(共42张PPT)
Unit 5 Revealing nature
Developing ideas
The Secret Language of Plants
Read the passage to sort out the type of writing.
An expository essay (说明文)
What is the passage most likely to be taken from
A. A scientific magazine B. A guide book
C. A fiction story D. A news report
What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To introduce the ways plants communicate with each other
B. To compare the differences between plants and humans
C. To predict where technology will take plants
D. To call on humans to protect the plants
Read and Think
Many cultures have stories of talking trees.
New research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate.
Plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
Plants also use sound to communicate.
Para. 1
Para. 2
Para. 3
Para. 4
Plants have an amazing system of communication called “wood wide web”.
Scientists are learning more about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other.
Para. 5
Para. 6
Read for the main idea of each paragraph and the passage structure
Plants can communicate
Plants have various ways to communicate
Scientists are learning more about plants’ language
Part 1 Introduce the topic
Part 2 Body
Part 3 Conclusion
The Secret Language of Plants
Plants can _____________
communicate
Chemicals
Sound
WWW
Maybe humans will be able to “_______” with plants one day.
talk
Para 1~2
Para 3
Para 4
Para 5
Para 6
Plants have various ways to communicate.
Para. 1
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
— a thing of myths and legends
Talking trees give _____________________ to people, eg., Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.
Talking plants
——————
Evidence from stories of many cultures
Evidence from _________________
some modern stories
Trees in the film Avatar can communicate with
___________________.
animals and people
advice and warnings
Read for paragraph organisation:
Para. 2
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
Read to answer the questions:
1. What relation is implied (暗含) between this part and the rest of Para. 2
2. What’s the role of Para. 2 in developing the whole passage
Para 2 is used to clearly illustrate the main theme of the passage.
An adversative relation (转折关系).
(For long we have believed that talking plants are just fantasy, however, plants do communicate as revealed by research, which is amazing.)
How does a bean plant help its neighbours
What is the benefit of learning aobut the plant warning system
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I’m being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
Para. 3
bean plant A
_____
___
releases ______________________
as a warning or call for help: “I’m being attacked!”
tiny amounts of chemicals
bean plant B
detects the chemicals
releases its own, ______________
different chemicals
some of these chemicals
__________________
drive insects away
others attract
__________
the wasps
Read to work out the graph:
Plants use chemicals to communicate with each other
attack
kill
Inspiration for scientific research
Scientists hope to learn more about this ___________________,
so that we can use it to grow crops without _________.
plant warning system
pesticides
How do corn and chill plants make sounds
Why some trees make clicking noises Or what do clicking noises some trees make show
Para. 4
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Read to work out the table:
Plants How they communicate using sound Example
corn and chilli plants
____________ with their roots
listen to the noises from ___________
some trees
make noises
other plants
make clicking noises when there is not ___________, indicating drought is
arriving.
enough water
A chilli plant can tell if a
_____________________ is helpful, or unfriendly.
neighbouring plant
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
roots of different plants are linked to each other underground by _____
enables plants to
perhaps one day it will be created to help prevent attacks within wood wide web
share information and even food with each other
Para. 5
Read to fill out the table about :
plants steal food from each other
plants spread poisons to attack other plants
fungi
firewall
wood wide web
cybercrime
how it is linked
______
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
Para. 5
Read to answer the questions:
1. What is the function of “Most surprisingly of all”
It’s a mark: the following sentence will explore the same topic as what has been mentioned, yet developing the topic to a deeper, further degree than all that has been written before.
2. How’s wood wide web similar to Internet
They are both systems of communication in essence (本质上), linked by fungi and cables and satellites respectively (分别地).
Para. 6
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
What is the function of Para. 6
Para 6 is a conclusion and a restatement (重述) of the passage topic.
It also raises an expectation about future research of plant communication.
Read to answer the question:
Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
P58
Modern research is showing that plants can
1_________________________.
Using chemicals
The plant releases chemicals 2_____________ that are being eaten.
When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to
3______________________________.
communicate with each other
from the leaves
release its own, different chemicals
Check the answers
Using sound
Some plants make noises 4______________.
A chilli plant can 5__________________________
__________________.
Some trees make 6___________________________
______________________________________.
with their roots
tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly
clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving
Check the answers
Using the “wood wide web”
This fungal network links 7___________________________
_________.
Plants can 8_____________________________ with each other.
Plants can 9________________________________________
to attack other plants.
the roots of different plants to each other
share information and even food
steal food from each other, or spread poisons
Maybe one day we will be able to “talk” with plants.
Check the answers
Wood wide web
Scientists are learning the secret ways in which plants “talk” to each other. It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals 1______________ (communicate) with each other. When 2________ (attack) by insects, the plant releases chemicals from the leaves that 3______________ (eat). This is like 4___ warning. When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to release 5___ (it) own, different chemicals. Some chemicals drive insects away.
6____________ (surprising), plants also use sound to communicate. Some plants make noises with their roots. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, 7__________ (indicate) drought is arriving.
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an 8________ (amaze) system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is called “ wood wide web”, 9______ is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food 10_____ each other.
Surprisingly
indicating
amazing
which
with
to communicate
attacked
are being eaten
a
its
Complete the summary by filling correct words or correct forms of the given words.
1. What figure of speech is being used when the plants are described as
calling for help What is its function
2. What does “wood wide web” mean
Share your thinking on the following questions
Personification. It can make descriptions more vivid.
“Wood wide web” means an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is linked underground by fungi and this fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other.
Learning to learn
Personification means giving human characteristics to something that is not human. By using human characteristics to describe an object, animal or even a place, personification can make descriptions more vivid.
1. What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication
Think Share
It will help us know more about the world of plants and then get a better understanding of the secret of nature and encourage us to explore more about the mysterious nature. What’s more, it will teach us an important lesson, that is, human should live in harmony with mother nature. And it is our responsibility to fulfill the mission.
The Secret Language of Plants
(Langauge points)
SBU5
Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.
as well as 和，也，又
... be said to have done sth. 据说...已经做了某事
Translation
在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
宾从
表从
Translation
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
时间状语（现在完成）
真主
Translation
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质相互交流。
This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten.
say 比方说
be/get attacked by 被攻击/袭击
tiny amounts of 微量的
定从
Translation
当一株植物——比如豆科植物——被昆虫袭击时，就会发生这种情况。
Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants.
drive ... away 赶走...
定从
Translation
其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。
Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
so that 以便于（目的状从）
Translation
科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于种植不用使用农药的农作物。
A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
现在分词作状语
宾从
tell 识别，辨别
Translation
辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.
定从
link ... to/with 把...和...联系起来
Translation
然而最令人惊奇的是，植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统，几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。
Scientists call this system the “wood wide web". It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.
call sb. sth. 称呼某人某物
be similar to 与...相似
in some ways 在某些方面
定从
Translation
科学家们称之为“植物万维网”。在某种程度上·它很像人类使用的互联网。
While the Internet is aworldwidle network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.
link ... with/ to ... 将...和...联系/连接起来（主动）
be linked to/with ... 将...和...联系/连接起来（被动）
Translation
互联网是通过电缆和卫星连接的全球计算机网络,而植物万维网则是在地下通过真菌连接而成的。这个真菌网络将不同植物的根彼此连接。
Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other.
现在分词作状语
Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants.
steal ... from ... 从...偷...
Translation
植物会偷取同伴的养分，或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。
Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the woodwide web.
短语做宾语
Translation
也许未来某一天，科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的这些攻击。
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other.
定从
Translation
科学家们每天都在增进对植物间相互沟通的秘密方式的了解。
signal v. 发信号，示意 n.信号；标志；预示
signal to sb. 向某人示意
traffic signal 交通信号灯
也，和
和...交流
毕竟，终究，别忘了
把...赶走
最令人惊讶的是
在某些方面，在某种意义上
把...连到...上
（和...有联系，有关联3）
和...相似
喊救命 v.→ n.
as well as
communicate with
after all
drive ... away
most surprisingly of all
in some ways/ in a/ one way
link ... to/with
(1.be linked to/ with
2. be connected with/ to
3.be related to)
be similar to
call for help/
a call for help
myth
legend
fantasy
insect
detect
system
indicate
drought
satellite
version
vision
poison
警告 n.
揭示，显示
攻击，袭击
吸引
根
邻近的
不友好的
偷窃 （过去式、过分）
传播，蔓延
预防，防止
秘密的，秘密
1.在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。
2.据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
3.我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
4.人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质相互交流。
5.科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于种植不用使用农药pesticides的农作物。
6.由此，辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。
7.还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
8.利用木网，植物可以彼此分享信息，甚至食物。
9.科学家们每天都在了解更多关于植物相互交流的秘密方式。
据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗Alexander the Great and Marco Polo曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
_________ that talking plants are _______, new research has ________: ________ that plants can communicate _______.
科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于种植不用使用农药的农作物。__________ this plant warning system,___________ crops _____ pesticides.
辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。 A chilli plant _____ a ____ plant____________
还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
Some trees _________ when there is not enough water, _________________.
在某种程度上，它很像人类使用的互联网。
通过“植物万维网”，植物可以互相分享信息甚至是食物。 ___ the wood wide web, plants can _____.
科学家们每天都在增进对植物间相互沟通的秘密方式的了解。Scientists ______ every day about the _______ ways _________.(共33张PPT)
distant adj.→__________ n.距离 →_______________ adv.遥远地;疏远地,冷漠地
syn.
2. disgrace n.→______________adj.丢脸的，可耻的
→_______________ adj.被人唾弃的
→__________ n.优美,优雅→_____________adj.优雅的
syn.
3. evolution n.→________________ adj.进化的，演变的
→_________ v. 进化，进化形成；逐渐形成，逐渐演变
4.generate v.→________________ n.一代,一辈;产生
distance
distantly
disgraceful
disgraced
grace
graceful
evolutionary
generation
evolve
remote， faraway
shame
6. characteristic n.→________________n.角色,字符 →________________ v.是...的特征；以...为类型
decline v.→ (近)______________________________
gaint adj.→ (近)______________________
detect v.→____________ n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉→___________n.侦探→__________ n.检测器;探测器;侦察器
link v. 把···连接起来；联系，相关联；n.联系，连接；关系，纽带；交通路线 →（近）___________________
reduce, decrease, cut down
detection
detective
detector
character
characterize
huge, enormous, vast
connect， associate
Starting out
What do you know about these animals What makes them special
What other similar animals do you know about Share your knowledge with the class.
Look at the page from a science magazine and answer the questions.
The researchers said the ancestor of the Komodo dragon most likely evolved in Australia and spread westward, reaching the Indonesian island of Flores 900,000 years ago.
The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago.
Fossil records indicate that the nautilus has survived relatively unchanged for around 500 million years.
Starting out
Watch the video and answer the questions
Starting out
Watch the video and answer the questions
How can seeds travel How can this benefit plants
Plants can have a better chance at life.
by the wind
by water
by animals
Seeds Traveling
① by itself
2. Can you think of another example of seeds travelling
② by the wind
③ by the water
⑤ by the animals
⑥ by the insects
④ by the birds
Starting out
Watch the video and answer the questions
What species do you recognise in the picture
evolutionary
tree
Understanding ideas
Look at the evolutionary tree and answer
Paramecium
(草履虫)
earthworm
(蚯蚓)
snail
(蜗牛)
crab
fish
tortoise
bird
algae
(藻类)
fern
(蕨类)
moss(苔藓)
tree
human
horse
starfish
frog
Understanding ideas
A Journey of Discovery
Look at the title and picture of the passage, can you guess what the
passage is mainly about
Skim the passage and choose.
What's the genre of the passage
Exposition
Argumentation
Narration
What
Where
Who
Why
How
Pre-reading
A Journey of Discovery
Darwin
Question: how did different species come to exist
England → South America
Galapagos
Islands
By ship — Beagle
1831
1835
1839
On the Origin of Species
Reading for general idea
Can you tell us your understanding of the title A Journey of Discovery
The title may both indicate that Darwin's research work began on a journey and what he found on the journey led to his discovery of evolution and the origin of species.
So the main idea of the passage is
Choose the main idea of the passage and give your reasons.
Darwin’s interest in various living things made him a great naturalist.
Darwin’s journey on the Beagle inspired his Theory of Evolution.
Darwin went on a journey to confirm his theory that humans had evolved over time.
come to exist
Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
had evolved from a common ancestor.
arrived on the islands a long time before
samples of the plants and animals
very similar to each other.
had evolved from lower forms of life
there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands.
had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island
asked himself a question
(generated an idea)
answered the question (developed an idea)1835
published the book
(proposed a theory)1839
started his journey(1831)
Post-reading
Retelling
Post-reading
What kind of person was Darwin according to the passage
What have you learnt about the spirit of scientific exploration
Watch and Reflect
The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”. The person who answered the call was not the captain’s first choice. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree. What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”. Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
profit by/ from （benefit from / by ）从中获益
answer the call 响应号召
answer the phone/door
be a disgrace
是耻辱，丢脸的事
disgrace-- shame
lead to -- result in
of all time 有史以来
二、学生情况
Detailed Reading
Para1:
He was not the captain's first
choice.
Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
His difficulties
He left
medical
school
without
completing
his degree.
His father is
unsatisfied
with him.
Before his journey
The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated by rocks, plants and animals. He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist
in question – 1. that is being discussed
2. in doubt；uncertain
讨论中的，所说的
有疑问，不确定
fascinated – very interested or attracted
fascinating – extremely interesting and attractive
At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments It was just an idea, but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence.
adapt -- adjust-- adopt
adapt （oneself） to sth 适应
be adapted from 根据…改编
When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
a variety of 各种各样的 a (wide)range of
according to 据（…所说），依照，根据
available 可获得的，可用的，有空的
eg.My bicycle is not available now, because it is being repaired.
Sorry, but he is not available now. He is in conference.
Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors.
suspect vt. 认为，怀疑 n.嫌疑犯
suspect sb of doing sth 怀疑某人做某事
It was a completely new idea—a theory of evolution. Darwin explained this theory in his book, On the Origin of Species. It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm. Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. They were shocked. But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.
convincing 令人信服的，有说服力的
be convinced of sth/ that… 相信,确信…
convince sb of sth 使某人相信…
convince sb to do sth 说服某人
profit by/ from （benefit from / by ）
answer the call/ phone/door/ bell
one's first choice
receive a letter predicting that...
despite all this
lead to /result in/ contrivute to
of all time
in question
be fascinated by
be crowded with
be similar to
adapt to/adjust to
inspire sb to look for more evidence
a variety of/ a (wide)range of
according to
over time
the answer / solution / approach to
doing sth
cause a storm
...so convincing that...
be regarded as
the most important works ever written
从...中获益2个
响应号召/接电话/应门（铃）声开门
某人的首选
收到一封预测...的来信
尽管如此
导致，引起3个
有史以来的
讨论中的，所说的；有疑问的，不确定的
对...着迷/很感兴趣
挤满了
和...很相似
适应 2个
激励某人寻找更多的证据
各种各样的2个+1
根据
随着时间的推移
...的答案、解决方法、做某事的方法
引起反响
...如此令人信服，以至于...
被看作
曾经写过的最重要的作品
遥远的
degree
冒险，奇遇
科学的
存在，生存
available
suspect
ancestor
theory
来源，起源
对...确信
说服某人做某事 2个(共26张PPT)
Unit 5
Using language
When I got to school, I realized that I had left my schoolbag at home.
Before I got to the bus station, the bus had left.
By the time I got back to school, the bell had rung.
Observe and say
a.Before I got to the bus station,the bus had left.
b.By the time I got back to school, the bell had rung
got to the bus station
the bus had left
got back to school
the bell had rung
Now let’s try to summarise its use in your own words.
Past perfect:
had done
肯定式为__________________；
否定式为__________________；
被动式为__________________。
had done
had not done
had been done
过去完成时 Past perfect
基本结构
①I had finished my homework before I had supper.
②John and Jane had not known each other for a long time before they got married.
③The work had been finished by the end of last year.
基本用法
1. 表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态。(过去的过去, 即站在“过去”的角度回顾一个更远的过去。)
Now
Past
Past perfect
过去完成时 had done
一般过去时 V-ed
got to/arrived at
had gone/left
在我们到达车站之前，火车就已经走了。
Before we got to the train station, the train had already left.
Past perfect
form:
function:
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：
had done
过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态，也可以说是“过去的过去”。
now
past
future
过去完成时
现在完成时
基本用法
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作，常用的时间状语有be then, by the end of, by the time.
到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了2000个英语单词了。
By the end of last term, we ________________________________.
到那时为止，他们已经在那里住了10年了
They _____________ there for ten years by then.
had learned 2000 English words.
had lived
基本用法
3. 表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划, 常用动词有: hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, intend, plan
I had intended to help him, but I was too busy.
固定句型
It/That was+ the first/ second…+ time+ that从句，从句谓语常用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had visited the Great Wall.
这是我第一次参观长城。
hardly…when…和no sooner…than… “(A) 刚一... , (B) 就...”
主句要部分倒装，并使用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时
1. Hardly had I left when it began to rain.
我刚离开就开始下雨了。
2. No sooner had he sat down than the phone rang.
他刚坐下，电话铃就响了。
固定句型
1. In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or “evolved from a
common ancestor”
2. In sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to believe” or “evolved from
lower forms of life”
3. What does the structure had done indicate
Activity 1. Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, ...
b Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved
from lower forms of life.
In sentence (a), “evolved from a common ancestor” happened first.
In sentence (b), “evolved from lower forms of life” happened first.
It indicates the action happened before a certain past action.
Using language
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, ...
b Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved
from lower forms of life.
In each sentence, both the two actions happened in the past, Action B happened first, Action A happened later. In this situation, past perfect is used to describe Action B and simple past is used to describe Action A.
Summary
Action A
Action B
Using language
Activity 1. Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
1 It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.
2 What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father.
3 After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
4 At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time and had not changed since.
5 Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, ...
6 Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life.
Past perfect
1.He ___________(learn) 3000 words before he went to England.
2.The old man told us that he____________ (travel) to many places.
3.It was the third time that he ___________ (see) such a large animal.
4. By the time he got to the airport,the plane ____________(take off)
5.Mary did her homework and_______ (wash) the dishes.
had learned
had travelled
had seen
had taken off
washed
Exercise
a. Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.
b. Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.
c. Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.
Yuan Longping _____________to do research on hyarid rice because natural disasters______________food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he ____________ a better type of rice.
began
had led to
developed
a. Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics
were easy to control.
b. Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.
c. Gregor Mendel died in 1884
Gregor Mendel ___________study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the tirme of his death in 1894, he ___________________discoveries about genetics.
chose to
had made important
compete decline eat live introduce arrive
Lonesome George was the last Pinta Island torroise. He died in 2012. After George's death, the Pinta Island tortoise was declared exinct.
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans. Before humans __________on the island, the species ___________in islation and ___________plants that naturally grew there. George was discovered many years after their arrival, and by then humans ___________new species that _________ for the food the tortoises ate. After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise popuation____________. Eventually only Geoge remained.
arrived
had lived
（had） eaten
had introduced
competed
declined
1. What species are
mentioned and what
is special about them
2. What other unusual
life forms do you
know of
Read the passage and answer the questions.
P54
2. What other unusual life forms do you know of？
Two species are mentioned: the blue whale and the water bear.
1. What species are mentioned and what is special about them
The water bear is probably the toughest species, which can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing -272℃.
The blue whale is the largest animal species on Earth, which can grow up to almost 30
metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos.
Vocabulary building
Complete the paragraphs with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.(P55)
The Galapagos Islands are renowned worldwide for their unique biodiversity. The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz
1_________ several species of giant
tortoise that 2___________ the Galapagos Islands. The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where
3________ studies are carried out.
ancestor scientific be native to primitive
habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
is home to
are native to
scientific
1
Mangroves are one of the coastal plants that grow on Isabela. They serve as the 4________ for various birds and
fish, and are very important to
the 5_________.
habitats
ecosystem
2
ancestor scientific be native to primitive
habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
Iguanas can be found on San Cristobal. They have a very special 6__________,with comb-like spines on the back. There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more 7_________ ones and share a common 8________.
3
appearance
primitive
ancestor
ancestor scientific be native to primitive
habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
