protest marches were held in opposition to the proposed law.为抗议新提出的法规举行了示
威游行。
to
as opposed to
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim
Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a
more positive future without epidemics.随着最近的新闻报道把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相
提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻找关于我们如何创造一个没有流
行病的更积极的未来的线索。(教材P58)
词汇拓展
①depressed adj.抑郁的,沮丧的,意志消沉的;萧条的,不景气的
Some students are not mature enough to handle the challenges by themselves and may become
depressed.一些学生还不够成熟,无法独立应付挑战,可能会感到沮丧。
词汇 10 depressing adj.令人沮丧的,让人忧愁的
Because of the depressed market, goods are overstocked in the factory.由于市场不景气,工厂
存货过多。
②depress v.使抑郁,使沮丧,使消沉,使失去信心;使萧条,使不景气
It depresses sb. to do sth.做某事令某人感到很沮丧。
③depression n.抑郁,沮丧;抑郁症;萧条期;不景气
To my depression, I failed the driving test again.使我感到沮丧的是,这次驾照考试我又没通
过。 (读后续写·心理描写)
Most of the employers are planning to cut down on wages in response to the economic depres-
sion.为了应对经济萧条,大多数雇主正计划降低工资。
Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.科学家现在估计,该地区高达50%的人口死于这种流行病,这使它成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。 (教材P59)
情景导学
To learn how to manage money, the first thing to do is estimate one's income and expenses.要学
会如何理财,首先要做的是估计自己的收入和开支。 (2022天津)
Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised
of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains.据估算,现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来
自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物。
The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million.这笔交易被估计价值约150万美元。
词汇 11 estimate vt.& n.估计,估算
We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required.我们只能对所
需燃料的量做出粗略估计。
用法归纳
① ...据估计……
②Sth./Sb. be estimated ...某物/某人被估计做……
③estimate...at...估计……有……
④make an estimate ...对……做出估计
词汇拓展
estimation n.判断;评价;看法;(对水平、数量等的)估计
It is estimated that
to do/be
of
Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died of the disease.刚刚熬过战争的家庭现在不得不埋葬他们死于这种疾病的亲人。(教材P59)
情景导学
She buries herself in assigning the group work.她专心致志地布置小组工作。
I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I'm so different!” 我只想把自己埋在壳里哭
“我太不一样了!” (2022天津)
Buried in the interesting entertainment programme, I didn't hear the doorbell ring.我沉浸在有趣
的娱乐节目中,没有听到门铃响。
He sat down on the ground, buried his face in his hands and began to weep sadly.他一屁股坐在
地上,双手掩面,开始伤心地哭起来。 (读后续写·动作描写)
词汇 12 bury vt.埋葬,安葬;埋藏;使陷入
用法归纳
①bury oneself (doing)...专心致志于……;专心致志地做……
②(be)buried ...埋在……;陷入……中
③bury...in...用……遮盖……;把……埋在……
词汇拓展
burial n.埋葬;葬礼
in
in
Globally, researchers are coming together to try to identify the causes for epidemics and help to find effective treatments.全球的研究人员正聚在一起试图确定流行病的起因,并帮助找到有效的疗法。 (教材P62)
情景导学
After sharing the story online,I heard from someone, who identified the lady as Erin Smith.在网
上分享了这个故事之后,我收到了一个人的来信,这个人认出那位女士是埃琳·史密斯。
I really enjoy the book because I can identify with some of the main characters.我真的喜欢这本
书,因为我能与其中的一些主要人物产生共鸣。 (写作·推荐书籍)
用法归纳
①identify... ...确认……是……;表明……是……
②identify sb.与某人产生共鸣
词汇 13 identify vt.确定,发现;认出,识别
as
with
③identify sb. with sth.把某人视为某物
④identify A with B 认为A等同于B
词汇拓展
①identification n.鉴定;辨认;确认,确定;身份证明
②identical adj.完全同样的,相同的
be identical in... 在……方面完全一样
be identical to/with... 与……完全一样
To my astonishment, the handwriting on this cheque is identical to the one on that cheque.让我
吃惊的是,这张支票上的笔迹与那张支票上的笔迹完全相同。
③identity n.身份;特征;一致
The police are trying to discover the identity of the killer.警方正在努力调查凶手的身份。
Police questioned several suspects, but they couldn't identify the person who killed the girl.
警方讯问了几个犯罪嫌疑人,但他们无法确定杀死这个女孩的人是谁。(教材P66)
情景导学
The police are watching the murder suspect for more clues which will help solve the case.警方正
在监视谋杀嫌疑人,以寻找更多有助于破案的线索。
It was perfectly all right, he said, because the police hadn't suspected him of anything.他说什么
事都没有,因为警察一点儿也没怀疑到他。
I don't trust her—I suspect that she's a bit two-faced.我不信任她——我觉得她有点言行不一。
The young man ran out of the supermarket in panic, so the police suspected him to be a thief.那个
年轻人惊慌失措地跑出了超市,因此警察怀疑他是个小偷。
词汇 14 suspect n.(犯罪)嫌疑人,可疑分子v.怀疑;疑有;不信任
用法归纳
①a murder suspect谋杀嫌疑人
②suspect sb. (doing) sth.怀疑某人(做)某事
③suspect+ 从句 怀疑/觉得……
④suspect sb. ...怀疑某人是……
词汇拓展
①suspicion n.怀疑
②suspicious adj.怀疑的
of
that
to be
高频词汇积累
词汇 释义 用法&拓展
infer vt.推断,推定 infer...from...从……推断……
conclude v.断定;推断出;
得出结论
deduce v.推论;推断
treatment n.诊疗,治疗,疗法;对待方式 treat vt.以……态度对待;把……看作……;治疗;款待n.款待,招待
treat sb. as/like...把某人当作……对待
treat sb. for...医治某人……病
treat sb./oneself to sth.用某物招待/款待某人/自己
bound adj.很有可能,肯定会 be bound to do sth.一定会做某事;很可能做某事
be bound for准备前往
abuse vt.滥用,妄用;虐待 n.滥用;虐待 child abuse虐待儿童
abuse of power滥用职权
alcohol abuse酗酒
contain vt.包含,容纳,装盛 include vt.包括,包含
container n.容器;集装箱,货柜
sample n.样本,样品 vt.品尝,尝试;对……做抽样
调查 This estimate is based on a
small sample.
这个估计是基于一个小样本的。
They sampled managers as
well as team members.
他们对经理和团队成员做了抽样调查。
pose vt.造成,引起,产生(问题、危
险、困难等) n.(为画像、拍照等而摆的)
姿势,姿态 Many people believed that
such epidemics no longer
posed a threat.许多人认为那
样的流行病不再造成威胁。
He adopted a relaxed pose for
the camera.
他摆了个悠闲的姿势拍照。
corresponding adj.相应的;对应的 correspondence n.信件;通信;相关
in correspondence with与……通信
correspond vi.通信;相一致;符合;相当于
correspond to/with...和……相符;与……一致
correspond with sb.与某人通信
phenomenon n.现象;杰出的人,非凡的人
(或事物) [pl.]phenomena
wonder n.能人;奇迹
miracle n.奇迹,不平凡的事
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advance-
ment, others raise moral concerns.虽然有些人认为这对科学进步至关重要,但其他人提及对道
德的忧虑。 (教材P53)
情景导学
While we can't predict what will happen in the future, we can guide ourselves with determination
and love.虽然我们不能预测未来会发生什么,但是我们可以用决心和爱来指引我们自己。
(读后续写·主旨升华)
One Monday morning,while the children were enjoying “free play”, I stepped to the doorway
of the classroom to take a break.一个星期一的早晨,当孩子们正在享受“自由玩耍”时,我走
到教室门口休息一下。(2022北京)
经典结构 情景破
结构 1 while引导的从句
When people are depressed, some experience a loss of appetite while others can't stop eating.当人
们郁闷时,有些人会缺乏食欲,而其他人却吃个不停。 (2022天津)
After a while, she apologized for the way she behaved at the beginning.过了一会儿,她为自己一
开始的行为道歉。 (2020全国Ⅲ)
用法归纳
①while作并列连词时,意为“而,然而”,表示两种情况的 关系。
②while作从属连词引导 从句时,多置于句首,意为“尽管,虽然”,相当于although
或though。
③while作从属连词引导 从句时,意为“当……时”,从句中的谓语动词通常是延
续性动词或状态动词。
④while还可以用作名词,表示“一段时间,一会儿”,常与不定冠词a连用。
对比
让步状语
时间状语
How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument.如何使用它,它对人类来说是福还是祸,取决于人类,而不是工具。 (教材P53)
情景导学
Whether you like or dislike the job, you have to finish it.无论你是否喜欢这项工作,你都必须完
成它。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.这件事会对我们有害还是有益还有待观察。
We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.我们似
乎无法决定是要一个现代化的城市还是要一个传统的城市。 (2022全国甲)
One thing to consider is whether you want to live at home or move away.要考虑的一件事是你
是想住在家里还是想搬出去(住)。
结构 2 whether...or...结构
用法归纳
①whether...or...表示 “无论……还是……”,引导 从句。由它引导的状语从
句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果,语气是比较强烈的。
②whether...or...还可以引导 从句。
结构拓展
①whether除了用于whether...or...结构,还可用于whether...or not、whether or not结构。
The question whether he will win first prize or not doesn't matter to me.他能否获得一等奖的
问题对我来说无关紧要。
It's easy to explain how we determine whether smells are dangerous or not...很容易解释我们
怎样确定气味是不是危险的…… (2022北京)
让步状语
名词性
It is still not clear whether or not he has realized.他是否意识到了还不清楚。
②让步状语从句的引导词还有while、though、although、as、even though、even if、no mat-
ter+疑问词、疑问词+-ever等。
Happy as they were,there was something missing.尽管他们很快乐,但总缺少点什么。
No matter how difficult it is, I will finish the work ahead of time.无论它有多么困难,我都将
提前完成工作。
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and
killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for
clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics.随着最近的新闻报道
把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻
找关于我们如何创造一个没有流行病的更积极的未来的线索。 (教材P58)
情景导学
With nothing to do, they went out for a walk.他们无事可做,出门散步去了。
He is used to sleeping with the window open at night in summer.他习惯在夏天的夜晚开着窗户
睡觉。
With the efforts made by both sides, we began to understand each other better.在双方的努力下,
我们开始更好地理解对方。 (2022全国甲)
结构 3 with的复合结构
With the exam approaching, it is a good idea to review your class notes.随着考试临近,复习你的
课堂笔记是个好主意。 (写作·建议信)
On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.上一年级的
第一天,我站在门口,心里七上八下的。 (读后续写·心理描写)
We'd better not leave the house with the lights still on.我们最好是人走灯灭。
用法归纳
①with的复合结构即“with+宾语+宾语补足语”,在句中常作 ,表示伴随、原因、
条件、方式等。
②充当宾语的通常是名词或代词,充当宾语补足语的通常是形容词、副词、介词短语、动词
不定式(表示将来的动作)、现在分词(表示主动或正在进行的动作)、 (表示被动
或已完成的动作)。
状语
过去分词
Sentence 1
译文 他们之所以如此努力工作以打破这一技术障碍,是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物,并
制作出有助于医学研究和人类健康的动物模型。
长难句 图解
Sentence 2
译文 成功克隆灵长目动物获得了全世界的赞扬,被认为是一个巨大的突破,可能会产生治
疗各种各样的疾病的方法,还可能提供关于如何阻止衰老过程的线索。
长难句 图解
Sentence 3
译文 随着最近的新闻报道把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时
令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻找关于我们如何创造一个没有流行病的更积极的未来的线索。
Sentence 4
译文 很多人担心这可能会成为下一个全球性的流行病,尤其是当科学家们详细研究了1918
年西班牙流感死者的组织样本,证明禽流感是西班牙流感病毒的现代变种时。
完成时和完成进行时
完成时表示一个完成的动作,用来表示现在、过去或未来某个时间点已经或将会完成的
动作。完成进行时表示在某个时间点前一直在进行的动作。
一、现在完成时
情景导学
We've just cleaned the classroom.我们刚刚打扫了教室。
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
We have never spoken to a foreigner.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。
Have you been to Hainan before 你以前去过海南吗
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我已经在军队服役五年多了。
必备语法 情景破
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.我已经写好信了,但还没有寄出。
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
Over the past few years, some of the positions Mr. Meredith has adopted have made him the sub-
ject of criticism.在过去的几年里,梅雷迪思先生所采取的一些立场已使他成为被批评的对
象。
用法归纳
现在完成时的结构为“① ”,一般分为以下三种情况:
(1)强调过去的动作对现在产生了影响,与现在的情况之间具有某种关系,常与时间副词al-
ready、yet、just、before等连用。
(2)表示动作于过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在,并且可能还要继续下去。此种用法常与
since+表示过去的时间点、for+一段时间、② 、so far、in/over the last/past+一
have/has done
up to now
段时间、lately/recently/in recent years、ever since等时间状语连用。注意:现在完成时的这种
用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于非延续性动词。
(3)表示自过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历,常用ever、never及表示次数的词或短
语作时间状语。
二、现在完成进行时
情景导学
They have been building a bridge for the year.这一年里他们一直在建造一座桥。
I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。
He has been living in this city for ten years.他在这个城市已经生活了10年了。
What have you been doing You've got so much sweat.你一直在干什么 你出了这么多汗。
Hey, Katie, you're so late. We have been waiting for you here.嘿,凯蒂,你来得这么晚。我们一
直在这里等着你。
用法归纳
现在完成进行时的结构为“③ ”,一般分为以下三种情况:
(1)表示从过去某一时间到现在一直在进行的动作,在重视动作结果对④ 的影
响的同时,强调这个动作的连续不断。
(2)表示动作重复,表示的动作不是一直在进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
(3)表示某种感彩。现在完成进行时有时带有强烈的表扬或厌恶等感彩。
特别提醒
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别:
现在完成时表示动作已完成,强调动作的结果或影响。现在完成进行时表示动作在迄今为止
的一段时间内持续进行并有可能继续进行下去,强调动作的持续性或带有某种感彩。
have/has been doing
现在
三、过去完成时
情景导学1
He remembered that he had left the key at home.他记得他把钥匙落在家里了。
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping.杰克在外出购物前已经完成了他
的家庭作业。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业。
By seven o'clock yesterday afternoon the worker had worked for ten hours.到昨天下午七点钟为
止,那位工人已经工作十个小时了。
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.他在北京的时候游览
了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he had been offered jobs by a dozen computer com-
panies.马克是个天才。到他毕业的时候,已经有十几家电脑公司给他提供了工作。 (2021
天津)
用法归纳1
过去完成时的结构为“⑤ ”,表示一个动作或状态在⑥ 某一时间或动作
之前已经完成或结束,即“过去的过去”,也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这
里过去的时间可以用某个时间状语表示,也可以通过上下文表示。
情景导学2
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了
他。
had done
过去
用法归纳2
过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...、no sooner...than...等固定句型中,hardly、no sooner
位于句首时,主句需要用⑦ 形式。
情景导学3
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.我们本希望你能来,但是你没来。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来想要去帮忙,但没能及时赶到
那里。
用法归纳3
表示意向的动词,如hope、want、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等,用过
去完成时表示“原本……,实际未能……”。
部分倒装
四、过去完成进行时
情景导学
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.我找了好多天才找到它。
She had been suffering from a bad cold before she took the exam.参加考试前,她一直患有重感
冒。
They had been expecting the news for some time.他们期待这个消息有一段时间了。
They had only been waiting for the bus for a few moments before it came.他们只等了一会儿公
共汽车就来了。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天一直待在哪儿。
The Neanderthals had been living alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of
years, before dying out about 40,000 years ago.尼安德特人与人类祖先一起在欧洲生活了数万
年,直到大约四万年前灭绝。 (2020北京)
用法归纳
过去完成进行时的结构为“⑧ ”,通常表示动作在过去某一时间之前开
始,一直延续到过去的某一时间。和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以⑨ 的
时间为前提。
had been doing
过去
短语动词
短语动词是由两三个单词组成的动词,可以是及物的(带宾语),也可以是不及物的(不带
宾语)。短语动词比较复杂,很多短语形式相似意思却不同。
一、不及物短语动词
情景导学
Something unexpected has turned up.意想不到的情况出现了。
If you like, we could go out this evening.如果你愿意的话,咱们今晚可以出去。
They have to get up early in the morning.他们一大早就得起床。
He was 29 when the war broke out.战争爆发时他29岁。
用法归纳
不及物短语动词后面不跟宾语,其本身意义完整。不及物短语动词没有被动语态。
二、及物短语动词
情景导学1
I don't much care for the television.我不是很喜欢这台电视机。
He brought up his children strictly.他严格地养育他的孩子。
She made us take down all the posters.她让我们把所有的海报都取下来。
用法归纳1
及物短语动词一般由动词加⑩ 或副词组成,整体上相当于一个及物动词,因此后
面跟宾语。
情景导学2
You'd better not throw away those books.=You'd better not throw those books away.你最好不要
把那些书扔掉。
介词
Don't turn off the computer/Don't turn the computer off before closing all programs or it could go
wrong.在关闭所有程序之前不要关掉电脑,否则可能会出现问题。
I am looking forward to hearing from you.我盼望着收到你的来信。
I've never come across such an experience in my life.我一生中从没有过这样的经历。
Think it over and let me know whether you agree with me.好好考虑一下,然后告诉我你是否同
意我的意见。
用法归纳2
有些及物短语动词中间可以插入名词,有的则不能。
(1)通常情况下,如果动词后面跟的是副词,可以把名词宾语放在中间,也可以放在副词之后;如
果宾语是代词,必须放在中间。常见的有throw away、turn off、think over等。
(2)如果动词后面跟的是介词,则不能在中间插入名词或代词,即名词或代词要放在介词之
后。常见的有come across等。
(3)在“动词+副词+介词”类型的短语动词中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动
介词组的合成体,相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于
介词之后。常见的有look forward to、make up for、come up with、get on/along with、catch
up with等。
三、特殊的短语动词
情景导学
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.火药桶爆炸了。
The soldiers blew up the bridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。
I'll come this evening and pick up the books.我今晚会过来取书。
Industrial production is beginning to pick up.工业生产正在开始好转。
Many people believed that the peace talks would break down.许多人认为和平谈判会失败。
She made great efforts to break down colour lines in public places.她为打破公共场所的种族界
限做出过很大努力。
用法归纳
有些短语动词既可及物又可不及物,主要取决于短语动词的意思。例如,pick up作及物
短语动词时,表示“取回,举起,学会,接收等”,而作不及物短语动词时,表示“好转,改善
等”。
四、其他短语动词
情景导学
Let's have another try.让我们再试一下。
Please keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我外出时请照看一下孩子。
用法归纳
(1)在“动词+ ”这类短语动词中,常见的动词有have、take、give、make等,后面的
名词通常是由动词转化来的名词,如have a try、take a break等。
(2)“动词+名词+介词”这类短语动词只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语
总是位于介词之后,如keep an eye on、take care of、pay attention to等。
名词
即时巩固
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2022天津)The children failed to hide their disappointment when they found out the school
(cancel) the party.
2.(2022浙江)For the past three summers, I (work)in a government agency in New
York.
3.This is the first time that I (invite) you to attend our program.
4.My grandpa (enjoy) good health ever since he stopped smoking.
5.I (write) my daily report this morning and haven't finished yet.
6.As he approached the door, Mike looked into the room again to see if he (leave)
anything behind.
had cancelled
have worked
have invited
has been enjoying
have been writing
had left
7.The company (promise) a rise in salaries for ages, but nothing happened.
Ⅱ.选词填空
take over; look forward to; catch up with; take advantage of; bring in; turn off; keep an eye on;
come across; get through; give away
1.(2022新高考Ⅰ)We are the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.
2.(2022北京改编)Eventually, the man her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
3.Sally has asked for a sick leave, so I have to her work for a couple of days.
4.If you faults but still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.
5.Before leaving America, she much of her furniture to friends and enjoyed letting
had been promising
looking forward to
caught up with
take over
come across
gave away
them have the piece they liked.
6.I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the net-
work; I can't seem to .
7.The company will the new technology if it can reduce production costs.
8.I hope that more student associations will be set up in our school and thus we students will
the opportunities to develop their good virtues and qualities.
9.We should never forget to the lights when we leave the classrooms.
10.We've asked the neighbors to the house for us while we are away.
get through
bring in
take advantage of
turn off
keep an eye on
Capabilities of the Human Body人体的能力 (教材P50)
情景导学
Leading the discussion is quite beyond his capability.主持这次讨论大大超出了他的能力。
He has acted in several films, so he has the capability to become a very fine actor.他演过几部电
影,所以他有能力成为一名很好的演员。
用法归纳
①have the capability sth./of doing sth.有能力做某事
高频词汇精讲
高频词汇 情景破
词汇 1 capability n.(完成困难事情的)能力,才能
to do
② one's capability超出某人的能力
词汇拓展
capable adj.有能力的;有才能的,能干的
be capable of (doing) sth.有能力做某事
I wonder if she is capable of writing a song.我想知道她是否有能力写一首歌。
beyond
capability 指一种可能得到发展或应用的才能或能力,
既可以指人的能力,又可以指物的能力
ability 含义较广,主要指人具有从事体力或脑力劳
动的能力,并且暗含能够做好的意味
易混辨析
Capabilities of the Human Mind: making decisions, reasoning, justifying...人类心智的能力:做决定、推理、证明…… (教材P50)
情景导学
How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing 我怎么能坐在那儿袖手旁观呢
He justified his capability of managing our class well by his wonderful performance.他的出色表
现证明他有能力管理好我们的班级。 (写作·人物介绍)
He tried to justify his absence to his teacher with lame excuses.他试图用站不住脚的借口为自
己的缺席向老师辩解。
用法归纳
①justify sth./oneself sb.为某事/自己向某人辩解
词汇 2 justify vt.证明……有道理,为……辩护(或辩解)
to
②justify ( ) sth.证明(做)某事有道理
③justify one's capability
词汇拓展
①justified adj.有正当理由的;合乎情理的
In my opinion, the decision was wholly justified.在我看来,这个决定是完全合理的。
②justification n.正当理由
in justification of...作为对……的解释(或辩护)
justification for (doing) sth.(做)某事的正当理由
doing
证明某人的能力
All I can say in justification of his actions is that he was under a lot of pressure at work.我唯一
能为他的行为辩解的理由是他工作压力很大。
To me the only justification for a zoo is educational.对我来说,动物园存在的唯一正当理由就
是它的教育意义。
Capabilities of the Human Mind...solve problems,calculate人类心智的能力……解决问题、计算
(教材P50)
情景导学
I hate the PE class, so I calculate on my English teacher continuing his lesson.我讨厌体育课,于
是我指望着我的英语老师继续讲课。
However, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.然而,生
物学家推测全世界有2万到2.5万只北极熊。
It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on
maintenance...据估算,仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为两百亿欧元…… (2
022全国乙)
词汇 3 calculate vt.计算,核算;预测,推测
This sort of life is not calculated to appeal to a young woman of 20.这种生活并不旨在吸引20岁
的年轻女子。
用法归纳
①calculate sb./sth. doing...指望/期望某人/某物做……
②It is/has been that...据估算……
③calculate that...
④be calculated to do sth.旨在做某事
on
calculated
推测
词汇拓展
①calculation n.计算;估计,预测,推测
He is absorbed in the calculation of that difficult maths problem.他在全神贯注地计算那道数
学难题。
②calculator n.计算器
③calculating adj.精明的;精于算计的
I never realized you could be so calculating.我真没有想到你会这样有心计。
They trained the participants to do special breathing exercises...他们训练参与者进行特殊的呼吸练习…… (教材P51)
情景导学
As an active participant in all kinds of volunteer work, I have a lot of experience in serving oth-
ers.作为一个积极参与各种志愿工作的人,我在服务他人方面有很多经验。 (写作·申请信)
用法归纳
①a participant sth.某事的参与者
②an active participant
词汇 4 participant n.参加者,参与者
in
积极的参与者
词汇拓展
①participate v.参加,参与
participate in...参加……,参与……
Anyone who has a talent for music or loves singing can participate in the contest.任何有音乐
天赋或喜欢唱歌的人都可以参加这个比赛。
②participation n.参加,参与
All participants will receive a certificate of participation in the contest.所有参加者都将获得
参赛证书。
In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”... 与(克隆)其他物种相比,克隆灵长目动物已被证明“困难得多”……
(教材P52)
情景导学
In comparison with the previous study, the new study expanded research subjects.与之前的研究
相比,这项新的研究拓宽了研究课题。
By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning.相比
之下,在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部,这些手势有相反的意思。
Our quality is beyond comparison, so our goods can always find a good sale.我们的质量是无与
伦比的,因此我们的商品销路一直很好。
It is difficult to make a comparison with her previous book—they are completely different.这很
词汇 5 comparison n.比较
难与她以前的书进行比较——它们是截然不同的。
用法归纳
① /by comparison with...与……相比
② comparison相比之下
③ (with...)(与……)进行比较
④ comparison无与伦比
⑤stand/bear comparison with...比得上……;不亚于……
词汇拓展
compare v.比较,对比;将……比作;与……类似
compare A and/with/to B 比较A和B
compared with/to...与……相比(常作状语)
in
by
make a comparison
beyond
compare A to B将A比作B
compare with/to...与……相似/类似
It is particularly interesting to compare the two versions.把两个版本加以比较特别耐人寻
味。
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognize.与人工智
能的发展相比,ALife的进展更难意识到。(2023北京)
But even more interesting than locating different areas of the brain is...但甚至比定位大脑的不同区域更有趣的是……(教材P112)
情景导学
After a long walk in the forest, he took out his compass and tried to locate himself.在森林里走了
很长一段路后,他拿出指南针,试图确定自己的位置。 (读后续写·动作描写)
The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30 am to 5:00 pm and is located at Roma
Street station.失物招领处周一至周五上午7:30至下午5:00开放,位于罗马街火车站。 (2020
全国Ⅰ)
词汇 6 locate vt.找出……的准确位置;确定……的准确地点;把……安置在 vi.定居;
创办于……
Xiamen is located in the southeast of China with beautiful scenery.厦门坐落在中国东南部,风景
优美。
用法归纳
be located /in...位于……;坐落在……
词汇拓展
location n.位置
at
A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past.一种新的流
行病可能是过去人们感染的病毒的不同变体。 (教材P58)
情景导学
The Qinling subspecies never migrated across the Yellow River Basin, and so it has been without
major changes in genetic variation over the past 10,000 years.秦岭亚种从未迁徙穿过黄河流域,
因此在过去的一万年中,它的遗传变异一直没有发生重大变化。 (China Daily)
词汇拓展
①variety n.不同种类;品种
a variety of=varieties of各种各样的
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and
词汇 7 variation n.变化物,变体;差异,变动
throughout the year.黄石国家公园全年在公园里提供各种各样的护林员项目。(2023新课标Ⅱ)
②various adj.各种各样的
Often due to various pressures, we tend to ignore our health.通常由于各种各样的压力,我们
往往忽视我们的健康。(2022北京)
③vary v.(大小、形状等)相异,不同,有别;变化,改变
vary in...在……方面有差异
vary with...随……而变化
vary from...to...从……到……发生变化
vary between A and B在A和B之间变化
Cherries vary in color from almost black to yellow.樱桃的颜色从近乎黑色到黄色各异。
④varied adj.各种各样的,形形色色的;多变的
Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have
occurred from the disease.每一种疾病只有在致死病例达到一定数量时才能被正式归类为流
行病。(教材P58)
情景导学
I classify rubbish into different types every day.我每天都将垃圾分类。
Mail in the post office is classified according to place where it is to go.邮局的邮件按送达地点
分类。
Some people classify pizza as junk food, along with French fries, potato chips, and hamburgers.
有些人把比萨饼连同炸薯条、薯片和汉堡包一起归为垃圾食品。
词汇 8 classify vt.将……分类;把……归入一类
用法归纳
①classify... ...把……归入……一类
②be classified as...被归类为……
③classify... ...将……分类……
④be classified by/according to...
词汇拓展
①classification n.归类;分类;分级
garbage classification垃圾分类
The Chinese garbage classification policy has come into operation in several cities.中国的垃圾
分类政策已经在多个城市开始生效。
②classified adj.分类的;归类的;机密的;保密的
classified information/documents/material机密信息/文件/材料
as
into
根据……分类
So a very rare disease will have a low baseline and just a few cases of it in one place will be classified as an epidemic; as opposed to more common diseases, such as the flu, that have a higher baseline.所以一种非常少见的疾病会有一个低的基线,在一个地方有几个病例就会被归类为流行病;而流感等更常见的疾病有更高的基线。 (教材P58)
情景导学
We are strongly opposed to any form of terrorism.我们强烈反对任何形式的恐怖主义。
As opposed to fossil fuels, which are in danger of being exhausted, raw materials required for the
“artificial sun” are almost unlimited on earth.相对于有枯竭危险的化石燃料,“人造太阳”
所需的原料在地球上几乎是无限制的。 (China Daily)
词汇 9 opposed adj.与某事物相反;反对某事物,不赞成某事物
用法归纳
①be opposed 反对……
② (表示对比)而,相对于
词汇拓展
①oppose v.反对,阻挠;与……对垒
oppose doing sth.反对做某事
Another reason why I oppose studying abroad is that it will cost a considerable sum of money.
我反对出国留学的另一个原因是它会花费一大笔钱。
②opposition n.反对,反抗
in opposition to 强烈反对
Protest marches were held in opposition to the proposed law.为抗议新提出的法规举行了示
威游行。
to
as opposed to
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim
Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a
more positive future without epidemics.随着最近的新闻报道把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相
提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻找关于我们如何创造一个没有流
行病的更积极的未来的线索。(教材P58)
词汇拓展
①depressed adj.抑郁的,沮丧的,意志消沉的;萧条的,不景气的
Some students are not mature enough to handle the challenges by themselves and may become
depressed.一些学生还不够成熟,无法独立应付挑战,可能会感到沮丧。
词汇 10 depressing adj.令人沮丧的,让人忧愁的
Because of the depressed market, goods are overstocked in the factory.由于市场不景气,工厂
存货过多。
②depress v.使抑郁,使沮丧,使消沉,使失去信心;使萧条,使不景气
It depresses sb. to do sth.做某事令某人感到很沮丧。
③depression n.抑郁,沮丧;抑郁症;萧条期;不景气
To my depression, I failed the driving test again.使我感到沮丧的是,这次驾照考试我又没通
过。 (读后续写·心理描写)
Most of the employers are planning to cut down on wages in response to the economic depres-
sion.为了应对经济萧条,大多数雇主正计划降低工资。
Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area’s population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.科学家现在估计,该地区高达50%的人口死于这种流行病,这使它成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。 (教材P59)
情景导学
To learn how to manage money, the first thing to do is estimate one's income and expenses.要学
会如何理财,首先要做的是估计自己的收入和开支。 (2022天津)
Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised
of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains.据估算,现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来
自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物。
The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million.这笔交易被估计价值约150万美元。
词汇 11 estimate vt.& n.估计,估算
We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required.我们只能对所
需燃料的量做出粗略估计。
用法归纳
① ...据估计……
②Sth./Sb. be estimated ...某物/某人被估计做……
③estimate...at...估计……有……
④make an estimate ...对……做出估计
词汇拓展
estimation n.判断;评价;看法;(对水平、数量等的)估计
It is estimated that
to do/be
of
Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones who had died of the disease.刚刚熬过战争的家庭现在不得不埋葬他们死于这种疾病的亲人。(教材P59)
情景导学
She buries herself in assigning the group work.她专心致志地布置小组工作。
I just wanted to bury myself in my shell crying “I'm so different!” 我只想把自己埋在壳里哭
“我太不一样了!” (2022天津)
Buried in the interesting entertainment programme, I didn't hear the doorbell ring.我沉浸在有趣
的娱乐节目中,没有听到门铃响。
He sat down on the ground, buried his face in his hands and began to weep sadly.他一屁股坐在
地上,双手掩面,开始伤心地哭起来。 (读后续写·动作描写)
词汇 12 bury vt.埋葬,安葬;埋藏;使陷入
用法归纳
①bury oneself (doing)...专心致志于……;专心致志地做……
②(be)buried ...埋在……;陷入……中
③bury...in...用……遮盖……;把……埋在……
词汇拓展
burial n.埋葬;葬礼
in
in
Globally, researchers are coming together to try to identify the causes for epidemics and help to find effective treatments.全球的研究人员正聚在一起试图确定流行病的起因,并帮助找到有效的疗法。 (教材P62)
情景导学
After sharing the story online,I heard from someone, who identified the lady as Erin Smith.在网
上分享了这个故事之后,我收到了一个人的来信,这个人认出那位女士是埃琳·史密斯。
I really enjoy the book because I can identify with some of the main characters.我真的喜欢这本
书,因为我能与其中的一些主要人物产生共鸣。 (写作·推荐书籍)
用法归纳
①identify... ...确认……是……;表明……是……
②identify sb.与某人产生共鸣
词汇 13 identify vt.确定,发现;认出,识别
as
with
③identify sb. with sth.把某人视为某物
④identify A with B 认为A等同于B
词汇拓展
①identification n.鉴定;辨认;确认,确定;身份证明
②identical adj.完全同样的,相同的
be identical in... 在……方面完全一样
be identical to/with... 与……完全一样
To my astonishment, the handwriting on this cheque is identical to the one on that cheque.让我
吃惊的是,这张支票上的笔迹与那张支票上的笔迹完全相同。
③identity n.身份;特征;一致
The police are trying to discover the identity of the killer.警方正在努力调查凶手的身份。
Police questioned several suspects, but they couldn't identify the person who killed the girl.
警方讯问了几个犯罪嫌疑人,但他们无法确定杀死这个女孩的人是谁。(教材P66)
情景导学
The police are watching the murder suspect for more clues which will help solve the case.警方正
在监视谋杀嫌疑人,以寻找更多有助于破案的线索。
It was perfectly all right, he said, because the police hadn't suspected him of anything.他说什么
事都没有,因为警察一点儿也没怀疑到他。
I don't trust her—I suspect that she's a bit two-faced.我不信任她——我觉得她有点言行不一。
The young man ran out of the supermarket in panic, so the police suspected him to be a thief.那个
年轻人惊慌失措地跑出了超市,因此警察怀疑他是个小偷。
词汇 14 suspect n.(犯罪)嫌疑人,可疑分子v.怀疑;疑有;不信任
用法归纳
①a murder suspect谋杀嫌疑人
②suspect sb. (doing) sth.怀疑某人(做)某事
③suspect+ 从句 怀疑/觉得……
④suspect sb. ...怀疑某人是……
词汇拓展
①suspicion n.怀疑
②suspicious adj.怀疑的
of
that
to be
高频词汇积累
词汇 释义 用法&拓展
infer vt.推断,推定 infer...from...从……推断……
conclude v.断定;推断出;
得出结论
deduce v.推论;推断
treatment n.诊疗,治疗,疗法;对待方式 treat vt.以……态度对待;把……看作……;治疗;款待n.款待,招待
treat sb. as/like...把某人当作……对待
treat sb. for...医治某人……病
treat sb./oneself to sth.用某物招待/款待某人/自己
bound adj.很有可能,肯定会 be bound to do sth.一定会做某事;很可能做某事
be bound for准备前往
abuse vt.滥用,妄用;虐待 n.滥用;虐待 child abuse虐待儿童
abuse of power滥用职权
alcohol abuse酗酒
contain vt.包含,容纳,装盛 include vt.包括,包含
container n.容器;集装箱,货柜
sample n.样本,样品 vt.品尝,尝试;对……做抽样
调查 This estimate is based on a
small sample.
这个估计是基于一个小样本的。
They sampled managers as
well as team members.
他们对经理和团队成员做了抽样调查。
pose vt.造成,引起,产生(问题、危
险、困难等) n.(为画像、拍照等而摆的)
姿势,姿态 Many people believed that
such epidemics no longer
posed a threat.许多人认为那
样的流行病不再造成威胁。
He adopted a relaxed pose for
the camera.
他摆了个悠闲的姿势拍照。
corresponding adj.相应的;对应的 correspondence n.信件;通信;相关
in correspondence with与……通信
correspond vi.通信;相一致;符合;相当于
correspond to/with...和……相符;与……一致
correspond with sb.与某人通信
phenomenon n.现象;杰出的人,非凡的人
(或事物) [pl.]phenomena
wonder n.能人;奇迹
miracle n.奇迹,不平凡的事
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advance-
ment, others raise moral concerns.虽然有些人认为这对科学进步至关重要,但其他人提及对道
德的忧虑。 (教材P53)
情景导学
While we can't predict what will happen in the future, we can guide ourselves with determination
and love.虽然我们不能预测未来会发生什么,但是我们可以用决心和爱来指引我们自己。
(读后续写·主旨升华)
One Monday morning,while the children were enjoying “free play”, I stepped to the doorway
of the classroom to take a break.一个星期一的早晨,当孩子们正在享受“自由玩耍”时,我走
到教室门口休息一下。(2022北京)
经典结构 情景破
结构 1 while引导的从句
When people are depressed, some experience a loss of appetite while others can't stop eating.当人
们郁闷时,有些人会缺乏食欲,而其他人却吃个不停。 (2022天津)
After a while, she apologized for the way she behaved at the beginning.过了一会儿,她为自己一
开始的行为道歉。 (2020全国Ⅲ)
用法归纳
①while作并列连词时,意为“而,然而”,表示两种情况的 关系。
②while作从属连词引导 从句时,多置于句首,意为“尽管,虽然”,相当于although
或though。
③while作从属连词引导 从句时,意为“当……时”,从句中的谓语动词通常是延
续性动词或状态动词。
④while还可以用作名词,表示“一段时间,一会儿”,常与不定冠词a连用。
对比
让步状语
时间状语
How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument.如何使用它,它对人类来说是福还是祸,取决于人类,而不是工具。 (教材P53)
情景导学
Whether you like or dislike the job, you have to finish it.无论你是否喜欢这项工作,你都必须完
成它。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.这件事会对我们有害还是有益还有待观察。
We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.我们似
乎无法决定是要一个现代化的城市还是要一个传统的城市。 (2022全国甲)
One thing to consider is whether you want to live at home or move away.要考虑的一件事是你
是想住在家里还是想搬出去(住)。
结构 2 whether...or...结构
用法归纳
①whether...or...表示 “无论……还是……”,引导 从句。由它引导的状语从
句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果,语气是比较强烈的。
②whether...or...还可以引导 从句。
结构拓展
①whether除了用于whether...or...结构,还可用于whether...or not、whether or not结构。
The question whether he will win first prize or not doesn't matter to me.他能否获得一等奖的
问题对我来说无关紧要。
It's easy to explain how we determine whether smells are dangerous or not...很容易解释我们
怎样确定气味是不是危险的…… (2022北京)
让步状语
名词性
It is still not clear whether or not he has realized.他是否意识到了还不清楚。
②让步状语从句的引导词还有while、though、although、as、even though、even if、no mat-
ter+疑问词、疑问词+-ever等。
Happy as they were,there was something missing.尽管他们很快乐,但总缺少点什么。
No matter how difficult it is, I will finish the work ahead of time.无论它有多么困难,我都将
提前完成工作。
With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and
killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for
clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics.随着最近的新闻报道
把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻
找关于我们如何创造一个没有流行病的更积极的未来的线索。 (教材P58)
情景导学
With nothing to do, they went out for a walk.他们无事可做,出门散步去了。
He is used to sleeping with the window open at night in summer.他习惯在夏天的夜晚开着窗户
睡觉。
With the efforts made by both sides, we began to understand each other better.在双方的努力下,
我们开始更好地理解对方。 (2022全国甲)
结构 3 with的复合结构
With the exam approaching, it is a good idea to review your class notes.随着考试临近,复习你的
课堂笔记是个好主意。 (写作·建议信)
On the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.上一年级的
第一天,我站在门口,心里七上八下的。 (读后续写·心理描写)
We'd better not leave the house with the lights still on.我们最好是人走灯灭。
用法归纳
①with的复合结构即“with+宾语+宾语补足语”,在句中常作 ,表示伴随、原因、
条件、方式等。
②充当宾语的通常是名词或代词,充当宾语补足语的通常是形容词、副词、介词短语、动词
不定式(表示将来的动作)、现在分词(表示主动或正在进行的动作)、 (表示被动
或已完成的动作)。
状语
过去分词
Sentence 1
译文 他们之所以如此努力工作以打破这一技术障碍,是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物,并
制作出有助于医学研究和人类健康的动物模型。
长难句 图解
Sentence 2
译文 成功克隆灵长目动物获得了全世界的赞扬,被认为是一个巨大的突破,可能会产生治
疗各种各样的疾病的方法,还可能提供关于如何阻止衰老过程的线索。
长难句 图解
Sentence 3
译文 随着最近的新闻报道把禽流感和过去致命的流行病相提并论,吉姆·史密斯研究有时
令人沮丧的流行病历史来寻找关于我们如何创造一个没有流行病的更积极的未来的线索。
Sentence 4
译文 很多人担心这可能会成为下一个全球性的流行病,尤其是当科学家们详细研究了1918
年西班牙流感死者的组织样本,证明禽流感是西班牙流感病毒的现代变种时。
完成时和完成进行时
完成时表示一个完成的动作,用来表示现在、过去或未来某个时间点已经或将会完成的
动作。完成进行时表示在某个时间点前一直在进行的动作。
一、现在完成时
情景导学
We've just cleaned the classroom.我们刚刚打扫了教室。
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
We have never spoken to a foreigner.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。
Have you been to Hainan before 你以前去过海南吗
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我已经在军队服役五年多了。
必备语法 情景破
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.我已经写好信了,但还没有寄出。
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
Over the past few years, some of the positions Mr. Meredith has adopted have made him the sub-
ject of criticism.在过去的几年里,梅雷迪思先生所采取的一些立场已使他成为被批评的对
象。
用法归纳
现在完成时的结构为“① ”,一般分为以下三种情况:
(1)强调过去的动作对现在产生了影响,与现在的情况之间具有某种关系,常与时间副词al-
ready、yet、just、before等连用。
(2)表示动作于过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在,并且可能还要继续下去。此种用法常与
since+表示过去的时间点、for+一段时间、② 、so far、in/over the last/past+一
have/has done
up to now
段时间、lately/recently/in recent years、ever since等时间状语连用。注意:现在完成时的这种
用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于非延续性动词。
(3)表示自过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历,常用ever、never及表示次数的词或短
语作时间状语。
二、现在完成进行时
情景导学
They have been building a bridge for the year.这一年里他们一直在建造一座桥。
I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。
He has been living in this city for ten years.他在这个城市已经生活了10年了。
What have you been doing You've got so much sweat.你一直在干什么 你出了这么多汗。
Hey, Katie, you're so late. We have been waiting for you here.嘿,凯蒂,你来得这么晚。我们一
直在这里等着你。
用法归纳
现在完成进行时的结构为“③ ”,一般分为以下三种情况:
(1)表示从过去某一时间到现在一直在进行的动作,在重视动作结果对④ 的影
响的同时,强调这个动作的连续不断。
(2)表示动作重复,表示的动作不是一直在进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
(3)表示某种感彩。现在完成进行时有时带有强烈的表扬或厌恶等感彩。
特别提醒
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别:
现在完成时表示动作已完成,强调动作的结果或影响。现在完成进行时表示动作在迄今为止
的一段时间内持续进行并有可能继续进行下去,强调动作的持续性或带有某种感彩。
have/has been doing
现在
三、过去完成时
情景导学1
He remembered that he had left the key at home.他记得他把钥匙落在家里了。
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping.杰克在外出购物前已经完成了他
的家庭作业。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业。
By seven o'clock yesterday afternoon the worker had worked for ten hours.到昨天下午七点钟为
止,那位工人已经工作十个小时了。
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.他在北京的时候游览
了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
Mark is a genius. By the time he graduated, he had been offered jobs by a dozen computer com-
panies.马克是个天才。到他毕业的时候,已经有十几家电脑公司给他提供了工作。 (2021
天津)
用法归纳1
过去完成时的结构为“⑤ ”,表示一个动作或状态在⑥ 某一时间或动作
之前已经完成或结束,即“过去的过去”,也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。这
里过去的时间可以用某个时间状语表示,也可以通过上下文表示。
情景导学2
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了
他。
had done
过去
用法归纳2
过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...、no sooner...than...等固定句型中,hardly、no sooner
位于句首时,主句需要用⑦ 形式。
情景导学3
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.我们本希望你能来,但是你没来。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来想要去帮忙,但没能及时赶到
那里。
用法归纳3
表示意向的动词,如hope、want、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等,用过
去完成时表示“原本……,实际未能……”。
部分倒装
四、过去完成进行时
情景导学
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.我找了好多天才找到它。
She had been suffering from a bad cold before she took the exam.参加考试前,她一直患有重感
冒。
They had been expecting the news for some time.他们期待这个消息有一段时间了。
They had only been waiting for the bus for a few moments before it came.他们只等了一会儿公
共汽车就来了。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天一直待在哪儿。
The Neanderthals had been living alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of
years, before dying out about 40,000 years ago.尼安德特人与人类祖先一起在欧洲生活了数万
年,直到大约四万年前灭绝。 (2020北京)
用法归纳
过去完成进行时的结构为“⑧ ”,通常表示动作在过去某一时间之前开
始,一直延续到过去的某一时间。和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以⑨ 的
时间为前提。
had been doing
过去
短语动词
短语动词是由两三个单词组成的动词,可以是及物的(带宾语),也可以是不及物的(不带
宾语)。短语动词比较复杂,很多短语形式相似意思却不同。
一、不及物短语动词
情景导学
Something unexpected has turned up.意想不到的情况出现了。
If you like, we could go out this evening.如果你愿意的话,咱们今晚可以出去。
They have to get up early in the morning.他们一大早就得起床。
He was 29 when the war broke out.战争爆发时他29岁。
用法归纳
不及物短语动词后面不跟宾语,其本身意义完整。不及物短语动词没有被动语态。
二、及物短语动词
情景导学1
I don't much care for the television.我不是很喜欢这台电视机。
He brought up his children strictly.他严格地养育他的孩子。
She made us take down all the posters.她让我们把所有的海报都取下来。
用法归纳1
及物短语动词一般由动词加⑩ 或副词组成,整体上相当于一个及物动词,因此后
面跟宾语。
情景导学2
You'd better not throw away those books.=You'd better not throw those books away.你最好不要
把那些书扔掉。
介词
Don't turn off the computer/Don't turn the computer off before closing all programs or it could go
wrong.在关闭所有程序之前不要关掉电脑,否则可能会出现问题。
I am looking forward to hearing from you.我盼望着收到你的来信。
I've never come across such an experience in my life.我一生中从没有过这样的经历。
Think it over and let me know whether you agree with me.好好考虑一下,然后告诉我你是否同
意我的意见。
用法归纳2
有些及物短语动词中间可以插入名词,有的则不能。
(1)通常情况下,如果动词后面跟的是副词,可以把名词宾语放在中间,也可以放在副词之后;如
果宾语是代词,必须放在中间。常见的有throw away、turn off、think over等。
(2)如果动词后面跟的是介词,则不能在中间插入名词或代词,即名词或代词要放在介词之
后。常见的有come across等。
(3)在“动词+副词+介词”类型的短语动词中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动
介词组的合成体,相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于
介词之后。常见的有look forward to、make up for、come up with、get on/along with、catch
up with等。
三、特殊的短语动词
情景导学
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.火药桶爆炸了。
The soldiers blew up the bridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。
I'll come this evening and pick up the books.我今晚会过来取书。
Industrial production is beginning to pick up.工业生产正在开始好转。
Many people believed that the peace talks would break down.许多人认为和平谈判会失败。
She made great efforts to break down colour lines in public places.她为打破公共场所的种族界
限做出过很大努力。
用法归纳
有些短语动词既可及物又可不及物,主要取决于短语动词的意思。例如,pick up作及物
短语动词时,表示“取回,举起,学会,接收等”,而作不及物短语动词时,表示“好转,改善
等”。
四、其他短语动词
情景导学
Let's have another try.让我们再试一下。
Please keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我外出时请照看一下孩子。
用法归纳
(1)在“动词+ ”这类短语动词中,常见的动词有have、take、give、make等,后面的
名词通常是由动词转化来的名词,如have a try、take a break等。
(2)“动词+名词+介词”这类短语动词只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语
总是位于介词之后,如keep an eye on、take care of、pay attention to等。
名词
即时巩固
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2022天津)The children failed to hide their disappointment when they found out the school
(cancel) the party.
2.(2022浙江)For the past three summers, I (work)in a government agency in New
York.
3.This is the first time that I (invite) you to attend our program.
4.My grandpa (enjoy) good health ever since he stopped smoking.
5.I (write) my daily report this morning and haven't finished yet.
6.As he approached the door, Mike looked into the room again to see if he (leave)
anything behind.
had cancelled
have worked
have invited
has been enjoying
have been writing
had left
7.The company (promise) a rise in salaries for ages, but nothing happened.
Ⅱ.选词填空
take over; look forward to; catch up with; take advantage of; bring in; turn off; keep an eye on;
come across; get through; give away
1.(2022新高考Ⅰ)We are the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.
2.(2022北京改编)Eventually, the man her, and he was only trying to return her wallet!
3.Sally has asked for a sick leave, so I have to her work for a couple of days.
4.If you faults but still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.
5.Before leaving America, she much of her furniture to friends and enjoyed letting
had been promising
looking forward to
caught up with
take over
come across
gave away
them have the piece they liked.
6.I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the net-
work; I can't seem to .
7.The company will the new technology if it can reduce production costs.
8.I hope that more student associations will be set up in our school and thus we students will
the opportunities to develop their good virtues and qualities.
9.We should never forget to the lights when we leave the classrooms.
10.We've asked the neighbors to the house for us while we are away.
get through
bring in
take advantage of
turn off
keep an eye on