UNIT 3 CONSERVATION单元精讲精练课件-北师大版选择性必修一

(共77张PPT)
Ways We Destroy Nature我们破坏自然的方式 (教材P50)
情景导学
With the rising price of minerals, some criminals destroy natural resources in search of profit.随
着矿物价格的上涨,一些犯罪分子为了牟利而破坏自然资源。(China Daily)
词汇拓展
destruction n.破坏,毁灭
cause/bring destruction to...对……造成毁灭;给……带来破坏
高频词汇精讲
高频词汇 情景破
词汇1 destroy vt.破坏;毁掉
damage 多指造成轻度损坏,所造成的损坏一般是可修复的
ruin 多指自然因素对建筑物、动植物、城镇等造成严重破坏,破坏的后果往往是事物丧失价值;也可用于指使假期、希望、梦想、前程等美好的事物尽毁或严重危害健康等
destroy 指彻底毁坏以致不能修复或不复存在,毁坏的后果往往是事物丧失功能,也可指使希望、计划等落空
The rainstorm has damaged many houses.暴风雨毁坏了许多房屋。
All the crops were ruined by the flood.所有的农作物都被洪水毁了。
The strikers destroyed all the machines,so the production had to be stopped.罢工者毁坏了所有
的机器,因此生产不得不停止。
You have destroyed my hopes of happiness.你毁掉了我(得到)幸福的希望。
易混辨析
We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.我们肯定需要尽快
转用不同形式的能。 (教材P110)
情景导学
At this point, we concluded that the person must have switched off my device.此时,我们得出结
论,那个人一定是关掉了我的设备。
With the detox now finished, they've switched on their devices and they're back online.现在排
毒结束后,他们打开了设备,就重新上线了。
The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade
when exposed to daylight.工程师们还在努力开发一种“开关”,当暴露在日光下时,光就会逐
渐消失。 (2020全国Ⅰ)
词汇2 switch vi.& vt.转换;改变 n.开关;转变
用法归纳
动　①switch 　　 /on关上/打开(电器)
②switch over换频道;转变
③switch...(from...) to...使……(从……)转变到……
名　④make a switch进行改变
⑤on and off switch 　　
off
开关
Yes, many animals are illegally hunted for something they have.是的,许多动物因它们拥有的某
些东西而被非法猎杀。(教材P110)
情景导学
My cousin and I would drive to a national forest to hunt for whitetail deer.我和表弟老是开车去
国家森林搜寻白尾鹿。
The police are on the hunt for further clues.警方正在寻找更多的线索。
词汇3 hunt vi.& vt.猎取,猎杀;打猎 vi.搜寻 n.狩猎;搜寻
用法归纳
动　①hunt 　　 sth.搜寻/搜索某物
②hunt for sb.=hunt down sb.追踪/追捕某人
名　③a/the hunt 　　 寻找……
词汇拓展
①hunting n.狩猎运动;打猎
go hunting去打猎
②hunter n.猎人
for
for
Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening
is cause for concern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。(教材P52)
情景导学
To our sadness, many old customs are gradually dying out.让我们伤心的是,许多旧习俗在渐渐
消失。
词汇拓展
①die v.死亡;消亡,灭亡
die from/of 死于……
die away逐渐减弱;逐渐模糊;逐渐消失
be dying for sth./to do sth.渴望某物/做某事
词汇4 die out消失;绝迹,灭绝
die off相继死去,先后死去
die down逐渐变弱;逐渐平息;逐渐暗淡
Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.每年,全世界
有数百万人感染霍乱,许多人死于此。
I'm dying for a breath of fresh air.我真想呼吸一下新鲜空气。
②death n.死;死亡;生命的终止;毁灭
frighten sb. to death把某人吓得要死
③dying adj.临终的;临死的;垂死的
Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.物种灭绝,
即整个物种的完全消失,在地球的历史上并不罕见。 (教材P52)
情景导学
She wiped the sweat from her face with a tissue.她用一张面巾纸擦掉脸上的汗水。读后续写·
动作描写
The whole village was wiped out during the earthquake.在地震中,整个村子都被毁掉了。
She took a cloth and wiped down the windows.她拿了一块抹布把窗户擦得干干净净。
词汇5 wipe vt.擦;拭;擦干净;消除
用法归纳
①wipe 　　 全部摧毁;彻底消灭
②wipe 　　 (用湿布)彻底揩擦干净
③wipe...　　 /off... 从……擦去……
④wipe away消失;抹去
out
down
from
Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.物种灭绝,
即整个物种的完全消失,在地球的历史上并不罕见。 (教材P52)
情景导学
It is not unusual to see wild animals walking the streets.看到野生动物在大街上游荡并不稀
奇。
It might sound like one long, expensive vacation, but the couple has an unusual way to make their
travel affordable.这可能听起来像是一个漫长而昂贵的假期,但这对夫妇有一种不同寻常的
方式来让他们的旅行负担得起。 (2022新高考Ⅱ)
In view of the unusual circumstances, they agree to give up their requirement.鉴于特殊情况,他
们同意放弃他们的要求。
词汇6 unusual adj.异常的;不平常的
用法归纳
①It is unusual (for sb.)　　 sth.(对某人来说)做某事是不寻常的。
②It is unusual that...……是不寻常的。
③unusual circumstances 　　　　
特别提醒
un-是常见的否定前缀,其后常跟形容词表示与该形容词相反的状态。常见的词有unknown
(未知的)、unsafe(不安全的)、unpleasant(使人不愉快的)、unhappy(不高兴的)等。
词汇拓展
①unusually adv.非常;不寻常地
②usual adj.通常的;寻常的;惯常的
as usual照例;照旧;像往常一样
to do
特殊情况
One evening I went to the park to refresh myself as usual.一天晚上,我像往常一样去公园恢
复精神。
③usually adv.通常地
These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”...这些包括被称为“大
灭绝”的第三次物种大灭绝…… (教材P52)
情景导学
There is a mass of snow in front of the house.在房子前面有一堆雪。
The trains provide a cheap and comfortable travel mode for the masses.火车给群众提供了便
宜、舒适的出行方式。
With masses of homework to do every day, it's hard to do sports outside, so I turn to you for
help.每天都有大量的家庭作业要做,很难进行户外运动,于是我向你求助。 写作·求助信
Until recently, business advertising was still seen in the mass media.直到最近,商业广告仍然在
大众传媒上出现。
词汇7 mass adj.大量的;大批的;广泛的
用法归纳
名　①mass还可用作名词,表示“大量,许多;团,块,堆;一群”。
②　　 mass of大量;许多;一堆
③　 　 of 大量;许多
④the mass of大多数;多数
⑤in mass总体;作为整体
⑥the 　 　 群众,平民百姓
形　⑦mass production批量生产
⑧mass market大众市场
⑨the mass media 　　　　　
a
masses
masses
大众传媒
a mass of/masses of后可跟可数名词复数,也可跟不可数名词。“a mass of/masses of+n.”作
主语时,谓语动词的数与of后面名词的数保持一致。
There is a mass of work for this employee to do.这个雇员有一大堆的工作要做。
There were masses of children playing in the yard.院子里有很多孩子在玩耍。
词汇拓展
massive adj.大量的;巨大的;大而重的;结实的;非常严重的
At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online
activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.在三十天结束时,
你那时会往回添加少量精心选择的在线活动,你相信这些活动会为你所重视的东西带来巨大
的好处。(2023新课标Ⅰ)
特别提醒
The reasons for extinctions are varied.(物种)灭绝的原因多种多样。 (教材P52)
词汇拓展
①vary vi.(根据情况)变化,改变;(大小、形状等)相异,不同
vary with...随……而变化
vary in...在……方面不同/有差异
vary from...to...从……到……不等/不同
②variety n.不同种类
a variety of/varieties of各种各样的
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were
alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.当探险家们第一次踏上北美大陆时,天空和陆地上
词汇8 varied adj.各种各样的,形形色色的
满是种类多得惊人的野生动物。 (2021新高考Ⅰ)
③various adj.各种各样的
It is clear that various ways to learn English beyond the classroom are available to students.很
明显,学生在课堂之外有各种各样学习英语的方法。写作·英语学习
According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions...the decrease of the oxygen content of
the sea and global warming.根据科学家的说法,它们包括火山喷发……海洋含氧量减少和全
球变暖。 (教材P52)
情景导学
What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity 是什么导致了澳大利亚
儿童体育活动的减少 (2021浙江1月)
The demand for corn is on the decrease each year in this country.这个国家对玉米的需求量在逐
年减少。
The number of the students in our school has decreased to 1,200.我们学校的学生数量已减少到
了1,200人。
词汇9 decrease n.减少;减少的量 vi.& vt.减少
Compared with last year, the price of wheat has decreased by 15% this year.和去年相比,今年小
麦的价格已降低了15%。
用法归纳
名　①a/the decrease 　　 ...在……方面减少
②　　 the decrease在减少
动　③decrease 　　 ...减少了……(表示减少的量)
④decrease 　　 ...减少到……(表示减少后的量)
词汇拓展
increase v.& n.增长,增多,增加
increase to...增加到……(表示增加后的量)
increase by...增加了……(表示增加的量)
on the increase在增加
in
on
by
to
This time, human activity will be to blame.这次,人类活动将受到指责。(教材P52)
情景导学
The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage.炎热的天气是缺水的部分原因。
They blamed the failure of the business on the economic downturn.他们把生意的失败归咎于经
济衰退。
All that evening she was upset and blamed her biology teacher for her problem.整个晚上,她都很
沮丧,把她的问题归咎于她的生物老师。 读后续写·心理描写
We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.我们准备好了对所发生的事承担责任。
Health officials put the blame for the disease on poor housing conditions.卫生官员们将该疾病
归咎于恶劣的住房条件。
词汇10 blame vt.责怪,指责;把……归咎于 n.责任;责备
用法归纳
动　①blame sb.　　 (doing) sth.因(做)某事责备某人
②blame sth.　　 sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事
③　　 blame for (doing) sth.因(做)某事应受责备;对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式
表示被动意义)
名　④　　 /bear the blame for sth.承担某事的责任
⑤lay/　　 the blame for sth. on...把某事归咎于……
for
on
be to
take
put
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals
and plants.很明显,人类活动对地球上所有其他物种,包括动物和植物,都产生了负面影响。
(教材P53)
情景导学
He was deeply affected by the music.那段音乐深深打动了他。
The disease is beginning to affect her brain.疾病开始侵袭她的大脑。
Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative
process...事实上,研究人员发现面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程…… (2021全国乙)
词汇11 affect vt.影响
用法归纳
affect除了表示“影响”外,还表示“　　　 ;使感染;(感情上)　　　 ;使悲伤(或怜悯
等)”。
词汇拓展
①affection n.喜爱,钟爱
have/show affection for sb./sth.钟爱某人或某物
I showed affection for the Great Wall the first time I visited it.我第一次游览长城时就喜欢上
了它。
②effect n.效应;影响;结果
greenhouse effect 温室效应
However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem.然而,“人为
制造的”温室效应现在已经成为一个大问题。 写作·环境问题
侵袭
深深打动
Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of
dying out.当然,由于我们人类的生存依赖如此多的物种,我们也会面临灭绝的危险。 (教材
P53)
词汇拓展
①risk n.危险;风险 v.使……冒风险(或面临危险);冒险做;(明知结果而)大胆做
at the risk of doing sth.冒着做某事的风险
run a/the risk (of sth./of doing sth.)冒着(做某事的)风险
take a risk/risks to do sth.冒险做某事
reduce/cut/lower the risk of (doing) sth.减少(做)某事的危险
at risk to oneself/sb./sth.冒伤及……的危险
词汇12 be at risk处境危险,受到威胁
do sth. at your own risk(常见于告示)自担风险;责任自负
risk doing sth.冒险做某事
risk one's life to do sth.某人冒生命危险去做某事
At the risk of being punished, these men dug holes at night in the fields.冒着被惩罚的风险,这
些人晚上在地里挖洞。
Don't you think you are running a risk by doing such a thing without any permission 你不认
为你在未经允许的情况下做这样的事是在冒险吗
It's not necessary to run the risk of hurting yourself while climbing the high mountain.爬高山
时不必冒着使自己受伤的风险。
As we all know, it can reduce the risk of contracting the virus.众所周知,它可以降低感染病毒
的风险。
I realised I couldn't leave to get help, or risk sending anyone else.我意识到我不能离开去寻
求帮助,也不能冒险派其他任何人去。 读后续写·心理描写
②risky adj.冒险的,有危险的
In the week when the government sets out its new environmental programme, Kevin McCabe and
Alicia Stewart consider the problem of food packaging waste.当政府在这周开展它的新的环境
方案时,凯文·麦克堪比和艾丽西亚·斯图尔特考虑到食品外包装废物的问题。 (教材P110)
情景导学
The next morning he hired a boat and set out to find the well-known painter.第二天早上,他租了
一艘船,出发去找那位著名的画家。(2020全国Ⅲ)
When setting out on a long walk, we always wear suitable shoes.当出发远行时,我们总是穿合适
的鞋子。
I haven't seen you set out for school with a smile.我没有看到过你面带微笑去学校。
词汇13 set out开始做某事,着手进行;出发
用法归纳
①set out 　　 ... 动身前往……
②set out 　 　 sth.开始做某事
③set out on...出发去做……
词汇拓展
set off 动身,出发;引发;使爆炸
set aside把……放到一旁;留出(钱或时间)
set about开始做,着手做
set up 建立;设立;设置;安装好;安排
set down 写下;记下;登记
set back 耽误,使延误
for
to do
set a good example for/to sb.为某人树立一个好榜样
We set off in the early morning by bus and arrived at the destination at 8 o'clock.我们一大早
就乘公共汽车出发,在八点钟到达目的地。写作·旅行
I intend to set aside enough time to accompany my parents and do sports.我打算留出足够的
时间陪我的父母和做运动。
After the earthquake, the people set about rebuilding their homes.地震过后,人们开始重建家
园。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GP-
NP).中国政府最近最终确定了建立一个大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划。 (2022新高考Ⅰ)
I don't want to set down a series of facts in a diary.我不想在日记里记一系列的事实。
My classmate Andy is an admirable figure who can set a good example for us in many aspects.
我的同班同学安迪是一个令人钦佩的人物,他在很多方面都可以为我们树立一个好榜样。
I just get anxious when I think of the impact we have on the environment.当想到我们对环境的
影响时,我就感到焦虑。(教材P111)
情景导学
The boy was anxious for a personal computer.那个男孩渴望得到一台个人电脑。
You must be both excited and anxious about the new experiences that are in store for you.你一定
对等待着你的新体验感到兴奋和焦虑。
I was anxious to know how he had got on in New York.我渴望知道他在纽约过得怎么样。
读后续写·心理描写
词汇14 anxious adj.焦虑的;不安的;渴望的
用法归纳
①be anxious 　 　 sth.担心某事或某物
②be anxious for sb.为某人担心
③be anxious 　　 sth.渴望得到某物
④be anxious (for sb.)　　 sth.渴望(某人)做某事
⑤be anxious that...渴望/非常希望……(从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,其
中should可以省略)
词汇拓展
①anxiety n.忧虑;焦虑;渴望
with anxiety焦急地
without anxiety无忧无虑
about
for
to do
He was waiting for his brother's return with anxiety.他焦急地等着哥哥归来。
②anxiously adv.忧虑地;不安地
Perhaps there were his parents and brothers and sisters waiting for him anxiously.也许他的父
母和兄弟姐妹在焦急地等着他。 读后续写·心理描写
to feel annoyed 感到生气 (教材P58)
情景导学
I was so annoyed with him for turning up late.他来得晚了,我很生气。
He was annoyed at the way she tried to take over the whole meeting.她试图操控整个会议的方
式使他很恼火。
The teacher was annoyed that his students did not study hard.老师因学生不努力学习而生气。
She was annoyed to discover that her husband had taken her car key.她丈夫拿走了她的汽车钥
匙,她知道后很生气。 读后续写·心理描写
词汇15 annoyed adj.烦恼的,生气的(表示人自身的感受)
用法归纳
①be annoyed 　　 sb.生某人的气
②be annoyed 　　 /about sth.因某事生气
③be annoyed 　 　 sth.因做某事而恼火
④be annoyed that...恼怒的是……
词汇拓展
①annoy vt.使生气,使恼怒;打扰
The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.你使用筷子
的方式很重要,以避免惹恼你的同伴。(2022全国甲)
②annoying adj.使生气的;令人讨厌的(修饰事物)
③annoyance n.[U]恼怒,烦恼;[C]使人烦恼的事
with
at
to do
to sb.'s annoyance让某人生气的是
Much to my annoyance, the hotel didn't accept our reservation.让我非常恼怒的是,宾馆没有
接受我们的预订。 读后续写·心理描写
Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.有些类型的癌症与交通污染有关。 (教材
P59)
情景导学
When he was at our home, Denny's kindness and ability to relate to our kids were evident.当他
在我们家的时候,丹尼的善良和了解我们孩子的想法的能力是显而易见的。写作·人际交往
Most people today relate this saying to healthy eating.现在,大多数人都把这句谚语与健康饮食
联系起来。
He later related the story of the thing to me.他后来给我讲了这件事的来龙去脉。
These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all
词汇16 relate v.相联系;有关联;使有联系;讲述
relate to.这些绘画作品可能是数百年前绘制的,但它们记录了我们都能感同身受的时刻。
(2023新课标Ⅱ)
用法归纳
①relate 　　 涉及,与……相关;谈到;能够理解并同情;了解;体恤
②relate...to...　　　　　　　　　　　
③relate sth. (　　 sb.)(向某人)讲述某事
词汇拓展
①related adj.相关的,有联系的
be related to与……有关
a related issue/question相关的议题/问题
Light industry is closely related to agriculture.轻工业和农业密切相关。
②relation n.[pl.](人、团体、国家之间的)关系,联系,交往;[U,C](事物之间的)关系,关联,联系
in relation to关于;与……相比
relations with...和……的关系
relations/the relation between A and B A和B之间的关系
to
把……和……联系起来
to
Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease by 50%!定期锻炼还能将患心脏病的风险降
低50%! (教材P59)
情景导学
We will become more adept at deploying our military forces on a regular basis and in diversified
ways.我们将更加善于定期、多元化地部署军队。 (China Daily)
词汇17 regular adj.定期的,有规律的;频繁的;通常的,平常的
用法归纳
①take regular exercise定期锻炼
②on a regular basis　　　　　
词汇拓展
①regularly adv.定期地;经常
Eating out regularly seems to have become common for many young people in recent years.近
几年经常在外面吃饭对许多年轻人来说似乎已经变得常见。
②irregular adj.无规律的
③irregularly adv.无规律地
定期地
Do whichever of these things that suit you.做这些适合你的事中的任何一件事。 (教材P59)
情景导学
The software can be adapted to suit the particular needs of the end user.该软件可修改以满足最
终用户的特定需求。
A good speaker is always trying to suit his speech to his audience.一个好的演讲者总是试图让
自己的演说适合听众的口味。
If not, let me know what time suits you best.如果没有,让我知道对你来说什么时候最合适。
写作·邀请信
After a few moments, a tall man in a nice suit told me to join him.过了一会儿,一个穿着漂亮西
装的高个子男人叫我加入他。 读后续写·外貌描写
词汇18 suit v.适合;满足……需要;对……方便;合……心意;适宜 n.套装;西服
用法归纳
①suit sb.'s 　　 /taste=suit the 　　 /taste of sb.满足某人的需要/适合某人的口味
②suit sth. 　　 sth./sb.使某物适合(或适应)某物/某人
③suit sb. (fine)(很)合某人的意;对某人来说(很)合适
词汇拓展
①suitable adj.合适的,适宜的
be suitable for...适合……
be suitable to do sth.适合做某事
②suited adj.合适,适宜,适当
be suited for/to...适合……
③unsuitable adj.不合适的
needs
needs
to
suit 多指衣服的颜色、款式等适合;还可指事物合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等
fit 多指衣服、鞋子等在尺寸、款式等方面的合适,通常意为“合身,适合”
match 多指两个物体在大小、色调、形状、性质等方面很搭配,显得很协调
易混辨析
This style of dress suits you well.这种款式的连衣裙很适合你。
It is important that children's shoes fit correctly.孩子们的鞋正合脚是重要的。
The colour of the shirt does not match that of the tie.衬衫的颜色与领带的颜色不相配。
Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of
meat or eggs.工厂化养殖业包括将农场动物饲养在建筑物内以增加肉或蛋的产量。 (教材P
62)
情景导学
In short, I hope more schools will join in and create an innovative way to involve students in dai-
ly exercise.简而言之,我希望更多的学校能加入进来,创造一种创新的方式,让学生参与日常
锻炼。 写作·建议信
This could involve saving for university, but it could also mean saving for something special.这
可能包括为大学存钱,但它也可能意味着为特殊的东西存钱。
词汇19 involve vt.包含,需要;涉及;使参与
用法归纳
①involve sb. 　　 ...使某人参与到……中;把某人牵涉(或牵扯)到……中
②involve(sb.)　　 sth.包含/需要(某人)做某事
③involve sb. in (doing) sth.使某人加入(做)某事
词汇拓展
①involved adj.参与;有关联;关注;关系密切;复杂难解的
be/get/become involved in...参与……;卷入……;与……有关
be involved in/with...关注……
be involved with...与……关系密切
Apart from studying hard, I've been involved in social activities.除了努力学习之外,我还参
加社交活动。写作·自我介绍
in
doing
Many factors involved in this matter have been ruled out.与此事有关的许多因素已经被排除
了。
②involvement n.参与;加入;插手;投入
People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress.为动物权利而战
的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。 (教材P62)
情景导学
While some people claim that they can predict the future, there is no scientific basis behind it.虽
然一些人声称他们能预测未来,但这背后没有科学依据。
A great number of graduates claimed to have more job interviews before graduation.许多毕业生
主张毕业前有更多的求职面试。
All the residents there made a claim for the opening of the market as soon as possible.那里所有
的居民要求市场尽快开门。
There are a handful of Madrid players with a claim to have been the team's best player this sea-
son.有少数马德里球员声称自己是本赛季球队中最好的球员。(China Daily)
词汇20 claim vt.声称;断言;主张 n.声称;(根据权利而提出的)要求
用法归纳
动　①claim 　　 sth.声称/主张做某事
②claim that...声称……
名　③make a claim 　　 要求……
④　　 a claim声称
with
to do
for
词汇 释义 用法&拓展
informative adj.有教育意义的;知识性强的 inform vt.通知;告知
inform sb. of/about sth.通知/告知某人某事
information n.消息
informed adj.了解情况的,见多识广的
threat n.威胁;(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 a threat to sb./sth.对某人或某事物的威胁
threaten vt.威胁,恐吓
高频词汇积累
urgent adj.紧急的,急迫的 urge v.力劝,竭力主张 n.强烈的欲望;冲动
urge sb. to do sth.敦促某人做某事
urge sth. on/upon sb.强烈要求某人做某事
urgently adv.紧急地,急迫地
urgency n.紧急,紧急的事
wasteful adj.浪费的;挥霍的 waste n.& v.浪费adj.废弃的,无用的
a waste of money/time浪费金钱/时间
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间的。
aware adj.意识到的,明白的 be aware of sth./that...知道;意识到;明白
as far as I'm aware 据我所知
awareness n.意识;认识;知道;兴趣
stuck adj.卡住的,无法移动的 be/get stuck in 被困在……
be stuck with 被……缠住,无法摆脱
stick v.将……刺入(或插入);粘贴;(尤指迅速或随手)放置;卡住
stressed out 焦虑不安的 I'm under a lot of pressure lately. I'm almost stressed out.近来我的压力很大,我很焦虑不安。
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals
and plants.很明显,人类活动对地球上所有其他物种,包括动物和植物,都产生了负面影响。
(教材P53)
情景导学
It is necessary that you should behave well at school.在学校你有必要好好表现。
It is important that we should learn English well.我们学好英语是很重要的。
经典结构 情景破
结构1 It is+形容词(表语)+that从句(真正的主语)
用法归纳
　　此句型中,It是　　　　　 ,后面的that从句在句中作　　　　　 。
结构拓展
①It is+adj.+(for sb.) to do sth.
常用于此句型的形容词有important、necessary、wrong、possible、impossible、basic、diffi-
cult、vital、natural、common、strange、normal等。
It is vital to take short breaks after learning online for 30 minutes.在网上学习了三十分钟后,
短暂休息一下是至关重要的。
It is impossible for them to have finished so much work in such a short time.= It is impossible
that they have finished so much work in such a short time.他们在这么短的时间内完成这么多
的工作是不可能的。
形式主语
真正的主语
②It is+n.+that从句
It is a pity that you can't go with us.很遗憾你不能和我们一起去。
It is a fact that every language changes.每种语言都在变,这是事实。
Without forests, we would have no air to breathe...没有森林,我们就没有呼吸的空气…… (教
材P53)
情景导学
Without air, man couldn't exist on the earth.没有空气的话,人类就不能在地球上生存。
Without your help, I would have failed the exam last week.没有你的帮助的话,我上周考试就不
及格了。
Without his aid, my skills in English wouldn't have been greatly improved.如果没有他的帮助,
我的英语技能就不会有很大的提高了。 写作·感谢信
结构2 without用于含蓄虚拟语气
用法归纳
(1)有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件从句来表示,而是用一些词、短语或通过上下文暗
示来说明,这种句子使用的便是含蓄虚拟语气。
(2)当句子用介词without引出一个假设的条件时,句子的谓语动词就要用虚拟语气。
(3)without用于表示虚拟条件时,谓语动词有如下三种形式:
①与现在事实相反,谓语动词用“　　　　　 　 ”形式;
②与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“　　　　　 　 ”形式;
③与将来事实相反,谓语动词用“would/could/might do”形式。
特别提醒
并不是without所在的句子谓语动词一定要用虚拟语气。如果它表示一种真实的情况,就不
能用虚拟语气。
would/could/might do
would/could/might have done
How did you finish your work so fast without any help 没有任何协助,你是如何这么快完成工
作的
结构拓展
用于含蓄虚拟语气的词或短语还有otherwise、but for等。
But for the quick action, it would have hurt them.如果不是行动迅速,它就伤到他们了。
My parents gave me the money. Otherwise, I couldn't have afforded the trip.我父母给了我
钱。否则,我可付不起这次旅费。
This morning, it took me 40 minutes to go downtown.今天早上,我去市中心花了四十分钟。
(教材P58)
情景导学
It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi'an City Wall.我们花了大约三个小时才
一路绕过西安城墙。(2021全国甲)
It took a long time for her to change her attitude.她用了很长时间才改变了态度。
结构3 It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.某人花费多长时间做某事
用法归纳
　　It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.表示“某人花费多长时间做某事”。其中It为　
　 　 ,后面的不定式短语为　　　　　 。此句型可与It takes/took some time for sb. to do
sth.互换。
形式主语
真正的主语
cost 主语通常是物,常见用法: sth. cost(s)(sb.)+金钱“某物花了(某人)多少钱”;It costs (sb.)+金钱+to buy sth.“买某物花了(某人)多少钱”。注意:cost的过去式和过去分词都是cost,一般不能用于被动语态
spend 主语通常是人,常见用法:spend money on (doing)...“在(做)……上花费金钱”;
spend time on sth./(in) doing sth.“花费时间做某事”
take take后面常跟双宾语,常见用法:It takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth.“做某事花了某人多长时间”;sth. take(s) sb.+一段时间“某事花了某人多长时间”
pay pay的基本用法:pay sb. (for sth.)(为某物)付钱给某人;pay for sth.付某物的钱;pay sb.
some money付多少钱给某人;pay a/the price for为……付出代价
易混辨析
It cost me 100 yuan to buy the shoes.买这双鞋花了我一百元。
I spent $40 on these shoes.我在这些鞋上花了四十美元。
It took them about half an hour to work out the difficult maths problem.他们花了大约半个小时
的时间才解出这道数学难题。
Our troops recaptured the city, but they paid a heavy price for it.我们的军队夺回了这座城市,但
他们为此付出了沉重的代价。
How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry 有多少次我们抵达工作
地点或学校时感到焦虑、疲惫和愤怒呢 (教材P58)
情景导学
He returned home, safe and sound.他回到了家,安然无恙。(表结果)
The survivors lay on the beach, frightened and exhausted.幸存者躺在海滩上,心有余悸,疲惫不
堪。(表伴随)
Hungry (=Because he was hungry), he hurried to the kitchen.因为太饿了,他匆忙跑到厨房。(表
原因)
Ripe (=When/If they are ripe), these apples are sweet.熟了的时候这些苹果很甜。(表条件)
Wet or fine(=Whether it was wet or fine), he got up at six and took a walk in the park.不管是下
雨天还是晴天,他都在六点钟起床到公园里散步。(表让步)
结构4 形容词(短语)作状语
用法归纳
　　在句子中,形容词(短语)可充当状语,主要说明主语的　　 、特点等。当形容词(短语)
作状语时,通常用逗号与句子主干分开,位置可在句首、句中或句末。
特别提醒
(1)形容词(短语)作原因、条件、让步状语时,往往放在句首。
(2)形容词(短语)作伴随或结果状语时,通常放在句末。
结构拓展
副词作状语通常修饰动词、形容词或副词,有时修饰整个句子。
After the long journey, they went back home slowly and tiredly.经过长途旅行后,他们慢慢
地、疲惫地回家了。
状态
Sentence 1
长难句 图解
译文　虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
让步状语从句
定语从句
Sentence 2
译文　研究这一问题的科学家认为,如果第六次物种大灭绝发生,地球上多达四分之三的所
有物种可能会灭绝。
条件状语从句
定语从句
宾语从句
Sentence 3
译文　交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一,因为汽车发动机产生各种各样的温室
气体。
原因状语从句
Sentence 4
译文　我们经常认为我们对噪声、污染和交通危险无能为力。
定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
　　定语从句有两种:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、作用不同
情景导学
People who take physical exercise regularly live longer.经常进行体育锻炼的人更长寿。
His daughter, who is in Shenzhen now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在深圳,下星期就
要回家了。
This is the place where I worked last year.这是我去年工作的地方。
Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada, where he would stay for two years.昨天吉米出发去加拿大了,
他将在那里待两年。
必备语法 情景破
Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn't been handed in.刘老师要跟那些没
交作业的学生谈话。
Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重伤,他很
快被送往医院。
用法归纳
限制性定语从句用来修饰和限制先行词,与先行词关系密切,使先行词的含义更具体、更明
确,若去掉,句子意义①　　 。非限制性定语从句是对先行词作附加或补充性的说明,即使
去掉,句子的意思仍然完整、清楚。
二、形式不同
情景导学
The book that/which you borrowed last week is really moving.上周你借的那本书真令人感动。
This is an important present, which I received yesterday.这是一件重要的礼物,我是昨天收到它
的。
The person whom/who you are looking for is downstairs.你正在找的那个人就在楼下。
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.这个便条是汤姆留下的,刚才他还在这里。
不完整
用法归纳
　　限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开,常译成定语;非限制性定语从句与主句之间
用逗号隔开,常译成和主句并列的句子。
三、先行词不同
情景导学
This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改变了主意,这使我很生气。
I can still remember the day when you were born.我仍然记得你出生的那天。
My favourite season is autumn, when we celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival.我最喜欢的季节是
秋天,我们在那时候过中秋节。
用法归纳
限制性定语从句的先行词是②　　 或代词,表明所修饰的是哪个/些人或物。非限制性定
语从句的先行词既可为名词或代词,也可为整个主句或其中的一部分。
四、关系词的使用情况不同
情景导学1
He passed the exam, which made his teacher relieved.他通过了考试,这使他的老师感到欣慰。
She has a small office which/that is used for a meeting.她有一个用来开会的小办公室。
This is the reason why she refused your invitation.这就是她拒绝你的邀请的原因。
I have told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the party.我已经告诉他们我没参加聚会
的原因了。
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。
名词
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.那个年轻人新交了一个女朋
友,他想给她留下深刻的好印象。
用法归纳1
(1)在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时,关系代词可用③　　 　　 ,先行词指物时,关系代词可用④　　 　　 ;但在非限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时,关系代词只能用who/whom,先
行词指物时,关系代词只能用which,即that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用⑤　　　　 代替,但在非限制性定语
从句中作宾语时不可用⑥　　　　 代替。
(3)why不能引导非限制性定语从句,需用for which代替。
情景导学2
This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.这是我几天前看过的一部好电影。
The summer holiday, which we have been looking forward to, is drawing near.我们一直盼望着
的暑假就要来了。
that/who/whom
that/which
who/that
who/that
用法归纳2
　　关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时⑦　　 省略,而非限制性定语从句中的关系代
词均⑧　 　 省略。
五、使用非限制性定语从句的情况
情景导学1
Mr Smith, who was my English teacher, retired last year.史密斯先生去年退休了,他是我的英语
老师。
Hangzhou, which is a beautiful city, attracts many visitors during summer.杭州是一个美丽的城
市,夏季会吸引很多游客。
不可以
可以
用法归纳1
　　当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时,用非限制性定语从句。
情景导学2
My father, who is an architect, is very good at painting.我父亲是一名建筑师,他十分擅长绘
画。
She has a younger brother, who is a doctor.她有一个弟弟,他是一名医生。(只有一个弟弟)
She has a younger brother who/that is a doctor.她有一个当医生的弟弟。(可能有几个弟弟,其
中一个是医生)
用法归纳2
　　当先行词指某人仅有的一个亲属时,用非限制性定语从句。
即时巩固
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.I didn't believe the reason 　 　　　 he referred to the other day at the press conference.
2.It's our honor to meet the chairman on this occasion 　　　　 everybody is focusing on his
talk.
3.It is important to create an atmosphere 　　　　 wild ideas are honored rather than dis-
missed.
4.I'm grateful that the assistant responded in a way 　 　　　 made me rethink the power of
my words.
5.Lisa is an outstanding graduate 　　　　 life story has greatly inspired her fellow school-
mates.
that/which
when
where
that/which
whose
6.We employed a foreigner as our coach, for 　　　　 life here in China was totally different.
7.The famous scientist made another wonderful discovery, 　　　　 is of great importance to
science.
8.That day, along with the barber there was an assistant, 　　　　 had recently joined.
9.I prefer to work in black and white, 　　　　 allows me to show different specific worlds
more clearly.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.他有好几个表兄弟,最小的那个很聪明。
He has several cousins, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 .
2.整个夏天,他都在有需要的地方做志愿者。
Throughout the summer,he worked as a volunteer in the place 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 .
the youngest of whom is very clever
whom
which
who
which
where he was needed
3.特别令人惊讶的是他的勤奋,这点给我们留下了深刻的印象。
Particularly surprising was his diligence, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　 .
4.明天我将去看望在旅游中给过我们很多帮助的那个人。
Tomorrow I'll go to see the man 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　 during the trip.
which left a deep impression on us
who/that gave us a lot of help