人教版2019高中选修3 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage 单元知识总结清单（含练习题和书面表达句式及范文）

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Unit 4 Adversity and Courage单元知识总结清单
一、词组搭配
（一）动词词组
turn sb down：拒绝（某人）。
例句：She turned down his invitation to the party.
（她拒绝了他参加派对的邀请。）
make fire：生火。
例句：They had to make fire to keep warm in the cold wilderness.
（在寒冷的荒野中，他们不得不生火取暖。）
give off：放出（热、光、气味或气体）。
例句：The flower gives off a sweet smell.（这朵花散发出甜甜的香味。）
abandon the ship：弃船。
例句：When the ship was in danger, the captain ordered to abandon the ship.
（当船遭遇危险时，船长下令弃船。）
keep one’s spirits up：使某人精神振作起来。
例句：She tried to keep her spirits up during the difficult time.
（在困难时期，她努力让自己精神振作起来。）
persevere in：坚持；孜孜以求。
例句：He persevered in his study of English and finally achieved great progress.（他坚持学习英语，最终取得了巨大进步。）
resolve to do sth：决定；决心做某事。
例句：She resolved to finish the project on time.（她决心按时完成这个项目。）
（二）介词词组
on board：在船（飞机、公共汽车等）上。
例句：All the passengers were on board the ship before it set sail.
（在船启航前，所有乘客都已上船。）
in the direction of：朝…… 方向。
例句：He walked in the direction of the train station.
（他朝着火车站的方向走去。）
from bad to worse：每况愈下。
例句：His health has gone from bad to worse recently.
（他的健康状况最近每况愈下。）
（三）词汇练习题
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above.
用以上短语的正确形式填空。
He applied to join the club but was ___________.
They needed to ___________ to cook their food.
The factory ___________ a lot of harmful gases every day.
Facing the danger, they had no choice but to ___________.
She listened to music to ___________ while waiting for the result.
Despite many difficulties, he ___________ trying and finally succeeded.
She ___________ work harder to improve her grades.
We saw him walking ___________ the park.
Their living conditions were getting ___________.
Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above.
用上面的短语把下面的句子翻译成英语。
他拒绝了那份工作邀请，因为他想追求自己的梦想。
露营时，我们学会了如何生火。
这种新型材料会发出柔和的光。
当船开始下沉时，船员们被迫弃船。
他通过和朋友聊天来振作精神。
她坚持练习钢琴多年，最终成为了一名出色的钢琴家。
他决心在新的一年里养成良好的习惯。
飞机朝着东方飞去。
由于缺乏资金，这个项目的情况越来越糟。
二、语法知识点
（一）现在完成进行时
构成：have/has been + 现在分词
用法：
表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还可能持续下去。
例句：I have been studying English for five years.
（我学习英语已经五年了，并且还会继续学下去。）
强调动作的持续性、重复性或渐进性。
例句：It has been raining all day.（雨下了一整天了。）
与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时强调动作的完成或结果，而现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续进行。
例句对比：I have read this book.（我已经读过这本书了，强调读完的结果。）
I have been reading this book.
（我一直在读这本书，强调读书这个动作一直在持续。）
（二）练习题
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets using the present perfect continuous tense.
用现在完成进行时用括号中动词的正确形式完成句子。
She ________ (work) in this company for ten years and still enjoys her job.
They ___________ (prepare) for the exam since last month.
I ___________ (look for) my lost key everywhere, but I haven't found it yet.
The children _________ (play) outside all afternoon and now they are tired.
Rewrite the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense.
用现在完成进行时改写下列句子。
He started to write a novel two months ago and is still writing it.
They began to build the bridge last year and it is still under construction.
She started to learn French last week and is still learning it.
Choose the correct tense (present perfect or present perfect continuous) to complete the sentences.选择正确的时态（现在完成时或现在完成进行时）来完成句子。
I ___________ (live) in this city for five years.
She ___________ (clean) the house all morning and it looks very tidy now.
We ___________ (see) this movie before.
They ___________ (work) on this project since they came here.
三、重要句式句型分析
（一）MEN WANTED for a dangerous journey: small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain.
结构分析：这是一个省略句，完整形式为 “MEN ARE WANTED for a dangerous journey...” 。“for a dangerous journey” 为目的状语，后面 “small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain” 是对此次危险旅程情况的具体描述。
（二）But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard.
结构分析：运用 “so...that...” 引导结果状语从句，“so + 形容词（enthusiastic） + about...” 表示 “对…… 如此热情”，从句中 “went aboard” 和 “hid” 为并列谓语动词 。
（三）翻译练习题
招聘志愿者：工作辛苦，报酬低，需要长时间户外工作，有一定风险。
他对绘画如此着迷，以至于每天都花大量时间在画室里。
她对旅行充满热情，所以她决定独自环游世界。
四、单元书面表达写作指导
（一）重要词汇词组搭配积累
困境相关词汇：adversity（困境；逆境），miserable（痛苦的；令人难受的），rough（汹涌的；艰难的），bitter（严寒的；痛苦的）
勇气与坚持相关词汇：courage（勇气），perseverance（毅力；韧性），persevere（坚持），resolve（决心），resolution（坚定），loyal（忠诚的）
行为动作相关词汇：abandon（舍弃；抛弃；放弃），assign（分派；布置；分配），join the expedition（参加探险），make fire（生火），keep one’s spirits up（使某人精神振作起来）
其他相关：voyage（航海；航行），crew（全体工作人员），guidance（指导；引导），recreation（娱乐；消遣）
（二）高分句式积累
It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
例句：It is important for us to learn from the spirit of those who overcome adversity.（对我们来说，学习那些战胜逆境的人的精神很重要。）
Not only...but also...
例句：He not only showed great courage in the face of adversity but also inspired others around him.
（他不仅在面对逆境时表现出巨大的勇气，还激励了他周围的人。）
With + 名词 + 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 介词短语 ，表示伴随情况。
例句：With the ship sinking, they had to make a quick decision.
（随着船下沉，他们不得不迅速做出决定。）
What + 主语 + need/require/want is...
例句：What we need most in adversity is perseverance.
（我们在逆境中最需要的是毅力。）
（三）参考范文
The Power of Perseverance
Adversity is an inevitable part of life. Everyone will face difficulties and challenges at some point, but it is how we respond to them that defines who we are. The story of Ernest Shackleton and his crew during the Antarctic expedition is a powerful example of perseverance and courage in the face of extreme adversity.
In 1914, Shackleton led an expedition to Antarctica on the ship Endurance. However, the ship became stuck in the ice, was crushed, and eventually sank. The crew was left stranded on the ice, facing bitter cold, lack of food, and the constant danger of death. Despite these seemingly insurmountable challenges, Shackleton did not give up. He showed great leadership and resolve, assigning tasks to the crew, making sure they kept their spirits up, and never losing hope of survival.
The crew, too, demonstrated remarkable perseverance. They followed Shackleton’s guidance, worked together as a team, and endured the harsh conditions with unwavering determination. They made fire to keep warm, hunted for food, and waited patiently for rescue. Their loyalty to each other and their leader was unshakable, and this unity gave them the strength to overcome the difficulties.
This story teaches us that no matter how difficult the situation may seem, as long as we have the courage to face it and the perseverance to keep going, we can overcome any adversity. We should learn from Shackleton and his crew, and never lose faith in ourselves and our ability to succeed. When we encounter difficulties in our lives, we should not be afraid. Instead, we should take action, stay positive, and keep moving forward. Only in this way can we turn adversity into an opportunity for growth and achieve our goals.
一、词组搭配练习题答案及解析
（一）Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above
答案：turned down
解析：“He applied to join the club but was...”，句子表达他申请加入俱乐部却被拒绝，“turn sb down” 表示 “拒绝（某人）”，这里是被动语态，结合一般过去时，“turn” 的过去分词为 “turned”，所以填 “turned down”。
答案：make fire
解析：“They needed to...to cook their food.”，根据语境，他们需要生火来做饭，“make fire” 表示 “生火”，“need to do sth.” 结构中，to 后接动词原形，故填 “make fire”。
答案：gives off
解析：“The factory...a lot of harmful gases every day.”，工厂每天会放出有害气体，“give off” 表示 “放出（热、光、气味或气体）” ，句子是一般现在时，主语 “The factory” 是第三人称单数，所以 “give” 要用第三人称单数形式 “gives”，填 “gives off”。
答案：abandon the ship
解析：“Facing the danger, they had no choice but to...”，面对危险，他们除了弃船别无选择，“abandon the ship” 表示 “弃船”，“have no choice but to do sth.”（除了做某事别无选择），to 后接动词原形，因此填 “abandon the ship”。
答案：keep her spirits up
解析：“She listened to music to...while waiting for the result.”，她听音乐是为了在等待结果时让自己精神振作起来，“keep one’s spirits up” 表示 “使某人精神振作起来”，根据主语 “She”，one’s 变为 “her” ，to 后接动词原形，所以填 “keep her spirits up”。
答案：persevered in
解析：“Despite many difficulties, he...trying and finally succeeded.”，尽管困难重重，他坚持尝试并最终成功，“persevere in” 表示 “坚持；孜孜以求”，句子是一般过去时，“persevere” 的过去式是 “persevered”，所以填 “persevered in”。
答案：resolved to
解析：“She...work harder to improve her grades.”，她决心更加努力学习来提高成绩，“resolve to do sth” 表示 “决定；决心做某事”，句子是一般过去时，“resolve” 的过去式是 “resolved”，所以填 “resolved to”。
答案：in the direction of
解析：“We saw him walking...the park.”，句子表示我们看到他朝着公园的方向走去，“in the direction of” 表示 “朝…… 方向”，符合语境，所以填 “in the direction of”。
答案：from bad to worse
解析：“Their living conditions were getting...”，他们的生活条件应该是变得越来越糟，“from bad to worse” 表示 “每况愈下”，所以填 “from bad to worse”。
（二）Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above
答案：He turned down the job offer because he wanted to pursue his dream.
解析：“他” 翻译为 “He”；“拒绝” 用 “turned down”，句子时态为一般过去时；“那份工作邀请” 是 “the job offer”；“因为” 用 “because” 引导原因状语从句；“想追求他的梦想” 翻译为 “wanted to pursue his dream”，“turn sb down” 中的 “sb” 在这指 “the job offer”。
答案：When camping, we learned how to make fire.
解析：“露营时” 翻译为 “When camping”，是时间状语；“我们” 是 “we”；“学会” 用 “learned”，一般过去时；“如何生火” 翻译为 “how to make fire”，“make fire” 表示 “生火” ，符合短语用法。
答案：This new material gives off a soft light.
解析：“这种新型材料” 翻译为 “This new material”；“会发出” 用 “gives off”，一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数；“柔和的光” 是 “a soft light”，“give off” 表示 “放出（光）”，准确表达句子意思。
答案：When the ship began to sink, the crew was forced to abandon the ship.
解析：“当船开始下沉时” 翻译为 “When the ship began to sink”，引导时间状语从句；“船员们” 是 “the crew”；“被迫” 用 “was forced”，一般过去时的被动语态；“弃船” 用 “abandon the ship”，“be forced to do sth.”（被迫做某事），to 后接动词原形 。
答案：He kept his spirits up by chatting with friends.
解析：“他” 翻译为 “He”；“振作精神” 用 “kept his spirits up”，一般过去时；“通过和朋友聊天” 翻译为 “by chatting with friends”，“by” 表示通过某种方式，“keep one’s spirits up” 中的 “one’s” 根据主语变为 “his” 。
答案：She persevered in practicing the piano for many years and finally became an excellent pianist.
解析：“她” 翻译为 “She”；“坚持练习钢琴” 用 “persevered in practicing the piano”，一般过去时，“persevere in” 后接动名词；“多年” 是 “for many years”；“最终成为” 翻译为 “finally became”；“一名出色的钢琴家” 是 “an excellent pianist”，体现 “persevere in” 短语的用法。
答案：He resolved to form good habits in the new year.
解析：“他” 翻译为 “He”；“决心” 用 “resolved to”，一般过去时；“养成良好的习惯” 翻译为 “form good habits”；“在新的一年里” 是 “in the new year”，“resolve to do sth” 中 to 后接动词原形 。
答案：The plane flew in the direction of the east.
解析：“飞机” 翻译为 “The plane”；“飞去” 用 “flew”，一般过去时；“朝着东方” 翻译为 “in the direction of the east”，“in the direction of” 表示 “朝…… 方向” 。
答案：Due to lack of funds, the situation of this project is getting from bad to worse.
解析：“由于缺乏资金” 翻译为 “Due to lack of funds”，引导原因状语；“这个项目的情况” 是 “the situation of this project”；“越来越糟” 用 “is getting from bad to worse”，现在进行时，“from bad to worse” 表示 “每况愈下” 。
二、语法知识点练习题答案及解析
（一）Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets using the present perfect continuous tense
答案：has been working
解析：“She...(work) in this company for ten years and still enjoys her job.”，句子表示她在这家公司工作了十年并且还在继续工作，符合现在完成进行时 “表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还可能持续下去” 的用法，主语 “She” 是第三人称单数，所以用 “has been working”。
答案：have been preparing
解析：“They...(prepare) for the exam since last month.”，从上个月开始他们就一直在为考试做准备，且可能还在准备，用现在完成进行时，主语 “They” 是复数，所以填 “have been preparing”。
答案：have been looking for
解析：“I...(look for) my lost key everywhere, but I haven't found it yet.”，我一直在到处找钥匙，强调寻找这个动作的持续性，还没找到，符合现在完成进行时用法，主语 “I” 用 “have been looking for”。
答案：have been playing
解析：“The children...(play) outside all afternoon and now they are tired.”，孩子们整个下午都在外面玩，强调玩耍动作的持续进行，导致现在很累，用现在完成进行时，主语 “The children” 是复数，所以填 “have been playing”。
（二）Rewrite the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense
答案：He has been writing a novel for two months.
解析：原句 “He started to write a novel two months ago and is still writing it.”，表示他从两个月前开始写小说且一直在写，用现在完成进行时改写，“for two months” 表示时间段，“has been writing” 体现动作的持续 。
答案：They have been building the bridge since last year.
解析：原句 “They began to build the bridge last year and it is still under construction.”，从去年开始建桥且一直在建设中，用现在完成进行时，“since last year” 表示时间起点，“have been building” 符合语法规则 。
答案：She has been learning French since last week.
解析：原句 “She started to learn French last week and is still learning it.”，上周开始学法语且持续学习，用现在完成进行时，“since last week” 表明时间，“has been learning” 正确改写句子 。
（三）Choose the correct tense (present perfect or present perfect continuous) to complete the sentences
答案：have lived
解析：“I...(live) in this city for five years.”，强调在这个城市居住五年的结果，用现在完成时更合适，表示动作完成，所以填 “have lived”。
答案：has been cleaning
解析：“She...(clean) the house all morning and it looks very tidy now.”，整个上午一直在打扫房子，强调打扫动作的持续性，用现在完成进行时，主语 “She” 是第三人称单数，所以填 “has been cleaning”。
答案：have seen
解析：“We...(see) this movie before.”，表示曾经看过这部电影这个结果，用现在完成时，“have seen” 符合语境。
答案：have been working
解析：“They...(work) on this project since they came here.”，自从来到这里就一直在做这个项目，强调动作从过去持续到现在且可能继续，用现在完成进行时，所以填 “have been working”。
三、重要句式句型分析翻译练习题答案及解析
答案：VOLUNTEERS WANTED: hard work, low pay, long - time outdoor work, and some risks.
解析：仿照 “MEN WANTED for a dangerous journey: small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain.” 的省略句结构，“招聘志愿者” 翻译为 “VOLUNTEERS WANTED”；后面依次列出工作辛苦 “hard work”、报酬低 “low pay”、长时间户外工作 “long - time outdoor work” 和有一定风险 “some risks” 。
答案：He is so fascinated by painting that he spends a lot of time in the studio every day.
解析：依据 “But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard.” 中 “so...that...” 引导结果状语从句的结构，“他对绘画如此着迷” 翻译为 “He is so fascinated by painting”；“以至于每天都花大量时间在画室里” 翻译为 “that he spends a lot of time in the studio every day” 。
答案：She is so passionate about traveling that she decides to travel around the world alone.
解析：同样运用 “so...that...” 结构，“她对旅行充满热情” 翻译为 “She is so passionate about traveling”；“所以她决定独自环游世界” 翻译为 “that she decides to travel around the world alone”，体现该句式的用法。