译林版选择性必修二Unit 4 高考真题练（含解析）

高考真题练
阅读理解
A
(2022全国乙,C)
Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety.　　　B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.　　　D.Construction of infrastructure.
3.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning.　　　B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews.　　　D.To accelerate transportation.
4.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
高考词汇站
派生/合成词汇
1.safe adj.安全的→　　　　n.安全　　　　　　　　　　
2.reliable adj.可靠的→　　　　n.可靠性
3.operate v.操作→　　　　n.操作→　　　　n.操作者
4.precise adj.精确的→ 　　　　adv.精确地　　　
5.regular adj.定期的→　　　　adv.定期地
6.perform v.表现→　　　　n.表现　　　
7.protect v.保护→　　　　n.保护
8.approximate adj.大约的→　　　　adv.大概;大约　　　9.high-tension adj.　　　　
10.on-time adj.　　　　　　　11.higher-value adj.　　　　
12.co-pilot n.　　　　　　　13.fast-moving adj.　　　　
熟词生义
14.program v.　　　　　　　15.signal v.　　　　
B
(2023北京,D)
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life ' Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother '”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
5.Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is 　　　.
A.supportive　　　B.puzzled　　　C.unconcerned　　　D.doubtful
6.What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A.Shocked.　　　B.Protected.　　　C.Attracted.　　　D.Challenged.
7.What can we learn from this passage
A.ALife holds the key to human future.　　　
B.ALife and AI share a common feature.
C.AI mirrors the developments of ALife.　　　
D.AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
8.Which would be the best title for the passage
A.Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B.Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C.Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D.Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
高考词汇站
派生/合成词汇
1.challenge n.挑战→　　　　adj.具有挑战性的
2.system n.系统→　　　　 adj.系统的
3.convincing adj.有说服力的→　　　　adv.有说服力地
4.declare v.宣布→ 　　　　n.宣布　　　　　　　　　　5.science n.科学→　　　　adj.科学的
6.complex adj.复杂的→　　　n.复杂性　　　
7.complain v.抱怨→　　　　n.抱怨
8.exist v.存在→　　　　n.存在　　　
9.apply v.应用→　　　　n.应用
10.intelligent adj.智能的→　　　　n.智能
11.creative adj.有创造力的→　　　　n.创造力
12.invent v.发明→　　　　adj.有创意的
13.agree v.同意→　　　　 n.(意见或看法)一致　　　14.open-ended adj.　　　　
熟词生义
15.shape v.　　　
答案与分层梯度式解析
Unit 4　Living with technology
高考真题练
A
◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍无人机在铁路安全运输领域的重要作用。应用当今的“空中之眼”技术,无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠运行的同时,帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
1.A　细节理解题。根据第二段前两句“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines...”可知答案为A项。C项具有一定干扰性,根据第二段最后一句“Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.(成本整体会减少和操作整体上将更高效。)”可知,降低的是铁路运行维护的成本,而不是无人机的设计成本,故排除C项。
2.C　词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知maintenance包括对铁路基础设施的检查与维修。故答案为C项。D项具有较强干扰性。“infrastructure”一词出现在解题关键信息句中,但根据句意,maintenance并非“铁路基础设施建设”,故排除。
3.A　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.”可知答案为A项。
4.D　主旨大意题。纵观全文,梳理文章结构:第一段通过设问引出话题:无人机在铁路领域的运用;第二段分析将无人机运用于该领域的可行性;第三、四段介绍应用后的好处。由此可知答案为D项。
【高考词汇站】　1.safety　2.reliability　3.operation;operator　4.precisely　5.regularly　6.performance
7.protection　8.approximately　9.高(电)压的　10.准时的　11.更高价值的　12.(飞机的)副驾驶员　13.快速移动的　14.设定(机器、系统等的)程序　15.预示;标志
长难句
原句　The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved.
分析　本句含有“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,意为“越……,越……”。
译文　它们越是能够被定期检查,铁路的安全性、可靠性和准点率就越高。
B
◎语篇解读　 本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
5.A　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs.”可知,作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的;再结合第二段中的“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism...”可推知,因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命,所以生命科学成为批评(认为其没有科学价值)的成熟目标,作者认为这是不合理的,所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳,即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护,作者表示支持。故选A。
6.C　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知,人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,说明人工智能和ALife二者之间有共同之处,可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念吸引,所以才有了这种观点。故画线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
7.B　推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知,ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
8.D　主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.”并结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化可知,D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗 ”是最合适的标题。故选D。
【高考词汇站】　1.challenging　2.systematic
3.convincingly　4.declaration　5.scientific
6.complexity　7.complaint　8.existence　9.application
10.intelligence　11.creativity　12.inventive
13.agreement　14.无限制的,无确定目标的
15.决定……的形成;影响……的发展
长难句
原句　Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution.
分析　本句是主从复合句。主句是 “Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin”, in that表示“因为”,引导原因状语从句。
译文　人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲,因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念吸引。
4