限制性定语从句(1)
语法规律：
1.Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that/which even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
2.The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400，000.
3.Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
4.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
5.The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.
规律总结：
1.以上定语从句由关系代词 引导，修饰名词或代词，置于被修饰词的 。关系代词在定语从句中可以作 。
2.关系代词 可以代指人，关系代词 可以代指物，而关系代词 不能单独使用，只能作定语。
语法精讲：
一、定语的概念
定语：修饰、限定名词或代词的成分，常翻译为“……的”。
常见作定语的词：形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语和定语从句等。
Mary is a beautiful girl.(形容词作定语)
Mary is a girl with long hair.(介词短语作后置定语)
Mary is a girl who has long hair.(句子作定语，修饰girl, 叫作定语从句)
二、定语从句的定义与分类
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
定语从句分类
限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去
非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)
我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。
The children，who were injured in a car accident，are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。
三、关系代词的用法
1.who的用法：who指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省略。
There is a girl who wants to see you.
有个女孩儿想见你。
2.whom的用法：whom指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，此时也可用who代替。
The old man (who/whom) you saw yesterday is a thinker.
你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。
3.whose的用法：whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”和“of which/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
＝This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
＝Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
请递给我那本绿色封面的书。
用适当的关系代词填空
①The girl graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda.
②This is the person t you should thank for helping your son.
③Any student family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.
④I like those books topics are about history.
4.that和which的用法
(1)which指物，that 既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Please find a room which/that is big enough for all of us to live in.
请找一间足够大能住下我们所有人的房间。
This is the house (which/that) we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.
这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。
用适当的关系代词填空
①I still keep the letter ( ) she wrote to me.
②Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries.
③Do you still remember the chicken farm ( ) we visited three months ago
④The film ( ) you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow.
(2)在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况。
a.当先行词是all, little, few, none, anything, something，everything, nothing等不定代词时。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside
能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？
b.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the first two－storey bus that runs in our city.
这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。
c.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时。
This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。
d.当先行词既有人又有物时。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
(3)句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时，应避免重复。
Which is the car that has overtaken us
哪辆车超过我们了？
补全句子
①Guilin is the most beautiful city .
桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。
②She took photographs of the things and people .
她把她感兴趣的物和人都拍摄了下来。
③Writing was interested her.
写作是她唯一感兴趣的事。
(4)在定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用which而不用that的情况。
a.引导非限制性定语从句
The house，which has a history of 500 years, is very famous. 这座房子有500年的历史，非常有名。
b.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中
I found a tree, in which there was a bird.
我发现了一棵树，树上有一只鸟。
5.as的用法
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语。
(1)as引导限制性定语从句
当先行词前有such, so, the same修饰，同时定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，应使用关系代词as，即such/so...as, the same...as...。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand.
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单英语说话。
The result is not the same as they had expected.
结果与他们预期的不一样。
点津：
such/the same...as...与 such/the same...that...
I have the same book as he is reading.
我有一本书，与他正在看的那一本相同。(两本书)
I borrowed the same book that he did last week.
我借了一本书，就是他上周借的那一本。(一本书)
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句及其与which的用法辨析
as和which均可作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等， 指代说明前面整个句子所表达的内容，有时可以互换。
He saw the girl，as/which he had hoped.
正如他所希望的那样，他看见了那个女孩。/他看见了那个女孩，这正是他所希望的。
a.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后，而as 引导的定语从句较灵活，可以置于主句之后、之前或句中。
He studies hard，as anybody can see.
任何人都能看到，他努力学习。
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
我们都知道，吸烟对一个人的健康是有害的。
The TV play A Native of Beijing in New York，as you have watched, will be shown again.
你看过的电视剧《北京人在纽约》将再次上映。
b.which 常可在定语从句中做某些实义动词的主语，此时它引导的从句与主句之间往往存在并列或因果关系，相当于and this/that连接的并列句或so 引导的结果状语从句。
They completed the work, which (and that) took them a week.
他们完成了工作，这项工作花了一个星期的时间。
The girl didn’t go home until twelve o’clock，which worried her parents.(＝...so her parents were worried.)
这个女孩直到12点才回家，这让她的父母很担心。
c.as含“正如……，象……一样”之意。
He passed the exam, which his parents had expected.(侧重表示主句陈述的事实与从句的期望相符。)
他通过了考试，这正是他父母所期望的。
He passed the exam, as his parents had expected.(强调从句的内容变成了现实。)
正如他父母所期望的那样，他通过了考试。
用as或which填空
①We have never heard such interesting stories the teacher told us.
②He lives in the same building I live in.
③The sun warms the earth, makes it possible for plants to grow.
④They went there by bus, saved them about ten minutes.
⑤ is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
四、使用定语从句的注意事项
1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.
地上放的那个手提箱是她的。
点津：“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。
2.关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
[译]昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。
[误]The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.
[正]The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.
练习：
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The earthquake hit the city in 1906 was one of the biggest earthquakes in American history.
2.We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in the disaster.
3.Jake used to be a brave boy ( ) his teachers always praised.
4.She said she would do anything that could help her mother recover from the disease.
5.Hank is the boy father is a famous writer.
6.All we need is enough rest after long hours’ work.
7.Anyone has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
8.I don’t know the persons and the things they are talking about.
9.My father bought a new bike for me price was more than 1，000 yuan.
10.The boy and the dog are described in the picture are very lovely.
Ⅱ.将下列句子升级为含定语从句的复合句
1.We are going to interview the writer.His new novel has been well received by the public.
→We are going to interview the writer .
2.The washing machine is out of order.Mrs.Green bought the washing machine a month ago.
→The washing machine is out of order.
3.The police are looking for the little girl.The little girl got lost yesterday.
→The police are looking for the little girl .
4.The girl is making a speech under the national flag.The girl is our monitor.
→The girl is our monitor.
5.They visited Peter yesterday.Peter’s leg was injured in a car accident.
→They visited Peter yesterday .
6.I value the cell phone.My aunt gave me the cell phone as my birthday gift last weekend.
→I value the cell phone last weekend.
Ⅲ.语法填空
Lucy 1. paintings were shown at the exhibition last week is a model student 2. is often praised for her good work at school.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall our attention was attracted by a very large picture
3 was hung on the wall in front of us.The lovely deer 4. was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real deer.The old man 5. was riding on it looked like a living man.It was the best picture 6. I had ever seen and Lucy is the best young painter 7. I have ever heard of.However，you will be quite mistaken if you think that Lucy was born a good painter.One of her teachers told me that it had taken Lucy thousands of hours to learn and practice drawing until she became the best young painter 8. has ever been heard of in her hometown.限制性定语从句(1)
语法规律：
1.Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that/which even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
2.The number of people who/that were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400，000.
3.Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
4.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
5.The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.
规律总结：
1.以上定语从句由关系代词who，whom，which，that，whose引导，修饰名词或代词，置于被修饰词的后面。关系代词在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或定语。
2.关系代词who，whom，that可以代指人，关系代词which，that可以代指物，而关系代词whose不能单独使用，只能作定语。
语法精讲：
一、定语的概念
定语：修饰、限定名词或代词的成分，常翻译为“……的”。
常见作定语的词：形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语和定语从句等。
Mary is a beautiful girl.(形容词作定语)
Mary is a girl with long hair.(介词短语作后置定语)
Mary is a girl who has long hair.(句子作定语，修饰girl, 叫作定语从句)
二、定语从句的定义与分类
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
定语从句分类
限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去
非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)
我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。
The children，who were injured in a car accident，are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。
三、关系代词的用法
1.who的用法：who指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省略。
There is a girl who wants to see you.
有个女孩儿想见你。
2.whom的用法：whom指人，在从句中作宾语，可省略，此时也可用who代替。
The old man (who/whom) you saw yesterday is a thinker.
你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。
3.whose的用法：whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”和“of which/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
＝This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
＝Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
请递给我那本绿色封面的书。
用适当的关系代词填空
①The girl who/that graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda.
②This is the person who/whom/that you should thank for helping your son.
③Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.
④I like those books whose topics are about history.
4.that和which的用法
(1)which指物，that 既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Please find a room which/that is big enough for all of us to live in.
请找一间足够大能住下我们所有人的房间。
This is the house (which/that) we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.
这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。
用适当的关系代词填空
①I still keep the letter (that/which) she wrote to me.
②Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries.
③Do you still remember the chicken farm (that/which) we visited three months ago
④The film (that/which) you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow.
(2)在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况。
a.当先行词是all, little, few, none, anything, something，everything, nothing等不定代词时。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside
能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？
b.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the first two－storey bus that runs in our city.
这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。
c.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时。
This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。
d.当先行词既有人又有物时。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
(3)句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时，应避免重复。
Which is the car that has overtaken us
哪辆车超过我们了？
补全句子
①Guilin is the most beautiful city that__I__have__ever__visited.
桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。
②She took photographs of the things and people that__she__was__interested__in.
她把她感兴趣的物和人都拍摄了下来。
③Writing was the__only__thing__that interested her.
写作是她唯一感兴趣的事。
(4)在定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用which而不用that的情况。
a.引导非限制性定语从句
The house，which has a history of 500 years, is very famous. 这座房子有500年的历史，非常有名。
b.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中
I found a tree, in which there was a bird.
我发现了一棵树，树上有一只鸟。
5.as的用法
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语。
(1)as引导限制性定语从句
当先行词前有such, so, the same修饰，同时定语从句缺少主语或宾语时，应使用关系代词as，即such/so...as, the same...as...。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand.
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单英语说话。
The result is not the same as they had expected.
结果与他们预期的不一样。
点津：
such/the same...as...与 such/the same...that...
I have the same book as he is reading.
我有一本书，与他正在看的那一本相同。(两本书)
I borrowed the same book that he did last week.
我借了一本书，就是他上周借的那一本。(一本书)
(2)as引导非限制性定语从句及其与which的用法辨析
as和which均可作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等， 指代说明前面整个句子所表达的内容，有时可以互换。
He saw the girl，as/which he had hoped.
正如他所希望的那样，他看见了那个女孩。/他看见了那个女孩，这正是他所希望的。
a.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后，而as 引导的定语从句较灵活，可以置于主句之后、之前或句中。
He studies hard，as anybody can see.
任何人都能看到，他努力学习。
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
我们都知道，吸烟对一个人的健康是有害的。
The TV play A Native of Beijing in New York，as you have watched, will be shown again.
你看过的电视剧《北京人在纽约》将再次上映。
b.which 常可在定语从句中做某些实义动词的主语，此时它引导的从句与主句之间往往存在并列或因果关系，相当于and this/that连接的并列句或so 引导的结果状语从句。
They completed the work, which (and that) took them a week.
他们完成了工作，这项工作花了一个星期的时间。
The girl didn’t go home until twelve o’clock，which worried her parents.(＝...so her parents were worried.)
这个女孩直到12点才回家，这让她的父母很担心。
c.as含“正如……，象……一样”之意。
He passed the exam, which his parents had expected.(侧重表示主句陈述的事实与从句的期望相符。)
他通过了考试，这正是他父母所期望的。
He passed the exam, as his parents had expected.(强调从句的内容变成了现实。)
正如他父母所期望的那样，他通过了考试。
用as或which填空
①We have never heard such interesting stories as the teacher told us.
②He lives in the same building as I live in.
③The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
④They went there by bus, which saved them about ten minutes.
⑤ As is well known, the Great Wall is the longest wall in the world.
四、使用定语从句的注意事项
1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.
地上放的那个手提箱是她的。
点津：“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班男生中唯一一个学过法语的。
2.关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
[译]昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。
[误]The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.
[正]The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.
练习：
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.The earthquake that/which hit the city in 1906 was one of the biggest earthquakes in American history.
2.We don’t know the number of people who/that lost their homes in the disaster.
3.Jake used to be a brave boy (that/whom/who) his teachers always praised.
4.She said she would do anything that could help her mother recover from the disease.
5.Hank is the boy whose father is a famous writer.
6.All that we need is enough rest after long hours’ work.
7.Anyone who has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
8.I don’t know the persons and the things that they are talking about.
9.My father bought a new bike for me whose price was more than 1，000 yuan.
10.The boy and the dog that are described in the picture are very lovely.
Ⅱ.将下列句子升级为含定语从句的复合句
1.We are going to interview the writer.His new novel has been well received by the public.
→We are going to interview the writer whose new novel/the new novel__of__whom__has__been__well__received__by__the__public.
2.The washing machine is out of order.Mrs.Green bought the washing machine a month ago.
→The washing machine (that/which)__Mrs.Green__bought__a__month__ago is out of order.
3.The police are looking for the little girl.The little girl got lost yesterday.
→The police are looking for the little girl that/who__got__lost__yesterday.
4.The girl is making a speech under the national flag.The girl is our monitor.
→The girl who/that__is__making__a__speech__under__the__national__flag is our monitor.
5.They visited Peter yesterday.Peter’s leg was injured in a car accident.
→They visited Peter yesterday whose__leg/the__leg__of__whom__was__injured__in__a__car__accident.
6.I value the cell phone.My aunt gave me the cell phone as my birthday gift last weekend.
→I value the cell phone (that/which) my aunt__gave__me__as__my__birthday__gift last weekend.
Ⅲ.语法填空
Lucy 1.whose paintings were shown at the exhibition last week is a model student 2.who/that is often praised for her good work at school.As soon as we got into the exhibition hall our attention was attracted by a very large picture 3.that/which was hung on the wall in front of us.The lovely deer 4.which/that was drawn in the picture was exactly like a real deer.The old man 5.who/that was riding on it looked like a living man.It was the best picture 6.that I had ever seen and Lucy is the best young painter 7.that I have ever heard of.However，you will be quite mistaken if you think that Lucy was born a good painter.One of her teachers told me that it had taken Lucy thousands of hours to learn and practice drawing until she became the best young painter 8.that has ever been heard of in her hometown.
