高考英语二轮语法专题复习-专题10 主谓一致和特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略及其他)导学案(含答案)-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

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名称 高考英语二轮语法专题复习-专题10 主谓一致和特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略及其他)导学案(含答案)-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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高考英语语法专题复习
专题10 主谓一致和特殊句式
(强调、倒装、省略及其他)
目 录
一、主谓一致 3
考点1 语法一致原则 3
考点2 意义一致原则 6
考点3 临近原则 9
二、特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略及其他) 10
考点1 There be结构 10
考点2 感叹句和祈使句 13
1. 感叹句 13
2. 祈使句 15
考点3 强调和强调句型 17
1. 助动词do表示强调 17
2. 强调句型 18
3. 强调句型的疑问句式 20
4. 强调句型与not... until...句型连用 20
5. 强调句型与原因状语从句连用 20
考点4 部分倒装和完全倒装 21
1. 完全倒装 21
2. 部分倒装 22
考点5 反意疑问句 26
1. 反意疑问句的基本构成形式 27
2. 祈使句的反意疑问句 28
3. There be句型、used to句型中的反意疑问句 29
4. 使用情态动词的反意疑问句 29
5. 主从复合句中的反意疑问句 30
6. 反意疑问句的答语 30
考点6 省略和替代 31
1. 省略 31
2. 替代 34
三、专项练习 37
四、答案解析 43
一、主谓一致
与汉语不同,英文句子存在主谓一致的问题。主谓一致即主语和谓语在“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。主谓一致主要遵循语法一致、意义一致、临近三个原则。
考点1 语法一致原则
所谓“语法一致原则”即谓语动词和主语在单复数形式上保持一致。也就是说,如果主语为复数,谓语动词(在一般现在时中)用动词原形,若谓语中含有be动词,则用其复数are或were,若谓语中含有助动词have,则不应使用其单数形式has,反之,如果主语为单数,谓语动词(在一般现在时中)用第三人称单数形式,或根据时态选用单数形式的be动词am, is或was,助动词选用has。
1. 动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)或者主语从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
Watching basketball games has become my hobby.
观看篮球比赛成了我的业余爱好。
Whether she will go abroad or not is not decided.
她是否要出国尚未决定。
2. 由and或both... and...连接的并列主语,谓语动词一般用复数形式
Jack and Henry are best friends.
杰克和亨利是最好的朋友。
Both Mary and Linda were satisfied with the new tutor.
玛丽和琳达都对这位新家教老师感到满意。
3. 被as well as, with, along with, like, together with等短语修饰的主语的主谓一致
由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except,but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作并列主语,该主语不受这些短语引导的插入语的影响,主语如果是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式,主语为复数,谓语动词使用复数形式。
Mr. White, as well as his wife and children, has gone to London last Friday.
上周五,怀特先生及其夫人和孩子去了伦敦。
The film star, accompanied by his three assistants, was seen to enter the hotel.
有人看见这位电影明星在其三位助理的陪同下进入了这家宾馆。
The parents, together with their son, are about to leave for Shanghai.
这对父母和他们的儿子要前往上海。
4. 主语含义上虽为复数,但谓语仍用单数形式的情况
有些主语被many a, more than one, each, every或no修饰,虽为复数意义,谓语仍用单数;and连接的主语分别被many a, more than one, each,every或no等修饰时,谓语动词也用单数形式(但复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式)。
Many a student is going to take part in the English contest.
有许多学生要参加这项英语竞赛。
Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in that country.
在那个国家,每个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。
The old workers and the young ones each have their own tools.
老工人和年轻工人每人都有自己的工具。
5. 某些不定代词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式
此类不定代词有:either, neither, each, one, the other, another,somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone,everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。
Everything around us is matter.
我们周围的所有东西都是物质。
Someone has let the news out.
有人把这个消息泄露了出去。
考点2 意义一致原则
意义一致原则是指谓语动词的数与主语的意义一致(有时主语在形式上为单数,但意义上却为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数)。
1. 时间、距离、重量、金钱等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
表示时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数名词作主语时,应视为一个整体概念,谓语动词使用单数形式。
Seven days is enough for completing this task.
七天时间完成这项任务已经足够了。
1000 dollars was a lot of money for me at that time.
当时1000美元对我来说是很大一笔钱。
2. 一些集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要取决于集体名词的含义
class, family, team, group, crew, government, enemy, company, party,public, audience等集体名词既可以表示整体意义,又可以表示一个个成员,它们充当句子主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于其所指代的含义,即视作整体,谓语动词用单数,若视为具体成员,则谓语动词用复数。
My family is a big one. 我家是一个大家庭。
My family are fond of going out for a walk after supper.
我们一家人喜欢晚饭后出去散步。
3. 学科或专有名词等的复数形式表示单数概念时,其谓语动词用单数形式
Physics is one of my favorite subjects.
物理是我最喜爱的学科之一。
I think Arabian Nights is a fantastic classic that should be read by anyone who has the time and patience.
我认为《一千零一夜》是一个极好的经典,任何有时间和耐心的人都应该读一读。
4. 有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数(如news, means等),作主语时,谓语动词用单数
The news is spreading quickly. 消息正在迅速传播。
5. 由对称部分构成的物品的单词作主语时的主谓一致的情况
某些由两个对称部分构成的物品的英文单词一般以复数形式出现,比如shoes, trousers, clothes, glasses(眼镜), scissors(剪刀),chopsticks(筷子), compasses(圆规)等,它们作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式,但是,如果这些词被a pair of, a kind of, a series of等短语修饰时,谓语动词应用单数形式。
The shoes fit me perfectly. 这双鞋非常适合我。
That pair of glasses was missing last week. 上周那副眼镜找不到了。
6. “分数或百分数+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词形式随of后的名词的数的变化而变化
“分数或百分数+of+名词”作主语时,谓语的单复数取决于of后面的名词的含义,如果of后接不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果of后接复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。
Over 80 percent of the water goes into the air through evaporation.
80%的水分通过蒸发散失到空气中了。
One third of the employees in that company are no more than thirty years old.
那家公司三分之一的员工不到30岁。
7. 由“all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of等+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与of后的名词一致
All of his spare time has been spent in playing football.
他所有的业余时间都花在踢足球上了。
Most of the boys in our class have seen Wolf Warriors II.
我们班大部分男生都看过《战狼2》。
8. a quantity of+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;quantities of+可数或不可数名词,谓语动词用复数形式
A small quantity of vinegar is needed for cooking the dish. 做这道菜需要少量的醋。
Large quantities of milk are in need in that country. 那个国家需要大量的牛奶。
9. “the+形容词或分词”表示一类人或物时,谓语动词用复数
The rich are supposed to help the poor. 富人应当帮助穷人。
10. what引导的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数,但所指的具体内容如果是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式
What we need is a clean and peaceful world. 我们需要的是一个干净和平的世界。
What I have are nothing but two hands and a willing mind. 我所有的只是双手和决心。
考点3 临近原则
临近原则是指谓语动词的单复数与最近的主语的单复数形式保持一致。
1. 当not only... but(also)..., either... or..., neither...nor..., not... but...等引导并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于靠近谓语动词的主语的单复数
Neither her younger brothers nor she is willing to return.
她和她的弟弟们都不愿意回来。
Not only Tom but also his parents have been tired of telling the story.
不仅汤姆而且他的父母都厌倦了讲述这个故事。
2. 在某些倒装句或倒装结构中,谓语动词的单复数也取决于临近主语的单复数形式
There is a pen and two books on the desk. 桌子上有一支笔和两本书。
There are two books and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有两本书和一支笔。
二、特殊句式(强调、倒装、省略及其他)
考点1 There be结构
There be句型表示某物或某事存在或不存在。There be后面的名词是句子的主语,属倒装结构。
1. There be句型与情态动词连用
There be句型中的谓语动词be可与各种情态动词连用。
He felt that there must be something wrong. 他感到一定是出了错儿。
There should be a law against that. 应该有法律来约束它。
2. There be句型与happen to, appear/seem to, be going to, used to,be likely to等连用
There be句型中的谓语动词be还可以与happen to(碰巧),appear/seem to(似乎),be going to(将会),used to(曾经),have to(必须),be likely to(很可能)等连用。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the club.
在那个俱乐部碰巧有我的一个老朋友。
There used to be a tall building by the playground. 过去,在操场边上有一座高楼。
There is likely to be an exhibition in that galary next weekend.
下周末,那家画廊可能有一次展览。
3. There be句型中be动词的变体
There be句型中的动词be有时可根据情况换成其他动词。这些动词有两类:一类是表示存在概念的状态动词,如:exist, remain, live, lie,stand;一类是表示某事发生或某人到达等概念的不及物动词,如:come, enter, arise, occur, follow, appear。
There lies a river behind the house. 房子后面有一条河。
Then there came a knock at the door. 然后听到了敲门声。
There once lived a poor farmer who had four sons.
从前有个穷苦的农夫,他有四个儿子。
注意:在这类句型中,有时将地点状语提前(置于句首),则可以省略there。
Behind the house(there)lies a river. 房子后面有一条河。
4. There be的非谓语动词形式
There be 结构也可以以不定式(there to be)、动名词(there being)和现在分词(there being)的形式出现在句子中,作主语、宾语或状语。
I don’t want there to be any more trouble. 我不希望再有麻烦了。(不定式作宾语)
I expect there to be no argument about this.
我希望对此没有什么争论。(不定式作宾语)
What’s the chance of there being an election this year
今年举行大选的可能性有多大?(动名词作介词宾语)
There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
离房子这么近有一个汽车站,这太便利了。(动名词作主语)
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。(分词作状语,属于独立主格结构)
5. There be构成的固定句型
· There is no point in+v-ing:没道理,没用,没必要
· There is no use(in)+v-ing:毫无用处
· There is no sense in+v-ing:毫无道理
· There is no need to+v:没有必要
· There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问
例如:
There is no point in arguing further. 再争下去也没用。
There is no use in hiding that fact from him. 对他隐瞒那个事实没什么用。
There is no sense in making a child suffer like that.
让一个孩子受那样的苦是毫无道理的。
There is no need for him to remain in Shanghai. 他没有必要再留在上海。
There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问,我们的教育制度令人不满意。
考点2 感叹句和祈使句
1. 感叹句
感叹句是表达喜怒哀乐等强烈情感的句子。通常以how和what开头,其中what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词或动词。
(1)由what引导的感叹句
其句子结构可分为以下三种:
① What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
② What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语!
③ What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!
(感叹句中的“主语+谓语”可以省略)
例如:
What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!
What clever boys they are! 他们是多么聪明的孩子啊!
What beautiful weather we have! 天气真好!
(2)由how引导的感叹句
其句子结构也分为三种:
① How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
② How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
③ How+主语+谓语!
(感叹句中的“主语+谓语”可以省略)
例如:
How beautiful the city is! 这座城市多么美丽!
How interesting a story it is! 这是个多有趣的故事啊!
How I missed you! 我多么想念你啊!
注意:有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。
Good idea! 好主意!
Wonderful! 太精彩了!
Thank goodness! 谢天谢地!
2. 祈使句
祈使句是表达说话人的意愿、请求、叮嘱、号召、命令或建议的句子。它的主语you(听话人)通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句子末尾用感叹号或句号。
Make sentences after the model. 根据例句造句。
Be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时要小心。
Let him go back now. 让他现在回去吧。
(1)祈使句的否定形式
通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分为以下四种类型:
① 在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,构成“Don’t+行为动词原形+其他成分”的结构。
Don’t say that again! 别再那样说了!
② 在be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成“Don’t be+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)”的结构。
Don’t be careless. 不要粗心。
注意:在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。
③ let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种:
A. let开头的祈使句,如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格,可在let前加Don’t,也可在let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.=Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
B. 如果是以Let’s开头的祈使句,必须在Let’s后加not。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.
无论什么时候我们碰到她,都不要告诉她真相。
④ 在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“No+名词/v-ing”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。
No Photos! 禁止拍照! No Smoking!禁止吸烟!
(2)祈使句的反意疑问句
须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式:
① 祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时,用won’t you。
Be sure to call me, will you 你一定要给我来电话,好吗?
② 祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you。
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you 不要在会议室吸烟,好吗?
③ let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let’s用shall we外,其他均用will you。
Let the boy go first, will you 让那个男孩先走,好吗?
(3)祈使句和其他句式的搭配。常见三种形式:
① 祈使句+破折号+分句。分句起着对祈使句的补充、解释说明的作用。
Try some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it. 尝尝这种果汁,或许你会喜欢的。
② 祈使句+and/or/or else+分句。祈使句是分句的条件,分句多使用一般将来时。
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do. 把它留给我吧,我想想有没有办法。
③ 祈使句用于条件状语从句的主句。从句多使用一般现在时态。
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.
如果他明天来这儿的话,叫他给我打个电话。
考点3 强调和强调句型
1. 助动词do表示强调
谓语动词前用do的形式加强语气,相当于“务必,千万,一定;确定”等。它通常只能强调一般现在时和一般过去时。
He does look well. 他确实看上去很健康。
You did give me a fright. 你可真是吓了我一跳。
Do be careful in making such experiment. 做这样的实验千万要小心。
2. 强调句型
强调句型为:It is(was)+除谓语以外的被强调部分+that/who+句子其他部分。
构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that,强调的主语如果是人,可以由who代替that。即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时that或who也不可省略。强调句中的时态一般只有两种,一般现在时和一般过去时,原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was...,其余的时态用It is...。
强调主语:It was Tom who/that found my pen in the classroom yesterday.
昨天是汤姆在教室里找到了我的笔。
强调宾语:It was my pen that Tom found in the classroom yesterday.
昨天汤姆在教室里找到的是我的笔。
强调地点状语:It was in the classroom that Tom found my pen yesterday.
昨天汤姆是在教室里找到我的笔的。
强调时间状语:It was yesterday that Tom found my pen in the classroom.
汤姆是昨天在教室里找到我的笔的。
注意:在某些情况下,强调句型中的It is(was)的be动词也可以有其他形式,比如:
It may have been... that/who... 或许是……
一般去掉It was that句子仍然成立,且句意通顺,则为强调句型,不成立不通顺,则为其他形式。
It is well known that Sherlock Holmes was a famous detective.(主语从句)
众所周知,夏洛克·福尔摩斯是一位著名的侦探。
It was three years that I spent in American for a further study.(定语从句)
我在美国深造了三年的时间。
It was on February 12, 1809 that Lincoln was born.(强调句型)
林肯是在1809年2月12日出生的。
It was three years ago that he went to American for a further study.(强调句型)
他是三年前去美国深造的。
3. 强调句型的疑问句式
(1)一般疑问式:直接把is或was提到it之前即可。
Was it Tom that found your pen in the classroom yesterday
昨天是汤姆在教室里找到了你的笔吗?
(2)强调句型的特殊疑问式:“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+该句的其余部分”。
How is it that you usually go to work 你通常是怎样去上班的
4. 强调句型与not... until...句型连用
在强调not... until...结构中由until所引导的短语(或从句)作时间状语时,要用固定的强调句型:“It+is/was+not until...+that+其他”,that所引导的从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
His father didn’t come back from work until 12 o’clock.
→It was not until 12 o’clock that his father came back form work.直到12点他的爸爸才下班回家。
5. 强调句型与原因状语从句连用
若从句由as或since引导,强调时则改为because,这是因为because引导的原因从句表示的意义非常强烈,符合强调句的目的。
Since he joined the army, he had to give up his career as an actor.→It was because he joined the army that he had to give up his career as an actor.
正是因为他参了军,所以他不得不放弃了作为演员的事业。
考点4 部分倒装和完全倒装
倒装是强调的一种特殊形式。根据主语和谓语的语序,倒装分为部分倒装(谓语动词的一部分移到主语前)和完全倒装(整个谓语置于主语前)。
1. 完全倒装
常见的完全倒装主要有两种形式。
(1)句首是表示地点的介词短语或方位名词,且主语是名词时需要完全倒装。
关键词:句首地点;主语名词。
At the foot of the mountain lies a small village. It’s my home town.在大山脚下有一个小村庄,那是我的故乡。
注意:当主语为代词时,则不需要倒装。
Here you are. 给你。
(2)句首是表示方位的副词,且谓语是表示位置或转移等不及物动词或动词be形式时(如go/ come/ run/ remain/ seem/ live/ sit/ rise),需要完全倒装。
关键词:句首副词;谓语不及物。
Out rushed the naughty boy with a football in his hand.
手里拿个足球的那个淘气男生冲了出去。
这其中包括了there开头的There be 句型。There be结构中be有时被come/exist/fall/occur/remain/rise /stand等不及物动词代替,使句子更加形象、生动。
There stands a leaning tower in the city of Pisa.
比萨城内矗立着一座斜塔。
此外,直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首时,需要完全倒装。
“He has never come to see his mother in the villiage,” said Alice.
爱丽丝说:“他从来没有来村庄看望过他的妈妈。”
2. 部分倒装
(1)句首为表示否定的副词或有no短语限定谓语或全句时,需要部分倒装。
常见否定副词及短语:
never/seldom/not/nowhere/scarcely/rarely/barely/in no way/by no means/at no time 等。
Nowhere but in China have we seen the reform so clearly, which has surprised us all.
除了在中国,我们没有在其他地方如此清楚地看到过改革,这令我们所有人都感到惊奇。
(2)句首为“only+状语(从句)”需要部分倒装。关键词:句首;
only;状语。三者缺一不可。
Only by taxi can you arrive there on time. 只有乘坐出租车,你才能按时抵达那里。
注意:
only修饰主语时,不用倒装。
Only he managed to pass the exam. 只有他成功通过了考试。
(3)并列分句结构中的部分倒装
1)由并列连词not only... but also...,neither... nor...引起的部分倒装。
① not only... but also... 连接两个并列分句时,前者用部分倒装形式,but also连接的分句用正常语序。
Not only did we lose our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.
我们不但把钱丢了,还险些丢了性命。
② neither... nor... 连接的两个并列分句时,两个分句都要用部分倒装形式。
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.
理论没有实践不行,实践没有理论也不行。
注意:当not only... but also...,neither... nor... 连接两个并列主语时不用倒装语序。例如:
Not only the students but also the teacher is active in learning French.
不仅学生,而且老师也在积极学习法语。
2)由并列连词so, neither, nor等引起的部分倒装。
① so(肯定句),neither,nor(否定句),引导的句子中,表示前面情况也适合后者。
—I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。
—So have I. 我也做完了。
② 当so 放于句首,对前面所说情况表示肯定或确认时不用倒装。
—He has finished his homework. 他做完了家庭作业。
—So he has. 确实是。
注意:
such表示“这就是……”,位于句首时需要完全倒装。
Such were his words. 这就是他的原话。
(4)复合句型中的倒装
1)时间状语从句中的部分倒装。
当not... until...(直到……才……)引导的时间状语从句位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装形式,从句用正常语序。而hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner... than...(一……就……)引导的时间状语从句,从句用部分倒装形式,主句不倒装。
Not until my father came back did I go to bed.
直到爸爸回来,我才上床睡觉。
No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.
我一离开家,就开始下起雨来。
2)结果状语从句中的部分倒装
so/such... that...结构中,so/such位于句首加强语气,主句需要部分倒装,that从句不倒装。
So weak was he that he could hardly stand up.
他如此虚弱,几乎站不起来了。
(可还原为:He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.)
此外,一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和感叹句也属于部分倒装。
(5)特殊的倒装句
1)让步状语从句中的部分倒装。
在由as/though(尽管)或however(no matter how无论怎样)等引导的让步状语从句中,常将从句中的表语、动词或副词状语提至句首,但助动词不可前置。如果表语为单数可数名词,在采用倒装形式时,不定冠词必须去掉。
Clever as he is, he doesn’t study well. 尽管他很聪明,但他学习不好。
However late he is, his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.无论他回来得多晚,他的妈妈都要等他一起吃晚饭。
Great scientist as he is, he remains modest.(=Though/Although he is a great scientist, he remains modest.)尽管他是一位伟大的科学家,他仍旧很谦虚。
2)if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中的部分倒装。
如果从句中的谓语动词含有were, had, should等助动词时,可将连词if去掉,从句采用部分倒装形式。
Had it not been for the free tickets, I wouldn’t have gone to the films so often.
要不是有免费的票,我就不会经常去看电影了。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
如果明天下雨,我们就得推迟参观杨浦大桥。
考点5 反意疑问句
反意疑问句(The Disjunctive Questions或Question Tags)即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法没有把握,需要对方证实。反意疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称和时态应保持一致。肯定的反意疑问句,一般用升调;否定的反意疑问句,一般用降调。反意疑问句有时带有感彩,表示惊奇、愤怒、讽刺、不服气等。
1. 反意疑问句的基本构成形式
反意疑问句遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”的基本原则,即:
· 陈述部分肯定结构+反意疑问部分否定结构
· 陈述部分否定结构+反意疑问部分肯定结构
例如:
You went to Shenzhen last week, didn’t you 你上周去深圳了,不是吗?
He is a football player, isn’t he 他是一个足球运动员,不是吗?
Susan doesn’t like eating Japanese cuisine, does she 苏珊不喜欢吃日本料理,是吗?
注意:
① 反意疑问句一般遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”的原则,但是如果前面的陈述句中使用了否定含义的代词、副词或限定词,如nobody, nowhere, nothing, no one, none, neither, hardly, rarely, few,little, seldom, scarcely, never等,则陈述部分仍旧应看作否定含义(尽管形式上是肯定的),所以反义疑问部分应该用肯定形式。
They seldom swam in a river, did they
他们很少在河里游泳,是吗?
Nobody knows the news, do they
没有人知道这个消息,是吧?(需用they指代nobody)
Nothing bad happened, did it
没有发生什么不好的事情,是吧?(需用it指代nothing)
② 当陈述部分使用了含有否定含义的前缀(如-un, -dis)或后缀(如-less)的词(如unhappy, careless等)时,陈述部分仍看作肯定句,因此,反义疑问部分应使用否定形式。
She looks unhappy, doesn’t she
她看上去不高兴,不是吗?
2. 祈使句的反意疑问句
(1)若陈述部分为肯定句,反意疑问部分通常两者都可以用(will you或won’t you)。
Open the door, will you /won’t you 把门打开,好吗?
(2)若陈述部分为否定句,反意疑问部分只能用will you。
Don’t forget to remember me, will you 别把我忘记了,好吗?
(3)Let’s 表示的是第一人称祈使句,反意疑问句应用shall we或shan’t we。
Let’s go to the beach, shall we 我们去海边吧,好吗?
Let’s have a coffee, shan’t we 我们喝杯咖啡吧,好不好?
3. There be句型、used to句型中的反意疑问句
在there be句型中,反意疑问句部分需用be there的结构;在含used to的结构中,需使用didn’t或usedn’t。
There is a bank near the hospital, isn’t there 医院附近有一家银行,不是吗?
He used to have long hair, didn’t he (或usedn’t he )他曾留过长发,不是吗?
4. 使用情态动词的反意疑问句
使用情态动词的反意疑问句应首先遵循情态动词本身的用法,例如must表示“必须”,那么它的否定答语应使用needn’t(不必),而不能使用mustn’t(不准),故反意疑问句也需使用needn’t;在含有表示推测的情态动词的反意疑问句中,反意疑问部分需根据实际情况而定。
You must do it today, needn’t you 你必须今天做,是不是?(注意must表示“必须”,否定式用needn’t,即“不必”)
He must be happy, isn’t he 他一定很高兴,不是吗?(must表示推测,需以实际情况为准,不可用mustn’t)
He can’t be a doctor, is he 他不可能是一名医生,是吧?(注意can’t表示否定推测,所以,反意疑问部分需以can’t后的动词为准,故此处用了is)
5. 主从复合句中的反意疑问句
(1)在主从复合句中,反意疑问部分一般跟主句一致。
She said he had gone to Paris, didn’t she
她说他去了巴黎,不是吗?
(2)在I think/believe/guess/suppose+that宾语从句的主从复合句中,反意疑问部分需与从句的动词一致,用肯定还是否定,需遵循“前肯后否,前否后肯”的原则根据主句情况而定。
I think he’ll come to help us, won’t he
我想他会来帮助我们的,不是吗?
I don’t think he is clever, is he
我觉得他不聪明,是吧?
6. 反意疑问句的答语
英语中,反意疑问句的答语与中文的思维不同,yes需翻译为“不”,no需翻译成“是的”,需注意。
—He doesn’t speak Russia, does he 他不会说俄语,是吗?
—Yes, he does. 不,他会说。(yes翻译成“不”)
—His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
—No, she didn’t. 是的,她没参加。(no翻译成“是的”)
考点6 省略和替代
省略和替代这两种语言现象一般出现在上下文相同的语境中,目的是让句子言简意赅,避免重复。
1. 省略
(1)复合句的省略
1)状语从句由although/though, as if, until, once, unless, when,whether, where, while等引导,且同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致,或从句主语为it;从句的主要动词是be的某种形式,则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.(=When the museum is completed...)
明年当博物馆竣工时,将会对公众开放。
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if possible.(=... if it is possible.)
如果可能的话,他会去海边度假。
2)比较状语从句中的省略。
I’m taller than he.(=... than he is tall.)我比他高。
The higher the temperature, the greater the pressure.(=...the temperature is, ... the pressure is.)温度越高,压力越大。
3)某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if,从句使用倒装。
I suggest that he study more English before going abroad.(=... that he should study...)我建议他出国之前学习更多英语。
Were I you, I would go with her.(=If I were you, ...)如果我是你,我会和她一起去。
4)宾语从句中的连接词that和限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词
that, which, whom常可省略。
I think(that)you are wrong. 我认为你是错误的。
She is the woman(who/whom/that)we are talking about.
她就是我们正在谈论的那位女士。
(2)并列句的省略
为使句子简洁,在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。
He often regards English as easy and(he often regards)French as difficult.
他经常认为英语简单,法语难。
I could have stayed home, but I didn’t(stay home).
我原本可以待在家里,但是我没有。
(3)(简单句)习惯省略
1)对话语境中前后省略。
—How are you 你好吗?
—(I’m)Fine. 很好。
2)介词in, from等在搭配中的省略。
He spends his evening(in)studying Chinese. 他晚上学习汉语。
They are busy(in)cleaning the room. 他们正忙着打扫房间。
We could stop them(from)moving the heavy box.
我们可以阻止他们挪动这个笨重的箱子。
类似省略情况还有:
· waste no time(in)doing sth. 赶紧做某事
· succeed(in)doing sth. 成功地做了某事
· have difficulty(in)doing sth. 做某事有困难
· have no trouble(in)doing sth. 做某事很顺利
· keep sb.(from)doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
· prevent sb.(from)doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
3)省略不定式符号to,不定式作动词make/let以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to,但变成被动语态不能省略。
The boss made the workers work all day and all night. 老板让这些工人日夜工作。
The workers were made to work all day and all night. 工人们被迫日夜工作。
4)在密切联系的语境中,为避免重复,作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to。
Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非老师要求,否则不要碰任何东西。
—Did you invite him to the party 你邀请他参加聚会了吗?
—Yes, I’d tried to, but he refused to. 是的,我竭力邀请他,但是他拒绝了。
2. 替代
替代有三种:名词性替代,动词性替代和分句性替代。
(1)名词性替代常用one, it, that, those, the same和人称代词或物主代词。
Mr. Smith gave the text books to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.
史密斯老师把课本发给了所有学生,除了那些已经领到的。
I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.
我希望有足够多的玻璃杯,每个客人都能有一个。
I hate it when people talk with their mouth full.
我讨厌人们说话时嘴里含满食物。
—He was nearly drowned once. 他曾经险些淹死。
—When was that 什么时候的事情?
—It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school. 1998年他上中学的时候。
The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor.
富人的房子比穷人的大。
—Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please 请给我来一杯加糖黑咖啡。
—Give me the same, please. 我也来一杯一样的。
(2)动词性替代常用do, do so(it, that)等。
—I told him about it. 我告诉他(这个事情)了。
—Yes, I did, too. 是的,我也和他说了。
He had promised to pay, but failed to do so(it/that). 他曾答应要付钱,但是没有付。
(3)分句性替代常用so, not。
She hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. 她希望他能赢,我也希望如此。
—Will it rain today 今天会下雨吗?
—I believe not.(=I don’t think so)我想不会。
(4)关于替代词so
so用于替代宾语从句的分句,表示说话者赞同上述情况。适用于这种情况的表示看法、意见等的动词有think, believe, expect, suppose,imagine, guess, say, hope, fear, be afraid等。
think so, believe so, except so等变为否定形式有两种途径:
1)用动词的否定形式。
2)用not代替so。
但be afraid so, fear so, hope so等变为否定形式只用第2种方法。
注意:
与so有关的两个句型:
① 表示说话者赞同上述事实:So+主语+连系动词(助动词或情态动词)。
—It was cold yesterday. 昨天挺冷。
—So it was. 的确冷。
② 表示上述情况也适用于另一主语的句型
· 通用句型:so it is(was)with+另一主语。
He is a farmer. So it is with his brother.(= So is his brother)
他是个农民。他的弟弟也是。
· 只用于肯定情况的句型:So+连系动词(助动词或情态动词)+另一主语。
I enjoyed the book and so did my wife.(=So it was with my wife)
我喜欢这本书,我妻子也喜欢。
· 否定情况则使用:Neither(Nor)+连系动词(助动词或情态动词)+另一主语。
She didn’t come. Neither/Nor did her sister.(=So it was with her sister)
她没有来。她的妹妹也没来。
三、专项练习
I. 单句改错。(仅限1处)
1. There are only one TV set and two computers in the room.
2. How strange clothes he is wearing!
3. It may have been at Christmas when John gave Mary a handbag.
4. Not until Mr. Smith came to China didn’t he know what kind of a country she is.
5. Nearby was two canoes in which they had come to the island.
II. 在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
6. It is dawn now. However, there ______ still another 20 miles to drive.
7. ______(not tell)him the bad news if he comes here tomorrow.
8. It is Mr. Robbins accompanied by his wife and children who ______(be)in Europe since several weeks ago.
9. The boy picked up a coin in the road and ______(hand)it to a policeman.
10. —John likes apples and he doesn’t go to school by bus.
—So it is ______ John’s sisiter.
III. 单项选择。
11. Such poets as Shakespeare ______ widely read, of whose works, however, some ______ difficult to understand.
A. are; are
B. is; is
C. are; is
D. is; are
12. It is reported that many a new house ______ at present in the disaster area.
A. are being built
B. is building
C. are building
D. is being built
13. The teacher together with the students ______ discussing Reading Skills that ______ newly published in America.
A. are; were
B. is; were
C. are; was
D. is; was
14. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ______ yet.
A. hasn’t been decided
B. haven’t decided
C. isn’t being decided
D. aren’t decided
15. Either you or one of your students ______ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are
B. is
C. have
D. be
16. Anyone, once ______ positive for the flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
A. to be tested
B. being tested
C. tested
D. to test
17. It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ Zheng He sailed to East Africa.
A. when
B. that
C. after
D. since
18. —Alice, feed the bird today, ______
—But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you
B. will you
C. didn’t you
D. don’t you
19. Before you quit your job, ______ how your family would feel about your decision.
A. consider
B. considering
C. to consider
D. considered
20. ______ a strange animal! I’ve never seen it before.
A. Which
B. What
C. How
D. Whether
21. It was ten minutes ago that there ______ an eraser, a pen and some books on the desk.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. be
22. John opened the door. There ______ he had never seen before.
A. a girl did stand
B. a girl stood
C. did a girl stand
D. stood a girl
23. It was not until in the evening ______ her husband arrived home.
A. which
B. when
C. that
D. how
24. If ______ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
A. asked
B. to ask
C. asking
D. having asked
25. You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ______ the coach picks up tourists.
A. who
B. which
C. where
D. that
IV. 阅读下列短文,在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Everyone has different ways to spend time on weekends, and 26 have I. I personally think people should be in a good mood when they do physical exercises. 27 in this way can they be heathy not only physically but also psychologically. Don’t still diet, or you 28 (be)out of touch.
There is a river in my hometown. South of our city 29 (lie)a big mountain. So clear is the river 30 we can see the fish swimming happily in the bottom. It was between 2015 and 2016 that great changes took place in my opinion about exercise. I chose moutain climbing and became a mountaineer.
There 31 (be)interesting hikes inland, but most ramblers stick to the clifftops. Last year some ramblers lost their way in a mountain. The accident served as a timely reminder of just how 32 (danger) mountaineering can be. Dangerous 33 it is, I still like this activity.
It is only when I climb the top of a mountain 34 I began to appreciate its beauty. Especially when 35 (reach)the top of the mountain we can enjoy the scenery of the city that we live in.
四、答案解析
I.
1. are改为is 考查There be句型的主谓一致。there be句型中的主谓一致遵循“就近原则”,即由距离它最近的那个名词的数来决定。
2. How改为What 考查感叹句型。此处为“What+adj.+复数名词+主语+谓语!”的感叹句型。
3. when 改为that 考查强调句型。被强调成分为at Christmas,其中的动词be采用了may have been这一较为复杂的形式。
4. didn’t改为did 考查倒装。not until位于句首,主句要部分倒装,not已经放在句首,所以主句中助动词应采用肯定形式。
5. was改为were 考查倒装及主谓一致。句首是nearby,主语是名词,因此要完全倒装。主语是two canoes,故为were。
II.
6. is 考查时态。由首句一般现在时可判断空格所在句为一般现在时或者一般将来时。There be句型中,如果主语是复数名词,且表示一笔金额或一个总数或表达一个单个概念时,则be仍用单数形式。
7. Don’t tell 考查祈使句的否定形式。这是含有条件状语从句的祈使句。句意:如果他明天来,千万别告诉他这个坏消息。
8. has been 考查强调句型中的主谓一致。此句为强调句型,强调主语Mr. Robbins,accompanied by his wife and children作Mr. Robbin的后置定语。被强调成分是主语,who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致,故应增入has been。
9. handed考查省略。句意:这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。本句可以看成and后面省略了the boy。
10. with 考查替代和介词。前面既有肯定又有否定或两个谓语时用so it is/was with sb.(也可以用so it is the same with sb.)。
III.
11. A 考查主谓一致。句意:像莎士比亚这样的诗人拥有广泛的读者,然而,他的一些作品中有些很难读懂。主语为poets,因此第一空应填入are;定语从句中主语some指代works(这里指众多作品),为复数含义,故谓语动词用复数形式。
12. D 考查主谓一致。句意:据报道,目前该地区许多新房屋正在修建之中。主语many a new house尽管为复数概念,但是为单数形式,应遵循语法一致原则,故谓语动词用单数形式。
13. D 考查主谓一致。句意:老师及学生正在讨论美国新出版的《阅读技巧》这本书。句子主语为the teacher,而together with the students只是修饰性成分,故谓语动词应使用单数形式。
14. A 考查主谓一致。句意:詹姆斯教授将上一堂关于西方文化的讲座,但是具体时间和地点尚未确定。but分句中,句子主语为when and where,实际上是主语从句when and where it will be given的缩写,故谓语应当用单数形式。
15. B 考查主谓一致。句意:要么是你,要么是你的一名学生要去参加明天即将召开的会议。either… or…引导并列主语,谓语需遵循临近原则,one of your students为单数含义,故谓语动词应为单数形式。
16. C 考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。状语从句连词once之后的非谓语动词与主句主语anyone之间为被动关系,故选过去分词。
17. B 考查特殊强调句。句意:早在克里斯托弗·哥伦布穿越大西洋的80多年前,郑和就航行到了非洲东海岸。去掉“It was... that...”,本句依然成立,故此句为强调句,需填入that,被强调部分为时间状语80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic。
18. B考查祈使句的反意疑问句。解题关键是判断说话人的语气,能够判断出第一句是祈使句,祈使句的反意疑问部分应为will you或won’t you,故本题选B。
19. A 考查祈使句。句意:在你辞职之前,请好好考虑你家人对于你的决定的感受。此题容易让考生选成B。此处不选现在分词,因为根据句意的情景,consider不表目的、伴随、原因……,而就是一个祈使句,表示一种规劝、建议的语气。
20. B 考查感叹句。句意:多么奇怪的动物啊!我以前从没见过。此处为“What+a/an+adj.+n.+it is/was”的省略结构,故B项正确。
21. A 考查强调句型中的时态和there be句型谓语数的问题。由ten minutes ago可知应该用过去时,there be句型中谓语动词使用就近原则,因此,答案选择A项。
22. D 考查倒装句。here, there, thus, then等副词位于句首,且当句子的主语是名词时,句子用全部倒装句,故选D。
23. C 考查强调句型特殊形式。句意:直到晚上,他的丈夫才到家。not... until...引导的状语从句在强调句型中,not应与until在一起。注意与下列句子的辨析:Her husband didn’t arrive home until in the evening. Not until in the evening did her husband arrive home.
24. A 考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。状语从句连词if之后省去了主语,而主句为祈使句,默认主语为you,主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系,故使用过去分词。
25. D 考查强调句型。句意:你在一个错误的地方等待。大客车是在旅店接送游客的。强调句结构是:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其余部分,如果被强调部分是人,也可以用who,这句话强调的是地点状语at the hotel,故选that。
IV.
语篇解读:文章作者介绍了自己的运动观念和对爬山活动的钟爱。
26. so 考查部分倒装句。“so+情态动词/助动词/be动词+主语”句型为倒装结构,意思为“……也是如此”。
27. Only 考查部分倒装。“Only+状语”位于句首,主句要部分倒装。
28. will be 考查时态。此处为“祈使句+and/or+一般将来时态的陈述句”结构。
29. lies 考查完全倒装。地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时,其后通常用完全倒装语序。
30. that 考查倒装结构的结果状语从句。此处为so... that... 的结构运用于倒装句型。
31. are 考查There be句型的主谓一致。There be句型的主谓一致要遵循就近原则,interesting hikes为复数,故用are。
32. dangerous 考查感叹句。此处是how引导的感叹句作宾语从句。
33. as/though 考查让步状语从句。在倒装句中只能用as或though引导,在陈述句语序中只能用although/thought引导,不可用as。
34. that 考查强调句型。此处强调only引导的状语。
35. reaching 考查省略结构。此处为when引导的时间状语从句,其逻辑主语为主句主语we,与reach之间是主动关系,故为reaching。